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REPASO PARA EL EXAMEN FINAL DE ESPAÑOL SALUDOS Y DESPEDIDAS In Spanish, people can be addressed either formally or informally. Use usted (formal you) to refer a person with whom you have a formal or more distant relationship, such a superior at work, a professor, or a person older than you. Use (familiar you) when addressing a friend, a family member, or a child you know well. Saludos Hola – hello; hi Buenos días- good moring Buenas tardes- good afternoon Buenas noches- good evening; good night Despedidas Adiós- goodbye Nos vemos- see you Hasta luego- see you later Hasta pronto- see you son Hasta mañana- see you tomorrow Saludos a…- greeting to… Chau- bye Presentaciones ¿Cómo se llama usted?- What’s your name? (form) ¿Cómo te llamas? – What’s your name? (fam.) Me llamo… - My name is… ¿Y tú? – And you? (fam.) ¿Y Ud.? – And you? (form.) Mucho gusto- pleased to meet you El gusto es mío – The pleasure is mine Encantado/a – Delighted; pleased to meet you Igualmente – Likewise Éste/ ésta es… - This is… Le presento a… - I would like to introduce you to…(form.) Te presento a… I would like to introduce you to… (fam.) Expresiones útiles Identifying yourself and others ¿Cómo se llama usted?- What’s your name? ¿Cómo te llamas? – Whay’s your name? ¿Quién es…? – Who is? Aquí… Soy yo. – Here… That’s me. Tú eres…, ¿verdad?/ ¿no? – You are…, right?/ no? Saying “excuse me” Con permiso – Pardon me; excuse me. (to request information) Perdón. – Pardon me; excuse me (to get someone’s attention or to ask forgiveness) When starting a trip ¡Todos a bordo! – All aboard! ¡Buen viaje! – Have a good trip! Getting someone’s attention Oye… - Listen Expresiones de cortesía De nada – You’re welcome Lo siento – I’m sorry (Muchas) gracias – Thank you (very much); thanks (a lot) No hay de qué – You’re welcome Por favor - please ¿Cómo está? ¿Cómo está usted? – How are you? (form.) ¿Cómo estás? – How are you? (fam.) ¿Qué hay de Nuevo? – What’s new? ¿Qué pasa? – What’s happening?; What’s going on? ¿Qué tal? – How are you? How is it going? (Muy) bien, gracias – (Very) well, thanks. Nada – nothing No muy bien – Not very well Regular- So-so; Ok.

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Page 1: bxscience.edubxscience.edu/ourpages/auto/2009/6/5/52606733/L_EXA…  · Web view05/06/2009  · SALUDOS Y DESPEDIDAS. In Spanish, people can be addressed either formally or informally

REPASO PARA EL EXAMEN FINAL DE ESPAÑOL

SALUDOS Y DESPEDIDAS

In Spanish, people can be addressed either formally or informally. Use usted (formal you) to refer a person with whom you have a formal or more distant relationship, such a superior at work, a professor, or a person older than you. Use tú (familiar you) when addressing a friend, a family member, or a child you know well.

SaludosHola – hello; hi

Buenos días- good moringBuenas tardes- good afternoon

Buenas noches- good evening; good night

DespedidasAdiós- goodbye

Nos vemos- see youHasta luego- see you laterHasta pronto- see you son

Hasta mañana- see you tomorrowSaludos a…- greeting to…

Chau- bye

Presentaciones¿Cómo se llama usted?- What’s your name?

(form)¿Cómo te llamas? – What’s your name?

(fam.)Me llamo… - My name is…

¿Y tú? – And you? (fam.)¿Y Ud.? – And you? (form.)

Mucho gusto- pleased to meet youEl gusto es mío – The pleasure is mine

Encantado/a – Delighted; pleased to meet you

Igualmente – LikewiseÉste/ ésta es… - This is…

Le presento a… - I would like to introduce you to…(form.)

Te presento a… I would like to introduce you to… (fam.)

Expresiones útilesIdentifying yourself and others

¿Cómo se llama usted?- What’s your name?¿Cómo te llamas? – Whay’s your name?

¿Quién es…? – Who is?Aquí… Soy yo. – Here… That’s me.

Tú eres…, ¿verdad?/ ¿no? – You are…, right?/ no?

Saying “excuse me”Con permiso – Pardon me; excuse me. (to

request information)Perdón. – Pardon me; excuse me (to get

someone’s attention or to ask forgiveness)

When starting a trip¡Todos a bordo! – All aboard!

¡Buen viaje! – Have a good trip!

Getting someone’s attentionOye… - Listen

Expresiones de cortesíaDe nada – You’re welcome

Lo siento – I’m sorry(Muchas) gracias – Thank you (very

much); thanks (a lot)No hay de qué – You’re welcome

Por favor - please

¿Cómo está?¿Cómo está usted? – How are you? (form.)

¿Cómo estás? – How are you? (fam.)¿Qué hay de Nuevo? – What’s new?

¿Qué pasa? – What’s happening?; What’s going on?

¿Qué tal? – How are you? How is it going?(Muy) bien, gracias – (Very) well, thanks.

Nada – nothingNo muy bien – Not very well

Regular- So-so; Ok.

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PAÍSES Y NACIONALIDADES Los países hispanohablantes.

ArgentinaArgentino/a

BoliviaBoliviano/a

ChileChileno/a

ColombiaColombiano/a

Costa Ricacostarrisense

Cubacubano/a

República Dominicana dominicano/a

Ecuadorecuatoriano/a

El Salvadorsalvadoreño/a

Españaespañol/a

Guatemalaguatemanteco/a

Hondurashondureño/a

Méxicomexicano/a

Nicaraguanicaragüense

Panamápanameño/a

Paraguayparaguayo/a

Perúperuano/a

Puerto Rico puertorriqueño/a

Uruguayuruguayo/a

Venezuelavenezolano/a

Adjectives of nationality Unlike in English, Spanish adjectives of nationality are not capitalized. Proper names of countries, however, are capitalized.Some adjectives of nationalityalemán, alemana German inglés, inglesa Englishcanadiense Canadian italiano/a Italianchino/a Chinese japonés/ japonesa Japaneseecuatoriano/a Ecuadorian mexicano/a Mexicanespañol/a Spanish norteamericano/a (North) Americanestadounidense from the U. S. puertorriqueño/a Puerto Ricanfrancés, francesa French ruso/a Russian

*Adjectives of nationality are formed like other descriptive adjectives. Those that end in –o form the feminine by changing the –o to –a.chino →china mexicano →mexicana

*The plural is formed by adding an –s to the masculine or feminine form. chino→ chinos mexicana →mexicanas

*Adjectives of nationality that ends in –e have only two forms, singular and plural.canadiense →canadienses estadounidense → estadounidenses

*Adjectives of nationality that end in a consonant form the feminine by adding –a.alemán →alemana español →españolajaponés →japonesa inglés →inglesa

