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Name ________________________________________________ Ch. 1-4EVOLUTION – ESSENTIAL VOCAB

1. Evolution Changes in organisms over time2. Fossil The traces or remains of dead organisms3. Petrified Type of fossil where minerals replace the organism into

stone4. Amber Preserved Type of fossil preserved in tree resin5. Primitive Old, archaic, earliest form6. Mass Extinction Large scale death of an entire species7. Plate Tectonics Movement of the Earth’s plates8. Pangaea Supercontinent existing 330 million years ago9. Spontaneous Generation The disproved idea that nonliving things produce living

things10. Biogenesis Organisms only arise, come from, other organisms11. Protocell Basic first cell originating life12. Archaebacteria Oldest type of Bacteria, most primitive of all life on Earth13. Anaerobic Respiration without the use of oxygen14. Variations Changes or differences among organisms 15. Artificial Selection Humans intentionally mating organisms with desired

traits….aka selective breeding16. Natural Selection The best adapted organisms in the environment survive

and reproduce….aka survival of the fittest17. Acquired Trait A change in an organism not due to an inherited factor18. Inherited Trait A characteristic passed on from parents to offspring

during reproduction19. Survival of the Fittest See Natural Selection20. Best Adapted Organisms with the best traits that allow it to survive and

reproduce ….aka Survival of the Fittest21. Adaptation Any variation in an organism that better allows it to

survive and reproduce

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22. Resistance The ability to withstand a condition23. Selecting Factor A condition that allows some organisms to better survive

and reproduce over others24. Comparative Anatomy Comparing similarities in structure, bones25. Analogous Structure Structures similar in function but not structure…not

related26. Homologous Structure Similar structures representing relatedness, ancestry27. Vestigial Structure A once used structure that no longer functions28. Comparative Embryology Comparing similarities in embryos, development 29. Gene Pool The amount of different genes in a population30. Gene Frequency The ratio of genes in a population31. Genetic Equilibrium The genes of a population are remaining stable from

generation to generation, not changing 32. Speciation The formation of a new species due to evolution33. Geographic Barrier A physical barrier preventing species from one another,

mountains, river, etc.34. Reproductive Isolation When a species can no longer reproduce with one

another due to evolution35. Mutation Any change in an organisms DNA36. Gradualism The slow and steady accumulation of changes in an

organisms37. Punctuated Equilibrium Sudden change in an organism followed by stability38. Adaptive Radiation The diversity of organisms from a common ancestor 39. Opposable Thumb A primate/human trait allowing for grasping of small

objects40. Hominoid/Hominid Members of the primate family, human ancestors41. Neanderthals A close Homo sapiens relative that went extinct about

40,000 years ago42. Homo sapiens Latin name for present day human43. Bipedal Walking on two feet44. Specialist An organism that eats one type of food45. Generalist An organism that eats a variety of food

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46. Primate Group of animals that includes, humans, apes, monkeys47. Competition The struggle to obtain resources48. Limited Resources Limited resources such as food, water, space, gases, etc. 49. Cladogram A branching diagram showing relatedness among

organisms50. Phylogenetic Tree See cladogram

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BELLRINGER:

Essential Questions:

1. Identify different types of fossils and how they are formed.

2. Describe conditions of early Earth.

3. Name and describe Earth’s earliest organisms?

Chapters 1-4 The Record of LifeEarly History of Earth – What was Early Earth Like? Very Hot, Toxic, Radioactive, No Oxygen, No Water, inhabitable!

Estimated Age of Earth About 4.6 Billion years Estimated Age of First Organisms About 3.4 Billion Years

PROOF OF LIFE – FOSSILS Fossil Types Formation

Trace Fossil Any evidence left from an organism...print, trail, burrow, etc.

Casts/Molds Organism dies and is buried in sediment leaving behind a mold of it

Petrified Organism dies and is preserved with minerals into stone

Amber Organism dies and is preserved in tree resin

Frozen, Tar Organism dies and is preserved in ice and/or tar

SUMMARY:

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BELLRINGER:

Essential Questions:

1. Compare and contrast relative dating with radioactive dating.

2. Give examples of information that fossils can tell us about Earth and organisms pasts.

3. Explain why primitive organisms should be simple and unicellular? Give an example.

What types of information might fossils tell us Size of organism How/if organism moved Diet of organism Ancient climate Geography

Determining the age of rocks and fossils:

Relative Dating & the Law of SuperpositionIn rock layers that have not been disturbed, the layers at the top are younger than those below it.

Radiometric (Radioactive) DatingUsing radioactive elements to determine a more specific age of the rock/fossil.

