Study Material of 5/8/2020

For Class I to X & XII

Class I

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

Math

Patterns

Done

Skip counting in 5's(5-50)

5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50

Class II

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

Eng. literature

Ch. 2 friendship

Refer to pg 23

Homework

Do ex k and life skills in the book.

Class III

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

Hindi

Chapter 1 चल मरदाने कविता

Done

निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के सही उत्तर पर सही का निशान लगाइए।

यहकविताकिसप्रकारकीहै ?

उत्तर: देशभक्तिकीकविता

इसकवितामेंमर्दानेशब्दकिसकेलिएप्रयोगहुआहै?

उत्तरबहादुरलोगोंकेलिए (ग) जगकेपथपरआगेबढ़तेहुएकिसकीजीतहोगी?

उत्तर: जोहिम्मतीहोगा

Class IV

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

Social studies

Indian Rivers

Importance of rivers:

Rivers play an important role in our lives. Following are some uses of rivers:

Rivers provide fresh drinking water.

They play an important role in water cycle.

River water is used for irrigation.

Rivers provides habitat to fishes, birds and other aquatic animals.

They are an important source of food also.

They provide travel routes for transportation of people and goods.

Animals bathe in river water.

Swimming, boating and water skiing – you can do it all on a river.

Fill in the blanks: (page 91)

1.The Himalayan rivers form large basins while passing through the mountains.

2. River Indus originates from Kailash Range in Tibet.

3. Himalayan rivers are perennial as they get water from the rainfall as well as from the melting of snow/ice.

4. Tapi and Narmada are Peninsular rivers.

5. Tehri Dam is the highest dam in India.

Define the given terms:

Basins: the area of land from which all the water flows into a particular river.

Dams: dams are called multi- purpose river projects due to the many ways they offer to manage the water resources.

Class V

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

Social studies

Fundamental Rights and Duties

Directive Principles:

The Fundamental Rights and Duties are for the people of the country. Our Constitution also contains some guidelines to be followed by the government for the welfare of the people. According to Dr BR Ambedkar, the principles, known as the Directive Principles are the noble features of the Indian Constitution. They are to be kept in mind by the state while formulating laws and policies. They are:

Minimise inequalities in the income and status of the people.

Secure right to adequate means of livelihood for all citizens.

Provide free legal aid to the poor.

Provide employment opportunities to the people.

Provide a decent standard of life for all the citizens.

Organise village panchayats as units of self government.

Promote cottage industries.

Promote educational and economic interests of SCs, STs and OBCs.

Answer the following: (page 69)

1.What are the fundamental Rights? List out.

Ans: Fundamental Rights are the basic rights of the citizens.

There are six Fundamental Rights. They are:

Right to Equality.

Right to Freedom

Right to Freedom of Religion

Cultural and Educational Rights

Right against Exploitation.

Right to Constitutional Remedies.

2. Explain any two Fundamental Rights of Indian citizens.

Ans: Right to Equality:

All the citizens are equal before law. There is no discrimination on the grounds of religion, race, caste, gender or place of birth. All Indians are treated equally by the Indian Government and law. This is applicable to all the fields education and employment. The weaker and backward sections of society – SCs, STs and OBCs are provided equality of status by the law.

Right to Freedom of Religion:

India is a land of cultural diversity along with many religion practiced here. India is a secular country. There is no state religion. All the citizens of India are free to practice and propagate their religion.

Class VI

SUBJECT

TOPIC

SUMMARY

EXECUTION

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

পত্রলিখন

পত্রলিখনঃ-

মনেরকথাদূরেরমানুষকেজানানোরজন্যপ্রচলিতহয়চিঠি।বলাযায়, ‘চিঠিমুখেরকথানয় – মনেরকথা, হাতদিয়েবলা’।

পত্রবাচিঠিসাধারণত- দুপ্রকারের১)ব্যক্তিগতপত্র২)সামাজিকপত্র

ব্যক্তিগতপত্র- মা, বাবা, ভাই, বোন , দাদা, দিদিঅন্যান্যআত্মীয়দেরকাছেলেখাহয়।

সামাজিকপত্র- বিদ্যালয়েরশিক্ষক-শিক্ষিকাকেলেখা, অফিসেরযেকোনকাজেযেপত্রলেখাহয়।

চিঠিরনিয়ম-

· চিঠিরভাষাহবেসহজ, সরল।

· চিঠিরমাধ্যমেতোমারসঙ্গেতারসম্পর্ককেমনজানাযায়।

· চিঠিরলেখাপরিস্কারহলেপড়তেসুবিধাহয়।

· চিঠিরছয়টিঅংশথাকবেই-

· ঠিকানাওতারিখ

· সম্ভাষণ

· আরম্ভ

· বক্তব্য

· সমাপ্তি

· প্রাপকেরঠিকানা- ডাকটিকিট ,প্রাপকেরনাম, প্রযত্নে, বাড়িরনম্বর ,রাস্তারনম্বর, জেলারনাম, রাজ্যেরনাম, পিনকোডনম্বরএগুলিঅবশ্যইলিখতেহয়।

PHYSICS

Simple Machine

Work done

When a force causes a body to move, work is being done on the object by the force. 

Work is the measure of energy transfer when a force (F) moves an object through a distance (d).

So when work is done, energy has been transferred from one energy store to another,

energy transferred = work done = F x d

Every day you use machines without even thinking about it.

A machine is anything that helps make work easier. A machine is a device that helps us to do work with less effort in less time. 

Why do we need machines? 

We need machines to:

· Lift heavy loads with a small effort.

· Carry out unsafe and dangerous tasks.

· To increase the speed of a moving object.

· To move, lift or perform an action in the required direction.

· To reduce the risk in performing hazardous tasks.

Simple Machine: 

A simple machine is a mechanical device that changes the direction and/or magnitude of a force. In general, they can be defined as the simplest mechanisms that use leverage (also called mechanical advantage) to multiply force. Usually the term refers to the six classical simple machines :

•Lever

•Wheel and axle

•Pulley

•Inclined plane

•Wedge

•Screw

A simple machine uses a single applied force to do work against a single load force. Ignoring friction losses, the work done on the load is equal to the work done by the applied force. The machine can increase the amount of the output force, at the cost of a proportional decrease in the distance moved by the load. The ratio of the output to the applied force is called the mechanical advantage.Basic tools like staplers, screwdrivers and scissors are simple machines.

You can use these simple machines to build a complex machine. For example, a bicycle is a complex machine that is made using of nearly every kind of simple machine.

BIOLOGY

Ch-4

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Pg- 64 

A. Short answer question. 

1. Define the following: nutrition ingestion digestion and absorption and egestion . 

Ans –

· Nutrition: The process of taking in food and using it for growth, metabolism, and repair.

· Ingestion: Intake of food.

· Digestion: Breaking down of food so that it can be absorbed by the body.

· Absorption: The process of absorbing food in the form of nutrients into the blood stream of the body.

· Assimilation: The process of nutrients being absorbed by each cell of the body in the form of energy.

· Egestion: Secretion of waste, unwanted and excess substances from the body after food the as been digestion.

2. Arrange the following organs in correct order to show the path of food :

 anus mouth , oesophagus , stomach , large intestine small intestine. 

Ans- Mouth---> oesophagus ---> stomach---> large intestine ---> small  intestine anus.

3. Differentiate between milk teeth and permanent teeth. 

 

MILK TEETH

PERMANENT TEETH

1) Milk Teeth Start erupting after 6 months of birth and appear between 6 to 24 months.

Permanent teeth Begin to replace milk teeth in the 6 th year of age and usually completed by 24 years.

2) Milk teeth Smaller, weaker and temporary

Stronger and permanent.

3) Milk teeth is of 3 types (incisor, canine and molars) 8 incisors + 4 canines + 8 molars.

Permanent Teeth is 4 types (incisor, canine premolars and molars) 8 incisor+ 4 canine+ 8 premolars + 12 molars.

4) Milk Teeth have 20 in number, 10 each in the upper and lower jaw

Permanent Teeth have 32 in number, 16 each in the upper and lower jaw

B. Long answer question. 

4. What is indigestion? How can we prevent it.

Ans - Indigestion

Indigestion is an upset stomach that describes discomfort in your upper abdomen. 

To Prevent Indigestion

1. Chew food completely and eat slowly.

2. Drink fluids after meals, rather than during.

3. Avoid late-night eating.

4. Avoid spicy, greasy foods.

5. Avoid alcoholic beverages.

C. Application/skill based questions. 

4. Identify the types of teeth .  

 

( b) incisors

( c ) canines

( d ) premolars

( a ) molars

Class VII

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

Hindi 2ndLang

विशेषण

जो शब्द संज्ञा या सर्वनाम की विशेषता गुण दोष संख्या मात्रा परिमाण आदि बताते हैं वह शब्द विशेषण कहलाते हैं। जैसे -रामायण धार्मिक किताब है ,कल स्कूल में 10 बच्चे आए।, पापा 5 आम लाए।, करीना 1 किलो दूध लाई।

विशेषण के चार भेद होते हैं –

1. गुणवाचक विशेषण

2. संख्यावाचक विशेषण

3. परिमाणवाचक विशेषण

4. सर्वनामिक विशेषण

· गुणवाचक विशेषण-संज्ञा या सर्वनाम शब्दों के गुण दोष रंग रूप दशा आकार आदि का बोध कराने वाले शब्दों को गुणवाचक विशेषण कहते हैं। जैसे- बगीचे में सुंदर फूल हैं।, लड़का बहुत दयालु है।

· संख्यावाचक विशेषण–जो शब्द संख्या का बोध कराते हैं उसे संख्यावाचक विशेषण कहते हैंइसमें निश्चित संख्या भी हो सकती है अनिश्चित संख्या भी हो सकती है। जैसे 5 लोग दौड़ रहे हैं।, पापा कुछ आम लाए।

·

परिमाणवाचक विशेषण-संज्ञा या सर्वनाम शब्दों की माप तोल मात्रा आदि का बोध कराने वाले शब्द परिमाणवाचक विशेषण कहलाते हैं।

जैसे-मां 1 लीटर दूध लाई।, मेरे पास कुछ किताबें हैं ।,5 मीटर कपड़ा दर्जी ने दिया।

सर्वनामिक विशेषण -ऐसे सर्वनाम शब्द जो संज्ञा से पहले लगकर उस संज्ञा शब्द की विशेषण की तरह विशेषता बताते हैं, वे शब्द सार्वनामिक विशेषण कहलाते हैं।

जैसे -*किस आदमी से बात कर रह है।

· उस पेन को यहाँ रख दो।

जैसा कि आप ऊपर दिए गए उदाहरण में देख सकते हैं उस शब्द पेन से पहले आकर पेन कि ओर संकेत कर रहा है।।

निम्नलिखित प्रश्नो मे विशेषण चुनकर उनके उत्तर दीजिए।

1) राम आज 4 किलो आम लाया।

2) ताजमहल बहुत सुंदर है।

3) पापा आज 1 लीटर दूध लाए।

4) यह मेरी पुस्तक है।

उत्तर

1) संख्यावाचक विशेषण

2) गुणवाचक विशेषण

3) परिमाणवाचक विशेषण

4) सर्वनामिक विशेषण

GEOGRAPHY

ATMOSPHERE

SOLVED EXERCISE:

1. Choose the right option.

a. Melting of polar ice caps is taking place due toi. Global warming [√]ii. Rise in salinity of the seaii. Drying up of rivers

b. Global warming will lead toi. Increase in the density of airii. Change in the ions of the ionosphereii. Cyclones and hurricanes in coastal areas [√]

c. The main objective of the Montreal Protocol wasi. To increase global forest coverii. To reduce pollution of water bodiesiii. To lower the production of Ozone Depleting Substances [√]

d. The ozone layer helps ini. Preventing the ultraviolet rays from reaching the Earth [√]ii. Preserving the optimum temperature of the Earthiii. Absorbing the polluting gases released by the Earth

2. Give one term for each of the following.

a. The gas that occupies the maximum volume of the atmosphere.

Answer: Nitrogen

b. The upper limit of the troposphere that separates it from the stratosphere.

Answer: Tropopause

c. The coldest layer of the atmosphere.

Answer: Mesosphere

d. A fossil fuel that contributes to global warming.

Answer: Coal

e. The hottest layer of the atmosphere.

Answer: Thermosphere

f. The continent over which a large ozone hole has developed.

Answer: Antarctica

g. Harmful rays that lead to cataract and skin cancer in human beings.

Answer: Ultra Violet rays

Biology

Ch. -1: Classification of animals

Different kinds of animals live on earth. All animals are different from each other. Scientists divide animals on the basis of presence of backbone.

Common features of animals:

· All multicellular and have a true nucleus,

· Cannot prepare their own food heterotrophic in nature.

· Most animals ingest their food. The food is. digested inside the

· body

· Most animals aremotile. They move mainly in search of food or shelter.

Difference between invertebrates and vertebrates:

Characteristics

Invertebrates

Vertebrates

i) Symmetry

ii) Backbone

iii) Post anal tail

iv) Germ layers

Examples

Radial, Bi-radial or Absent

Absent

Absent

Two or Three or

Absent

Snai,l Earthworm

Bilateral

Present

Usually Present

Three (Triploblastic)

Human, fish

Basic features and example of invertebrates:

Invertebrates

Characteristics

Examples

i) Porifera

ii) Coelenterata

a) Body is porous.

b) Body is fixed to a solidSurface at the bottom of the sea or pond.

a) Body is radially symmetrical

b) Some are attached to thebottom of the ocean or sea

c) The mouth is surrounded by finger like projectionscalled tentacles

Sycon,

Spongilla

Euspongia.

Hydra, jelly fish.

INVERTEBRATES

CHARACTERISTICS

EXAMPLES

III)Platehelminthes

IV)Nematoda

V) Annelida

VI)Arthropoda

VII) Mollusca

VIII) Echinodermata

a) Body is bilaterally symmetrical .

b) Body is flat,thin, soft and leaf or ribbon like .

c) Parasitic flatworms have hooks and suckers on their heads.

a)Body is elongated , cylindrical , un segmented, and bilaterally symmetrical.

b)They have a digestive system with two openings , the mouth and the anus.

a)Body is elongated, soft and divided into ring like segments.

b) Have a special excretory organ – nephridia.

a) Largest group of invertebrates.

b) Have a tough outer covering –exoskeleton.

c) They have paired joined legs.

a) Body is soft and un segmented.

b) Body is protected by hard shell.

a) Body is un segmented.

b) Body is rough due to spiny skin.

c) They move by tube feet or podia.

Tape worm, liver fluke, planaria.

Filarial worm, Ascaris and hookworm.

Earthworm and leech.

Prawn, crab, butterfly, cockroach.

Snail , octopus , cuttle fish.

Star fish, sea cucumber.

Class VIII

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

PHYSICS

LIGHT

REFRACTION

When light passes through a transparent material like glass, it often bends and comes out in a slightly different place. This is called refraction.

For example, your spectacles that help with reading or seeing far-off objects work on this principle.

Refraction is also commonly seen in prisms. You can see light splitting and emerge out in its basic colors Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange and Red (VIBGYOR).

The most common occurrence of refraction in nature you must have seen is the appearance of a rainbow after during or after rain; especially when sunlight is also visible during the rain. Sunlight passes through tiny water droplets in the atmosphere. The tiny water droplets appear as one giant prism and when light passes through them, a rainbow is formed.

In this lesson, you will learn about refraction of light in detail.

What is Refraction

When light travels from one transparent medium to another transparent medium, it bends from its original path.

This phenomenon of bending of light is called refraction.

Refraction takes place at the boundary of separation of the two media.

Important Terms

· Incident ray: The ray which falls on the boundary of separation to enter the other medium.

· Refracted ray: The ray in the second medium after refraction.

· Normal: A perpendicular passing through the point at the boundary of separation, where the incident ray falls.

· Angle of incidence (i): The angle between the normal and incident ray.

· Angle of refraction (r): The angle between the normal and refracted ray.

GEOGRAPHY

MIGRATION

SOLVED EXERCISE:

1. Fill in the blanks:a. The ancient Hominins moved from ______ to central and south Asia.

Answer:Africab. Farmers were made to migrate to Sumatra by the _____ government.

Answer:IndonesianC. In Kenya, it is the _____ who mostly migrate to Mediterranean Africa.

Answer: Mend. Inter-urban movement is governed by _______.

Answer: Economic factors

2. Give one-word answers for the following:a. The people who leave their country to move to another country.

Answer:Emigrantb. The animals that use only two legs for walking.

Answer:Bipedalc. The diminishing human capital from developing countries.

Answer:Brain draind. The people who shift from their land due to floods, cyclone, earthquakes and otherclimate disasters.

Answer:Climatic refugeee. The money sent back to the home country from a foreign country.

Answer: Remittance

Hindi 2ndLang

ईदगाह

निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर दीजिए।

“उसकी आंखों से आंसू की बड़ी-बड़ी बूंदे गिरती जाती थी।“

1) किसकी आंखों सेआंसू की बड़ी-बड़ी बूंदे गिरती थी ?

2) यहां वक्ता की किसम नःस्थिति का पता चलता है ?

उत्तर

1) हामिद की दादी यानी अम्मा के आंखों से आंसू गिरती है।

2) यहां वक्ता हामिद की दादी जी हैं जो हामिद को बहुत प्यार करती है उसके अलावा हामिद का कोई नहीं है हमें तो मैंले जाने के लिए वह सिर्फ तीन पैसे ही दे पाती है उन्हें लगता था इतने थोड़े पैसे में हामिद कुछ खा पी लेगा। मगर हामिद ने ऐसा कुछ नहीं किया वह अपनी अम्मा के लिए सारे पैसे से चिमटा खरीद लाया क्योंकि रोटी बनाते समय अम्मा की हाथ जल जाती है अम्मा यह देखकर बहुत भावुक हो जाती है और उनके आंखों से अश्रु की धार बहने लगती है।

2.”मेरा चिमटा चाहे तो तुम्हारी खंजरी का पेट फाड़ सकता है।“

क) यह कथन किसने किसको कहा ?

ख) चिमटा किसने खरीदा ?

ग) उपयुक्त पंक्ति में वक्ता किसकी पढ़ाई कर रहा है ?

उत्तर

1) यह कथन हामिद ने सम्मी को कहा ।

2) चिमटा हामिद ने खरीदा था ।

उपयुक्त पंक्ति में हामिद मेले से चिमटा खरीद ता है और उस की खूब बढ़ाई अपने दोस्त करता है। वह सम्मीको कहता है कि उस का चिंता बहुत मजबूत है वह अगर चाहे तो सम्मी के खंजरी का पेट फाड़ सकता है। उसका चिंता इतना मजबूत है कि वह चाहेतो बंदूक की तरह इस्तेमाल भी कर सकता है इस तरह से वह चिमटे की बढ़ाई करता है।

BENGALI 2nd Lang

উপসর্গওঅনুসর্গ

উপসর্গ-যে অব্যয় জাতীয় ধ্বনি বা ধ্বনি গুচ্ছ শব্দ বা ধাতুর পূর্বে যুক্ত হয়ে, অর্থ যুক্ত নতুন নতুন শব্দ গঠন করা হয় সেগুলিকে উপসর্গ বলা হয়।

উপসর্গ তিন প্রকার –

সংস্কৃত উপসর্গ

বাংলা বা দেশি উপসর্গ

বিদেশি উপসর্গ

সংস্কৃত ব্যাকরণে কুড়িটি উপসর্গ আছে।

যথা- প্র, পরা, অপ , সম , নি, অব, নির্ , দুর্ , বি , অধি, সু , উৎ , পরি, প্রতি , অভি, অতি, অপি, উপ, আ , অণু। এই কুড়িটির সঙ্গে ‘নিস্', ‘দুস্' এই দুটি উপসর্গ যোগ করা হয়।

বাংলা উপসর্গঃ

কতগুলি অব্যয় বা অব্যয় জাতীয় শব্দ বাংলায় নাম পদের আগে বসে উপসর্গের মতো কাজ করে। বাংলায় উপসর্গ গুলি শব্দের পূর্বে বসে।

যথা- অ , অনা , আ , কু , নির্ , পাতি ,বি, ভর, সু, তে, হা , দুর্ ।

বিদেশিউপসর্গঃ

ফরাসি উপসর্গ-

গর, দর, নিম , না , ফি, বদ, বে, খাস, বন্দ, বাজ, সে, হর।

ইংরেজি উপসর্গ-

হাফ, হেড, সাব, ফুল, মিনি।

অনুসর্গ – বাংলা ভাষায় যে সকল শব্দ বিশেষ্য বা সর্বনামের পরে বসে বিভক্তির মতো কাজ করে এবং বিশেষ্য বা সর্বনামকে কোনো বিশেষ কারকের মর্যাদা দেয়, সে গুলিকে অনুসর্গ বলে।

যেমন- দ্বারা, দিয়ে, কর্তৃক, হইতে, থেকে, চেয়ে, জন্য, প্রতি, ওপর ইত্যাদি।

অনুসর্গ দু প্রকার-

শব্দ জাত অনুসর্গ (কর্তৃক, প্রতি ইত্যাদি)

ক্রিয়াজাত অনুসর্গ- (করিয়া>করে; ধরিয়া>ধরে)

তৎসম অনুসর্গ- অপেক্ষা, সমীপে, সঙ্গে,সহিত ইত্যাদি।

তদ্ভব অনুসর্গ- আগে, চেয়ে, কাছে, পিছে, পানে, পাশে জন্য ইত্যাদি।

বিদেশি অনুসর্গ- বদলে, বাদে ইত্যাদি।

উপসর্গ ও অনুসর্গ দিয়ে শব্দ গঠন করে বাক্যে প্রয়োগ করো-

সংস্কৃত উপসর্গ-

অপ- অপরাধ, অপবাদ, অপমান।

বাক্যে প্রয়োগ-নিলামে ঘনাকে না বলে বই নিয়ে খুব অপরাধ করেছে।

অতি-অতিরিক্ত, অতিশয়, অতিক্রম।

রামের সব কিছুতেই অতিরিক্ত দেখায় তাই ওর এই অবস্থা।

প্রতি- প্রতিকূল, প্রতিবেশী, প্রতিশোধ।

স্রোতের প্রতি কূলে নৌকাটি ধীর গতিতে বয়ে চলে।

সু- সুন্দর, সুনাম, সুবাস।

মেয়েটি দেখতে বেশ সুন্দর।

বাংলাউপসর্গ-

কু- কুকাজ, কুদিন, কুঅভ্যাস।

কুঅভ্যাস ত্যাগ করা উচিত।

বি- বিদেশ, বিজোড়, বিজন।

রক্তিম বিদেশে গিয়ে পড়া শোনা করছে।

হা- হাঘরে, হাভাতে, হা-হুতাশ।

বন্যায় গ্রামবাসীরা সব হারিয়ে হা-হুতাশ করছে।

বিদেশি উপসর্গ-

ফি- ফি-বছর, ফি-বার, ফি-সন।

পুরসভার করফি-বছর বেড়েই চলছে।

গর- গররাজি, গরমিল, গরহাজির।

মিনা বিয়ের ব্যাপারে গররাজি ছিল।

বে- বেঢপ, বেয়াদপ, বেচাল।

ছেলেটা দিন দিন বেয়াদপ হচ্ছে।

অনুসর্গ-

তোমার প্রতি আমার দিনদিন শ্রদ্ধা বেড়েই চলেছে।

নকল হইতে সাবধান।

রামের চেয়ে শ্যাম বড়ো।

তিনা মিলির জন্য একটা বই কিনেছে।

Biology

Chapter - 05:Endocrine System and Adolescence

System which is made up of Endocrine gland and their secretion, hormone. This system is the chemical coordination system of our body

Major Endocrine glands present in human body:

There are five main endocrine glands are present in human body.

i) Pituitary

ii) Thyroid

iii) Pancreas

iv) Adrenal

v) Testes( only in male)

vi) Ovaries ( only in female)

Hormone:

· Hormones are chemical substance that regulates the growth or functioning of a specific tissue or organ, e.g. Insulin, Thyroxin etc.

·

Difference between Endocrine gland and exocrine gland

Endocrine gland

Exocrine gland

i. Have special vessel to carry their secretions.

i. There is no special vessel; secretions are directly poured in blood stream.

ii. Gland release their secretion directly to target organs

ii. Duct less glands release their secretion into the blood.

iii. Ex: salivary glands , Liver, Sweat gland etc.

iii. Ex: Pituitary , Thyroid etc.

Mixed gland :

Pancreas is known as mixed gland because from its exocrine part carbohydrate, protein and fat digestive enzymes are secreted and transferred through common bile duct into duodenum. From its endocrine part hormones are secreted and transported through blood.

Class IX

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

Hindi 2ndLang

विशेषण

जो शब्द संज्ञा या सर्वनाम की विशेषता गुण दोष संख्या मात्रा परिमाण आदि बताते हैं वह शब्द विशेषण कहलाते हैं। जैसे -रामायण धार्मिक किताब है ,कल स्कूल में 10 बच्चे आए।, पापा 5 आम लाए।, करीना 1 किलो दूध लाई।

विशेषण के चार भेद होते हैं –

5. गुणवाचक विशेषण

6. संख्यावाचक विशेषण

7. परिमाणवाचक विशेषण

8. सर्वनामिक विशेषण

· गुणवाचक विशेषण-संज्ञा या सर्वनाम शब्दों के गुण दोष रंग रूप दशा आकार आदि का बोध कराने वाले शब्दों को गुणवाचक विशेषण कहते हैं। जैसे- बगीचे में सुंदर फूल हैं।, लड़का बहुत दयालु है।

· संख्यावाचक विशेषण–जो शब्द संख्या का बोध कराते हैं उसे संख्यावाचक विशेषण कहते हैंइसमें निश्चित संख्या भी हो सकती है अनिश्चित संख्या भी हो सकती है। जैसे 5 लोग दौड़ रहे हैं।, पापा कुछ आम लाए।

·

परिमाणवाचक विशेषण-संज्ञा या सर्वनाम शब्दों की माप तोल मात्रा आदि का बोध कराने वाले शब्द परिमाणवाचक विशेषण कहलाते हैं।

जैसे-मां 1 लीटर दूध लाई।, मेरे पास कुछ किताबें हैं ।,5 मीटर कपड़ा दर्जी ने दिया।

सर्वनामिक विशेषण -ऐसे सर्वनाम शब्द जो संज्ञा से पहले लगकर उस संज्ञा शब्द की विशेषण की तरह विशेषता बताते हैं, वे शब्द सार्वनामिक विशेषण कहलाते हैं।

जैसे -*किस आदमी से बात कर रह है।

· उस पेन को यहाँ रख दो।

जैसा कि आप ऊपर दिए गए उदाहरण में देख सकते हैं उस शब्द पेन से पहले आकर पेन कि ओर संकेत कर रहा है।।

निम्नलिखित प्रश्नो मे विशेषण चुनकर उनके उत्तर दीजिए।

5) राम आज 4 किलो आम लाया।

6) ताजमहल बहुत सुंदर है।

7) पापा आज 1 लीटर दूध लाए।

8) यह मेरी पुस्तक है।

उत्तर

5) संख्यावाचक विशेषण

6) गुणवाचक विशेषण

7) परिमाणवाचक विशेषण

8) सर्वनामिक विशेषण

Bengali (2nd language)

বাক্যনির্মাণ

বাক্য – মনের ভাব প্রকাশের জন্য পরস্পর সম্বন্ধ যুক্ত পদ সমসস্টিকে বাক্য বলে।

বাক্যকে মূলত দুটি শ্রেনীতে ভাগ করা হয়– বাক্যের গঠনগত শ্রেনী বিভাগ, বাক্যের অর্থগত শ্রেনী বিভাগ।

গঠন গত দিক দিয়ে বাক্যকে চার ভাগে ভাগ করা হয় –

· সরল বাক্য

· জটিল বাক্য

· যৌগিক বাক্য

· মিশ্র বাক্য

সরলবাক্য-যে বাক্যে একটি মাত্র কর্তা ও একটি সমাপিকা ক্রিয়া থাকে তাকে সরল বাক্য বলে।

· আবার সরল বাক্যে এক বা একাধিক অসমাপিকা ক্রিয়া থাকতে পারে।

উদাহরন- বাঙ্গালি ভাত খায়।

· কখনো কর্তা আবার কখনো সমাপিকা ক্রিয়া উহ্য থাকে।

বাড়ি যাও (কর্তা উহ্য)

রীনা আমার বোন। (সমাপিকা ক্রিয়া উহ্য)

সরল বাক্য গঠন-

বাক্যের দুটি অংশ- উদ্দেশ্য, বিধেয়।

একটি সরল বাক্যের চারটি অংশ-

· উদ্দেশ্য

· উদ্দেশ্য প্রসারক

· বিধেয়

· বিধেয় প্রসারক

বাক্যের কর্তা হল মূল উদ্দেশ্য। আর উদ্দেশ্যের সম্প্রসারিত অংশকে বলা হয় উদ্দেশ্য প্রসারক।

বাক্যের ক্রিয়াপদকে মূল বিধেয় আর বিধেয় সম্প্রসারিত অংশকে বলা হয় বিধেয় প্রসারক।

জটিল বাক্য-

যে বাক্যে একটি প্রধান উপবাক্য এবং এক বা একাধিক অপ্রধান বাক্য থাকে তাকে তখন জটিল বাক্য বলে। প্রধান ও অপ্রধান বাক্য গুলি ‘যে-সে’, ‘যখন-তখন’, ‘যদি- তবে’, ‘যেখানে- সেখানে’, প্রভৃতি সংযোজক দিয়ে যুক্ত হয়।

নিয়মঃ-

· একাধিক সমাপিকা ক্রিয়া যুক্ত একাধিক উপবাক্য থাকে।

· একটি প্রধান উপবাক্য ও একাধিক অপ্রধান উপবাক্য থাকে।

· অপ্রধান উপবাক্য গুলি প্রধান উপবাক্যের বিশেষ্য , বিশেষণ, ক্রিয়া বিশেষণ রূপে বাক্যে ব্যবহৃত হয়।

উদাহরণ – যেমন দুষ্টুমি করেছো তেমন শাস্তি পেয়েছো।

যৌগিক বাক্য-

দুই বা ততোধিক স্বাধীন বাক্য যদি কোন সংযোজক শব্দ দ্বারা যুক্ত হয়, তখন তাকে যৌগিক বাক্য বলে।

নিয়মঃ

· উপবাক্য গুলি সরল ও জটিল হতে পারে।

· প্রধান উপবাক্য গুলি পরস্পর নিরপেক্ষ ও প্রত্যকটি সমান মর্যাদা পায়।

· ‘আর’, ‘এবং’, ‘ও’, ‘কিন্তু’, ‘নতুবা্’, ‘বা’ ইত্যাদি সংযোজক অব্যয় দিয়ে সরল বাক্য গুলি যুক্ত থাকবে।

উদাহরণ- তুমি মামার বাড়ি যাবে কিন্তু রমা যাবে না।

মিশ্রবাক্য-মিশ্র বাক্য চার প্রকারের হতে পারে।

সরল + যৌগিক

সরল + জটিল

জটিল + যৌগিক

যৌগিক + যৌগিক

সরলবাক্য-

১।আমার বোন বালিকা বিদ্যালয়ে পড়ে।

২।ছেলেরা মাঠে খেলা করে।

৩।রাম বনবাসে গিয়েছিল।

৪।ভাত খেয়ে বারিন বাবু স্কুলে যাবে।

উদ্দেশ্য ও উদ্দেশ্য প্রসারক উদাহরণ-

মূল বাক্য- সুকান্ত চললেন নতুন পথের সন্ধানে। (মূল উদ্দেশ্য-সুকান্ত)

সম্প্রসারিত বাক্য- পুরাতন পথে বীতশ্রদ্ধ হয়ে সুকান্ত চললেন নতুন পথের সন্ধানে।(পুরাতন পথে বীতশ্রদ্ধ হয়ে সম্প্রসারিত বাক্য)

বিধেয় ও বিধেয় প্রসারক উদাহরণ-

মূল বাক্য- সে ছেলেটিকে লক্ষ করছে।(মূল বিধেয়- লক্ষ করছে)

সম্প্রসারিত বাক্য- সে ছেলেটিকে বিশেষ ভাবে লক্ষ করছে। (বিশেষ ভাবে –সম্প্রসারিত বাক্য)

জটিল বাক্য-

১।যদি তুমি যাও তবেই আমি যাবো।

২।যেখানে ভুতের ভয় সেখানে সন্ধ্যে হয়।

৩।যিনি রাম তিনিই কৃষ্ণ।

৪|যখন বৃষ্টি হয় তখনই রাস্তায় জল জমে।

যৌগিক বাক্য-

১।তুমি আর বেশি কথা বোলো না।

২।তুমি কিন্তু ব্যাঙ্কের টাকা ঠিক সময়ে জমা দিও।

৩।রাম এবং শ্যম দুজনই মায়ের দেখা শোনা করে।

৪। কঠিন পরিশ্রম করো নইলে গোল করবে।

মিশ্রবাক্য-

১।তুমি এসো ; তাহলে আমি নাচব আর গাহিব। (সরল + যৌগিক)

২।আমি নাচব যদি তুমি এখানে আসো এবং আমার নাচ দেখে আনন্দ পাও। (সরল + জটিল)

Chemistry

CH-4

Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonding

(L-1)

1)Dalton’s Atomic Theory:-

John Daltondeveloped his atomic theoryin 1808. According to his theory, atoms were regarded as structure less hard, spherical particles which could not be further subdivided into simpler particles. The theory states:-

i) Matter is made up of very small indivisible particles called Atoms.

ii) Atoms of the same element are all identical in all respects.

iii) Atoms of different elements differ in properties and weight.

iv) Atoms combine in a simple but fixed ratio to form compound atoms (molecules).

v) Atom is the smallest particle which can take part in a chemical reaction.

vi) Atoms can neither be created nor destroyed.

2)Modern Atomic Theory:-

i) Matter is made up of very small particles called atoms which are composed of still smaller particles-electrons, protons and neutrons.

ii) Atoms of the same element may not be similar in all respects. They may have different atomic masses.

iii) Atoms of the different elements may have the same atomic masses.

iv) Atoms of the different elements may not combine in simple ratio but they combine in integral ratio to form molecules.

v) Atom is the smallest particle which can take part in a chemical reaction.

vi) Atoms of one element can be changed into atoms of the other element. However, atoms cannot be created out of nothing.

· PRODUCTION OF CATHODE RAYS:-

J. J. Thomson Experiment – The Discovery of Electron

Cathode ray experiment was a result of English physicists named J. J. Thomson experimenting with cathode ray tubes. During his experiment he discovered electron and it is one of the most important discoveries in the history of physics. He was even awarded a Nobel Prize in physics for thisdiscovery and his work on the conduction of electricity in gases.

However, talking about the experiment, J. J. Thomson took a tube made of glass containing two pieces of metal as an electrode. The air inside the chamber was subjected to high voltage and electricity flowing through the air from the negative electrode to the positive electrode.

→Cathode Ray Tube: -J. J. Thomson designed a glass tube that was partly evacuated, i.e. all of the air had been drained out of the building. He then applied a high electric voltage at either end of the tube between two electrodes. He observed a particle stream (ray) coming out of the negatively charged electrode (cathode) to the positive charged electrode (anode). This ray is called cathode ray, and is called a cathode ray tube for the entire construction.

The experiment Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) conducted by J. J. Thomson, is one of the most well-known physical experiments that led to electron discovery. In addition, the experiment could describe characteristic properties, in essence, its affinity to positive charge, and its charge to mass ratio. This paper describes how J is simulated. J. Thomson experimented with Cathode Ray Tube.

The major contribution of this work is the new approach to modelling this experiment, using the equations of physical laws to describe the electrons’ motion with a great deal of accuracy and precision. The user can manipulate and record the movement of the electrons by assigning various values to the experimental parameters.

→APPARATUS SET UP:-

· Characteristics of Cathode Rays:

(i)Experiments with a narrow beam of cathode rays showed that they could be deflected by an electric field. When cathode rays passed between charged plates, they always bent towards the positive plate. This showed that cathode rays were negatively charged.

(ii)Cathode rays are deflected by magnetic fields and cast a shadow of the object placed in their path (travel in straight lines).

(iii)They are associated with kinetic energy and raise the temperature of the metallic object on which they fall.

(iv)Further studies showed that cathode rays consisted of negatively charged particles; Thomson called these tiny negative particles“ELECTRONS”. The modern name for cathode rays is “ELECTRON BEAM”.

(v)Cathode rays are always same even when the gas in the cathode ray tube was different or the electrons were made of different substances. This suggested that all substances contained electrons of the same type or Electrons are the Universal constituent of all matter.

CONCLUSIONS:-

1. Cathode rays are a steam of negatively charged particles called “ELECTRONS”.

2. An electron is the lightest of the fundamental particles having mass 1/1840 of the mass of hydrogen atom. Absolute mass of an Electron is 9.1083 x 10-28g.

Absolute charge on an Electron is -1.602 x 10-19 Coulomb or 4.8 x 10-10 e.s.u.

3. The relative charge of an electron is (-1).

· Electrons can also be emitted by :

(1)Action of heat on certain metals.

(2)Action of X-rays on all forms of matter.

(3)Action of UV light on highly active metals like Potassium, Caesium etc.

Q.1) How positive rays and cathode rays are formed?

ANS:-The presence of positively charged particlesin an atom was shown by Goldstein (1886). He repeated discharge tube experiment in which cathode was shaped like a disc with a hole in the centre. The tube’s inner surface behind the cathode was coated with Phosphor. On applying high voltage across the electrodes, phosphor started glowing. Since the phosphor was placed where the electron beam could not reach, it follows that something was moving through the hole in the cathode, in a direction opposite to that of the cathode rays. Soon it was established that stream of particles was moving through the hole in the cathode, and these particles have a positive charge. Goldstein called the beam of these particles as “CANAL RAYS”because these are produced by passage through canals or holes in the cathode.

→When a high voltage current is passed through a gas taken in the discharge tube, electrical energy breaks up the atoms of the gas into negatively charged particles (electrons) and the positively charged particles formed by the removal of 1 or more electrons from the gaseous atoms.

→ANODE RAYS or POSITIVE RAYSare a stream of positively charged particles shot out from the anode of a discharge tube when a current is passed through a gas at very low pressure.

Q.2) What are the characteristics of Positive rays or Anode rays?

ANS:-

(i)The electric charge on these rays or particles is always positive.

(ii)The amount of positive charge of the positive ray’s particles depends upon the nature of the gas taken in the discharge tube. The positive charge on any particle was found to be a multiple of 1.602 x 10-19 C, i.e., 2 x1.602 x 10-19 C, 3 x1.602 x 10-19 C, 4 x1.602 x 10-19 C , etc. , depending upon the nature of gas.

(iii)The mass of these particles was the same as the atomic mass of the gas in a discharge tube.

(iv)These particles are affected by the electric and magnetic fields but in the direction opposite to the cathode rays.

Q.3) What is Proton? State its characteristics.

ANS:-

→Definition of Protons:-

It is a sub-atomic particle formed by the loss of an electron from a hydrogen atom

H - 1 e- → H+

(H-atom) (electron) (Proton)

→Characteristics of Protons:-

(i)The name of proton was first suggested by Rutherford.

(ii)Charge: - Proton is positively charged particle having charge 1.602 x 10-19C which is equal and opposite to the charge on an electron, Since, 1.602 x 10-19C has been found to be the smallest positive charge carried by any particle, it is taken as the unit of positive charge. Thus, the relative charge of a proton is (+1).

(iii)Mass: - Mass of proton is 1.672 x 10-24 g or 1.672 x 10-27 kg.Relative mass of a proton is 1 amuwhich is about 1840 times the mass of an electron.

Q.4) Is number of protons equals to number of electrons in a neutral atom? Justify the statement.

ANS:-

Yes, the number of protons is equal to number of electrons in a neutral atom.

→The reasons:-

As atoms are electrically neutral, the charge on the electrons is of the same magnitude as the charge on the protons but of opposite sign. This means the number of protons always equals the no. of electrons in a neutral atom.

If some electrons are added or removed, the atom becomes charged and is then an ION.

Q5) Describe Rutherford’s Scattering Experiment in the discovery of nucleus:-

ANS:-

→EXPERIMENT:-

In 1909, Geiger and Marsden performed scattering experiments to know the arrangement of fundamental particles within the atom. They bombarded a thin sheet of gold (0.004 cm) with α-particles. A radioactive source of α-rays was placed behind a lead shield. A thin beam of α-rays emerged through a hole bored in the thick lead shield. This beam was directed against the gold foil. A circular screen coated with Zinc sulphide was placed on other side of the foil.

→OBSERVATION:-

(i)About 99.9% of the particles passed undeflected though the gold foil and caused illuminations of the Zinc sulphide screen.

(ii)Very few α-particles underwent small and strong deflections after passing through the gold foil.

(iii)Very few (about 1 in 20,000) were deflected backwards through angles more than 90o.

Commercial Studies

Chapter:

Cooperative Society.

Today let us start with a new chapter-

Cooperative Society.

A cooperative society is a voluntary association that started with the aim of the service of its members. It is a form of business where individuals belonging to the same class join their hands for the promotion of their common goals.

Questions:

1) What do you mean by Cooperative Society?

Answer) A cooperative society is a voluntary association that started with the aim of the service of its members. It is a form of business where individuals belonging to the same class join their hands for the promotion of their common goals.These are generally formed by poor people or weaker sections of people in society. It reflects the desire of the poor people to stand on their legs or own merit.

2) Explain the features of Cooperative Society:

1. Answer) Following are the features ofcooperative Society:

2. 1. Voluntary association: Everybody having a common interest is free to join a cooperative society. There is no restriction based on caste, creed, religion, color, etc. Anybody can also leave it at any time after giving due notice to the society.That is the specialty of any cooperative society. There should be a minimum of 10 members for a cooperative society, but there is no maximum limit for the membership.

2. 2.Separate legal entity:A cooperative society after registration is recognized as a separate legal entity by law. It acquires an identity quite distinct and independent of its members can purchase, dispose of its assets, can sue, and also can be sued.

3. 3. Democratic management: Equalities are the essence of cooperative enterprises, governed by democratic principles. Every member has got equal rights over the function management of thatsociety.As such, each member has only single voting right irrespective of the number of shares held or capital contributed by them.

4. 4.Service motive: The main objective being the formation of any cooperative society is for mutual benefit through self-help and collective effort. Profit is not at all on the agenda of the cooperative society.But if members so like, they can take up any activities of their choice to generate a surplus to meet the day-to-day expenses.

5. 5.Utilization of surplus: The surplus arising from the operation of a business is partly kept in a separate reserve and partly distributed as dividend among the members.

6. 6.Cash trading: One exception in the cooperative society is that like other business; if never go for credit sales. It sells goods based on cash only.Hence, the cooperative society hardly comes across financial hardship because of the non-collection of sales dues.

Class X

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

Bengali

একই শব্দেরবিভিন্ন অর্থে প্রয়োগ।

প্রতিটি শব্দের একটি নির্দিষ্ট অর্থ থাকে। কিন্তু বাংলায় বিভিন্ন অর্থে একই শব্দ ব্যবহার করা হয় অর্থাৎ একই শব্দ কে বিশেষ বিশেষ অর্থে ব্যবহার করা হয়ে থাকে। তখন তাকে একই শব্দের বিভিন্ন অর্থে প্রয়োগ বলে।

প্রশ্ন) মাথা শব্দটিকে বিভিন্ন অর্থে প্রয়োগ কর।

উত্তর)

১) মাথা ( প্রধান) ---- রমেশ বাবু গ্রামের মাথা, তাই তার কথা সকলে মেনে চলে।

2)মাথা ( বুদ্ধি শক্তি )----

রোহিতের পড়াশোনায় মাথা নেই।

3)মাথা ( নষ্ট করা ) ----

আদর দিয়ে দিয়ে বাবা ছেলেটার মাথা খেয়েছে।

4) মাথা ( মেনে নেওয়া ) ---

পাড়ার লোকের আদেশ রহিম মাথা পেতে নিল।

5)মাথা ( আশ্রয় ) -----

লোকটির মাথা গোঁজার কোনো ঠাঁই নেই।

Commercial Studies

Chapter:

Sources of Finance

Today let us start with a new chapter-

Sources of Finance.

A financial market is a market for creating and exchanging financial assets such as shares, debentures, treasury bills etc. It serves as a critical link between savings and investment by bringing together providers and users of funds.

There are two types of financial markets. They are: Capital market and Money market.

Capital market is referred to as a place where saving and investments are done between capital suppliers and those who are in need of capital. It is, therefore, a place where various entities trade different financial instruments.

Capital market is where both equity and debt instrument like equity shares, preference shares, debentures, bonds, etc. are bought and sold.

Questions:

1) What do you mean by Capital Market?

Answer: Capital market is referred to as a place where saving and investments are done between capital suppliers and those who are in need of capital. It is, therefore, a place where various entities trade different financial instruments.

There are two types of capital market:

· Primary Market

· Secondary Market

2) Write about the functions of Capital Market:

· Answer: Following are the functions of Capital Market:

· (i) It acts in linking investors and savers.

· (ii) It Facilitates the movement of capital to be used more profitability and productively to boost the national income.

· (iii) It boosts economic growth and

· mobilization of savings to finance long term investment.

· (iv) It facilitates trading of securities and promote minimization of transaction and information cost.

· (v) It encourages a massive range of ownership of productive asset.

·

Meaning of Primary Market:

The primary market is a new issue market; it solely deals with the issues of new securities. A place where trading of securities is done for the first time. The main objective is capital formation for government, institutions, companies, etc. also known as Initial Public Offer (IPO).

Meaning of Secondary Market:

The secondary market is a place where trading takes place for existing securities. It is known as stock exchange or stock market. Here the securities are bought and sold by the investors

Hindi 2nd lang

नया रास्ता(भाग 10)

मेरठ पहुंचने पर मीनू को ज्ञात हुआ कि उसके कॉलेज का वार्षिक उत्सव मनाया जाना है हॉस्टल के चारों ओर चहल पहल थी।सभी लड़कियां अपने अपने रोल के बारे में बता रही थी हॉस्टल की लड़कियां उससे कत्थक नृत्य करने की कहने लगी।मीनू ने कथक नृत्य बचपन में सीखा था और बड़े होने पर स्कूल कॉलेज में नृत्य का कार्यक्रम देती रही थी वह अपना सामान लेकर कमरे में चली गई पलंग पर लेटे ही अतीत की स्मृतियों में खो गई।स्कूल के दिनों में उसने गुरुजी से नृत्य सीखा था 2 वर्ष में वह कत्थक नृत्य में निपुण हो गई फिर 1 दिन स्कूल के वार्षिक उत्सव में नृत्य किया नृत्य करते समय उसके हृदय की धड़कन तेज हो गई ।वह जब नृत्य करती थी तो उसके नृत्य देखने योग्य होती थी प्रत्येक व्यक्ति उसके नृत्य की प्रशंसा कर रहा था मुख्य अतिथि ने उसको पुरस्कार दिया और मीनू का ह्रदय प्रसन्नता से झूम उठा था।

जब वह अतीत की स्मृतियों में खोई हुई थी उसके कमरे में माया ने प्रवेश किया माया ने उससे नीलिमा की शादी के बारे में पूछा माया कुछ देर मीनू के पास बैठकर हंसी मजाक की बातें करती रही मीनू ने उठकर मुंह धोया और पढ़ने बैठ गई।