*Adjectives of nationality which carry an accent mark on the last syllable drop it in the feminine and plural forms. inglés→ inglesa alemán→alemanes

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LA ESCUELA

EL HOGAR

LA ROPA

La ropaE

Palabras

Ir de co

ABBCCCEHL

La sala de claseel borrador -eraserel examen -test; examla mesa -tableel papel -paperla pizarra -blackboardla pluma -penla prueba -test; quizel semestre -semestrela silla -chairla ventana -windowel reloj -clockla puerta -doorel escritorio -deskel lápiz -pencilel libro -bookel mapa -mapala tarea -homeworkla tiza -chalkel trimestre -trimester;

quarter

Expresiones útiles¿Qué tal las clases en …? – How are clases going at…?Tomas muchas clases, ¿no? – You’re taking lots of clases, aren’t you?Pues sí- Well, yes.¿En qué clase hay más chicos? – In which class are there more guys?En la clase de historia. In history class

Talking about likes/ dislikes¿Te gusta estudiar? Do you like to study?Sí, me gusta mucho. Pero también me gusta mirar la televisión. Yes, I like it a lot. But I also like to watch televisión.¿Te gustan las computadoras? Do you like computers?Sí, me gusta muchísimo Yes, I like them very much.No, no me gustan nada. No, I don’t like them at all.

Talking about locationAquí estamos en…Here we are at/ in …¿Dónde está la señorita? Where is the young woman?Está cerca de la ventanaShe’s near the window.

Expressing hesitationA ver… - Let’s see…Bueno… - Well…

VerbosBailar – to dance

Buscar- to look forCaminar- to walkCantar- to walk

Comprar- to buyContestar- to answer

Conversar- to talk; to chatDescansar- to rest

Desear- to want; to wishDibujar- to drawEnseñar- to teachEscuchar- to listen

Esperar- to wait (for); to hopeEstar- to be

Estudiar- to studyExplicar- to explain

Hablar- to talk; to speakLlegar- to arriveLlevar- to carry

Mirar- to watch; to look (at)Necesitar- to need

Practicar- to practicePreguntar- to ask (a question)

Preparar- to prepareRegresar- to return

Terminar- to end; to finishTomar- to take; to drink

Trabajar- to workViajar- to travel

Los días de la semana lunes – Mondaymartes –Tuesdaymiércoles - Wednesdayjueves - Thursdayviernes- Fridaysábado – Saturdaydomingo- Sunday*note that in Spanish, the days of the week are not capitalized.

Los cursos Coursesla historia historylas humanidades humanitiesel inglés Englishlas lenguas extranjeras

foreign languages

la literatura literaturalas matemáticas mathematicsel periodismo Journalismla psicología psychologyla química chemistryla sociología sociologyLa administración de empresas

Business administration

El arte artbiología biology

Los lugaresla cafetería cafeteriala librería bookstorela residencia estudiantil

dormitory

la universidad universityla biblioteca libraryel estadio stadiumel laboratorio laboratory

Las personasel/la compañero/a classmateel/la estudiante studentel/la compañero/a de cuarto

roommate

el profesor teacher; professor

La viviendaLas afueras- suburbs; outskirtsLa agencia de bienes raíces- real estate agencyEl alquiler- rent (payment)El alma (m,f) de casa- housekeeper; caretakerEl barrio- neighborhoodEl edificio de apartamentos- apartment buildingEl hogar- homeEl/la vecino/a- neighborLa vivienda- housingAlquilar- to rentMudarse- to move (residences)

Expresiones útilesWelcoming people¡Bienvenido(s)/a(s)!- Welcome

Showing people around the houseSíganme, que quiero mostrarles la casa.Follow me, I want to show you the house.Allí están la cocina y el comedorThe kitchen and dining room are over there.Al fondo del pasillo hay un baño.At the end of the hall there is a bathroom.

Telling people what to doQuiero que la ayude(n) con los quehaceres domésticos – I want to help her with the household chores.Quiero que arregle(n) su(s) alcoba(s).I want you to straighten your room(s)Quiero que hagan(n) las camas.I want you to make the beds.Quiero que poga(n) la mesa.I want you to set the table.Cuente con nosotros.You can count on us.Insistimos en que nos deje ayudarla a preparer la comida.We insist that you let us help you make the food.Le(s) aconsejo que se acueste(n) temprano.I advise you to go to bed early.

Other expressionsNo es para tanto.It’s not a big deal.Gracias por la oferta.Thanks for the offer.

Cuartos y otros lugaresLa alcoba- bedroomEl altillo- atticEl balcón- balconyLa cocina- kitchenEl comedor- dining roomLa entrada- entranceLa escalera- stairs; stairwayEl garaje- garageEl jardín- garden; yardLa oficina- officeEl pasillo- hallwayEl patio- patioLa sala- living roomEl sótano- basement; cellar

ElectrodomésticosLa estufa- stoveEl electrodoméstico-electric appliance El horno (de microondas)- microwave ovenLa lavadora- washing machineEl lavaplatos- dishwasherEl refrigerador- refrigeratorLa secadora- clothes dryer

Quehaceres domésticosArreglar- to neaten; to straighten upBarrer el suelo- to sweep the floorCocinar- to cookEnsuciar- to get (something dirty)Hacer la cama- to make the bedHacer los quehaceres domésticos- to do household choresLavar (el suelo, los platos) – to wash the floor, the dishesLimpiar la casa- to clean the housePasar la aspiradora- to vacuumPlanchar la ropa- to iron clothesPoner la mesa- to set the tableQuitar la mesa- to clear the tableSacar la basura- to take out the trashSacudir los muebles- to dust the furniture

Muebles y otras cosasLa alfombra- rugLa almohada- pillow El armario- closetLa cómoda- chest of drawersLas cortinas- curtainsEl cuadro- paintingEl estante- bookcase; bookshelvesLa lámpara- lampLa luz- lightLa manta- blanketLa mesita- side/ end tableLa mesita de noche- night standLos muebles- furnutireLa pared- wallLa pintura- painting; pictureEl sillón- armchairEl sofá- couch; sofa

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l abrigo- coatLos bluejeans-jeansLa blusa- blouseLa bolsa- purse; bagLas botas- bootsLos calcetines- socksLa camisa- shirtLa camiseta- t-shirtLa cartera- walletLa chaqueta- jacketEl cinturón- beltLa corbata- tieLa falda- skirtLas gafas (de sol)- (sun)glassesLos guantes- glovesEl impermeable- raincoatLas medias- pantyhose; stockingsLos pantalones- pantsCortos- shorts El par- pairLa ropa- clothing, clothes-interior- underwearLas sandalias- sandalsEl sombrero- hatEl suéter- sweaterEl traje- suit-de baño- bathing suitEl vestido- dressLos zapatos- shoes-de tennis- sneakers

y expresionesAnoche- last nightAnteayer- the day before yesterdayAyer- yesterdayDe repente- suddenlyDesde- from; sinceHasta- untilPasado/a- last; pastEl año pasado- last yearLa semana pasada- last weekUna vez- once; one timeDos veces- twice; two timesYa- alreadyEl beso- kissLa mentira- lieLa verdad- truth¿Qué hiciste? – What did you (fam.) do?¿Qué hizo usted? –What did you (form.)do?¿Qué hizo él/ella?- What did he/she do?¿Qué hicieron ustedes? –What did you (form.pl)do?¿Qué hicieron ellos/ ellas? –What did they do?Acabar de (+inf.)- to have just done somethingDar- to giveDecir (que)- to say (that); to tellPrestar- to lend; to loan

mprasEl almacen- department storeLa caja- cash cashierEl centro comercial- shopping mallEl/la cliente/a- customerEl/la dependiente/a- clerkEl dinero- moneyEl mercado (al aire libre) - (open-air) marketEl precio (fijo)- (fixed; set) priceLa rebaja- saleEl regalo- giftLa tarjeta de crédito- credit cardLa tienda- shop; storeEl/ la vendedor/a- salespersonCostar (o:ue) – to costGastar – to spend MoneyHacer juego (con)- to matchIr de compras- to go shoppingLlevar – to wearRegatear- to bargainUsar- to wear; to useVender- to sell

Loco/a- crazyNuevo/a- newOtro/a- other; anotherPobre- porRico/a- rich

Los coloresAmarillo/a-yellowAnaranjado/a- orangeRojo/a- redMorado/a- purpleAzul- blueVerde- greenCafé/ marrón – BrownNegro/a- blackGris- grayBlanco/a- white

Expresiones utilesTalking about clothing¡Qué ropa más bonita!Me gusta esta/ esa camisa blanca de rayas negras. – I like this/that White shirt which black stripes.Está de moda. – It is in fashionDeber ser de algodón/lana/ seda.- It must be cotton/ wool/silk.Es de cuadros/lunares/rayas. – It’s plaid/ polka-dotted/ striped.Me gusta este/ese suéter/ I like this/ that sweater.Es de muy Buena calidad. – It’s very good quality.¿Qué talla lleva/ usa Ud.? – What size do you wear?Llevo/ uso talla grande.- I wear a large.¿Qué número calza Ud.? – What (shoe) size do you wear?Calzo el treinta y seis.I wear size six.

Talking about how much things cost¿Cuánto cuesta?- How much does it cost?Sólo cuesta noventa mil sucres. – It only costs ninety thousand cucres.Demasiado/a caro/a – Too expensiveEs una ganga- I’s a bargain

Saying what you bought¿Qué compró Ud./él/ella? – What did you (form)/he/she buy?Compré esta bolsa para mi hermana. –I bought this bag for my sister.¿Qué compraste? – What did you buy?Acabo de comprarme un sombrero. – I just bought myself a hat.

LA FAMILIALa familia

El/la abuelo/a – grandfatherAdjetivos

Alto/a – tallVerbos

Abrir – to open

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El/la cuñado/a- brother-in-law/ sister –in- lawEl/la esposo/a – husband/ wife; spouse familyLa familia- familyEl/la hermanastro/a – stepbrother/ stepsisterEl /la hermano/a – brother/ sisterEl/la hijastro/a – stepson/ stepdaughterEl/la hijo/a – son/ daughterLos hijos – children; sonsLa madrastra – stepmotherLa madre – motherEl/la medio/a hermano/a- half-brother/ half-sisterEl/la nieto/a – grandson/ granddaughterLa nuera – daughter –in- lawEl padrastro- stepfatherEl padre- fatherLos padres- parentsLos parientes- relativesEl/la primo/a – cousinEl/la sobrino/a – nephew/ nieceEl/la suegro/a – father –in- law/ mother –in- lawEl/la tío/a – uncle/ auntEl yerno – son-in- law

Otras personasEl/la amigo/a – friendLa gente- peopleEl/la muchacho/a – boy/ girlEl/la niño/a – child; boy/girlEl/la novio/a – boyfriend/ girlfriendLa persona - person

Antipático/a – unpleasantBajo/a – shortBonito/a – prettyBuen, bueno/a – goodDelgado/a – thin; slenderDifícil – difficult; hardFácil – easyFeo/a – uglyGordo/a – fatGran, grande – big, large; greatGuapo/a – handsome; good-lookingImportante – importantInteligente- intelligentInteresante- interestingJoven – YoungMal, malo/a – badMismo/a – sameMoreno/a – dark-hairedMucho/a – much; many; a lot ofPelirrojo/a - red-hairedPequeño/a – smallRubio/a – blondSimpático/a – nice; likeableTonto/a – silly; foolish Trabajador(a) – hard-workingViejo/a - old

ProfesionesEl/la artista – artistEl/la médico/a – doctor; physicianEl/la ingeniero/a- engineerEl/la periodista- journalistEl/la programador(a)- computer programmer

Aprender – to learnAsistir (a) – to attendBeber – to drinkComer- to eatCompartir- to shareComprender- to understandCorrer- to runCreer (en) – to believe (in)Deber (+inf.) – to have to; shouldDecidir – to decide Describir- to describeEscribir- to writeLeer – to readRecibir- to receive Tener – to haveVenir- to comeVivir- to live

Expresiones con tenerTener…años - to be… years old Tener (mucho) calor- to be (very) hotTener (mucho) cuidado- to be (very) carefulTener (mucho) frío- to be (very) coldTener ganas de (+ inf.)- to feel like (doing something)Tener (mucha)hambre – to be (very) afraid/ scaredTener (mucho) miedo – to be (very) afraid/ scaredTener (mucha) prisa- to be in a (big) hurry Tener que (+ inf.) – to have to (do something)Tener razón- to be rightNo tener razón – to be wrongTener (mucha) sed- to be (very) thirstyTener (mucho) sueño- to be (very) sleepyTener (mucha) suerte – to be (very) lucky

La familia- cont. Talking about your family

¿Tienes una familia grande?- Do you have a big Describing people

¡Qué alto es tu papá! – Your father is so tall!

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family?Sí… mi papa, mis abuelos, cuatro hermanas y mucho tíos.Yes, my parents, my grandparents, four sisters, and many (aunts and) uncles.Sólo tengo un hermano mayor/ menor. I only have one older/ younger brother.¿Tienes hermanos? – Do you have siblings?No, soy hijo único. – No, I’am an only (male) child.Su esposa, Francesca, es médica.His wife, Francesca is a doctorNo es ecuatoriana, es italiana.- She’s not Ecuatorian; she’s Italian.Pablo es periodista. – Pablo is a journalist.Es el padre de mi mamá. – He is my mother’s father.

Y tu mamá, ¡qué bonita!And your mother, how pretty!¿Cómo es tu abuelo? – What’s your grandfather like?Es simpático.- He’s nice.Es viejo. – He’s oldEs un hombre muy trabajador. – He’s a very hard-working man.

Saying how old people are¿Cuántos años tienes?- How old are you?¿Cuántos años tiene tu abuelo? – How old is your grandfather?Noventa y dos. – Ninety-two.

LA CIUDADEn la ciudad

El banco- bankLa carnicería- butcher shopEl correo- post officeLa frutería- fruit storeLa heladería- ice cream shopLa joyería- jewelry storeLa lavandería- LaundromatLa panadería- bakeryLa pastelería- pastry shopLa peluquería- hairdresserLa pescadería- fish marketEl salón de belleza- beauty salónEl supermercado- supermarketLa zapatería- shoe storeHacer cola- to stand in lineHacer diligencias- to run errands

En el correoEl cartero- mail carrierEl correo- mailLas estampillas- stampsEl paquete- packageLos sellos- stampsEl sobre- envelopeEchar una carta al buzón- to put (a letter) in the mailbox; to mail (a letter)

DireccionesLa cuadra- (city) block; manzanaLa dirección- addressLa esquina- cornerEl letrero- signDar direcciones- to give directionsEstar perdido/a- to be lost(al) este- (to the) east(al) oeste -(to the)west(al) norte- (to the) north(al) sur -(to the) southDerecho- straight (ahead)Enfrente (de)- opposite; facingHacia- toward

VerbosEnviar- to sendMandar- to sendAhorrar- to saveCobrar- to cash (a check), to charge(for a product or service)Depositar- to depositFirmar- to signLlenar (un formulario)- to fill out (a form)Cruzar- to crossDoblar- go turnQuedar- to be located

Expresiones útilesTalking about errands

Necesito ir al banco. – I need to go by the bank.Te acompaño. – I’ll go with you.

Getting directionsPerdone señor(a)- Excuse me Sir/ Mam.Perdón, ¿Por dónde queda la Plaza Sucre? – Excuse me, do you know where’s Plaza Sucre?¿Hay un banco por aquí? – Is there a bank around here?Dobla a la izquierda/ derecha. – Turn to the left/right (fam. Sing.)Sigue todo derecho. Go straight ahead (fam., sing.)Van a ver un letrero grande.- You’re going to see a big sign.¿Por dónde queda …? – Where is…?Está a dos cuadras de aquí. – It’s two blocks from here.Allí mismo enfrente del banco hay un supermercado. – Right in front of the bank there is a supermarket.

LA COMIDA

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ComidasEl/la camaerero/a – waiterEl/la dueño/a- ownerEl menú- menuLa seccion de (no) fumadores – (non) smoking section

El almuerzo – lunchLa cena – dinnerLa comida- food; mealEl desayuno – breakfastLos entremeses – aperitivosEl plato (principal) – (main) dish

Agrio/a- sourDelicioso/a – deliciousSweet – dulcePicante- hot, spicyRico/a – Nasty; deliciousSalado/a- salty

Almorzar (o:oe)- to have lunchCenar – to have dinnerDesayunar- to have breakfastPedir (e:i) – to order (food)Probar (o:ue) – to taste; to tryRecomendar (e:ie)- to recommendServer (e:i) – to serve

VerdurasLas arvejas- peasLa cebolla – onionEl champiñon – mushroomLa ensalada – saladLos frijoles – beansLa lechuga – lettuceEl maíz – cornLas papas/ patatas – potatoesEl tomate – tomatoLas verduras- vegetalesLa zanahoria – carrot

La carne y el pescadoEl atún – tunaEl bistec- steakLos camarones – shrimpLa carne – meatLa carne de res- beefLa chuleta de cerdo – pork chopLa hamburguesa- hamburgerEl jamón – hamLa langosta – lobsterLos mariscos- seafoodEl pavo- turkeyEl pescado – fishEl pollo (asado)- (roast) ChickenLa salchicha – sausageEl salmón – salmon

Las frutas La banana – bananaLas frutas – fruitEl limón- lemonLa manzana- appleLa naranja – orangeLas uvas – grapes

BebidasEl agua (f.) (mineral) – (mineral) waterLa bebida – drinkEl café – coffeeLa cerveza- beerEl jugo (de fruta)- (fruit) juiceLa leche – milkEl refresco- soft drinkEl té (helado)- (iced) teaEl vino (blanco/ tinto)- (white/ red) wine

VerbosConocer – to know; to be acquainted withConducir – to driveMorir (o:ue)- to dieOfrecer – to offerParecer – to seem; to appearSaber- to know; to know howServir (e:i) – to serveTraducir – to translate

Otras comidasEl aceite- oilEl ajo- garlicEl arroz- riceEl azúcar – sugarLos cereales – cereal; grainsEl huevo – eggLa mantequilla – butterLa margarina – margarine La mayonesa- mayonnaiseEl pan (tostado)- (toasted) breadLas papas/ patatas fritas- fried potatoes; French friesLa pimienta – pepperEl queso- cheeseLa sal- saltEl sándwich – sándwichLa sopa- soupEl vinagre- vinegar

Talking about the food at a restaurant¿Qué tal la comida?- How is the food?

Muy rica, gracias.-Very tasty, thanks.

¡Riquísima! -Extremely delicious!

Expresiones útilesTalking about people and places you’re familiar with

¿Conoce Ud./ conoce un buen restaurante en Baní?- Do you know a good restaurant in Baní?Sí, conozco varios. – Yes, I know several.¿Conoce/ conoces a doña Rita?- Do you know Doña Rita?Sí, es la dueña del mejor restaurante de la ciudad.-Yes, she’s the owner of the best restaurant in the city.

Ordering food¿Qué le puedo traer?-What can I bring you?

Voy a tomar/ pedir un caldo de patas y un lomo a la plancha.-I am going to have/ to order the beef soup and grilled flank steak

Para mí las tortillas de maíz y el ceviche de camarón, por favor.-Corn tortillas and lemon- marinated shrimp for me, please.

Yo también, quisiera… - I would also like…

Y de tomar, el jugo de piña, frutilla y mora. - And to drink, pineapple- strawberry- blackberry juice.

¿Qué plato pidió Ud.?_ What did you order?

Yo pedí un caldo de patas. -I ordered the beef soup.

UN VIAJE EN TRENVocabulario El andén- rairway platfform Expresiones útiles

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La estación de ferrocarril- train stationLa ventanilla- ticket windowLa taquilla- ticket officeEl billete de ida y vuelta- round- trip ticketEl billete sencillo- one- way ticketEl horario- scheduleLa sala de espera- waiting room/ areaEl quiosco- newsstandEl tablero de llegadas- arrival board El tablero de salidas- departure boardA tiempo- on timeCon retraso- with delayCon una demora- lateEl mozo- porterEl maletero- porterLa maleta- suitcaseLa mochila- backpack; knapsackEl equipaje- baggage; luggage

El tren- trainEl vagón- wagonEl coche- carEl compartimiento- compartmentEl asiento- seatLa estación- stationLa parada- stopEl retraso- delayLa demora- delayTarde- late

AdjetivosLibre- freeOcupado(a)- occupiedReservado(a)- reservedSencillo(a)- one-wayPróximo- next

VerbosEsperar- to waitBajar(se) del tren- to get off the trainTransbordar- to transfer Subir al tren- to get on; to board

Hizo un viaje en tren- traveled by train.Los pasajeros subieron al tren- The passengers got on the train.El tren salió del andén número tres.- The train left from railway platform three.El tren salió a tiempo.- The train left on time. Los pasajeros van a transbordar en la próxima estación, la parada próxima.- The passengers will transfer at the next station.Un billete sencillo para Madrid, por favor – One-way ticket to Madrid, please.¿Para cuándo?- when?Para hoy- for today¿En qué clase, primera o segunda? – Frst second class?¿Tiene usted una tarifa para los estudiantes? – Do you have a discount for students?¿Tiene usted su tarjeta de identidad estudiantil?- Do you have your student Id.?¿A qué hora sale el próximo tren? –What time the next train leaves?Sale a las ocho y diez del andén número ocho. – It leaves at eight ten from railway platform three.

UN VIAJE EN AVIÓNVocabulario

En el aeropuerto- at the airportEl taxi- cabEl maletero- trunck (car)El/la agente- agentEl boleto- ticketLa tarjeta de embarque; el pase de abordar- boarding passEl número de vuelo- flight LumberEl destino- destinationLa sección de (no) fumar- (non) smoking sectionLa puerta de salida- gate El número del asiento- seat LumberLas maletas; el equipaje- luggageEl talón – luggage claims ticketEl control de seguridad- security inspectionEl equipaje de mano- carry-on luggage

La báscula- scaleLa tripulación- crewEl/la asistente de vuelo- flight attendantEl comandante; el piloto- pilotInmigración- immigration El control de pasaportes- passport inspectionLa aduana- customsLa pantalla de llegada/ salida- arrivals and departures board

VerbosHacer- to doTraer- to bringPoner- to putSalir- to leaveVenir – to comeFacturar- to check (luggage)Revisar- to inspectinspeccionar- to inspectabordar- to board

Despegar- to take off (airplane)Aterrizar- to landDesembarcar- disembark; to get offReclamar- to claimRecoger- to pick up, collectAbrir- to open

Expresiones útilesFacturar el equipaje- check inEl avión va a salir de la puerta número cinco- the plane is leaving from gate five.Los pasajeros están subiendo el avión- The passengers are boarding the plane.Reclamar el equipaje- baggage claims El avión está despegando- the plane is airborne.Otro avión está aterrizando- Another plane landed.

LOS PASATIEMPOS, LOS DEPORTES Y LAS ACTIVIDADES DESPUES DE CLASES.

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Actividades y distraccionesEscalar montañas -to climb mountainsEscribir una carta- To write a letterUn mensaje electrónico- To write an emailesquiar -To skiIr de excursión (a las montañas)- To go on a hike (in the mountains)Pasear por la ciudad/ el pueblo -To walk around the city / townPracticar deportes-To practice SportsLeer el periodico To read the newspaperVer películas -To see moviesVisitar un monumento -To visit a monumentPatinar (en línea) -To rollerbladeEl correo electrónico To read an emailUna revista- A magazineNadar en la piscina -To swim in the poolBucear -To scuba divePasear en bicicleta -To ride a bicycleTomar el sol -To sunbathe

Los deportesEl baloncesto- BasketballEl ciclismo- CyclingEl esquí (acuático)- (water) skiingEl fútbol americano- FootballEl golf- GolfEl hockey- HockeyLa natación- SwimmingEl tenis- TennisEl voleibol- volleyballEl equipo- TeamEl/la jugador(a)- PlayerEl partido- GameLa pelota- BallGanar- WinSer aficionado/a (a)- To be a fan (of)Deportivo/a- Sports-relatedEl fútbol- SoccerEl beisbol- baseball

Los lugaresEl centro- DowntownEl cine- Movie theaterEl gimnasio- Gym, gymnasiumEl museo- MuseumEl restaurant- RestaurantLa piscina- PoolEl café- CaféLa iglesia- ChurchEl parque- park

Otras palabrasLa diversion Entertainment; fun activityEl fin de semana WeekendEl lugar PlaceEl pasatiempo- Pastime, hobbyLos ratos libres- Spare timeEl tiempo libre- FreetimeFavorito/a- FavoritePasar el tiempo- To spend time

VerbosCerrar (e:ie)- to closeComenzar (e:ie)- to beginConseguir (e:ie)- to get; to obtainDormir (o:ue)- to sleepEmpezar (e:ie)- to beginEncontrar (o:ue)- to findEntender (e:ie)- to understandHacer – to do; to makeIr-to goJugar (u:ue)- to playMostrar (o:ue)- to showOír- to hearPedir (e:i)- to ask for something; to requestPensar (e:ie)- to thinkPensar (+inf.)- to plan; to intendPensar en – to think aboutPerder (e:ie)- to lose; to missPoder (o:ue)- to be able to; canPoner – to put; to placePreferir (e:ie)- to prefer

Querer (e:ie)- to want; to loveRecordar (o:ue)- to rememberRepetir (e:i)- to repeatSalir- to leaveSeguir (e:i)- to follow; to continueTraer- to bringVer- to seeVolver (o:ue)- to return

Expresiones útilesMaking invitations

¿Por qué no vamos al parque?Why don’t w ego to the park?¡Buena idea! – good idea!¿Por qué no jugamos al fútbol?- Why don’t we play soccer?Mmm… no quiero. – Hmm… I don’t want to.Lo siento, pero no puedo.- I’m sorry, but I can’t.¿Quieres pasear por la ciudad conmigo?- Do you want to walk around the city with me?Sí, vamos. –Let’s go.

Making plans¿Qué vas a hacer esta noche?What are you going to do tonight?No tengo planes. – I don’t have any plans.

Talking about pastimes.¿Eres aficionado (a) a los deportes?-Are you a sports fan?Sí, me gustan todos los deportes.-Yes, I like all sports.Sí, me gusta mucho el fútbol.Yes, I like soccer a lot.

ApologizingMil perdones/ Lo siento muchísimo.- I’m so sorry.

PRONOMBRES INTERROGATIVOS

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¿Quién? Who? ¿Cuánto/a? How much?¿Qué? What? ¿Cuál?; ¿Cuáles? Which? Which ones?

¿Quién?When you want to know who someone is.¿Quién enseña la clase de arte? Who teaches the art class?

¿Qué?When you want to know what something is.¿Qué clases tomas? What classes are you taking?

¿Cuánto?When you want to find out how much something is.¿Cuánta tarea hay? How much homework is there?

¿Cuál?-Which-¿Cuál de ellos estudia en la biblioteca? Which one of them studies in the library?

PALABRAS INTERROGATIVAS

¿Adónde? Where (to)? ¿De dónde? From where?¿Cómo? How? ¿Dónde? Where?

¿Cuándo? When? ¿Por qué? Why?¿Cuántos/as? How many?

To ask questions that requires more than a yes or no answer, use an interrogative word. ¿Adónde caminamos? Where are we walking?¿Cómo llegas a clase?How do you get to class?¿Cuándo es la fiesta? When is the party?¿Cuántos estudiantes hablan español? How many students speak Spanish?¿Dónde trabaja Ricardo? Where does Ricardo work?

Notice that there’s a difference between ¿por qué?, which is written with two words and has an accent, and porque, which is written in one word without an accent. ¿Por qué? is used when questioning (why?) and porque is used when answering (because)¿Por qué estudias español? ¡Porque es divertido!Why do you study Spanish? Because it’s fun!

In Spanish no can mean both no and not. Therefore, when answering a yes/no question in the negative, you need to use no twice.¿Caminan a clase? No, no caminamos a clase.Do you walk to class? No, we do not walk to class.

SER Y ESTAR

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El verbo ser (to be)

Presente Pretérito Imperativoyo soy fuitú eres Fuiste Sé; no seas

Ud./ él/ ella es Fue Seanosotros/as somos Fuimos Seamosvosotros/as sois Fuisteis Sed; no seáis

Uds./ ellos/ ellas son fueron sean

Uses of ser

1. Nationality and place of origin……….. Martín es argentino. Es de Buenos Aires.

2. Profession or occupation……………. Adela es maestra. Francisco es médico.

3. Characteristics of people and things…. José y Clara son simpáticos. La clase es grande.

4. Generalizations………………………. ¡Es divertido viajar! Es difícil estudiar por la mañana.

5. Possession……………………………. Es la pluma de Maite. Son las llaves de Ricardo.

6. What something is made of…………... La bicicleta es de metal. Los pasajes son de papel.

7. Time and date………………………… Hoy es martes. Son las dos. Hoy es el dos de junio.

8. Where and when an event takes place… El partido es en el estadio Santa Fe. La conferencia es a las siete.

Ser expresses possesion, with the preposition de. There is no equivalent of the English construction [noun] + ‘s (Maite’s). In it’s place, Spanish uses [noun] + de + [owner]. -¿De quién es? -¿De quiénes son?Whose is it? Whose are they?-Es el diario de Maite. -Son los lápices de la chica.It’s Maite’s diary. They are the girl’s pencils.

Ser uses de preposition de to express origin.-¿De dónde es Javier? -¿De dónde es Inés?Where is Javier from? Where is Inés from?-Es de Puerto Rico. -Es del Ecuador.He’s from Puerto Rico. She’s from Ecuador.

Ser also uses the preposition de to tell what something is made out of.La bicicleta es de metal. El helado es de chocolate.The bicycle is of metal. The ice cream is of chocolate.

El verbo estar (to be)

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Presente Pretérito Imperativo

yo estoy Estuvetú estás Estuviste Está; no estés

Ud./él/ella está Estuvo Esténosotros/as estamos Estuvimos Estemosvosotros/as estáis Estuvisteis Estad; no estéis

Uds./ellos/ellas están estuvieron estén

Uses of estar

1. Location or spatial relationships……

El aeropuerto está lejos de la cuidad.Tu habitación está en el tercer piso.

2. Health……………………………… ¿Cómo estás? Estoy bien, gracias.3. Physical states and conditions……… El profesor está ocupado.

Las ventanas están abiertas.4. Emotional states……………………. Marisa está feliz hoy.

Estoy muy enojado con Javier.5. Certain weather expressions……… Está lloviendo. Está nublado.6. Ongoing actions (progressive tenses) Estamos estudiando para un examen.

Ana está leyendo una novela.

Estar is often used with certain prepositions to describe the location of a person or an object.

Prepositions often used with estaral lado de next to; beside delante de in front ofa la izquierda de to the left of detras de behinda la derecha de to the right of encima de on top ofen in; on entre between; amongcerca de near lejos de far fromcon with sin withoutdebajo de below sobre on; over La clase está al lado de la biblioteca.El estadio no está lejos de la librería.The class is next to the library. The stadium isn’t far from the bookstore.

Los libros están encima del escritorio. El mapa está entre la silla y la puerta.The books are on top of the desk. The map is between the chair and the door.

El laboratorio está cerca de la clase. Los estudiantes están en la clase.The lab is near the classroom. The students are in class.

Maribel está delante de Jesús. El libro está sobre la mesa.Maribel is in front of Jesús. The book is on the table.

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SER AND ESTAR WITH ADJECTIVES

With many descriptive adjectives, ser and estar can both be used, but the meaning will change.

Juan es delgado. Ana es nerviosa.Juan is thin. Ana is a nervous person.

Juan está más delgado hoy. Ana está más nerviosa por el examen. Juan looks thinner today. Ana is nervous because of the exam.

In the examples above, the statements with ser are general observations about the inherent qualities of Juan and Ana. The statements with estar describe conditions that are variable.

Here are some adjectives that change in meaning when used with ser and estar.

With ser With estarEl chico es listo.The boy is smart.

El chico está listo.The boy is ready.

La profesora es mala.The professor is bad.

La profesora está mala.The professor is sick.

Jaime es aburrido.Jaime is boring.

Jaime está aburrido.Jame is bored.

Las peras son verdes.The pears are green.

Las peras están verdes.The pears are not ripe.

El gato es muy vivo.The cat is very lively.

El gato está vivo.The cat is alive.

El puente es seguro.The bridge is safe.

Él no está seguro. He’s not sure.

LOS VERBOS

Regular verbs ending in -ar, -er, and -ir.

Spanish Verbs Ending in -arVerbs ending in -ar are the most common types of Spanish verbs. To conjugate ar verbs drop the ar and add the correct ending from the table below. The endings you see in bold can be used to conjugate any regular Spanish verb that ends in -ar.

HABLARIndicative

mood stem yo tú Él/ ella/ usted

Nosotros nosotras

Vosostros vosotras

Ellos/ ellas/ustedes

presente habl o as a amos áis an

pretérito habl é aste ó amos asteis aron

Other common verbs that end in ar: -caminar -- to walk; -preguntar -- to ask; -gastar -- to spend; -mandar -- to send; -comprar -- to buy

Spanish Verbs Ending in -erWhen you conjugate er verbs just drop the er and add the correct ending from the table below. The endings you see in bold can be used to conjugate any regular Spanish verb that ends in -er.

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APRENDERIndicative

mood stem yo tú Él/ ella/ usted

Nosotros nosotras

Vosotros vosotras

Ellos/ ellas/ ustedes

Presente aprend o es e emos éis en

pretérito aprend í iste ió imos isteis ieron

Other common verbs that end in er: -barrer -- to sweep; -aparecer -- to appear; -entender -- to understand; -extender -- to extend; -pertenecer -- to belong

Spanish Verbs Ending in -irTo conjugate ir verbs drop the ir from the infinitive form and add the correct ending from the table below. The endings you see in bold can be used to conjugate any regular Spanish verb that ends in -ir.

ESCRIBIRIndicative

mood stem yo tú Él/ ella/ usted

Nosotros nosotras

Vosotros vosotras

Ellos/ ellas/ ustedes

Presente escrib o es e imos ís enPretérito escrib í iste ió imos isteis ieronOther common verbs that end in ir: -recibir -- to receive; -reducir -- to reduce; -pedir -- to ask; -partir -- to split; -cubrir -- to cover

Irregular verbsThe verbs Ir (to go), Dar (to give) and Estar (to be) are irregular in the present tense. However, the only irregularity is in the first person yo. All other forms are the same forms of a regular "ar" verb.Ir = to go Voy vas va vamos vanDar = to give Doy das da damos danEstar = to be estoy estás está estamos están

Example of conjugation:Yo voy (I go), Tú vas (You -informal- go), Él va (He goes), Ella va (She goes), Usted va (You -formal- go), Nosotros vamos (We -masculine- go), Nosotras vamos (We -feminine- go), Ellos van (They -masculine- go), Ellas van (They -feminine- go), Ustedes van (You -plural- go).Yo doy (I give), Tú das (You give), Él da (He gives), Nosotros damos (We give), Ellos dan (They give). Note 1: Don't forget that Él, Ella and Usted share the same form of the verb. It is the same case with Nosotros and Nosotras and with Ellos, Ellas and Ustedes.Note 2: Ir is unique, because despite being an "ir" verb, it's endings are like those of "ar" verbs. Note 3: Notice that the verb Estar ( to be), is an irregular verb. The verbs Poner (to put), Hacer (to do, to make), Traer (to bring), Salir (to go out, to leave) are irregular in the present tense, but only in the first person singular yo. All their other forms are regular. For example: Poner = to put pongo pones pone ponemos ponenHacer = to do hago haces hace hacemos hacenTraer = to do traigo traes trae traemos traenSalir = to go out

salgo sales sale salimos salen

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Most verbs that end in cer or cir are irregular in the present tense. Notice, however, that only the first person singular is irregular, and all other conjugations are regular. Conocer = to know

conozco conoces conoce conocemos conocen

Conducir= to drive

conduzco conduces conduce conducimos conducen

Note: Conocer means to know somebody or to know some place (to be familiar with).Examples: Yo conozco a la profesora de español. (I know the spanish teacher.); Nosotros conocemos México. (We know Mexico.) The verb Saber means "to know" (something, as in facts or knowledge), and is also irregular in the present tense but only in the first person singular yo. Otherwise, it's conjugated as a normal "er" verb.Saber = to know sé sabes sabe sabemos saben

 Note: Saber means to have the knowledge of something.Examples: Yo sé dónde está el supermercado. (I know where the supermarket is.); Ella sabe bailar salsa. (She knows how to dance salsa.) The verb Ser (to be) is irregular in the present tense. Ser is a very unique verb, and no other verb follows the same pattern:Ser = to be soy ere es somos son

Stem-changing verbs are those that have a vowel spelling change in the stem of all forms except nosotros and vosotros. Spanish has three different stem-changing patterns:

E changes to IE

Querer = to want

yo quiero Tú quieres Él quiere Nosotros queremos

Vosotros queréis

Ellos quieren

O changes to UE

PODER = can, to be able to

Yo puedo Tú puedes Él puede Nosotros podemos

Vosotros podéis

Ellos pueden

* In jugar, the U changes to UE (juego, juegas...)** In oler, the O changes to HUE (huelo, hueles...)

E changes to IREPETIR – to repeat

Yo repito Tú repites Él repite Nosotros repetimos

Vosotros repetís

Ellos repiten

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LOS COMANDOS- El modo imperativoLos mandatos afirmativos familiares (tú): Los mandatos familiares se usan para dar órdenes o consejos. Usa (tú) si conoces a la persona.

Infinitivo Presente (él/ella) Comando afirmativo (tú)

Lavar Lava Habla (tú)

Cortar Corta Guarda (tú)

Prender Prende Prende (tú)

Mover (o→ue) Mueve Mueve (tú)

Batir Bate Bate (tú)

Cubrir Cubre Cubre (tú)

Los comandos formales (Usted y Ustedes)

Infinitivo Comando formal- Usted

Comando formal- Ustedes

Lavar Hable Hablen

Cortar Guarde Guarden

Prender Prenda Prendan

Mover (o→ue) Mueva Muevan

Batir Bata Batan

Cubrir cubra Cubran

Hay ocho verbos irregulares en tú afirmativo

Decir → Di Salir → sal Pon Sal Se

Hacer → haz Ser → sé Di Haz Ve

Ir → ve Tener → ten Ten Ten Ten

Poner → pon Venir → ven ven ven Ten

** Ir y Ver tienen la misma forma en el comando tú …(ve). El contexto determinará el significado.

Ejemplo: Ve a la escuela (Go to school) Ve el programa (See that program.)

-AR → -A

-ER → -E

-IR → -E

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DOPs y IOPs TOGETHERDos- Remember, a DO is the DIRECT recipient of the action of the verb in a sentence. The DO is who/what gets “verbed”.IOs- Remember, the IO is the INDIRECT recipient of the action of the verb.The IO is to whom/for whom something is done or happening.

DOPs IOPs me me = a mí *= a mí * nos nos = a nosotros *= a nosotros *te te = a ti *= a ti * os os = a vosotros *= a vosotros *lo / la **lo / la **= a él, ella, Ud. *= = a él, ella, Ud. *= inanimate objectinanimate object

los / las **los / las **= a ellos, ellas, Uds. = a ellos, ellas, Uds. *= inanimate objects*= inanimate objects

Remember: Personal a – Remember, when a person is the DO of a sentence it will have a personal a. Be careful! Do not confuse these with the IO!** 3rd person DOPs must agree in gender & number with DO!

How do we replace both in English? Ex: I hit the ball to Alicia.-What is the DO? è the ball-What do we change the ball to in English? è itHow do we replace both in English? I hit the ball to Alicia.What is the IO? (to) AliciaWhat do we change Alicia to in English? →herHow do we replace them both in English? I hit the ball to Alicia. How does the sentence change in English? è I hit it to her.

How do we do this in Spanish?Ex: Yo bateo la pelota a vosotros.How does this sentence chage in Spanish? Yo os la bateo.What do we see here? Yo os la bateoDO è la pelota IO è a vosotrosHow do we do this in Spanish?Yo bateo la pelota a vosotros.How does this sentence change in Spanish? Yo os la bateo.What do we see here? Yo os la bateo.