The Chronology of Earth – Geologic Time Scale

Precambrian EraOldest, 4.6-1.8 billion years ago, little life due to Earth’s toxic environment. Archaebacteria and other simple organisms. Paleozoic Era 1.8 billion-248 million years ago, much diversity of life especially in the oceans, era ends with mass extinction. Mesozoic Era 248 million- 65 million years ago, much diversity of life especially on land, age of reptiles and large organisms, era ends with mass extinction. Cenozoic Era65 million- now, age of mammals (human)

SUMMARY:

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BELLRINGER:

Essential Questions:

1. Why is Earth divided up into periods, eras, etc.?

2. What was Pangaea?

3. Eras are created based on major what?

Induce three facts from the above chart. (Answers will vary)

Cenozoic is the age of Mammals…including man.

Mesozoic was the age of Dinosaurs.

Time is divided into Eras and Periods.

Induce three facts from the map. (Answers will vary)

Pangea was a large continent.

Africa and South America were once connected.

The Pacific Ocean was present.

SUMMARY:

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BELLRINGER:

Essential Questions:

1. Explain how spontaneous generation was disproved.

2. What molecules are necessary for life?

3. Why must the first “Protocells” have been heterotrophic and anaerobic?

The Origin of Life – Theories Disproved……theories are subject to change as new research develops!

Spontaneous GenerationA disproved theory suggesting living things come from nonliving things.

The Origin of Life – Modern Ideas “How did life begin on Earth”

Simple Organic Molecules FormedSimple carbon containing molecules appeared before life on Earth. Proteins, Lipids, Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acids.

The First True Cells “Heterotroph Hypothesis”

First forms of life…first protocell…was an anaerobic, prokaryotic, heterotrophic, unicellular bacteria.

-ArchaebacteriaFirst organisms on Earth, about 3.4 billion years ago-present, live in harsh environments still today!

-Photosynthesizing ProkaryotesNext organisms to evolve, capable of photosynthesis, resulting in increase in oxygen and the forming of ozone shield.

SUMMARY:

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BELLRINGER:

Essential Questions

1. Explain Darwin’s Natural Selection, citing variations in your answer.

2. What is meant by the terms “survival of the fittest”?

3. Explain “variations don’t exist out of need”.

Charles Darwin and Natural Selection Evolution is The change in organisms over time

Darwin’s work on the HMS Beagle 1831 sailed around the world and analyzed and recorded observations of various organisms.

Darwin in the Galapagos Focused work on islands off the coast of South America. Darwin observed unique island species with some similarities to other species from around the world.

What insight did he gain based on his observations?He observed that traits of organisms vary in a population and that these variations are inherited from parent to offspring.

Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection The current theory of evolution that states

*variations exist in a population

*some variations are favorable and allow the organism to find more resources

*more resources ensures a better chance to survive, reproduce and pass on those favorable adaptations to offspring

SUMMARY:

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BELLRINGER:

Essential Questions:

1. Define adaptations and give an example.

2. Explain how resistance to antibiotics in bacteria represents natural selection. What is the selecting agent?

3. If organisms share homologous structures what does that suggest about them?

Adaptations Any favorable variation in an organism that increases their chance of survival.Examples of Adaptations

MimicryA structural adaptation that enables a species to resemble another.

CamouflageA physical adaptation that enables a species to blend in with their surroundings.

Present Day Evolution Bacterial Resistance to Antibiotics

Bacteria are usually clones of one another but since they reproduce so quickly the chance of mutation is high. A mutation may result in resistance to antibiotics and the ability of the bacteria to withstand the drug. These resistant bacteria do not die and pass on their resistance to their offspring.

Insect Resistance to PesticidesSimilar to bacteria and antibiotics, insect pests can become resistant to pesticides.

Fossil Evidence For Evolution Comparative Anatomy

Examining structures for determine similarities and differences

Homologous Structure

Similar structural features with a common ancestor….supports relatedness….exp. common bones

Analogous Structure

Similar functions but not representing common ancestor…..not relatedness….exp. flying requires wings

Vestigial Structure

A body structure in a present day organism that no longer serves a purpose but once did in ancestors …exp. appendix

SUMMARY:

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BELLRINGER:

Essential Questions:

1. Give examples of comparative embryology and biochemistry in fossils.

2. Comparing DNA and amino acids is the “best” way to determine relatedness. Explain.

3. What can cause changes in genetic equilibrium?

Comparative Embryology Examining embryos and development to determine similarities and differences.Similar development suggest relatedness to a common ancestor.

Comparative Biochemistry Examining DNA, enzymes, amino acids, biochemical molecules, to determine similarities and differences. Similar biochemistry suggest relatedness to a common ancestor.

Changes in genetic equilibrium Natural selection acts on a population. Those with the most desirable traits live, reproduce, and pass of those desirable traits. Those without die and don’t pass on those undesirable traits.

Mutations Any change in the DNA …can be adaptive or maladaptive…..must occur in the sex cells to be inherited and passed to offspring.

Genetic DriftThe frequency of a gene in a population. Adaptive genes should increase in population and maladaptive decrease. Why?

Gene Flow (Migration)The movement of organisms in and out of a population.