10 दिन के बाद मीनू के कॉलेज का वार्षिक उत्सव था।मीनू ने सोचा कि उसे कत्थक का अभ्यास कर लेना चाहिए उसने निश्चय किया कि कॉलेज में ही अभ्यास करेगी।दूसरे दिन से ही मीनू अभ्यास करने लगी उसी समय चपरासी टेलीग्राम लेकर आया मीनू को घबराहट सी होने लगी झटपट तार खोलकर पढा।उसमें लिखा था पिताजी बीमार है जल्दी आ जाओ पढ़कर मीनू का दिल कांप गया ऐसी क्या बीमारी हुई है थोड़ी बहुत तबीयत खराब होती तो मुझे नहीं बुलाया जाता।मीनू ने माया को बताया कि उसके पिताजी बीमार हैं अतः मीरापुर जाना है माया ने उससे कहा कि अब तो रात होने वाली है रात में अकेले जाना उचित नहीं है सुबह चली जाना।मीनू ने देखा कि चारों तरफ अंधेरा ही अंधेरा है अतः उसने सुबह जाना ही उचित समझा ।

रात भर वह बेचैनी में करवटें बदलती रही अनेक अच्छे बुरे विचार उसके मस्तिष्क में उठते रहे ।उसे इंतजार था प्रातः का ।

English Literature

The Patriot

Q) Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow:

It was roses, roses, all the way,With myrtle mixed in my path like mad:The house-roofs seemed to heave and sway,The church-spires flamed, such flags they had,A year ago on this very day.

1) What does the speaker talk about in these lines? What does the third line suggest here? Describe the dominant mood of this stanza.Ans:-The speaker talks about the rousing welcome he had been accorded by people earlier. It suggests a huge presence of the crowd that had assembled on the house-tops. This gave this impression as though they were moving and swinging. The dominant mood of this stanza is that of festive joy and cheerfulness.

2) What does the phrase ‘the church-spires flamed’ imply? When did the event, being recalled here, take place?Ans:- It implies that the minarets and domes of churches seemed to aflame due to the massive presence of colorful flags put all over them for decorative purpose. This event took place one year ago.

3) ‘The house-roofs seemed to heave and sway’. Explain.Ans:- In this line, the narrator of the poem remembers the grand welcome he was accorded as a hero by people one year ago. This particular line suggests the presence of a huge crowd that had gathered to see and greet him on his arrival. Picturing this, the narrator states that there was so much of excitement and joy in the air that the roofs of houses crowded with people did not appear to be still.

Class XI

Class: XI

Subject: Eng Literature (The Tempest – William Shakespeare)

Topic: Act I, Scene 2, Lines189 to 236(Ariel: …. And his great person perish.)

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]

Summary

Questions & Answers

· At last they drifted to this island. Prospero’s narration to Miranda ended here for the time being and he asks her to sleep as she was already drowsy. Prospero then summons Ariel.

(ii)Ariel and Prospero:

· Ariel confirms to Prospero that he had carried out his orders to the letter. He had raised the thunder and lightning, he had “flamed amazement” on board the vessel, driving the passengers almost to madness.

· All those in the ship, except the mariners, plunged into the sea when they saw that the ship was out of control and would be wrecked. He had taken care to ensure that no one perished. He had also seen to it that all of them (those who plunged into the sea) reached the island safely and he had dispersed them in groups all across the island. They were, however, still under a spell.

(1)

ARIEL:All hail, great master, grave sir, hail! I come (L189-208)

To answer thy best pleasure; be't to fly,To swim, to dive into the fire, to rideOn the curled clouds, to thy strong bidding taskAriel and all his quality.

PROSPERO:Hast thou, spirit,Performed to point the tempest that I bade thee?

ARIEL:To every article. I boarded the King's ship; now on the beak,Now in the waist the deck, in every cabin,I flamed amazement. Sometime I'd divide,And burn in many places; on the topmast,The yards and bowsprit, would I flame distinctly, Then meet and join. Jove's lightning, the precursorsO'th’ dreadful thunder-claps, more momentaryAnd sight-outrunning were not; the fire and cracksOf sulphurous roaring the most mighty NeptuneSeem to besiege and make his bold waves tremble,Yea, his dread trident shake.

PROSPERO:My brave spirit!Who was so firm, so constant, that this coilWould not infect his reason?

(i) Who is Ariel? What does Ariel say to Prospero when he comes to him?

Ariel is a spirit of the island, over whom Prospero becomes master after freeing him from the cloven pine.He is the source of magical powers and has caused the tempest and many conspiracies and works for Prospero somewhat against his will. He is an intelligent and capable servant. After speaking the words of flattery for his master Prospero, Ariel says to Prospero that he is here to carry out whatever Prospero is pleased to command- whether it is to fly, to swim, to plunge into the fire, to sail on the curling clouds.

(ii) What did Ariel do with the enemies in accordance with Prospero’s instruction previously given?

In accordance with Prospero’s instructions, Ariel caused a storm to blow on the sea, caused flashes of lightning in the clouds, made the clouds produce thunderous sounds and by these means, he gave rise to great fear in the minds of the sailors and the passengers on the ship by which King Alonso and the others were sailing towards Naples.

(iii) How does Ariel compare his violent activities done to Prospero’s enemies?

Ariel tells Prospero that his movements in doing all the violent activities were more rapid and swift even than the movements of Jove’s lightning’s which are seen before Jove hurls his frightening thunderbolts. He produced such flashes of lightning and such loud roars of thunder that they seemed to surround and overcome even the most powerful god of the sea, to frighten his daring waves and to shake his fearful weapon.

(2)

(iv) What does Prospero want to know about the ship’s passengers and crew from Ariel? What does Ariel say?

Praising Ariel’s bravery and courage, Prospero wants to know from Ariel if there was among the ship’s passengers and crew anybody, as firm, steady and courageous as to retain his sanity in the midst of all the tumult which he (Ariel) created. Ariel says that there was not even one among them who did not behave like a man overcome by a fit of madness.

(v) Give the explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above abstract:

(a) Strong bidding;(b) Flamed amazement;

(c) Sight out-running.

(a) Strong bidding:Orders difficult to execute

(b) Flamed amazement: Caused confusion and fear by appearing like a flame.

(c) Sight out-running:Too swift for the eyes to follow them.

ARIEL:Not a soul (Line 209-224)But felt a fever of the mad and playedSome tricks of desperation. All but marinersPlunged in the foaming brine and quit the vessel,Then all afire with me: the King's son Ferdinand,With hair up-staring—then like reeds, not hair—Was the first man that leapt, cried, ’Hell is empty,And all the devils are here.’

PROSPERO:Why, that's my spirit!But was not this nigh shore?

ARIEL:Close by, my master.

PROSPERO:But are they, Ariel, safe?

ARIEL:Not a hair perished;On their sustaining garments not a blemish,But fresher than before; and as thou bad'st me,In troops I have dispersed them ’bout the isle.The King's son have I landed by himself,Whom I left cooling of the air with sighsIn an odd angle of the isle, and sitting,His arms in this sad knot.

(i) According to Ariel, how did every passenger on the ship behave? Who jumped into the sea and why?

According to Ariel, every passenger on the ship acted like a mad man when the frantic fit was upon him and played some desperate prank or other. All except the sailors left the ship by jumping into the raging sea because the sea was surrounded by flames.

(ii) What was the state of Ferdinand while jumping into the sea? What did he cry in the state of fright?

Ferdinand, the son of the king, was the first to jump into the sea. While jumping into the sea, his hair stood on ends with fear. Indeed, his hair had become so stiff that it looked like reeds. In a state of fright, he cried out that all the devils of hell were let loose on the sea, creating havoc and the whole hell was emptied of its denizens.

Class XII

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

Mathematics

Matrices

Matrix Multiplication:

The product of two matrices A and B is defined only when the number of columns in A is equal to the number of rows in B.