Both pronouns placed in front of the verb. Notice the order. Which comes first?

After replacing the DO & IO with the DOP & IOP, the order will always be . . .

(subject) IOP + DOP + verb (subject) verb + INF + IOP + DOP

Placement1 verb = 1 option

2 verbs = 2 options1 verb = 1 optionEx: Yo bateo la pelota a vosotros.**Yo os la bateo.

2 verbs = 2 options

1st option à same as normalEx: Yo voy a batear la pelota a vosotros.**Yo os la voy a batear.

2 verbs = another option

2nd option à attached to the Infinitive Ex: Yo voy a batear la pelota a vosotros.**Yo voy a bateárosla.

.

me = me = a mía mí(to me)(to me)

nos = nos = a nosotrosa nosotros(to us)(to us)

te = te = a tia ti(to you)(to you)

os = os = a vosotrosa vosotros(to you all)(to you all)

le = le = a él, ella, Ud.a él, ella, Ud.(to him, her, you)(to him, her, you)

les = les = a ellos, ellas, Uds.a ellos, ellas, Uds.(to them, you all)(to them, you all)

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Remember, when using the DOP or the IOP, we can attach the OPs together to the end of an infinitive.

-Ellos vendieron a mí los libros. -Ellos me los vendieron. --Yo tengo que comprar las toallas a ti.1. Te las tengo que comprar.2. Tengo que comprártelas.

Ella está dando una bañera a nosotros.1. Nos la está dando.2. Está dándonosla.

Le +lo = se lo… When both the IOP & DOP are in the 3rd person, the IOP changes to se. When does this happen? This occurs when any combination of 3rd person DOP and 3rd person IOP are used

Miguel Ángel receta la aspirina a José.1. M.A. le la receta. - M.A. se la receta.2. Ellos vendieron a Ud. los libros. -Ellos se los vendieron 3. Yo tengo que comprar las toallas a él. -Se las tengo que comprar. --Tengo que comprárselas.

4. M.A. tiene que recetar el antibiótico a Juana.M.A. se lo tiene que recetar.M.A. tiene que recetárselo.5. Ella está dando una bañera a ellos.Se la está dando.Está dándosela.

VERBS LIKE GUSTAR

The verb "gustar" requires use of the IO pronouns.Me gusta el cuarto.I like the room.

Nos gustan los libros.We like the books

In English, the following sentences are correct: I like the room.; We like the books.Examine the same sentences more closely.I like the room.I = subject of sentencelike = verbthe room = direct object

We like the books.We = subject of sentencelike = verbthe books = direct object

In English, it is correct to construct a sentence that has the subject "liking" a direct object. In Spanish, this never occurs. In Spanish, a different construction is used.English: I like the room.Spanish: The room is pleasing to me.

English: We like the books.Spanish: The books are pleasing to us.

The first thing you need to notice is that both versions really mean the same thing. They are merely different expressions of the same idea.Idea: My feelings with regard to the book are positive.English Way: I like the book.Spanish Way: The book is pleasing to me.

The second thing to notice is that in English, the subject of the sentence is the person (I, we) while in Spanish the subject of the sentence is the object (room, books).The room is pleasing to me. Subject: The room ; I like the room. Subject: I

Finally notice that while the English sentence has a direct object, the Spanish sentence has an indirect object.The room is pleasing to me. me = Indirect Object ; I like the room. room = Direct Object

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Let's study the following example:Me gustan los libros.Literal Translation: To me are pleasing the books.Actual Translation: I like the books.

Notice that gustar is conjugated as "gustan" not "gusto." A common mistake is to say "Me gusto los libros." This is incorrect because the subject of the sentence is "los libros" even though it comes at the end. Remember, the verb is conjugated to agree with the subject of the sentence.Me gustan los libros. (I like the books.)

Notice that the conjugation of gustar changes to "gusta" when the subject of the sentence is singular.Me gusta el libro. (I like the book.)

***Since the subject of the sentence must be either singular (book) or plural (books), the only forms of gustar you will use are "gusta" and "gustan." This is true regardless of what IO pronoun appears in the sentence.Me gusta el libro.I like the book.Te gusta el libro.You like the book.Nos gusta el libro.We like the book.

Me gustan los libros.I like the books.Te gustan los libros.You like the books.Nos gustan los libros.We like the books.

**Remember, gustar becomes either gusta or gustan, depending upon whether the subject of the sentence is singular or plural. It has nothing to do with which IO pronoun is used.Subject is singular - use gustaMe gusta el libro.Te gusta el libro.

Subject is plural - use gustanMe gustan los libros.Te gustan los libros.

**Remember, the IO pronoun is not the subject of the sentence!Nos gustamos ... incorrect!Te gustas ... incorrect!

Here are some examples of the correct use of gustar. Notice that the only forms of gustar that appear are gusta and gustan, even though each of the IO pronouns is used.

Look more closely at one example: Le gusta la silla.It is impossible to tell whether this means: He likes the chair.; She likes the chair. ;You (usted) like the chair.

For purposes of clarification, the sentence will often begin with a prepositional phrase that clarifies just who the IO pronoun refers to.

As you can see, by adding a prepositional phrase, we remove the ambiguity of the "le" form.

Singular Subject Plural SubjectMe gusta la casa. Me gustan las casas.Te gusta el cuarto. Te gustan los cuartos.Le gusta la silla. Le gustan las sillas.Nos gusta el hotel. Nos gustan los hoteles.Os gusta la comida. Os gustan las comidas.Les gusta el reloj. Les gustan los relojes.

A él le gusta la silla.He likes the chair.A Juan le gusta la silla.John likes the chair.A ella le gusta la silla.She likes the chair.

A María le gusta la silla.Mary likes the chair.A usted le gusta la silla.You (formal) like the chair.

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1. A Juan le gusta el café.John likes coffee.This example, "a Juan" clarifies the ambiguous pronoun "le."

2. A mí me gusta el té.I like tea.In this example, there is no ambiguity. "Me gusta el té" can only mean "I like tea." In this case, "a mí" adds emphasis, drawing attention to the fact that tea is what I like (as contrasted with what Juan likes).

You can also use a prepositional phrase to add emphasis, even if there is no ambiguity.Another way to look at it: John likes coffee. Me, I like tea. ; A Juan le gusta el café. A mí me gusta el té.

Now that you know how to correctly use the verb gustar, here is a list of verbs that operate in the same manner:

Aburrir-to bore, fascinar-to be fascinating, to bastar- to be sufficient, importer- to be important to, caer bien (mal)- to (not) suit, interesar- to be interesting to, dar asco-to be loathsome, molestar-to be a bother, disgustar- to hate something, parecer- to appear to be, doler (o:ue)- to be painful, picar- to itch, encantar- to "love" something, quedar- to be left over, remain, faltar-to be lacking something, volver (o:ue) loco- to be crazy about

Buena suerteMs. Asunción