SUMMARY:

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BELLRINGER:

Essential Questions:

1. Describe factors resulting in speciation.

2. Compare and contrast gradualism with punctuated equilibrium.

3. Explain why organisms like bacteria can evolve quickly?

Speciation The evolution of a new species due to the accumulation of mutations and/or variations from sexual reproduction. A new species can no longer breed with the previous species.

Factors Causing Speciation

Geographic IsolationA physical barrier….natural or man-made…like a river, mountain, or road….that divides a population preventing reproduction with one another.

Reproductive IsolationThe result of isolation of a species when former breeding organisms can no longer successfully breed and produce offspring….usually due to geographic isolation.

Speciation Rates

Gradualism The idea that species evolve slowly and accumulate small changes over time.

Punctuated EquilibriumThe idea that species have sudden bursts of evolutionary change followed by equilibrium where there is no change…often due to changes in environment.

SUMMARY:

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BELLRINGER:

Essential Questions:

1. Discuss the environmental conditions that could have resulted in the finch’s adaptive radiation.

2. Explain variation, competition, and adaptation in reference to the finches.

3. What other resources besides food could be limiting a population?

Adaptive Radiation When an ancestral species evolves into an array of species to fit a number of diverse habitats/niches.

Name two finches from the diagram above that would compete and explain why?

(Answers will vary) For example the large cactus finch and the cactus finch because they eat the same food type.

Name two finches from the diagram above that could coexist and explain why?(Answers will vary) For example the small ground finch and the warbler finch because they eat different food types.

Name another finch that would be negatively affected if more large ground finches populated the area and explain why.

(Answers will vary) The medium ground finch because they eat the same food type.

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SUMMARY:BELLRINGER:

Essential Questions:

1. What adaptations evolved from primates to humans?

2. What is the closest common ancestor to modern humans? How do we know?

3. Out of Africa theory?

Primate Adaptation and Evolution

What is a Primate A group of mammals with similar anatomy and DNA; includes the lemurs, monkeys, apes, and human.

Primate Origins – Evidence of a shared evolutionary origin Comparing similarities among many primates suggest that they have a common ancestor. Scientists look at fossils for anatomy, DNA (biochemistry), embryology, etc.

Humanlike primates evolve Anthropoids (ape-human like), Hominoids (more human like)

Hominoids evolved in Asia and Africa Global environmental changes created changes in vegetation and our ancestors were favored to be adapted on land and not in trees. We were more “fit” for land and now had an advantage!

SUMMARY:

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BELLRINGER:

Essential Questions:

1. Identify the structural evidence of the major anatomical changes in human evolution.

2. What skeletal evidence would suggest an organism was bipedal?

3. What advantages are there for being bipedal?

Human Ancestry

What is a hominoid, hominid? 5-8 million years ago in AfricaHominoid primates can walk upright on two legs-bipedal….an advantage for life on land.Hominid include these bipedal primates ….modern day humans and our direct ancestors.

What is so important about the “Taung child” Fossil? 2.5-2.8 million years ago was found similar to an ape body but with a skull (brain) more similar to present day human. It is considered the line between apes and human ancestry!

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SUMMARY:BELLRINGER:

Essential Questions:

1. What types of fossil evidence do scientists look at when trying to piece together our ancestry?

2. What role did mutations have in our ancestry?

3. Where is our evolution heading?

The Emergence of Modern HumansThe genus Homo – the stone tool makers

Homo habilis1.5-2.5 million years ago, earliest hominid to make and use stone tools, bipedal scavenger.

Homo ergaster1.5-1.8 million years ago

Homo erectus1.5-1.8 million years ago, upright man, larger brain and more human like but still apelike jaw. Migrated from Africa to Asia and Europe.

Homo heidelbergensisThought to be one of the direct ancestors of modern human (from Germany/Europe).

Homo sapiens (Neanderthals, Cro-Magnons, us)Modern humans appeared in Europe, Africa, and Asia 100,000-500,000 years ago.

SUMMARY:

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Essential Questions:

1. Explain why comparative biochemistry is the most accurate at determining ancestry and relatedness among organisms?

2. If two organisms share very similar DNA sequences how would they be represented on a cladogram?

3. Discuss and draw what an extinct species may look like on a cladogram.

What is PhylogenyThe system of classifying organisms based on their evolutionary history…shows relatedness.

CladogramA branching diagram that shows relatedness and ancestry.

Based on the cladogram above answer the following questions:

1. Explain how you know the chimp is more closely related to the mouse than any other organism in this cladogram.

The common ancestor of the chimp and mouse is closer together than any other organism on the cladogram.

2. Circle on the cladogram the closest common ancestor of the pigeon and perch.(on the diagram)

3. Give some characteristics that the lizard shares with the salamander.Jaws, lungs

4. What biochemical molecule represents the drawing of the lines and determines relatedness?

DNABELLRINGER:SUMMARY: