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TRANSCRIPT
Study Material of 2562020For Class Nursery to XII
Class NurserySubject Topic ExecutionEnglish Worksheet
Reading Book Pg 32 Check WhatsApp Revision
Math Worksheet Reading Book Pg 61 63
Check WhatsApp Read and repeat
Bengali সাহিতয কহিঃ Pg ২৬ বরণের সারণে হিল করণেব গাল দা দাও
Do in the book
Hindi Letter lsquoझrsquo- 5 lines Write in the copyClass KG I
Subject Topic ExecutionEnglish Missing Letters WorksheetMath Number Name 6 ndash 10 Write in the copyGK Modes of transport Check your WhatsApp for audiovideo
ArtCraft Pg 11 Do in the bookClass KG II
Subject Topic ExecutionEnglish (Term I) Pg 52 Write in the bookMath (Term I) Pg 114(What comes before) Write in the book
Bengali ই ndash কার গারণে শবদ এবং lsquoঅহিতহিrsquo লপ সাহিতয কস ndash Pg ১৮
Learn to read
Hindi गिनती 11 स 20 तक शबदो म Write in copyGK (Term I) Pg 136 Do in the book
Class ISubject Topic Summary Execution English 2 Orchid chapter
motherrsquos lovedone Learn the Poem (4lines )
English 1 Sounds of animals
Page 67 MATCH-1mdashg2mdashe3mdasha4mdashb5mdashc6mdashj7mdashd8mdashf9mdashi10mdashh
Maths Page 212 Done 3 ascending ordera) 1617201214ans -1214161720b) 1511171319Ans-1113151719
EVS Page 138 Done Tick the good manner cross the bad manner 1Pushing others 2Shouting in the classroom 3Plucking flowers 4Standing in line 5Saying sorry when you do wrong
Hindi कगिता मामा आया Page 23read and learn the poem (4 lines)
मामा आया मामा आया लाल-लाल अनार लायाबचचा आया भाा- भाालाल अनार खाकर भाा
Bengali বইndashবাংলা সাহিতয পহিরচয়
পাঠndash২৩লপndashগলার জাসার - এই লপটিরণেত আষাঢ ারণেসর র এবং ররণের গলার কা আরণে0 পারণেক র হি2তর অরণে3কটা জায়া জরণে বরণেসহি0ল ররণের গলা গ0াটরা অবশযই হি0ল তারণেদর া বাবার াত ধরণের কার এহি3রণেতই গলায় বহ গলারণেকর সা য় 3া3া3 রক হিজহি3রণেসর গদাকা3 বরণেস আর ারণেক খাবারণেরর গদাকা3 ররণের গলার হিবরণেশষতব রণেলা গতরণেল 2াজা - পাপ 2াজা আর হিজহিলহিপর গদাকা3 গদাকারণে3 আর গলায় আসা গলারণেকরণেদর হৈ-হরণোরণে গলা 2রণের ারণেক গলায় আর ারণেক 3াররণেদালা হিকনত গলায় অরণে3ক আ3রণেltর ারণে=ও 2য় ারণেক াহিররণেয় াওয়ার তাই গলায় আ3lt করার সারণে সারণে আারণেদর অরণে3ক গবহিশ সাবধারণে3 গলা ঘররণেত গরণেত রণেব
পরশন -১ গকা3 গলার কা এই রণেলপ বহিত রণেয়রণে0 উঃ আষাঢ ারণেসর ররণের গলার কা এই রণেলপ বহিত রণেয়রণে0
Class IISubject Topic Summary Execution Eng literature Ch 1 Brave Jiya
Book Orchid
Refer to pg 13Do in the book
Ex K] write down the words in the correct column the things that you can count and the things you cannot count
Boat water house gold sand children
Things you can Count Things you cannot count Boat WaterHouse Gold Children sand
Eng language Ch 8 Having Verbs
REFER TO PG 45 DO IN THE BOOK [read and understand and then write]
EX D] Fill in the blanks with have has or had Answers [ continuation ]5 has6 had7had8 had
EvS Ch 8 Safety First
Safety at home- Children more accidents happen at home rather than anywhere else If we are a bit careful about ourselves at home then we can avoid many accidents For example not to play with sharp things do not fly kites on the roof etcSafety on the roads Children you are very small and you should not go outside without your parents On the road also we need to follow certain safety rules For example cross the road at the
Read pg 135 to 137
zebra crossing obey the traffic rules etc
Hindi सनाम Ch 7 सजञा शबदो की तरह सनाम शबद भी एकचन और बहचन होत ह
म-- हम यह -- य उस --उनह तम --तम सब ह ndash मरा --हमारा
Bengali বইndashবাংলা সাহিতয পহিরচয়
পাঠndash৭লপndashবরণোহিদ3অ3শীল3ীর পররণেশনাততর
১ একটি বারণেকয উততর দাও -ক) হিEসটা3রণেদর বরণো উৎসব রণেলা বরণোহিদ3খ) হিজশ হিEরণেসটর জনমহিদ3 হিসারণেব বরণো হিদ3 বলা য়) হিEসটা3রণেদর ধ গরনথ রণেলা বাইরণেবলঘ) বরণোহিদরণে3র হিপরয় খাবার রণেলা গককঙ) সানতাকলজ রণেলা বদধ গবহিশ হিEসটা3 2কত২ শ3যসথা3 পর করণেরা -ক) পরহিত ব0র ২৫ হিUরণেসমবর বরণোহিদ3 পাহিলত য়খ) এই হিদ3টি হিজশ হিEরণেসটর জনম হিদ3) হিEসটা3রণেদর ধ গররণেনথর 3া বাইরণেবল ঘ) সানতাকলজ হিশশরণেদর খব 2ারণেলাবারণেস ঙ) বরণোহিদ3 একটি পহিবতর হিদ3
Mathematics CHAPTER 6 SHAPES
THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF SHAPES 2-D AND 3-D SHAPESTHE OBJECTS WHICH WE FEEL BY HOLDING ARE 3-D SHAPESSPHERE CYLINDER CUBE CONE AND CUBOID ARE 3-D SHAPES
SQUARE RECTANGLE TRIANGLE AND CIRCULAR 2-D SHAPES
READ AND UNDERSTAND THE SUMMARY PART
Class IIISubject Topic Summary Execution Mathematics M Math
(Activity - 4) 1 Write the numbers which comes before and after the given numbersa)
Predecessor Successor
6454 6455 6456
3217 3218 3219
9299 9300 9301
7451 7452 7453
b) Before After
2100 2101 2102
7787 7788 7789
4550 4551 4552
8002 8003 8004
2 Form the largest and smallest 4-digit numbers from the given digitsLargest Smallest
9653 6935 3569
8741 8147 1478
9532 3925 2359
6432 4623 2346
9310 1930 1039
Write the smallest 4-digit number in which all the digits are the same rarr 1111
Write the largest 4-digit number in which all the digits are the samerarr 9999
Hindi सनाम Ch 7 सनाम- जो शबद सजञा शबद की जह बोल जात ह सनाम कहलात ह हिहदी म बोल जान ाल कछ सनाम शबद इस परकार ह- म हम यह तम यह ह आप मन उसनhellip
सजञा शबदो की तरह सनाम शबद भी एकचन और बहचन होत ह
Read the chapter म -- हम यह -- य उस --उनह तम --तम सब ह ndash मरा ndashहमारा
Eng literature 25620
Poem The MoonBook- oxford
Children the 2nd paragraph of this poem tells us about the different sounds of different animals like the cat is squalling the mouse is squeaking the dog is howling and there is about who sleeps during the day have all come out to enjoy the moonlightIn 3rd paragraph the poet is telling is telling us that all the things that are awake during dayhellipfalls asleep at night in the hope to see a bright new day next morning
Children read the whole poem and learn the first 8 lines of the poem along with the poetrsquos name
Bengali বই ndash বাংলা সাহিতয পহিরচয়
পাঠ ndash ৮লপ ndash ট3টহি3 ও রাজার
৩ শ3যসথা3 পর করণেরা -ক) রাজার হিসনধরণেকর টাকা গরারণেদ শরণেকারণেত গদওয়া রণেয়হি0লখ) টাকা হিZরণের গপরণেয় ট3টহি3র বরণো আ3lt রণেয়রণে0) ট3টহি3র কা শরণে3 রাজা গররণে এরণেকবারণের অহিসথর ঘ) রাজা বরণো ধরণে3 কাতর ঙ) এক টহি3রণেত ট3ট3ারণেলা সাত রা3ীর 3াক কাটারণেলা ৪ হিবপরীত শবদ - আ3lt times দঃখ হি2তর times বাহির
কাগলখক ndash উরণেপনদরহিকরণেশার রায়রণেচৌধরীঅ3শীল3ীর পররণেশনাততর
রাজা times রা3ী
Social studies Indian literature Panchatantra The word Panchatantra is derived from the Sanskrit word Pancha which means five and lsquotantrarsquo which means principles thus Panchatantra means five principles Panchatantra is a collection of animal fables arranged in the form of stories It was written 2000 years back but is still famous and relevant because of the moral values and knowledge in it It consists of 87 stories and every story has a moral value hidden in it Vishnu Sharma wrote these stories Panchatantra has been translated into 57 languages
Read a story from Panchatantra (if you have) or from any other book which you have read it Write the moral of the story
Class IVSubject Topic Summary Execution English literature
A Night in June (poem)
Solved exercisesAnswer the following questions1 How are the stars appearing in the skyAns The stars appearing by twos and threes
2 Have the birds stopped their singingAns The birds have not stopped their singing they are piping yetrsquo
3 Where are the little birdsAns The little birds are among the bushes and trees
4 What sounds can be heard
Ans Little birds piping a wind that is rushing water that is gushing and the cuckoorsquos Sovereign cry can all be heard
5 What fills the sky Ans The cuckoorsquos cry fills the sky
6Why do you think the stars appear in the way described in the poemAns They are appearing like this because although the Sun has set there is a little light in the sky As the sky gets darker more stars become visible
7 Why do you think the poet calls the cuckoorsquos cry lsquosovereignrsquoAns The cuckoorsquos cry is loud enough to fill the sky and so seems superior to the other sounds
Social studies Map reading MapA map is a flat drawing on a paper that indicates the location of an area It is drawn on a flat surface with a scale Different places can be located with the help of four Cardinal directions People who make maps are called cartographers Types of mapsPolitical mapPolitical maps focus on the territorial boundaries and location of countries capital cities states and union territoriesPhysical mapPhysical mapsshow the physical features of the EarthIt includes features like mountains plateaus plains and water bodiesThematic mapThematic maps are based on a particular theme or subject such as distribution of populations forests and rainfall
Draw a physical map of India(Take help from the book page 79)Science The Teeth
(Microbes) MicrobesMicrobes are bacteria virusesrsquo protozoa and fungi Bacteria cause diseases such as typhoid and tuberculosis Viruses are smaller than bacteria and cause diseases such as common cold and influenza Protozoa cause malariaFungi cause disease such as ringworm and athletersquos foot Fungi grow on dead plants and animalsSome microbes are also useful to us Such as
Bacteria change milk to cheese or curd and help in digestion
Some bacteria help in the decaying of dead plants and animals This is very important for cleaning up our surroundings
We eat mushrooms which are fungi
We get medicines from certain microbes such as Penicillium
Yeast help in making bread
Bookrsquos exerciseQuestion amp Answers2 Name three layers of a tooth and define each layerAns A tooth has three layers enamel dentine and pulp Enamel ndash The outer white layer of a tooth is called enamel Dentine ndash The middle layer of the tooth that is slightly yellow is called dentine Pulp ndash The innermost layer of a tooth is called pulp It is soft and has blood vessels and nerves
3 How do we take care of our teeth Write four points Ans Teeth are an important part of our body So we should take good care of our teeth
(a) We should brush our teeth twice a day once in the morning and once at night before going to bed
(b) We should eat foods rich in calcium and vitamin C and D as these foods keep our teeth strong
and cake fluffy (c) We should rinse our mouth after every meal
(d) We should use dental floss to clean between the teeth
4 How do microbes useful to us Write three points Ans Some microbes are useful to us
(a) Bacteria change milk to curd and help in our digestion
(b) We eat mushrooms which are fungi
(c) We get medicines from a fungus called Penicillium
Mathematics M Maths [Activity 1]
1 Write the numerals for the followinga) 4 ten thousandb) 8 ten thousandc) Twenty thousand five hundredd) Fifty thousand fiftyf) Ninety thousand four hundred forty eightSolution a) 40000b) 80000c) 20500d) 50050f) 904483 Put comma () to separate the numbers in two periodsa) 36452d) 10633e) 76001f) 85404Solution a) 36452 (d) 10633 (e) 76001 (f) 854044 Write the numbers in short formc) 60000+300+30+3d) 20000+5000+40e) 60000+7000+900+10+1Solution (c) 60333 (d) 25040 (e) 679115 Write the period and place value of the given numbersd) 3 in 57325e) 4 in 95483f) 0 in 88509Solution (d) ones 300(e) ones 400(f) ones 0
COMPUTER FORMATTING IN MS WORD
Q1) WRITE DOWN THE STEPS TO CHANGE THE FONT TYPEANS) THE STEPS ARE
SELECT THE TEXT THAT WE WANT TO FORMAT CLICK ON THE HOME TAB CLICK ON THE DROPDOWN ARROW NEXT TO THE FONT BOX IN THE
FONT GROUP SELECT THE RELEVANT FONT TYPE FROM THE FONT LIST BOX
Q2) HOW CAN WE CHANGE THE TEXT ALIGNMENTANS) WE CAN CHANGE THE TEXT ALIGNMENT BY FOLLOWING STEPS ARE
SELECT THE TEXT CLICK ON THE HOME TAB IN THE PARAGRAPH GROUP SELECT THE DESIRED ALIGNMENT
OPTION
Class VSubject Topic Summary Execution English language Sentences
phrases and clauses
The sentenceA sentence is a group of words that contains a subject a predicate and makes complete sense by itselfThe PhraseA phrase is a group of words which does not contain a subject and a verb and does not make complete sense by itselfThe ClauseA clause is a group of words which contains a subject and a predicate and is a part of a sentence
Example of a Phrase1 My best friend2 The sports car
The above sentences donrsquot have Subject or verb
Example of a Clause1 John is my best friend2 The man was carrying a bag
The above sentences have both Subject and verb
Social studies Indian Government
India is a very big country It is divided into 29 states and 7 union territories for effective governance and administrationThe Indian Government operates at three levelsCentral GovernmentState GovernmentLocal Government Central GovernmentThe Central Government rules over the entire country It operates from New Delhi It makes laws for the whole country and ensures that they are executed and followed The central government has three parts ndash thelegislative the executive and the judiciary1The LegislativeThe Parliament is the legislature at the Central level that makes the laws The Parliament of India is in New Delhi It is also called Sansad It has two houses Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha Their members are called MPs -Members of Parliament The citizens of the country elect them through elections
1Name the three levels of Government that the Indian Government operatesAns Central Government State Government and Local Government
2Name the three parts of Central GovernmentAns The legislative the executive and the judiciary
3What is the other name for SansadAns Parliament
Science Pollination(Agents of pollination)
Agents of Pollination
We all know that plants cannot move from one place to another but they reproduce They need help to transfer their pollen grains Wind insects water birds and other animals help in transferring their pollen grains So they are called agents of pollination
Q Define self-pollination Ans Self pollination ndash When the pollen grains get transferred from the anthers to the stigma of the same flower or another flower on the same plant it is known as self-pollination
Q Define cross-pollination Ans Cross-pollination ndash When the pollen grains get transferred from the
Pollination by wind ndash grasses such as rice wheat maize their pollen grains are very dry and light and easily blown by the wind Some plants have a feathery stigma to catch the pollen grains Pollination by insects ndashInsects such as butterflies bees help in cross pollination When insects visit flowers to collect nectar the pollen grains get stuck to their body and when they visit to another flower the pollen grains get transferred to the stigma of that flower This is how insects help in pollination Pollination by water ndashPollination by water occurs in aquatic plants Pollination occurs when the male flower moving with the flow of water comes in contact with the female flower
anthers of one flower to the stigma of a flower of another plant of the same type it is known as cross-pollination
Q How do insects help in pollination Ans Insects such as butterflies bees help in cross pollination When in sects visit flowers to collect nectar the pollen grains get stuck to their body and when they visit to another flower the pollen grains get transferred to the stigma of that flower This is how insects help in pollination
English literature
Sour grapes A fox was trotting on one day and he saw lovely grapes just above his head The grapes where rich ripe and purple- red He was impatient to grab the fruit but it was too high He gave it up by letting out a deep sighHe then said to himself that he has wasted his time upon such a common fruit and he is sure that those grapes were sour
The poet then concludes the poem by saying that we often say this in our real life When we fail to do or achieve something in our lives we often say like the fox that ldquowe re sure the grapes are sourrdquo
Write the synonyms of1 Trotting- Riding2 Eager- anxious3 Snatch- grab4 Heaving- to let out relief5 Sigh- deep breath6 Mean- miserable and poor
SUBJECT- FRENCH (3RD LANGUAGE)Les alphabets avec vocabulariesAlphabets with vocabularies
- Ananas- Ballon- Chat
- Dents - Escargot
HOMEWORK-LEARN THIS VOCABULARIES WITH PROPER PRONUNCIATION
MAT
HEM
ATIC
S
Ch 6
Com
mon
frac
tions Subtraction of fractions
(a) Subtraction of like fractions
(b) Subtraction of unlike fractions
(c) Subtraction of mixed fractions [To subtract mixed numbers we change them to improper fractions and then subtract]
Exercise ndash 28Subtract
2 712
minus 312
Solution 712
minus 312 =
7minus312 =
412 =
13
4 18minus 1
12
Solution The LCM of 8 and 12 = 24
there4 18=
1times 38times3 =
324 and
112
= 1 times212 times2
= 224
there4 18minus 1
12 = 3
24 - 2
24 = 3minus224 =
124
10 59minus 7
18
Solution The LCM of 9 and 18 = 18
there4 59=
5times 29 times2 =
1018 and
718=
7 times 118times 1 =
718
there4 59minus 7
18 = 1018 -
718 =
10minus718 =
318 =
16
11 34minus1
5
Solution The LCM of 4 and 5 = 4times5 = 20
there4 34 =
3 times54 times 5 =
1520 and
15=
1times 45times 4 =
420
there4 34 -
15 =
1520 -
420 =
15minus420 =
1120
19 6 - 159
Solution Now 6 = 61 and 1
59 =
149
The LCM of 1 and 9 = 9
there4 61=
6 times91times 9 =
549 and
149 =
14 times19times1 =
149
there4 6 - 159 =
61 -
149 =
549 -
149 =
54minus149 =
409 = 4
49
20 715 - 3
910
Solution Now 715 =
365 and 3
910 =
3910
The LCM of 5 and 10 = 10
there4 715 =
365 =
36 times25times 2 =
7210 and 3
910 =
3910
there4 715 - 3
910 =
7210 -
3910 =
72minus3910 =
3310 = 3
310
Practice at HomeExercise ndash 28
17 3712 - 2
56
18 5 - 278
Class VISubject Topic Summary Execution BIOLOGY Ch-8
AdaptationsPg-115
A Short answer questions
3 Write the characteristics of submerged plants Ans ndash
1 Submerged aquatic are present below the water surface
2 The roots of partly submerged plants are fixed in the soil below water at the bottom of pond lake or river
3 The stems of such plants grow up to the surface of water while the leaves and flowers float on the surface of water
4 Submerged plants donrsquot have thick waxy cuticle
5 Completely submerged water plants like sea grasses and pondweed lack stomata
6 The leaves are mostly thin
Class VIISubject Topic Summary Execution CHEMISTRY
Chapter ndashPhysical and Chemical Changes
Physical ChangeA physical change involves a change in physical propertiesPhysical change is a type of change where no new substance is formed Most physical changes are reversible
Characteristics of Physical changes 1 They are temporary changes2 They are reversible changes 3 No new substance formed4 A physical change involves a
change in physical properties not its chemical properties
Terms related to Physical ChangesDissolvingMeltingMelting pointFreezingFreezing pointBoiling Boiling pointEvaporationCondensationCondensation point
Pg-25Question 6State three differences between evaporation and boiling
Evaporation Boiling
1 Evaporation is a slow process
2 Evaporation takes place from the surface of the liquid
3 Evaporation takes place at all temperature
1 Boiling is a fast process
2 Boiling takes place from all parts of the liquid
3 Boiling takes place at a fixed temperature on heating
Question 7State four differences between physical and chemical changes
Physical change Chemical change
1 No new substances with new properties are formed
2 It can be reversed by simple physical methods
3 It is temporary change
4 Energy is neither needed nor produced
1 New substances with new properties are formed
2 Change cannot be reversed by simple physical methods
3 It is permanent change4 Energy is either needed
or evolved
GEOGRAPHY
ATMOSPHERE
GREENHOUSE EFFECT ANDGLOBAL WARMINGWe have already learned that therays of the Sun heat up the Earths surfaceduring the day and cools off at night byradiating out the heat in the form of terrestrialradiation Some of this heat is absorbed by thegreenhouse gases of the atmosphere and doesnot escape into outer space This preventsthe Earth from becoming excessively cold atnight This is known as Greenhouse EffectIt has led to a gradual rise in globaltemperatures which is referred to as globalwarmingCauses of Global Warming
Q1 What do you mean by Greenhouse EffectA1 Therays of the Sun heat up the Earths surfaceduring the day and cools off at night byradiating out the heat in the form of terrestrialradiation Some of this heat is absorbed by thegreenhouse gases of the atmosphere and doesnot escape into outer space This preventsthe Earth from becoming excessively cold atnight This is known as Greenhouse Effect
Q2 What are the greenhouse gases A2 The heat-trapping gases calledgreenhouse gas (GHGs)
Examples chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Carbon dioxide halons methane nitrous oxide and
GREENHOUSE GAS The heat-trapping gases calledgreenhouse gas (GHGs) Over the years these gases have releasedin the atmosphere and thus making the planetwarmerExamples Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Carbon dioxide halons methane nitrous oxide and ozone
GLOBAL WARMINGIncreasing of Earthrsquos temperature day by day by the increasing amount of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere is called as global warming
CAUSES OF GLOBAL WARMING 1 Burning of fossil fuel2 Harmful emission from industries
andvehicles3 Deforestation and mining4 Excessive rearing of farm animals5 Fertilisers
ozone
Q3 What do you mean by Global Warming Write any two causes of global warming
A3 Increasing of Earthrsquos temperature day by day by the increasing amount of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere is called as global warming The main causes of global warming are a Burning of fossil fuelb Harmful emission from industries
andvehicles
COMPUTER
ARRAYS ARRAY IS A VARIABLE WHICH STORES DIFFERENT VALUES OF THE SAME DATA TYPE IT IS USEFUL TO ORGANIZE MULTIPLE VARIABLES TO DECLARE AN ARRAY DIM (DIMENSION) STATEMENT IS USED LETS TAKE AN EXAMPLE TO DECLARE AN ARRAYDIM NUMBERS(10)10 INSIDE THE PARENTHESES MEANS THIS ARRAY CAN HOLD 11 ELEMENTSNUMBERS YES 11 NUMBERS THERE IS A FIRST INDEX ARRAY 0 ALSO (0 TO 10)EXAMPLES1)TAKE ANY 6 NUMBERS (SAY 2451069) IN AN ARRAY AND ADD NUMBERS INPOSITIONINDEX 3 AND 5 PRINT THE FINAL RESULT
READ THE SUMMARY PART AND TRY TO UNDERSTAND THE CONCEPT OF ARRAY IN QBASIC
SUBJECT- FRENCH (3RD LANGUAGE)Les alphabets avec vocabulariesAlphabets with vocabularies
- Ananas- Ballon- Chat - Dents - Escargot
HOMEWORK-LEARN THIS VOCABULARIES WITH PROPER PRONUNCIATION
Class VIIISubject Topic Summary Execution PHYSICS ENERGY Types of Energy
There are different forms of energy Today we will discuss some important
A Objective Questions
1 Write true or false for each
types of energy and their features ndash1 Mechanical energyMechanical energy is the sum of kinetic and potential energy in an object that is used to do work In other words it is energy in an object due to its motion or position or both
A Kinetic Energy The energy in motion is known as Kinetic Energy For example a moving ball flowing water etc
Kinetic Energy=12mv2
Wherem = Mass of the objectv = Velocity of the object
B Potential Energy This is the energy stored in an object and is measured by the amount of work done For example a pen on a table water in a lake etc
Potential Energy=mghWherem = Mass of the object (in kilograms)g = Acceleration due to gravityh = Height in metersMechanical EnergyIt is the sum of potential energy and kinetic energy that is the energy associated with the motion amp position of an object is known as Mechanical energy Thus we can derive the formula of mechanical energy as ndash
Mechanical Energy = Kinetic Energy + Potential Energy
MechanicalEnergy=12mv2+mgh
2 Solar EnergyThe light and heat from the sun harnessed using technologies like solar heating photovoltaics solar thermal energy solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis is known as solar energy It is the prime source of renewable energy
3 Wind EnergyIt is one of the various forms of energy The energy present in the flow of wind used by wind turbines is called wind energy This energy is a major cheap source to produce electricity In this phenomena the kinetic energy of the wind is converted into mechanical power
statement
(a) A coolie does no work against the force of gravity while carrying luggage on a road
Answer True
(b) The energy stored in water of a dam is the kinetic energy
Answer False
(c) The energy of a flying kite is kinetic energy
Answer True
(d) Work done by a boy depends on the time in which he does work
Answer False
(e) Power spent by a body depends on the time for which it does work
Answer True
4 Nuclear EnergyThe energy present in the nucleus of an atom is known as nuclear energy The particles of an atom are tiny and need the energy to hold themselves Nuclear energy is that enormous energy in the bonds of an atom which helps to hold the atom together Nuclear energy can be used to make electricity
5 Geothermal EnergyThe energy or heat present inside the Earth is known as geothermal energy It is a cheap amp convenient heat and power resource and use of this energy donrsquot have a side effect like greenhouse gas emission etc
6 Tidal Energy
Tidal energy or tidal power is a form of hydropower (energy present in water) which converts the energy present in the tides to produce electricity
7 Biomass Energy
Biomass is organic matter obtained from living organisms The energy produced from biomass is called biomass energy
8 Electrical Energy
The energy caused by moving electric charges is known as electrical energy Electric energy is a type of kinetic energy as the electrical charges moves
9 Thermal Energy
As the name suggests thermal energy is the energy obtained from heat It is a microscopic disordered equivalent of mechanical energyThere may be instances where an object posses more than one type of energy For example boiling water posses both kinetic and potential energy along with heat energy
MATHEMATICS Ch 9Interest
Execution ndash 9(B) 3 A sum of money lent out at simple interest doubles itself in 8 years Find (i) the rate of Interest (ii) In how many years will the sum become triple (three times) at itself at the same rate percent
Solution
(i) Let P = Rs100 there4 A = Rs200 So I = A ndash P = Rs(200-100) = Rs100 and T = 8years [ P= Principal A = Amount I = Interest and T = Time]
there4 The rate of interest (R) = 100times IP times T = ( 100 times100
100times 8 ) = 252
= 125
(ii) Again P = Rs100 A = Rs300 So I = Rs(300-100) = Rs200 and R = 125
there4 T = 100times IP times R = ( 100 times 200
100 times12 5 ) years = ( 1000times 200100times125 )years= 16 years
4 Rs4000 amount to Rs5000 in 8years in what time will Rs2100 amount to Rs2800 at the same rate
Solution
1 st part P = Rs4000 A = Rs5000 there4 I = Rs(5000-4000) = Rs1000And T = 8 years
there4 R = 100times IP times T = ( 100 times1000
4000 times8 ) = 258
2 nd part Now P = Rs2100 A = Rs2800 there4 I = Rs(2800-2100) =Rs700 and R
= 258
there4 T = 100times IP times R = ( 100 times 700
2100 times 258 ) years = ( 100 times8
3 times25 )years= 323 years = 10
23 years
= 10years( 23
times 12)months = 10 years 8 months
6 A certain sum amounts to Rs3825 in 4 years and to Rs4050 in 6 years Find the rate percent and the sum
Solution Amount in 6 years = Rs4050Amount in 4 years = Rs3825
there4 Interest in 2years = Rs(4050-3825) = Rs225
there4 Interest in 1year = Rs225divide2 = Rs2252
there4 Interest in 4years =Rs(225times2) = Rs450
Now P = A ndash I = Rs(3825 ndash 450) = Rs3375
there4 R = 100times IP times T = ( 100 times225
3375 times2 ) = 103
= 313
Practice at Home5 What sum of money lent at 65 per annum will produce the same interest in 4 years as Rs7500 produce in 6 years at 5 per annum
GEOGRAPHY MIGRATION CLIMATE REFUGEES
Climate refugees who are forced to move out when their homes when threatened by imminent climate catastrophes Example many people many people migrated from the sinking south pacific Islands to Australia and New Zealand
MISCELLANEOUS MIGRATION
Miscellaneous migration often takes place due to the governmentrsquos decisions or due to political unrest Example the Indonesian government moved the farming population from the overpopulated areas of Java to the islands of Borneo and Sumatra
FORCED MIGRATION
Forced migration happens during times of disaster of warfare Abduction and transfer of African slaves to America to serve as labour force is an example of forced migration Today climate change and rising sea levels have led to forced migration in many of the island nations of the world
VOLUNTARY MIGRATION
Voluntary migration is shifting to HDC(highly developed countries) from LDC(lowly developed countries) for better job or educational opportunities and better standards of living There is a current trend in which a large number of students are migrating from developing nations to European and American universities for higher studies This type of voluntary migration leads to depopulation in the country which people leave and adds to the volume of immigrants in the country that receives these people
Q1 What do you understand by climate refugees Where it can be found
A1 Climate refugees who are forced to move out when their homes when threatened by imminent climate catastrophes or disasters
Example many people migrated from the sinking south pacific Islands to Australia and New Zealand
Q2Give an example on miscellaneous migration
A2 An example on miscellaneous migration like the Indonesian government moved the farming population from the overpopulated areas of Java to the islands of Borneo and Sumatra
Q3 Give some examples of highly developed countries (HDC) and lowly developed countries (LDC)
A3 European and North American countries such as Britain Spain Canada and New York are good examples of highly developed countries (HDC) On the other hand South-East Asian countries such as India Pakistan and Bangladesh are examples lowly developed countries (LDC)
COMPUTER ALGORITHMS AND FLOW CHARTS
EXAMPLES1) WRITE AN ALGORITHM AND DRAW A FLOW CHART TO FIND THE AREA OF A RECTANGLESOLUTIONALGORITHM
STEP1 STARTSTEP2 ACCEPT THE LENGTH OF THE RECTANGLESTEP3 ACCEPT THE BREADTH OF THE RECTANGLESTEP4 USE THE FORMULA OF AREA=LENGTH times BREADTH AND STORE THE
FINAL RESULT IN THE VARIABLE AREASTEP5DISPLAY THE ARE OF THE RECTANGLESTEP6STOP
FLOWCHART
2)CALCULATE THE INTEREST OF A BANK DEPOSITALGORITHMSTEP 1 READ AMOUNTSTEP 2 READ YEARSSTEP 3 READ RATE
STEP 4 CALCULATE THE INTEREST WITH FORMULA INTEREST=AMOUNTYEARSRATE100STEP 5 PRINT INTERESTFLOWCHART
3)DETERMINE AND OUTPUT WHETHER NUMBER N IS EVEN OR ODDALGORITHMSTEP 1 READ NUMBER NSTEP 2 SET REMAINDER AS N MODULO 2STEP 3 IF REMAINDER IS EQUAL TO 0 THEN NUMBER N IS EVEN ELSE NUMBER N IS ODDSTEP 4 PRINT OUTPUTFLOWCHART
4)DETERMINE WHETHER A TEMPERATURE IS BELOW OR ABOVE THE FREEZING POINTALGORITHM
STEP 1 INPUT TEMPERATURESTEP 2 IF IT IS LESS THAN 32 THEN PRINT BELOW FREEZING POINT OTHERWISE PRINT ABOVE FREEZING POINTFLOWCHART
PRACTICE THE GIVEN FLOWCHARTS AND ALGORITHMS
Class IXSubject Topic Summary Execution Bengali (2nd
language) চারণেদর পাাহিব2হিত2ষ বরণেltযাপাধযায় হি_তীয় অধযায়
ldquoআহি`কার হিবখযাত া0 শঙকর কতবার 0হিবরণেত গদরণেখরণে0rdquo ক) আহি`কার হিবখযাত া0টির 3া হিক া0টির হিবরণেশষতব হিকখ)শঙকর গকাায় হিকরণেসর জ3য হিরণেয়হি0ল ) গস গসখারণে3 হিক খরণেজ পায়
উঃ- হিব2হিত2ষ বরণেltযাপাধযায় রহিচত lsquoচারণেদর পাাrsquo উপ3যারণেস আহি`কার হিবখযাত া0টির 3া ল বাওবাব া0টির হিবরণেশষতব ল া0টি গবশ গাটা গসাটা া0টির জার হিবষয় ল া0টি তার গহিরণেত ১৬ হিলটার জল ধরণের রাখরণেত পারণের তষণায় কাতর পচারীরা অরণে3ক সয় এই ারণে0র গহিরণেত 0হির গরণের Zরণেটা করণের জল পা3 করণের
খ) শঙকর আহি`কায় হিরণেয়হি0ল অযাUরণে2ঞচারণেরর গ3শায় অনধকারয় এই ারণেদরণেশর পরহিতটি সথারণে3 গ3 রসয লহিকরণেয় আরণে0 এই ররণেসযর অ3সনধা3 কররণেত হিরণেয় অরণে3ক পটক পরা3 াহিররণেয়রণে0 আবার অরণে3রণেক হিসংরণের গপরণেট গরণে0 তবও অহি2াতরী া3ষ অহি2া3 বনধ করণের হি3আহি`কার ইউানডা গরলওরণেয়র 3Uরবা গসটশ3 গরণেক বাাততর াইল দহিi3 পহিj গকারণে3 একটা শাখা লাই3 হৈতহির হিkল গরল গকামপাহি3র গসখারণে3 শঙকর ক3সটরাকস3 কযারণেমপর গকরাহি3 ও সরকাহির গসটারহিকপার রণেয় গা হিদরণেয়হি0লপরণের শঙকর একটা গরলরণেসটশরণে3র গসটশ3াসটার য় এরপরণের গস আল2ারণেররণেজর সরণেn ীরার পাা খজরণেত গবহিররণেয় পরণে
) গ0াটরণেবলা গরণেক শঙকর শরণে3 আসরণে0 আহি`কায় গসা3া রপা ীরার 0া0হি একট গচষটা কররণেল গসা3া রপা ীরা আহিবসকার করণের বরণোরণেলাক ওয়া ায় এই সব খজরণেত হিরণেয় শঙকর আহি`কার পরাকহিতক ররণেপর গ সনধা3 গপরণেয়হি0ল তার তল3া গ3ই ঘ3 অর3য পবতরাহিজ =র3া 3দী জীবজনত সবই তারণেক হিদরণেয়রণে0 আ3lt শঙকর ীরার গখারণেজ হিরণেয় ীরা 3া গপরণেলও পরাকহিতক ররণেপর গরণে3 শঙকরণেরর 3 ীরায় পহিরত রণেয়হি0ল
EVS Chapter 2 ndash Species interaction with each other Long Answer Question
Living Things in Ecosystems
bull ParasitismParasitism is a relationship between two different organisms where one of the organisms actually harms the other through the relationship The organism that is harming the other one is called a parasite Examples of Parasitism Fleas or ticks that live on dogs and cats are parasites
bull MutualismMutualisms are defined as interactions between organisms of two different species in which each organism benefits the other
bull CommensalismCommensalism is a relationship between individuals of two species in which one species obtains food or other benefits from the other without either harming or benefiting the latter
bull SynergismThe interaction of things resulting in the overall effect that is greater than the sum of individual effects of any of them
Q) How biotic and abiotic components are inter-related Ans - In an eco system biotic and abiotic components depend on each other The biotic and abiotic components are connected in ecosystem in different way The sun is the energy source Producersplants use this energy to synthesize food in the presence of carbon dioxide and chlorophyll The herbivores are dependent on plants for the energy requirements The carnivores in turn feed on the herbivores and other carnivores At any level microbes then decompose any dead and decaying organic matter These decomposers after various chemical reactions release molecules back to the environment in the form of chemicals The chemicals are again used by the producers and the cycle starts againIn conclusion ecosystems have a complex set of interactions that happen between the biotic and abiotic components The components of an ecosystem are linked to each other through the energy flows and nutrient cycles
Commercial Studies
Chapter-7Joint Stock Company
In previous class we have explained about the meaning of Joint Stock Company features of Joint Stock Company
Let us explain about
Merits of Joint Stock Company
Merits of Joint stock CompanyStabilityPublic confidenceProfessional managementTransferability of sharesLimited Liability
Merits of Joint Stock Company StabilityA company enjoys stable durable enduring and uninterrupted business life A company continues to exist even if all its members die or deserted Maintenance of continuity of policy of administration is very much ensured in the case of Joint Stock CompanyPublic confidenceA public company enjoys the confidence of the public as the same is guided and controlled by strict regulations Since the companies financial accounts are published and circulated the public has enough faith on the activities of the company Thus a company enjoys better prestige and regulation greater public confidence as a wholeEfficient professional managementDue to its large financial resources and continuity a company can avail of the services of highly qualified
persons who are experts in different fields of business management In this way the benefits of specialization and centralized management can be securedTransferability of sharesSince the shares of a joint stock company are freely transferable they provide necessary liquidity to the investment of the people Shares of public companies are generally listed on a stock exchange so that people can easily buy and sell themLimited LiabilityThe liability of shareholders is limited only to the extent of face value of share held by them Shareholders are not personally liable for the debts of the company Thus the risk is known and also limited
Economics Chapter4 Basic Problems of An Economy
Today let discuss about the Meaning of Efficiency use of ResourcesNeeds of efficient use of resources
Resource efficiency is the maximising of the supply of money materials staff and other assets that can be drawn on by a person or organization in order to function effectively with minimum wasted (natural) resource expenses It means using the Earths limited resources in a sustainable manner while minimising environmental impact
Necessity for efficient use resources Once the flow of resources through the economy has reached its maximum sustainable limit (and many would argue that wersquove already passed that point for some resources) the only way to maintain economic growth in the long run is to become more resource efficient ndash finding ways to generate greater returns from the same amount of resources
Resource efficiency isnrsquot only valuable because it is essential for sustained economic growth Promoting resource efficiency can increase the competitiveness of industry create jobs stimulate innovation boost sectors such as recycling and resource recovery and help ensure secure supplies of key
QuestionWhat do you mean by Efficient use of Resources
Answer) Resource efficiency is the maximising of the supply of money materials staff and other assets that can be drawn on by a person or organization in order to function effectively with minimum wasted (natural) resource expenses It means using the Earths limited resources in a sustainable manner while minimising environmental impact
Why do we need to use our resources efficientlyAnswer) Once the flow of resources through the economy has reached its maximum sustainable limit (and many would argue that wersquove already passed that point for some resources) the only way to maintain economic growth in the long run is to become more resource efficient ndash finding ways to generate greater returns from the same amount of resources
Resource efficiency isnrsquot only valuable because it is essential for sustained economic growth Promoting resource efficiency can increase the competitiveness of industry create jobs stimulate innovation boost sectors such as recycling and resource recovery and help ensure secure
resources supplies of key resources
Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)
Topic Act II Scene 7 Lines 1 to 35 (Morocco hellip What if I stray no further but choose here )
[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase provided]
Summary Questions amp Answers
Having disposed of the minor story of Jessicarsquos elopement we now return to the main plot We are now shown how affairs are progressing with Portia in her home in Belmont
This is the first of the three scenes where a suitor makes a choice between golden silver and leaden caskets It will be noted that while making the choice all the lovers soliloquize and reveal their personality and character We have already observed the manly soldierly but primitive personality of the Prince of Morocco His has a simple nature and does not look deeply into the inner meaning of things but is dazzled by the outward appearance of gold He is inclined to over-estimate his own value and does not realize that it is a duty to ldquogive and hazardrdquo So his feeling is only one of fascination and romantic attraction We cannot believe that he has a deep and lasting love for Portia
In this scene two characters appear ndash Portia and the Prince of Morocco Portia explains to the Prince that the correct casket shall be the one that contains her picture She will be the wife of the person who will choose the correct casket and in the process get whatever she has
The Prince examines the inscriptions on each of the caskets and interprets them
(1) (Act II Sc 7 L 1-5)
Portia Go draw aside the curtains and discover
The several caskets to this noble princeNow make your choice
Morocco The first of gold who this inscription bearsWho chooseth me shall gain what many men desire
(i) Who is Morocco How did he introduce himself to Portia when they first met in an earlier scene
Prince Morocco is a dark skinned boastful warrior of African origin who seeks the hand of Portia He introduces himself as a person who lives near the equator where the exposure to sun rays have to be blamed for his complexion He says that Portia should not dislike him for his dark skin
(ii) How would Morocco know that he had made the right choice What would his reward be
Morocco would know he has chosen the right casket if he finds Portiarsquos portrait in one of them His reward would be Portiarsquos hand in marriage
(iii) Which casket did Morocco finally choose What reasons did he give for rejecting the casket made of lead
Morocco chooses the golden casket He says that lead is of lowly origin and the portrait of a lady as great as Portia cannot be placed in it He reads the inscription ldquoWho chooseth me must give and hazard all he hathrdquo This makes the box too threatening He wonders why anyone should risk everything for lead He also feels that a golden mind like his should not bow down to choose something worthless So he will not risk anything for lead
(iv) What two objects did Morocco find in the casket of his
before choosing
The inscription on the leaden casket says ldquoWho chooseth me must give and hazard all he hathrdquo The Prince was shocked and says as to why anyone should risk for the sake of lead The leaden casket is a threat Nobody would risk all they have for lead He says that no noble person would stoop to choose such a worthless thing as lead So he will not give nor risk anything for lead
The Prince then examines the inscription on the silver casket which says ldquoWho chooseth me shall get as much as he deservesrdquo The Prince says that he deserves Portia more than anybody else because of his high rank his noble birth and his great wealth and power But then he argues that silver is ten times inferior to gold and therefore he cannot believe that the portrait of such a beautiful lady as Portia can be contained in the silver casket He decides to see the inscription on the golden casket before making his decision
choice What reason does he give to Portia for leaving in haste
The Prince of Morocco chooses the golden casket and on opening it finds a human skull within whose hollow eye-socket was a scroll or a roll of paper in which it is written that those who are attracted by the glittering outside of things are always deceived as Morocco has been deceived
Morocco says he is moved and that he does not want to make his departure a painstaking process and he wants to leave immediately without revealing his emotions He should also obey the rule of the game which states the one who loses the test should leave immediately
(v) How does Portia respond to Moroccorsquos parting words What does this reveal of her nature
Portia is relieved that Morocco has left without making any scene It was a gentle riddance and all like him should go in a similar manner This shows that Portia has a kind heart and does not want anyone to he hurt Her love for Bassanio over-rides her passion that makes her wish that only he should be able to make the right choice At the same time like a dutiful daughter she does not want to disrespect her fatherrsquos wishes Hence she is willing to go through the casket injunctions
(2) (Act II Sc 7 L 15-35)
MOROCCO helliphelliphelliphelliphellip
What says this leaden casket Who chooseth me must give and hazard all he hath Must givemdashFor what for lead hazard for leadThis casket threatens Men that hazard allDo it in hope of fair advantagesA golden mind stoops not to shows of drossIll then nor give nor hazard aught for leadWhat says the silver with her virgin hueWho chooseth me shall get as much as he deservesAs much as he deservesmdashPause there MoroccoAnd weigh thy value with an even handIf thou best rated by thy estimationThou dost deserve enough and yet enoughMay not extend so far as to the ladyAnd yet to be afeard of my deservingWere but a weak disabling of myselfAs much as I deservemdashWhy thats the ladyI do in birth deserve her and in fortunesIn graces and in qualities of breeding
But more than these in love I do deserveWhat if I strayed no further but chose here
(i) What does the Prince of Morocco do before making his selection What does his comment reflect How does he analyse the inscription of the leaden casket and what is his interpretation
The Prince of Morocco surveys the three caskets before making his selection His comments reflect his thinking and attitude on life and things He comes to the lead casket and reads the inscription on it His interpretation which reflects his own character is that the inscription threatens because no one will be prepared to risk or sacrifice all one has for such a base thing as lead
(ii) What does the Prince of Morocco think of the leaden casket and why does he decide to reject the leaden casket
The Prince of Morocco thinks that when people risk anything they do so in order to gain something precious A person of royal ways will not bend so low as to be impressed by such an ordinary thing as lead Therefore he decides that he will not take any risk for a worthless thing like lead and rejects the lead casket
(iii) What does the Prince think while analyzing and interpreting the inscription of the silver casket
The Prince of Morocco analyses the inscription on the silver casket which runs thus ldquoWho chooseth me shall get as much as he deservesrdquo When he reads the inscription he bids himself to stop and ponder over the interpretation He asks himself to evaluate his worth objectively and impartially He says that if he is assessed on the basis of the opinion of people he deserves much But even this may not be sufficient to deserve to win Portia who is so virtuous and worthy
(iv) What promise does the silver casket make What self-assessment does the Prince make
The silver casket promises the reward according to the worth of the chooser The Prince makes a self-assessment and concludes that in all fairness he deserves to get Portia He thinks that he is a royal Prince by birth and so he deserves her by the right of his birth
Portia is very rich and so the Prince deserves her by this also The Prince deserves because he is also extremely handsome as most of the beautiful maidens of his kingdom covet him He is valiant and virtuous also So in his opinion he is the most suitable and deserving candidate for Portiarsquos hand
(v) Over which casket does the Prince ponder a long time What intrigue him In what way does he deserve Portia
Morocco reviews the inscriptions again and rejects the lead casket as being not worth the high stakes for which he gambles He ponders a long time over the silver casket The words ldquoget as much as he deservesrdquo intrigue him He is quite sure that he deserves Portia He deserves her in birth fortune grace qualities of breeding and most of all love
Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution EVS Ch ndash4 Managing
soil and land
Today we will discuss about mechanical practices of soil conservation
A few mechanical measures of soil conservation arei) Basin leaching In this method a number of small basins (water reservoirs) are made These collect and retain rain water for a long period and also catch and stabilize downwardly moving soils of the slopes
ii) Pan breaking by breaking of pan ( a hard sheet of clay a few feet below the surface ) drainage and percolation of rain water is improved and soil is saved from residual run-off and erosion
iii) Sub-soiling Soil is broken into fine grains to increase its absorptive capacity
iv) Contour terracing terraces are labeled areas constructed at right angles to the slope to reduce soil erosion
v) Contour trenching This method involves making a series of deep pits or trenches across the slope at convenient distance The soil excavated from the trenches is deposited along the lower edge in the form of bund On the ridges tree seeds are shown
vi) Terrace outlets To conserve soil pipe outlets are made which are thickly covered by grasses
vii) Digging of ponds and reservoirs to store water
viii) Stream bank protection To protect banks of rivers and channels construction of stone or concrete protective walls or planting of trees should be undertaken
Commercial Studies
Chapter- Banking Let us today discuss about theMeaning of Commercial BankFunctions of Commercial Banks
Commercial Banks are those banks which perform all kinds of banking functions such as accepting deposits advancing loans credit creation and
Question1 What do you mean by
Commercial BankAnswer) Commercial Banks are those banks which perform all kinds of banking functions such as accepting deposits advancing loans credit creation and agency functions
agency functions
Functions of Commercial BanksCommercial banks perform a variety of functions which can be divided as (1) Accepting Deposits (2) Advancing Loans (3) Credit Creation (4) Financing Foreign Trade(5) Agency Services (6) Miscellaneous Services To Customers
2 Explain the various functions of Commercial Bank
Answer) Following are the various functions of Commercial Banks
1 Accepting Deposits This is the oldest function of a bank and the banker used to charge a commission for keeping the money in its custody when banking was developing as an institution Nowadays a bank accepts three kinds of deposits from its customers The first is the savings deposits on which the bank pays small interest to the depositors who are usually small savers
2 Advancing LoansOne of primary functions of commercial banks is to advance loans to its customers A bank lends a certain percentage of the cash lying in deposits on a higher interest rate than it pays on such deposits This is how it earns profits and carries on its business 3 Credit CreationCredit creation is one of the most important functions of the commercial banks Like other financial institutions they aim at earning profits For this purpose they accept deposits and advance loans by keeping small cash in reserve for day-to-day transactions When a bank advances a loan it opens and account in the name of the customer and does not pay him in cash but allows him to draw the money by cheque according to his needs By granting a loan the bank creates credit or deposit4 Financing ForeignTrade commercial bank finances foreign trade of its customers by accepting foreign bills of exchange and collecting them from foreign banks It also transacts other foreign exchange business and buys and sells foreign currency5 Agency ServicesA bank acts as an agent of its customers in collecting and paying cheques bills of exchange drafts dividends etc It also buys and sells
shares securities debentures etc for it customers Further it pays subscriptions insurance premium rent electric and water bills and other similar charges on behalf of its clients It also acts as a trustee and executor of the property and will of its customers Moreover the bank acts as an income tax consultant to its clients For some of these services the bank charges a normal fee while it renders others free of charge6 Miscellaneous ServicesBesides the above noted services the commercial bank performs a number of other services It acts as the custodian of the valuables of its customers by providing them lockers where they can keep their jewellery and valuable documents It issues various forms of credit instruments such as cheques drafts travellers cheques etc which facilitate transactions
Bengali হিবপরীতশবদ করণেয়কটি হিবপরীত শবদ গদওয়া ল1)সজীব = হি3জsব 2)শরদধা= ঘা 3)আকষ = হিবকষ4)সধবা = হিবধবা 5)উৎস = গা3া 6)অ = অ37)জয় = পরাজয় 8)তাপ = হৈশত যয 9)হি3ltা = পরশংসা10)াদা = অদা 11)রহিসক = গবরহিসক 12) অনতর = বাহির13)অহিতবষটি = অ3াবষটি 14)পরত যযi = পরণেরাi 15)3াবালক = সাবালক
Hindi 2nd lang नया रासता भा 5 अपन जीन की परिरसथिगितयो स गिश होकर मीन क हदय म कई बार हीन भाना
और जीन की कडाहट अनभ हईपरत ह दढता और साहस की मरतित थी ह
अपन जीन को वयथ नही होन दना चाहती थी बचपन स ही उसकी कील बनन की
इचछा थी आज मीन की लन उस और दखकर माता- गिपता न उस कालत करन की
आजञा द दी मीन न मरठ म दाखिखला ल लिलया उसक हरदय म कछ बनन और कछ
कर दिदखान की इचछा थी उसक गिचार स चारो और पस का ही बोलबाला हहॉसटल
की कलपना करत ही ह लिसहर उठती थी उसन अपन लिलए नए नए कपड बनाए पहली बार हॉसटल जान का चा थाआखिखर
ह दिदन आ ही या जब उस हॉसटल जाना था पहली बार ह अपन घर स अल हो
रही थी हॉसटल पहच कर कछ दिदनो तक उसका मन नही ला बचपन की घटनाए
एक- एक करक उसक समतपटल पर उतर ई ह अपनी ककषा म हमशा परथम आती
थी 2 दिदन बाद गिपताजी मीन स मिमलन आए मा न काफी चीज उसक लिलए बनाकर
भजी थी गिपताजी स मिमलकर ह बहत खश
1 ह सय की दढता साहस की मरतित थी
परशन1 लखिखका मीन को दढता साहस
की मरतित कयो कह रही ह 2 गिाह क अलाा मीन क जीन
का कया लकषय था 3 मीन समाज क झठ आरण को
हटाकर सतय दिदखाना चाहती ह सपषट कीजिजए
4 परसतत पलि[यो का भा सपषट अपन शबदो म लिलखिखए
उततरndash1 मीन म समाज स लडन की शलि[ ह
ह समाज म फली बराइयो क सामन ढढता स जमी हई ह ह साहस क साथ अपन उलिचत गिनणय
पर सथिर रहती ह जिजदी क उतार चढा सा घबरा टी नही ह बलकिलक साहस स काम लती ह इनही कारणो स लखिखका न उस ढढता
और साहस की मरतित कहा ह2 मरठ ालो न जब उसका रिरशता
ठकरा दिदया तो उसन गिनशचय कर लिलया गिक ह अपन परो पर खडी होी और समाज को दिदखा दी की नारी अबला नही ह उसन अपना
हई करीब 1 घटा रक कर गिपताजी चल ए लकषय बना लिलया गिक ह एलएलबी करक कील बनी
3 समाज म नारी क ऊपर अबला आशरीता का आरण पडा हआ ह
मीन समाज क दवारा होत हए इस आरण को हटाकर यह सतय परमाणिणत करना चाहती ह गिक आज
की नारी अबला नही ह और ना ही गिकसी क हाथ की कठपतली ह
4 लखिखका न मीन क बार म कहा गिक ह सय घटा और साहस की मरतित
ह ह अपन न हम ध और मसीबत म साहस का परिरचय दती हउतार
चढा को हर इसान क जीन म आत ही रहत ह उनको साधारण रप
स ही लना चागिहए अपन गिाह क मामल म उसन साहस स काम
लिलया और गिाह क बार म सोचना छोड दिदया मीन क सामन अभी बहत लबी जिजदी पडी ह इसलिलए उसन समय का महत समझा और
एक कषण भी वयथ ना करन का गिनशचय गिकया
Mathematics(x) Algebra Quadratic Equation in one variable
Study Item Some solved sums from exercise- 539)Solve for x 2(2x ndash 1 )(x+3) ndash 3 (x + 3)(2x ndash 1 ) = 5 x -3 frac12Solution Let (2x ndash 1)(x + 3) = y then we get2(y) ndash 3( 1y) = 50r 2y ndash 3y = 5Or 2y2 ndash 3 = 5y [multiplying both side by y we get]0r 2y2 ndash 5y ndash 3 = 0Now comparing the above equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0 we geta=2 b = - 5 and c = - 3Therefore y = -(- 5 )plusmnradic((-5)sup2-4(2)(-3))2(2) = 5 plusmnradic( 25 + 24)4 = 5plusmn radic(49)4 = (5 plusmn 7)4= (5+7)4 (5 ndash 7)4= 124 -24= 3 - 12Therefore y = 3 (2x ndash 1)( x + 3) = 3 2x ndash 1 = 3x + 9 3x - 2x = - 10 x= - 10Or y = - frac12 ( 2x ndash 1)(x + 3) = - frac124x ndash 2 = - x ndash 3 4x+x = - 3 + 2 5x = - 1 x= - 15Hence the roots of the given equation are - 10 and ndash 1510)(i) x2 - 5x ndash10 =0Solution x2 ndash 5x ndash 10 = 0Comparing the above equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0 we get a=1 b = - 5 and c = - 10Therefore x = - (- 5)plusmnradic( -5)sup2- 4(1)(- 10)2(1) = 5 plusmn radic( 25 +40)2 = 5 plusmn radic(65 )2
= (5 plusmn 8bull06)2 = (5 + 8bull06)2 (5 ndash 8bull06)2 = 13bull062 - 3bull062= 6bull53 - 1bull5312) Solve the equation x ndash 18x = 6 Given your answer correct to two significant figureSolution x ndash18x = 6Or (x2 ndash 18 )x = 6Or x2ndash 18 = 6xOr x2 ndash 6x ndash18 = 0Comparing the above equation with ax2 + bc + c = 0 we gera= 1 b = - 6 and c = -18Therefore x = -(-6) plusmnradic(- (- 6)2 ndash 4(1)(- 18)2(1) = 6 plusmn radic( 36 + 72)2 = (6 plusmnradic( 108)2 =(6 plusmn 10bull39)2= 16bull392 - 4bull392= 8bull195 - 2bull195 asymp 8bull2 - 2bull2
Chemistry Chapter-2L-1Chemical Bonding
1) Chemical Bonding-
It is basically the force of attraction which holds the different types of atoms in a molecule together
Cause of Chemical Combination-
The main cause is the tendency of elements to acquire eight electrons in its outermost shell like that of noble gases other than Helium(He) So the atoms combine to acheive the nearest noble gas configuration of 8 electrons( or 2 electrons) in their outermost orbit and become stable
2) Ion-
It is a charged particle made from an atom by the loss or gain of electrons
There are 2 types of Ions They are-
a) Cations- It is formed by the loss of electrons eg - K+ Ca2+
Na+ etc
b) Anions- It is formed by the gain of electrons eg- Cl- O2- F- etc
Q Why do elements form Ions
A Atoms of all elements except those of noble gases have one to seven valence electrons and are not in a state of minimum energy Thus to acquire a state of minimum energy elements lose or gain electrons and form ions so that they acquire stable configuration (Duplet or Octet)
Q What is the Electronic Theory of Valency
A In 1916 Kossel and Lewis on the basis of octet rule of electrons described simply the electronic structure of molecules of many chemical compounds and elements Kossel mainly described the structure of ionic compounds formed by loss and gain of electrons and Lewis mainly described the structure of Covalent Compounds formed by mutual sharing of electron pair This is known as ELECTRONIC THEORY OF VALENCY proposed by Kossel and Lewis
Q What do you mean by Electropositive and Electronegative Elements
3) Types of Chemical Bond-3 types
A)ElectrovalentIonic Bond
B) Covalent Bond
C) Co-ordinate Dative Bond4) ELECTROVALENT IONIC BOND-
It is the electrostatic force of attraction between the opposite charged ions which holds them together
The chemical compounds formed as a result of electron transfer from one atom of an element to another are called IONIC or ELECTROVALENT COMPOUND
The number of electrons which an element loses or gains during the formation of an ionic bond is called its ELECTROVALENCY
Conditions for the formation of Ionic Compounds-
i Large electronegativity difference between the combining atoms
ii Low IP for one of the atoms from which the cation can be easily formed
iii High electron affinity for one of the atoms from which the anions can be easily formed
iv High Lattice Energy
A
1) Electropositive Elements- have the tendency to lose the electrons and form Cations
eg- Na K Fe -mostly metals
2) Electronegative Elements- have the tendency to gain the electrons and form Anions
eg- Cl F O - mostly Non-metals
Q Give the brief description about the formation of NaCl
A See your Text Book
Q Practise the two types of diagram of the formation of different ionic compound
A See your Text Book
English All Summer in a Answer the following questions-
literature Day 3) Why did the children hate herAns- The children sensed that Margot was different from them She hated the continuous rain while they were used to it She spoke only about the sun and they had no memory of it They hated her pale snow face her waiting silence her thinness and her possible future of going back to the Earth4) What is the it referred to by WilliamAns- The it referred to by William is the Sun which the scientists had predicted would shine for a short while that day5) What was Margot waiting for Why did William say it was a jokeAns- Margot was waiting to see the sun predicted to shine that day for a short while William did not want her to have the joy of seeing the sun
Geography Water Resources SOURCES OF WATER SURFACE WATER AND GROUNDWATER Earth is known as the Blue Planet because 71 per cent of the Earths surface is covered with water Wateralso exists below land surface and as water vapour in the air Water is not added or removed from the environment it simply changes state and location This constant movement of water throughout our environment is called the hydrological cycle or water cycle Earth cleans and replenishes the water supply through the hydrologic cycle Groundwater exists in an aquifer or
underground layer of permeable rock sediment (usually sand or gravel) or soil that yields water
Aquifers are like underground reservoirs of water
SURFACE WATER The visible bodies of water are referred to as surface water Surface waters can be simply described as the water that is on the surface of the Earth This includes the oceans rivers and streams lakes and reservoirs Surface waters are very important Rivers and streams constitute the flowing surface waters Surface water canbe captured for a variety of biospheric and humanusesRunoff During heavy precipitation water cannot infiltrate into the ground It flows on the surface of the ground and called as runoff
GROUNDWATER Groundwater is detained as water that is found beneath the surface of the Earth in conditions of100 per
Q1 Why the Earth is called as Blue PlanetA1 Earth is known as the Blue Planet because 71 per cent of the Earths surface is covered with water
Q2 Define hydrological cycleA2 Water is not added or removed from the environment it simply changes state and location This constant movement of water throughout our environment is called the hydrological cycle or water cycle Earth cleans and replenishes the water supply through the hydrologic cycle
Q3 What is AquifersA3 Aquifers are like underground reservoirs of water
Q4 Why there is a shortage of fresh waterA4 Although the earth has an abundance of water but unfortunately there is a shortage of fresh water because 997 per cent of it occupied by oceans soils icecaps and floating in the atmosphere and rest 03 percent can use for daily uses
cent saturation (if it is less than100 per cent saturation then the water is considered as soil moisture) Ninety-eight per cent of Earths available fresh water is groundwater It is about60 times as plentiful as the fresh water found in lakes and streams Water in the ground travels through pores in soil and rock and in fractures and weathered areas of bed rockThe majority of fresh water is therefore found under ground as soil moisture and in aquifers
Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 88 to 126 (Portia helliphellip Such as the day is when the sun is hid) [Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]
Summary Questions amp Answerso Launcelot then arrives and informs
Lorenzo that Bassanio will also be arriving soon Both Lorenzo and Jessica return to the house and ask Stephano to order the family musicians to play music in order to extend a fitting welcome to Portia
o Portia and Nerissa dressed in their normal self return home and enter the building Lorenzo recognizes Portias voice and comes to greet her She orders the servants to pretend as if she had never left and asks Lorenzo and Jessica to do the same
o Soon thereafter Bassanio Gratiano and Antonio arrive
(1) PORTIA That light we see is burning in my hall (L 89-101)
How far that little candle throws his beams So shines a good deed in a
naughty worldNERISSA When the moon shone we did not see the candlePORTIA So doth the greater glory dim the less
A substitute shines brightly as a king
Unto the king be by and then his state
Empties itself as doth an inland brook
Into the main of waters Music hark
NERISSA It is your music madam of the housePORTIA Nothing is good I see without respect
Methinks it sounds much sweeter than by day
NERISSA Silence bestows that virtue on it madam
(i) Where are Lorenzo and Jessica sitting What message have they received What are they doing
Lorenzo and Jessica are sitting in Portiarsquos house in Belmont They have just received the message informing them of the arrival of Portia and Bassanio separately They are waiting for their arrivals and enjoying the beauty of the moonlight night(ii) In which mood is Lorenzo found after Stephanorsquos departure
After Stephanorsquos departure Lorenzo reverts to his romantic mood He is carried away by the magic of the loveliness of the moonlight He draws Jessicarsquos attention and says that the moonlight is sleeping beautifully on the raised ground He says that they will sit there and enjoy the sweetness of the gentle
music which will shortly creep into their ears very softly(iii) Why has Lorenzo sent Stephano What kind of man is he who does not appreciate the sweet harmony of sounds
Lorenzo has sent Stephano to instruct the musicians to play soft music to welcome Portia home Lorenzo tells that the
tranquility and the beautiful night suit the sweet music Praising the ennobling (M lend greater dignity) effect of music Lorenzo tells Jessica that the person who has no music in him and does not appreciate the sweet harmony of sounds is a dangerous person and so should be watched very carefully(iv) Who are returning to Belmont What does Nerissa remark on seeing the light of the house
Portia and Nerissa are returning to Belmont after successfully conducting Antoniorsquos trial in Venice as the lawyer and the clerk respectively When they are near their home Nerissa seeing the light of the house remarks that they did not see this light of this candle when the moon was shining(v) What does Portia comment on Nerissarsquos observation Commenting on Nerissarsquos observation Portia says that the lesser glory becomes insignificant before the greater glory She adds that the kingrsquos representative assumes great splendor and authority when the king himself is not near But before the real king the substitute becomes devoid of all splendor and
authority as the big rivers lose their identity after emptying into the vast sea
SUBJECT PHYSICS [TOPIC FORCE]Answer the following questions ( ICSE questions of previous years from chapter FORCE)
1 Write the position of centre of mass for the following bodies(i) A circular ring (ii) A cylinder(iii) A hollow sphere (iv) A triangular lamina
2 Explain why screw drivers are provided with longer handles3 Compare the magnitude and direction of centripetal force and centrifugal force4 How does uniform circular motion differ from uniform linear motion5 Why is the motion of a body moving with a constant speed around a circular path is said to be
accelerated6 A brass ball is hanging from a cotton thread Draw a neat labeled diagram showing the force acting
on the brass ball and the cotton thread 7 Define moment of force Write the relationship between the SI and CGS unit of moment of force8 Define couple State the SI unit of moment of couple9 A uniform half meter scale balanced horizontally on a knife edge at 29 cm mark when a weight of 20
gmf is suspended from one end(i) Draw the diagram of the arrangementWhat is the weight of the half meter rule
ECO-10 250620 Topic-Supply Analysis
MEANING OF SUPPLYSupply a commodity by a firm or seller may be defined as the quantity of a commodity that a firm or seller offers for sale at a given price during a given time period But the actual sale of the commodity may be different from its supply For example a farmer (produced of wheat) is willing to sell 50 quintals of wheat at a price of ` 15 per kg but he is able to sell only 30 quintals at this price So this case the supply of wheat is 50 quintals but the actual sale is 30 quintals So these two concepts should not be confused with each other Like demand supply also has three elements The definition of supply include (i) the quantity of the commodity that a firm is willing to supply (ii) the price at which it is willing to supply that quantity and (iii) the time period during which it is willing to supply that quantity
FACTORS DETERMINING SUPPLY OR DETERMINANTS OF SUPPLY OF A GOOD
The main determinant of supply is the price of the commodity But the cost of production of a commodity is an important factor in determining profit maximized on output of a firm The cost of production depends on the prices of various inputs like raw material wages of workers interest of capital rent of building etc The supply of a commodity also depends on the technology used in the production of the commodity and many other factors The main factors determining supply of a commodity are(i) Price of the commodity(ii) Price of other related good(iii) Price of inputsfactors(iv) Taxation policy of government(v) Objective of the firm(i) Price of the commodity Other factors determining supply remaining constant there is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity It means the quantity supplied of a commodity increases with rise in price and decreases with fall in price of the commodity More quantity of a commodity is supplied at a higher price and less quantity is supplied at a lower price For example a seller of tomatoes is willing to sell 100 kgs of tomatoes at a price of ` 40 per keg and only 50 kgs at a price of ` 20 per kg Due to this direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity the supply curve has a positive slope Supply curve is upward sloping to the right(ii) Price of other related goods Supply of a commodity is also influenced by the change in the price of other related goods With the help of given resources we can produce several goods by using the same technology This helps the firm to diversify and tide over fluctuations in demand For example a farmer can produce either pulses or food grains by using the resources If the price of pulses increases it becomes more profitable for him to make more production of pulses So he will divert some resources from the production of food grains to the production of pulses The production of pulses will increase and that of food grains will decrease So the supply of pulses will increase if the price of pulses increases and the supply of food grain will decrease at the same price reverse will happen if the price of food grains increases(iii) Price of inputsfactors Change in the price of inputs like raw material wage rent or interest also influences the supply of a commodity For example in the production of cloth cotton is the main raw material If the price of cotton increases the cost of production of cloth will increase At the same price the margin of profit will decrease So the producer will decrease the supply of cloth at the same price On the other hand if the price of cotton falls the cost of production per unit of cloth will decrease and hence the supply of cloth will increase The price of other inputs will also influence the supply of a good in the same manner(iv) Technology of production an improvement in the technology of production of a commodity decreases the per unit cost of the commodity The margin of profit will increase at the same price So the supply of a commodity will increase with improvement in technology of production at the same price On the other hand if a firm uses absolute technology of production the cost of production per unit of the commodity will increase The margin of profit will decrease so the firm will decrease its supply at the same price This is the main reason that the firms are trying to use better technology of production because it not only reduces the cost of production per unit but also improves the quality of the product(v) Taxation policy of government If the government reduces the excise duty or the production of a commodity the cost of production per unit of the commodity will decrease the margin of profit will increase at the same price so the producer of the commodity will increase its supply It happens when the government wants to increase the production of the commodity On the other hand to discourage the production of some harmful goods like cigarettes liquor etc the government increases the rate of excise duty on the production of such goods So the cost of production per unit of the commodity increases and the supply of such commodities decreases(vi) Objective of the firm The objective of the producer also influences the supply of a commodity Generally the objective of a producer is get maximize his profits Profits are maximized at a higher price So he increases the supply of a commodity at a higher price and decreases its supply at a lower price But sometimes the producer may be in maximizing his sales and not in maximizing his profits as he wants to capture the market In that case he goes on increasing the supply so long his target is not achieved can profit is not adversely affected He may increase the supply at the same price to any extent
SUPPLY FUNCTION
When the relationship between quantity supplied and the determinants of supplied is expressed mathematically in an equation it is called a supply function So a supply function can be expressed asSn = f(Pn Pr Pf T Tr G)where Sn = Supply of commodity nPn = Price of the commodity nPr = Price of other related goodsPf = Price of inputsfactors
T = Technology of productionTr = Government policy or tax rateG = Goal or objective of the producer
Typically supply function shows the relationship between price and quantity supplied keeping all other determinants of supply as constant It shows the amount of a good that a seller supplies at different levels of price
LAW OF SUPPLYThe law of supply depicts the relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity when all other determinants of supply remain constant This law states that there is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity other factors determining supply remaining constant It means quantity supplied of a commodity increases with increase in price and decreases with decrease in price
Assumptions of the law of supplyThe phrase other determinants of supply remaining constant in the law of supply shows the assumptions of the law of supply The mains factors which influence the supply of a commodity one price of the commodity price of other related goods price of inputs technology of production taxation policy of the government and objective of the firm etc The law of supply is based on the assumptions that all these factors determining supply except price of the commodity should remain constant The following are the main assumptions of the law of supply(i) Price of other related goods should remain the same(ii) There should be no change in the price of inputs (factors)(iii) Technology of production should not change(iv) There is no change in the taxation policy of the government(v) Objective of the firm should not changeThe law of supply is based on the assumptions that the supply of commodity changes only due to change in price when all other determinant of supply remain constantClass XISubject Topic Summary Execution EVS Chapter-2
Ecology Answer the following questions briefly Q Draw a neat labeled diagram of carbon cycleAnsndash
Mathematics Principle of Mathematical Induction
1) What is statement Ans A sentence which may be true or false is called statement eg i) 5 is greater than 3 ii) New Delhi is the capital of India iii) 5 divides 7 These all are statements We see that statement (i) amp (ii) are true but (iii) is false 2 What is Mathematical StatementAns Statement involving mathematical relations are called mathematical statement We shall use mathematical statement in principle of
Example If n be a positive integer show that n(n+1) is an even positive integer Solution Let P(n) be the statement n(n+1) is an even positive integer Then (i) P(1) is the statement 1(1+1) ie 2 is an even positive integer Therefore P(1) is true (ii) If P(m) is true for some positive integer m then m(m+1) is an even integer Now (m+1) [(m+1)+1]=(m+1)sup2+ (m+1) =msup2+2m+1+m+1=msup2+m+2m+2=m(m+1) +2(m+1) = an even integer + an even positive integer [Since P(m) is true and 2(m+1) is an even
mathematical induction 3 What is the use of Principle of mathematical inductionAns Sometimes it is difficult to prove a statement theorem or a formula by direct method In this case we use an indirect method known as the Principle of mathematical induction There are two steps in this processSTEP 1 Varify that the statement or formula is true for one or two particular values of n say for n=1 2STEP 2 Assuming that the statement or formula is true for n=m where m is any positive integer show that it is true for n=m+1Conclusion Since the statement is true for n=2 it is true for n=2+1 that is 3 and since it is true for n=3 it is true for n=3 + 1 that is 4 and so on Hence the statement or formula is true for all positive integral values of n
positive integer]= an even positive integer Therefore P(m+1) is true when P(m) is true Therefore By the principle of Mathematical Induction P(n) is true for all positive integral values of n Hence n(n+1) is an even positive integer
Hindi 2ndlang एक फल की चाह 5 दख रहा था जस सो सथिर हो नही बठती थी कषण भर हाय ही चपचाप पडी थी अटल शागित शी धारण कर सनना यही चाहता था म उस सय ही
उकसा करमझको दी क परसाद का एक फल ही दो लाकर
शबदाथ ससथिर - परी तरह ठहरी हई अटल- पकका
उकसाकर - पररणा दकर
वयाखयाndash उपय[ पलि[यो म कगि सखिखया की ददशा का णन कर रहा ह जो उनक गिपता दवारा वय[ गिकया या ह अपनी बटी सखिखया कीददशा का
गितरण करत हए गिपता कहता ह गिक म अपनी आखो क सामन दख रहा था गिक मरी बटी जो पल भर क लिलए दिटककर नही बठती थी ह अब सथिर शात मरतित की तरह पढी थी अब म ह बार- बार इस बात क लिलए पररिरत कर रहा
था गिक ह मझ गिफर स ही शबद कह गिपताजी मझ दी क परसाद का एक फल लाकर दो
6 ऊच शल लिशखर क ऊपर मदिदर था गिसतीणर गिशाल सण कलशसरलिसज गिहलिसत थ पाकरसमदिदत रगि कर जाल दीप धल स अचछदिदत था मदिदर का
आन सारा ज रही थी भीतर बाहर मखरिरत उतस की धारा
शबदाथ - शल लिशखर- पहाड की ऊची चोटी
सतीणर - फला हआ
सण कलश - कमल क समान सदर सोन का कलश मखरिरत - परकट समदिदत - अचछी परकार खिखला हआ रगि कर जाल - सय की गिकरणो का समह
वयाखया- परसतत पलि[या म कगि न मदिदर की सदरता का णन गिकया ह कहत ह गिक मझ पहाड की चोटी पर एक गिलिशषट और गिशालमश था उसक
सोन क कलश सय की गिकरणो म चमकत हए ऐस परतीत हो रह थ जस सय की खिखली हईगिकरणो क ाा सपशपाकर सनहर कमल खिखल उठ हो मदिदर का
आन धप दीप की सध स भरा हआ था मदिदर क अदर और बाहर मनाए जा रह उसकी परसननता की ज सनाई द रही थी
Bengali (2nd language)
কোনি মনি নদী পরথম অধযোয়
হি_তীয় হিদরণে3র পাঠ-
হিবষটবাব গলাকটির কায় গররণে কা বলরণেত পাররণে0 3া শধ গচাখ হিদরণেয় রা পরকাশ করহি0ল কা বলরণেত বলরণেত গলাকটি পাঞজাহিব লহিn খরণেল জ কররণেত শর করল তাই গদরণেখ হিবষটবাব ত2মভ রণেয় গল চাটি ারার 2হিnরণেত গলাকটি হিবষটবাবর হিদরণেক এরণোরণেল হিতহি3 াা 3ীচ করণের 3াহিরণেয় গ33 হিদ গলাকটি হিবষটবাবরণেক চাটিরণেয় ায় তারণেল হিতহি3 তাাতাহিউরণেঠ গলাকটিরণেক ধররণেত পাররণেব3 3া কার তার শরীরণেরর ওজরণে3র জ3য এই শরণে3 হিবষটবাব বরণে3া গারণেষর ত গতরণেZরণে উরণেঠ দাাল তারণেত গলাকটি দাহিরণেয় শরীরটারণেক একট দহিলরণেয় হি3ল এই সব শরণে3 হিবষট ধর চপ করণের রইল শধ lsquoগঘাৎrsquo করণের একটা শবদ করল গলাকটি হিসহি হিদরণেয় ওঠা3াা কররণে0 গদরণেখ হিবষটবাব খাহি3কটা হিদরণেশারা রণেয় গলহিবষটবাবর গচারণেখ রারণের বদরণেল এখ3 গকৌতল হিতহি3 বরণেল3 ldquoখাওায় আার গলা2 গ3ই Uায়টিং কহিরrdquo হিকনত হিতহি3 কতটা Uায়টিং করণের তা তার শরীর আর খাবারণেরর তাহিলকা গদরণেখ গলাকটি বরণে= গল গলাকটি এহিরণেয় হিরণেয় হিবষটবাবর 2হিরণেত াত বহিলরণেয় হিদরণেল গস আরা অ32ব করণের3 এবং হিপহি0রণেয় া3 গলাকটি হিবষটবাবর সারণে3 তার শরীরণেরর কসরত পরদশ3 কররণেল হিবষটবাব রণে3 রণে3 হিব হিব করণের বরণেল3 হিতহি3ও গরাা রণেত চা3 গসই হরণেত nা গরণেক আবার হিচৎকার গ2রণেস আরণেস lsquoগকা হি3 গকা হি3rsquo
ldquoকী রক Uায়টিংrdquo-ক)বকতা গককারণেক বলরণে0খ)Uায়টিং কার অ কী ) Uায়টিং করা বযহিকতর গচারার ব3া দাও ঘ) তার Uায়টিং এর ব3া দাও
উঃ- ক) আরণেলাচয অংশটি হিত3ltীর গলখা lsquoগকাহি3rsquo উপ3যাস গরণেক গ3ওয়া রণেয়রণে0 আরণেলাচয কাটি বকতা রণেল3 সাদা লহিnপরা ারণেয় গরয়া পাঞজাহিব ও কারণেধ রহিn3 বযা ওয়ালা হিiহিতশ হিসং হিতহি3 কাটি বরণেলরণে03 হিবষট ধররণেকখ) Uারণেয়টিং কার অ ল পহিরহিত খাদয গর অাৎ খাদয তাহিলকায় সসত খারণেদযর গ3াগ3 বজায় গররণেখ খাদয গর) হিবষট ধরণেরর গচারা হিবশাল ওজ3 পরায় হিত3 গদখরণেত জলহিসতর রণেতা সারা শরীরণের চহিব ল ল কররণে0 বয়স পরায় চহিশ হিবশাল 2হি উপ রণেয় শরণেল হিচৎ রণেত পারণের3া গকউ গঠরণেল হিদরণেল হিচৎ রণেত পারণের তারণেক কায় নধ াদ3 পবরণেতর সরণেn তল3া করা য়ঘ) হিবষট ধর গকৌতলী রণেয় বরণেল তার খাওয়ার গকা3 গলা2 গ3ই গস Uায়টিং করণের আরণে গস আধ হিকরণেলা হিiর গখত এখ3 গস হিত3রণেশা গরা হিiর খায় জল খাবারণের কহিটা লহিচ গখত এখ3 পরণে3রণেরাটা লহিচ খায় আাইরণেশা গরা চারণেলর 2াত খায় হিঘ খাওয়া গ0রণে হিদরণেয়রণে0 রারণেত াতর বারণেরাটা রটি খায় হিবরণেকরণেল দ-গলাস হি0হিরর জল সরণেn চাররণেট কা পারণেকর সরণেltশ বাহিরণেত রাধাকষণ আরণে0 বরণেল হিবষট ধর া0 াংস খায়3া আর তারণেত তার গকা3 গলা2 লালসা গ3ই
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 276 to 313 (Sebastian helliphellipIt struck mine ear most terribly)[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]
Summary Questions amp AnswersConspiracy of Antonio and Sebastian
o Antonio further suggests murder of Alonso and eventually Sebastian agrees
o They draw their swords and proceed to murder Alonso and Gonzalo who are sleeping
(1) (Act II Sc 2 L 277-291)ANTONIO Ay sir where lies that If rsquotwere a kibe
rsquoTwould put me to my slipper but I feel notThis deity in my bosom Twenty consciencesThat stand rsquotwixt me and Milan candied be they And melt ere they molest Here lies your brotherNo better than the earth he lies uponIf he were that which now hes likemdashthats deadWhom I with this obedient steel three inches of itCan lay to bed for ever (whiles you doing thus
o As they approach Ariel appears again and wakes up Gonzalo by singing a tune in his ear Alonso also wakes up and they see both Sebastian and Antonio with drawn swords On being caught off guard they make up a story saying that they had heard a bellowing of bulls or lions
IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED
(Act II Sc 1 L 277-281)ANTONIOAy sir where lies that If rsquotwere a kibersquoTwould put me to my slipper but I feel notThis deity in my bosom Twenty consciencesThat stand rsquotwixt me and Milan candied be they And melt ere they molest
In these lines Antonio speaks how he is a conscienceless villain In inciting Sebastian to the kingship of Naples by murdering his brother he quotes his own example He too had banished his brother and made himself the Duke of Milan This kingship now sits upon him like a well fittinggarment So will be the case of Sebastian Sebastian then questions Antonio if this foul deed did not prick his conscience To this Antonio replies like a hardened villain He laughs at the word lsquoconsciencersquo and says that he has never heard of anything like conscience A guilty conscience gave him no more pain that is chilblain (M a painful itching and swelling on hand and foot caused by exposure to extreme cold) A man can get rid of the pain of chilblain by wearing slippers instead of shoes so does Antonio get rid of the qualms (M an uneasy feeling of doubt worry or fear especially about onersquos conduct) of conscience very easily Even if he were troubled by twenty consciences that barred his way to the throne of Milan however frozen they might be he would melt them into insensibility before they could cause him to twinge
To the perpetual wink of aye might putThis ancient morsel this Sir Prudence whoShould not upbraid our course) - for all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour
(i) To whom does Antonio speak these lines Who is referred to as lsquoyour brotherrsquo What does Antonio mean by saying lsquoNo better than the earth he lies uponrsquo
These lines are spoken by Antonio to Sebastian King Alonso is referred to as Sebastianrsquos brother Indicating towards Alonso who is lying asleep on the ground Antonio tells Sebastian that here sleeps his brother and at this time he is no better than a clod of the earth on which he lies asleep Antonio means to say that if he were actually to become what he looks like he would be a dead body(ii) According to Antonio what would he do if he were at the place of Sebastian
Antonio says that if he were in the position of Sebastian he would not care even for twenty consciences in order to win the kingship of Naples He would rather forget all his consciences if they happen to trouble him at all (iii) What does Antonio suggest to Sebastian What does Antonio assure him
Antonio suggests to Sebastian that in a moment Sebastian can put to death Gonzalo who pretends to be a very wise man and who on that account rebukes others (particularly Antonio and Sebastian) whereas he (Antonio) himself can put Alonso to death with only three inches of his willing sword Antonio further assures Sebastian that by killing both of them there will be none left to oppose him and in this way every obstacle in his way will be removed
(iv) Explain the lines lsquofor all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hourrsquo
In other words Antonio says that even if he were endowed with a stiff conscience he could easily relax or soften it for the execution of his purpose Then Antonio suggests that conscience should be no hindrance to a manrsquos future greatness
Comments These are terrible words coming from the mouth of a villain of the worst type He is utterly devoid of conscience or remorse He is an utter atheist of human virtue He speaks of conscience as a deity that he does not feel in his bosom
According to Antonio so far as the other lords (Adrian Francisco and others) are concerned they need not be murdered because they would obey the orders of Antonio and Sebastian as willingly and readily as cat licks milk These other lords would endorse and support everything that Sebastian and Antonio may say or suggest These other lords would adjust their views in accordance with the wishes of Antonio and Sebastian and they would regard all proposals made by Antonio and Sebastian as being opportune and also as being acceptable(v) What opinion do you form of Antonio from the above speech
The speech given above shows Antonio to be an absolutely unscrupulous man After saying that he does not believe in any such faculty as the conscience he suggests to Sebastian to
(Act II Sc 1 L 285-291)ANTONIOhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (whiles you doing thus To the perpetual wink of aye might putThis ancient morsel this Sir Prudence whoShould not upbraid our course) - for all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour
Antonio has convinced Sebastian that he has made himself Duke of Milan by a crime for which he has felt no pricks of conscience In these lines Antonio tells Sebastian that now that the chance has presented itself to him he should take it and be King of Naples So far as Alonso is concerned Antonio agrees to undertake the task of killing him by sticking only three inches of his sharp dagger Making a thrust in the air with his sword he tells Sebastian that by a similar method he can put to sleep forever Gonzalo ndash the old piece of flesh already rotten ndash this piece of antiquity ndash this ldquoSir Prudencerdquo who is never tired of reading his moral lectures to them If ldquoProfessor Wisdomrdquo is got rid of he will not be able to denounce their action as he would surely do if they did not dispatch him as well As for the rest of the kingrsquos counselors (Adrian and Francisco) it is their nature to adopt any statements and views which are placed before them just as it is the nature of a cat to lap milk Antonio assures Sebastian that ldquothese othersrdquo will back them up in whatever they say or do that they will count the strokes of the clock exactly as they bid them not according to the real time but according to the time that is right for their business Hence only two persons Alonso and Gonzalo are required to be removed to fulfill their ambition
murder Gonzalo at the very time when he (Antonio) stabs Alonso to death And yet this brutal man has a fertile wit also He can talk in a persuasive manner and also in a sarcastic and satirical manner He knows human nature thoroughly and he understands that Gonzalo is loyal to Alonso while the other lords are only sycophants who can easily be won over to Sebastianrsquos side after Alonso has been assassinated
(2) (Act II Sc 1 291-296)SEBASTIAN Thy case dear friend
Shall be my precedent as thou gotst MilanIll come by Naples Draw thy swordmdashone strokeShall free thee from the tribute which thou payest And I the King shall love thee
ANTONIO Draw together And when I rear my hand do you the likeTo fall it on Gonzalo
(i) Explain the situation and introduce the persons engaged in conversation
After the supposed shipwreck King Alonso with his lords his brother Sebastian and Antonio the Duke of Milan land on a strange island Prince Ferdinand is feared to be drowned While the King and others have fallen asleep after exertions of the day and Ariel with his sweet music acting as a catalyst Antonio and Sebastian are awake They have hatched a conspiracy to kill King Alonso and his loyal lord Gonzalo Then Sebastian will become King of NaplesIn these lines Antonio and Sebastian are engaged in conversation They are just ready to execute their plan to attack King Alonso and Gonzalo simultaneously(ii) Antoniorsquos case shall become Sebastianrsquos precedent What has been Antoniorsquos case
Antonio proved treacherous towards his brother Prospero who was the Duke of Milan Since Prospero spent his time in his scholarly pursuits he had delegated his powers to his younger brother Antonio to administer the dukedom Antonio grew ambitious He overthrew his brother and expelled him from his own dukedom In his place Antonio became the Duke of Milan which he continues to be now His case urges Sebastian to do the same(iii) How is Sebastian going to follow Antonio
Sebastian is going to take Antoniorsquos case as his precedent He is convinced that if Antonio could usurp the dukedom from his living brother Sebastian could become the King of Naples by killing his sleeping brother(iv) What will one stroke of Antoniorsquos sword do What will Sebastian do to reward Antonio
Sebastian asks Antonio to put an end to Alonsorsquos life with one stroke of his sword The same stroke will earn for him a reward Sebastian will become the King of Naples and he will exempt Antonio from paying the annual tribute to Naples The dukedom of Milan is a tributary to the kingdom of Naples Its Duke has to pay tribute to the King every year When Sebastian takes over as the King he will give a benefit to his friend who is helping him to realize his ambition
(v) What is Antoniorsquos suggestion
Antonio suggests that they may draw their swords together When he raises his hand to attack Alonso Sebastian should raise his sword to bring it down on Gonzalo
ACCOUNTS-11 25062020 Topic- depreciation ndashSTRAIGHT LINE METHOD
Illustration Salman and Usman Bros acquired a machine on July 1 2014 at a cost of Rs 70000 and spent Rs5000 on its installation The firm writes off depreciation 10 on straight line method The books are closed on December 31 every year Show the machinery and depreciation account for three years
Solution Machinery Account
Date Particulars LF amount Date Particulars LF` Amount ( Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014July 01 To Bank Ac 70000 Dec 31 Dec By Depreciation Ac 3750
(70000 x10x612)
July 01 To Bank Ac 5000 Dec31 By Balance cd 71250
75000 75000
2015 2015Jan 01 To Balance bd 71250 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 x10 ) Dec31 By Balance cd 63750
71250 71250
2016 2016Jan 01 To Balance bd 63750 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 (75000 x10 ) Dec 31 By Balance cd 56250
63750 63750
Depreciation Account
Date Particulars LF Amount Date Particulars LF Amount (Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 3750 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 3750
2015 2015
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
2016 2016
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
WORKING
Cost of Machine RS70000Cost of Installation Rs 5000
Total 75000
Rate of Depreciation 10
Then annual depreciation will be 10 of Rs 75000 = Rs 7500
Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution Geography DRIANAGE THE PENINSULAR RIVERS
1 The Mahanadi2 The Godavari3 The Krishna4 The Kaveri5 The Subarnarekha6 The Narmada7 The Tapi8 The Sabarmati and the Mahi9 The Chambal
The Mahanadi Basin The Mahanadi rises from Dandakaranya
Q1 Which is the largest river of peninsular plateau Write a brief note about its courseA1 The largest river of peninsular plateau is Godavari The river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has
near Sihawa in Raipur district in the highlands of Chhattisgarhand flows through Odisha to reach the Bay of BengalThe length of the river is about 857 kmIts drainagebasin is shared by Maharashtra Chhattisgarh Jharkhandand Odisha
THE MAHANADI RIVER SYSTEM
The GodavariThe river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
THE GODAVARI RIVER SYSTEM
many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
Q2 Which river is known as Dakshin GangaA2 The Godavari river is known as lsquoDakshin Gangarsquo It is also known as Vridha Ganga
Q3 Differentiate between east-flowing rivers and west-flowing riversA3
East-flowing rivers
West-flowing rivers
Godavari Krishna Kaveri Mahanadi are the east-flowing rivers
Narmada Tapiwest-flowing rivers
They fall into the Bay of Bengal
They fall into Arabian Sea
These rivers form big deltas
These rivers form comparativelysmall deltas
Catchment area of these river are larger
Catchment area of these river are smaller
The KrishnaThe Krishna river rises from the Western Ghatsnear Mahabaleshwar It flows into the Bay of Bengalbefore forming a large delta Its length is about1400 km The Tungabhadra Koyana Ghatprabha Musi and Bhima are some of its tributariesIt has covers parts of Maharashtra Karnataka and AndhraPradesh
THE KRISHNA RIVER SYSTEM
The KaveriIt rises in the Brahmagiri range of the Western Ghats and flows into the Bay ofBengal Southof Cuddalore in Tamil Nadu The length of the river is about 760 km Its main tributaries are the Amravati Bhavani Hemavati and Kabini The Kaveri drains inthe parts of Karnataka Kerala and drains in Tamil Nadu The river Kaveri makes the second biggest waterfall in India known as Sivasamudram
POLITICAL SCIENCE
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
MEANING OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS-Fundamental rights are those rights which are essential for intellectual moral and spiritual development of citizens of India As these rights are fundamental or essential for existence and all-round development of individuals hence they are called Fundamental rights These are enshrined in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India These include individual rights common to most such as equality before the law freedom of speech and freedom of expression religious and cultural freedom Freedom of assembly (peaceful assembly) freedom of religion (freedom to practice religion) right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writsThere are six fundamental rights recognized by the Indian constitution
1 Right to equality (Articles 14-18)2 Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22)3 Right Against exploitation (Articles 23-24)4 Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25- 28)5 Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29-30) and6 Right to Constitutional remedies (Articles 32-35)
1 The right to equality includes equality before the law the prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion race caste gender or place of birth equality of opportunity in matters of employment the abolition of untouchability and abolition of titles
2 The right to freedom includes freedom of speech and expression association or union or cooperatives movement residence and right to practice any profession or occupation
3 The right against exploitation prohibits all forms of forced labour child labour and trafficking of human beings
4 The right to freedom of religion includes freedom of conscience and free profession practice and propagation of religion freedom to manage religious affairs freedom from certain taxes and freedom from religious instructions in certain educational institutes
5 The Cultural and educational Rights preserve the right of any section of citizens to conserve their culture language or script and right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice
6 The right to constitutional remedies is present for enforcement of fundamental rightsThe right to privacy is an intrinsic part of Article 21 (the Right to Freedom) that protects the life and liberty of the citizens The right to privacy is the newest right assured by the Supreme court of India It assures the peoples data and personal security
Fundamental rights for Indians have also been aimed at overturning the inequalities of pre-independence social practices Specifically they have also been used to abolish untouchability and thus prohibit discrimination on the grounds of religion race caste sex or place of birth They also forbid trafficking of human beings and forced labour (a crime) They also protect cultural and educational rights of religious and linguistic minorities by allowing them to preserve their languages and also establish and administer their own education institutions They are covered in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India
Mathematics
Relation Study Item Types of RelationToday class xii students we will discuss about the types of RelationsFirst we discuss Void RelationWhat is Void RelationAns Let A be a non-empty set Then φ A A and so it is a relation R on set A Thissube ⨯ relation is called the void or empty relation on set ANow from the above definition we came to know that no element of A is related to any element of AHere A A is called Cartesian product⨯
is the symbol of subsetsubeAnd φ is called phi and refer to void or empty relationNow I give an example to understand the above said relationLet A = 1 2 3 4Here A A =(11)(12)(13)(14)(21)(22)(23)(24)(31)(32)(33)(34)(41)⨯(42)(43)(44)Now we consider R is a relation which is defined by R=(ab) a+b= 50We notice that a+b 50 for any two elements of AnotinTherefore (ab) R for any ab A is called belong to and is not belong tonotin isin isin notinTherefore we can say R does not contain any element of A A⨯Therefore R is empty set Therefore we can say that R is the void or empty relation on AWhat is universal RelationAns Let A is a set Then A A A A and so it is a relation on A This relation is called⨯ sube ⨯ the universal relation on ANow from the above definition we can say that each element of A is related to every element of ANow we consider the relation R on the set A =1 234 defined by R = (ab) R |a -b|isin
0≽We observe that|a - b | 0 for all ab A≽ isin
(ab) R for all (ab) A ArArr isin isin ⨯ Each element of set A is related to set A every element of set ArArr
Therefore we write R= AxATherefore we can say R is universal relation on set ANote we can say that void relation is smallest relation and the universal relation is largest relationSometime both void relation and universal relation is called trivial relationWhat is identity relationAns Let A is a non-empty set Then the relation R or IA = (aa) a A on A is called theisin identity relation on A Therefore from the above definition we can say that every element of A is related to itself only
Example Let A = 1234 then Ror IA = (11)(22)(33)(44) is the identity relation on set ANow I give you another example R1 = (11)(22)(33) and R2 = (11)(22)(33)(44)(24)From the above example we can say that R1 and R2 are not identify relation Because in the case of R1 (44)R1 and on the other hand R2 where element 2 is related to elements 2 and 4
Hindi 2ndlang
भलि[ (महादी मा)
भलि[ कहानी की लखिखका महादी मा न इस कहानी म यह दशान का परयास गिकया ह गिक आजकल क जमान म भी लो सक बन कर गिनसाथ सा करत ह ह
गिबना तन लिसा करत ह और उसक बदल ना कछ मात ह और ना ही कोई आशा करत ह नौकर सा करक तन चाहता ह और ह भी कई सगिधाओ की आशा करता ह पर सक सदा गिनजी साथ भा स सा म सलगन रह कर काम करता ह भलि[ कहानी की मखय पातर लकषमी ह जिजस भलि[ नाम लखिखका न दिदया ह ह गिकसी
ोपाल काकी कनया ह पाच रष की आय म उसकी गि माता न ौना ही कर दिदया कहानी म भलि[ क दखो का अत नही ह गिफर भी ह बडी साहसी धयान और परिरशरमी ह कदिठनाइयो स जझ ती ह पहल गिपता की मतय गिफर पगित की मतय और
गिफर घर जमाई की मतय होती ह उस साहसी मगिहला न साहस नही छोडा और तीनो पतरी ओक हाथ पील गिकए लाना द पान क कारण उसका जमीदार न अपमान गिकया गिफरकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहचीकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहची शहर पहच करा लखिखका की सगिका बनी ही पर उसका नाम भलि[ पडा ह एक भ[ की तरह अपन सामिमनी की इमानदारी स सा करती और तन का जिजकर भी नही करती ह लखिखका क घर पाठशाला आदिद को अचछी तरह स सभालती पढी-
लिलखी ना होकर भी ह लखिखका की बहत सा ए सहायता करती ह लखिखका का साया बनकर चलती लखिखका की सा करना उसक जीन का उददशय ह ह
लखिखका की खशी क लिलए ही काय करती ह ह लखिखका को दखी नही दख सकती लखिखका पर भलि[ का इतना परभा पडा गिक ह सय दहाती बन ई
यदध क दिदनो म ह अपन परिरार क साथ रहन की अपकषा लखिखका क साथ रहना पसद करती थी यदध क भत न जब ीटा क ान पर पलायन गित जा दी तो
भलि[ न न लखिखका को अपन ा ल जान का अनरोध करन ली लखिखका को डर ह गिक यदिद उसक गिदा होन क अगितम छठा ए तो ह दहातीन दधा कया कर ी
इस परकार हम दखत ह गिक लखिखका न सामिमनी और सगिका क ण बरसात हए सक धम पर परकाश डाला ह और लखिखका न एक आदश सगिका क रप को सदर
रप स परसतत गिकया हBengali আদাব পরশন) ldquoশরণের ১৪৪ ধারা আর কারহিZউ অU ার জারী রণেয়রণে0ldquo
ক) কার গলখা গকা3 রচ3ার অংশ খ)গকাায় গক3 ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়রণে0 )১৪৪ ধারা কী এর Zরণেল কী য়
উততর) ক)আরণেলাচ য অংশটি সরণেরশ বসর রহিচত lsquoআদাবlsquo গ0াট রণেলপর অংশ
খ) বাংলারণেদরণেশর ঢাকা শরণের ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়হি0ল সামপরদাহিয়ক াnাা ও দাnা পরহিতরণেরারণেধর জ3 য হিlt সলা3রণেদর গ3তারণেদর সামপরদাহিয়ক উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা বারণেধ উ2য় সমপরদায় 2ীত রণেয় ঘর বহিlt রণেয় পরণে পরসপর পরসপররণেক সরণেltরণের গচারণেখ গদরণেখ গকউ কাউরণেক আরণের রণেতা হিবশবাস কররণেত পারণের3া হিক0 া3রণেষর উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা য় ার পহির3া অরণেতক রকত iয় ও ত য