Illustration: If A=

Then, A is a 3x2 matrix and B is a 2x2 matrix so that AB is defined and it is a 3x2 matrix as shown below:

AB=

=

=

LawsofMatrixalgebra:

1.Properties of Addition of Matrices:

I )If A and B be any two matrices of same order m x n, then A+B=B+A.

II )If A, B, C be any three matrices of the same order m x n, then A+(B+C) =(A+B) +C.

III )If K be a scalar and A, B be two matrices of the same order m x n, then K(A+B) =KA+KB.

2.Properties of Matrix multiplication:

I )The product of matrices is not, in general commutative, i.e; AB≠BA.

II )If A, B, C are three matrices such that AB=AC, then, in general, B≠C.

III ) If A, B, C be three matrices of order m x n, n x p, p x q, respectively, then A. (B+C) =A.B+A.C. [Distributive Law]

IV )If A, B, C be three matrices of order m x n, n x p, p x q, respectively, then A(BC) =(AB)C [Associative Law].

V )If A is an m x n matrix and O an n x m matrix, then A. O=O.A=O.

VI )If A be a square matrix of order n and I be the unit matrix of same order, then AI=IA=A.

VII ) If AB=O where A, B are two matrices, then, in general, A≠O or B≠O or A≠O and B≠O.

Example: Given A=

Solution: AB=

=

=

BA=

=

=

Example: If A=

Solution: We have A²=AxA

=

=

=

3A= 3×

2I= 2x

A²-3A+2I

=

=

=

Where 0 is the square null matrix of order 3.

Hence A²-3A+2I=0.

Biology

Chapter -5: Human Health & Diseases

Today we will continue discussion with communicable diseases like Pneumonia(bacterial) , Malaria( protozoan) , ringworm (fungal) diseases

IV)BACTERIAL DISEASE: Pneumonia:

· Caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae.

· Transmission i) by inhaling droplets released by the infected person.

· ii) by sharing drinking glasses, utensils , food or water with an infected person.

· Iii) by sputum of the patient.

· Symptoms: It includes cough with mucus (blood is also present), fever, fast breathing , chill , chest pain etc.

· Prevention:

· By practicing good hygiene, by vaccination and with antibiotics.

v) PROTOZOAN DISEASE ( Malaria):

· Caused byprotozoan Plasmodium, transmitted by female anopheles mosquito.

· Symptoms: One to three days of high fever with chills, headache , body ache, anemia , enlargement of liver and spleen.

· Prevention:

· Remove all unwanted water containers around and inside the houses which will prevent mosquitoes.

· Use insect repellent, bed nets , spray insecticides and protective clothes.

· Quinine used for the treatment of malaria.

vi) FUNGAL DISEASE: ( RING WORMS):

· Fungi belonging to genus Microsporum, Trichophyton , Epidermophyton are responsible for causing ringworm disease.

· Spreads through person to person contact.

· Symptoms:

· Affected area appears red, discolored and covered with dry scaly lesions and vesicles causing itching and irritation.

· Infected patch spread outwards while heals in the centre, giving it ring-like appearance.

· Prevention:

· Fungicide cream or powder is applied to the affected area.

· Heat and moisture must be avoided to present the growth of fungi.

Geography

NATURAL VEGETATION

SOCIAL FORESTRY

The term social forestry was used for the first time, by the NationalCommission on Agriculture in 1976, to denote tree raising programmes to supplywood, small timber and minor forest produce to rural population. Thus social forestrymeans the management and protection of the forests as well as afforestation of barrenlands aimed at helping in environmental, social, and rural development as against thetraditional objective of securing revenue. It is aptly described as forestry of the peopleby the people and for the people.

The main thrust of social forestry is to reducepressure on the traditional forest areas by developing plantations of fuel wood, fodder andgrasses. Social forestry has become very popular during the last three decades. Agro forestry, community forestry, commercial farm forestry, non-commercial farm forestryand urban forestry are the main components of social forestry.

AGRO FORESTRY

Agro forestry involvesthe raising of trees and agricultural crops either on the same land or in close associationin such a way that all land including the waste patches is put to good use. This enablesthe farmer to get food, fodder, fuel, fruit and timber from his land. The land givesmaximum production and provides employment to rural masses.

COMMUNITY FORESTRY

Community forestryinvolves the raising of trees on public or community lands aimed at providing benefit tothe community as a whole. Although the plants and seedlings are provided by the forestdepartment, the protection of plantations is primarily the responsibility of thecommunity as a whole. India is second only to China in community forestry Remarkablesuccess has been achieved in community forestry in some major states like Gujarat,Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, Kerala, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Odisha andHimachal Pradesh.

COMMERCIAL FARM FORESTRY

Commercial farm forestry involves growing of trees in the fields inplace of food and 6ther agricultural crops. In this way, the farmers grow trees for directcommercial gain. This type of forestry has become very popular in Haryana, Punjab,Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan and in some parts of south India. Farmers in theseareas grow eucalyptus, populars, and casuarina in their land and sell them to paper,pulp, rayon and match industries and also use them for making packing cases and fuel.The state governments are encouraging this forestry in a big way.

NON-COMMERCIAL FARM FORESTRY

Non-commercial farm forestry involves tree planting by farmers on their own land for their own use arenot for sale. The land mainly used for this purpose includes margins of agriculturalfields, wastelands and marginal lands which are not usually cultivated, grasslands andpastures and land around homes and cowsheds. This type of forestry is practicedGujarat, Haryana, Kerala and Karnataka for obtaining fuel, fodder and fruit.

URBANFORESTRY

Urbanforestry pertains to raising and management of trees on public and privately ownlands in and around urban centres. It includes green-belts, roadside avenue recreational parks, wildlife park, etc.Its main objectives are reduction of environmentalpollution, recreation and improving aesthetic values.

Q1 Define the following words:

1. Social forestry

2. Agro forestry

3. Community forestry

4. Commercial farm forestry

5. Non-commercial farm forestry

6. Urbanforestry

A1. Write down the answer from the summary part.

Q2. Write any two objectives of urban forestry.

A2. Urbanforestry pertains to raising and management of trees on public and privately ownlands in and around urban centers. It includes green-belts, roadside avenue recreational parks, wildlife park, etc.

· Its main objectives are reduction of environmentalpollution, recreation and improving aesthetic values.

Commerce

Chapter-

Planning

Let us today start a new chapter:

Planning.

According to Henry Fayol, “To manage is to forecast and plan, to organize, to command, & to control”.

Whereas Luther Gullick has given a keyword ’POSDCORB’ where P stands for Planning, O for Organizing, S for Staffing, D for Directing, Co for Co-ordination, R for reporting &B for Budgeting. 

Planning is determination of courses of action to achieve desired goals. Thus, planning is a systematic thinking about ways & means for accomplishment of pre-determined goals. Planning is necessary to ensure proper utilization of human & non-human resources. It is all pervasive, it is an intellectual activity and it also helps in avoiding confusion, uncertainties, risks, wastages etc.

Meaning of Planning:

It is the basic function of management. It deals with chalking out a future course of action & deciding in advance the most appropriate course of actions for achievement of pre-determined goals. According to KOONTZ, “Planning is deciding in advance - what to do, when to do & how to do. It bridges the gap from where we are & where we want to be”. A plan is a future course of actions. It is an exercise in problem solving & decision making.

Features of Planning:

1. Planning is Goal Oriented:

All plans arise from objectives. Objectives provide the basic guidelines for planning activities. Planning has no meaning unless it contributes in some positive manner to the achievement of predetermined goals.

2. Primary Function:

Planning provides the base for other functions of the management, i.e. organising, staffing, directing and controlling, as they are performed within the periphery of the plans made.

3. Pervasive:

It is pervasive in the sense that it is present in all the segments and is required at all the levels of the organisation. Although the scope of planning varies at different levels and departments

4. Continuous Process:

Plans are made for a specific term, say for a month, quarter, year and so on. Once that period is over, new plans are drawn, considering organisation’s present and future requirements and conditions. Therefore, it is an ongoing process, as the plans are framed, executed and followed by another plan.

· 5. Intellectual Process: · It is a mental exercise at it involves the application of mind, to think, forecast, imagine intelligently and innovate etc.