) ১৪৪ ধারা আইরণে3র এ3 একটা ধারা ার _ারা এলাকা হি3হিদ ষট করণের গদওয়া য় গসই এলাকার রণেধ য গবহিশ া3রণেষর জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় হিহি0ল জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় আই3 2nকারীরণেক গহিলর হি3রণেদশ জাহির করা য় তাই সাধার3 া3ষ আর বাইরণের গবর রণেত পারণের3া পরারণে3র 2রণেয় বহিlt রণেয় ারণেক এর Zল য় সাংঘাহিতক গদাকা3 পাট বনধ ারণেক
হিজহি3স পতর অহিল য় রাসতা ঘাট জ3 শ3 য রণেয় ায় লরণেঠরা তারণেদর লঠত রাজ চাহিলরণেয় হি3রণেজরণেদর আরণেখর গহি0রণেয় গ3য় া3ষরণেক 2ীহিতর হিব2ীহিষহিক গরাস করণের ঘরণেরর া3রণেষর ইkা াকরণেলও ঘরণের হিZররণেত পারণের3া হিZররণেত হিরণেয় বltরণেকর গহিলরণেত পরা3 ারায়
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today we will discuss about Types of Leaves
An organization provides several kinds of leaves to the employees These days employees working both in government and private sector are allowed several types of leaves Following are the leaves achieved by the employees from their organization
Casual LeaveChild care leave -HospitalLeaveSpecial disability leaveChild Adoption leaveEarned LeavesHalf pay leaveMaternity leavePaternityleaveStudy leave
1 Casual Leave- Casual leave is not a recognised form of leaves and is not subject to any rules made by the government of India And official on casual leave is not treated as Absent from duty and pay is not intimated Normally 8 days of casual leave is permissible in a calendar year
2 Child care leave - Women employees having minor children may be granted child care leave by an authority competent to grant leave for a maximum period of 730 days means two years during their entire service for taking care of up to two children weather for sharing or to look after any of their names like examination sickness it is a
3HospitalLeave - Hospital leave is admissible to group C employees whose duties involved handling of dangerous machinery explosive materials poisonous drugs and performance of hazardous task and to group D employees Medical certificate from an authorised medical attendant is necessary for the grant of these leave However total period of
leave does not exceed 28 months4Special disability leave- Special
disability leave admissible to all employees when disabled by injury intentionally or accidentally inflicted are caused in law in consequence of the due performance of official duties or in consequence of official position It also it is also add miscible when disabled by illness incurred in the performance of any particular duty which has the effect of increasing laboratory to illness or injury beyond the ordinary least attaching to the Civil post held and the same condition
5Child Adoption leave- This leave is granted to female Employees with fewer than two surviving children on valid adoption of a child below the age of one year for a period of 135 days immediately after the date of valid adoption Leave salary will be equal to the pain immediately before processing on leave
6Earned Leaves- This leave is earned by duty The credit for earned leave will be awarded at a rate of 15 days on the 1st of January and 1st of July every year It can be accumulated up to 300 days in addition to the number of days for which encashment has been allowed along with LTC
7 Half pay leave -All government servant are entitled to 20 days of HPL half pay leave for every completed year of service Half pay leave is calculated at 20 days for each completed year of service The service includes periods of duty and leave including extra ordinary leave with or without MC (medical certificate)
8 Maternity leave -Maternity leave is granted to women Government employees full stop it is as possible only to Employees with less than 2 surviving children The maternity leave is not debited to leave account and full pay is granted It cannot be combined with any other the leaves and count as service for increment and pension
9 PaternityleaveA male employee with less than 2 surviving children may be granted paternity leave for a period of 15 days during the confinement of
his wife During the period of such leaves he shall be paid leave salary equal to the pay drawn immediately before proceeding on leave
10 Study leave-Study leave may be granted to all Government Employees with not less than 5 years service for undergoing a special course consisting of higher studies are specialised training in a professional or technical subject having a direct and close connection with the sphere of his duties as a Civil Servant
Commerce
Chapter-5Management
Let us today discuss about the nature of Management
Nature of management Management is defined as
An art A science A profession
Management is defined as an art because of the following reasons
1 In art there is an existence of theoretical knowledge Similarly in management various theories are propounded by management thinkers in various areas of management like finance marketing human resources etc
2 Every manager apply his or her personal skills and knowledge in the day to day functioning of an enterprise
3 Like an art management is creative as it provides solutions to Complex problems making resources productive and profitable moulding the attitudes of people for the betterment of an organisation
Management is is considered as science because of the following reasons
1 Like science there is a systemised body of knowledge in management consisting of theories principles vocabulary and concept
2 Principles of management are evolved after continuous observations and experimentation
Management both as Science and ArtManagement is both a science and an art It is a science because it uses certain principles and is an art because it requires continuous practice and application of personal skillsManagement as a profession Following points highlight whether management is a profession or not1 Like profession management has well
defined body of knowledge It has its own principles which are based on experiments One can acquire such
knowledge by pursuing courses like MBA BBA etc and acquire managerial skills through instruction and training
2 In management no such restriction is there for managers to clear an examination for hold a degree However these days more and more people are appointed for managerial post who opposes management degrees
3 Membership to a professional Association like AIMA is not mandatory for managers All managers directly or indirectly work for the development of society
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Essay Questions (EQ-2)
Question No 2Sketch the character of Prospero Would you call him perfect
AnswerProspero in The Tempest appears to be an intensely human being with human failings and weaknesses With all his excellence Prospero is made to awaken our sympathy for a natural imperfection Prosperorsquos Previous HistoryIn his retrospective narration of his previous history to Miranda we get a glimpse into Prosperorsquos past life As the Duke of Milan Prospero buried himself in his magic books which he prized above his dukedom He was essentially a scholar with no practical wisdom He failed to perform his first duty by neglecting the governance of his state and gave an opportunity to his wicked brother to undermine his throne He was thus driven from his home and thrown in a leaky boat with his weeping daughter to drift in the perilous seas It is only the thought of his little child that kept him aliveThe Development of Prosperorsquos CharacterThe development of his character is evident from the contrast between what he was before his banishment and what he is now in the island Formerly when his ldquolibrary was dukedom enoughrdquo he was altogether too unsuspecting Now he is watchful as providence and takes care to guard himself against the possibility of evil He has learnt to know human nature in its worst forms even Caliban has taught him something He will no longer put his trust in appearance except as ldquostale to catch thievesrdquo nor in oaths of which the strongest he says ldquoare straw to the fire irsquo the bloodrdquo He who once neglected worldly ends now consistently asserts his dignity enforces obedience and deals out justice with impartial hand He who without a thought of evil gave his power and his revenues into his brotherrsquos hands now puts Ferdinand to the severest test as a trial of his love before entrusting his daughter to him He makes the most practical use imaginable of his magic art exacts prompt servitudefrom his attendants does not hesitate to punish them is resolved and firm and knows how to seize the proper moment for action He is a most careful father to his daughter a considerate master of Ariel severe against the brutal Caliban humane towards the repentant enemies full of experience and wisdomThe Exercise of his Power ndash his SternnessWhat appears to us at the first sight one of the least pleasing features of Prosperorsquos character is the sternness which he frequently displays more particularly in his dealings with Caliban His harshness towards Caliban resulted from the failure of gentler methods his severity towards Ferdinand was exercised in the interest of his daughter ldquolest too light winning make the prize lightrdquo and his punishment of Alonso Sebastian and Antonio is justified by the attainment of his objectiveProsperorsquos TendernessThe tender side of Prosperorsquos character is exhibited in his relation to Miranda Ariel Gonzalo and the repentant sinners His love for Miranda is unbounded She was almost life to him In his darkest hours of trial this love sustained him and gave him strength to put a bold front to suffering He addresses her always with tenderness She is to him a lsquoloved darlingrsquo lsquodear heartrsquo lsquoa rich giftrsquo lsquoa third of his own lifersquo The same affectionate nature is shown in his dealing with his brother Antonio He loved his brother Antonio only next to Miranda before Antonio conspired against him In the island when Antonio is brought before him he forgives him
readily To Gonzalo the good old councilor he is all affection He sheds tears of joy and gratitude when he meets him in the island To Ariel he is a loving and considerable master Ariel is always to him ldquomy brave spiritrdquo ldquofine spiritrdquo ldquodelicate Arielrdquo ldquomy Arielrdquo etc When he promises Ariel his freedom he says with real emotion ndash ldquoI shall miss theerdquoProsperorsquos Power as a MagicianThe practice of magic has placed wonderful powers in the hands of Prospero He uses his supernatural powers like a god only to bring about the happiest results He causes The Tempest and the shipwreck only to bring his enemies within his power and not to destroy them Not a soul perished in the storm He leads Ferdinand to Miranda his high charms work and as he wishes the two falls in love He frustrates the plots of the conspirators and makes them know that he was conscious of it He drives Sebastian and Alonso to sincere repentance and readily forgives them The drunken associates of Caliban are no doubt sternly treated but even then they are promised conditional pardon The whole play at last ends in reconciliation joy and peace The wrongs are set right the lovers are made happy Ariel is set free and thus the powerful magician retires into the solitude of his study at MilanProsperorsquos ForgivenessAllied to his wisdom is his forgiving nature Though deeply wronged he bears no spite against the wrong-doers Though his power is unlimited he uses it to noble purposes The lesson of adversity has taught him that ldquoThe rarer action is in virtue than in vengeancerdquoProspero does not debase his noble nature by revenge but forgives his enemies absolutely He drives his erstwhile enemies to a sincere penitence for their past misdeeds and when repentance has wrought its full effect on them he receives them into his arms and is reconciled to them Is Prospero perfectProspero creates a great impression upon our minds by his dignity his nobility the divine spirit of forgiveness in him his generous and sympathetic nature etc Even with all these virtues we cannot call him perfect We perceive certain faults in him He displays an occasional impatience irritability and even a certain harshness of feeling His severe treatment of Caliban might have been justified but the language in which he addresses the monster and the threats that he uses show him to be a kind of tyrant On learning of Calibanrsquos plot against his life he is as violently disturbed and agitated as any ordinary human being would be His manner towards Ariel when the latter demands his liberty also seems somewhat arbitrary and tyrannicalSubject ndashBiology Topic ndashChapter -5 Inheritance amp Variations Summary ExecutionToday we will discuss about NON-Mendelian Inheritance
NON_MENDELIAN INHERITANCE Incomplete Dominance It is an inheritance in which heterozygous offspring shows
intermediate character between two parental characteristics Eg Flower colour in snapdragon (dog flower or Antirrhinum sp) and
Mirabilis jalapa ( 4rsquoO clock plant) Here phenotypic and genotypic ratios are same Phenotypic Ratio 1Red 2 Pink 1 White Genotypic Ratio 1(RR) 2 (Rr) 1(rr) This means that R was not completely dominant over r Pea plants also show incomplete dominance in other traits
Co- dominance It is the inheritance in which both alleles of a gene are expressed in a
hybrid Eg ABO blood grouping in human ABO Blood groups are controlled by the gene I The plasma membrane of the RBC has sugar polymer that protrude
from its surface and is controlled By the gene The gene I has three alleles IA IB i The alleles IA and IB produce a slightly different form of the sugar
while allele i does not produce any sugar In AB blood group both IA and IB are present together This is co ndash
dominanceMultiple Alleles
Multiple alternatives of the same gene which influence the same character and produce different expressions in different individuals of a species or population same genes have more than two allelic
forms These different forms of a single gene are referred as multiple alleles Eg human Blood group
Ac-12 250620 Topic- retirement
Illustration Om Jai and Jagdish are partners sharing profit in the ratio of 3 2 l Their balance sheet as at December 31st 2014 is as under
Balance sheet as at December 31 2014
Liabilities Amount Assets Amount
(Rs`) (Rs`)
Creditors 80000 Building 180000 Bills Payable 26000 Plant 140000 General reserve 24000 Motor Car 40000 Capital Stock 100000 Om 160000 Debtors 63000 Jai 120000 Less Provision Jagdish 120000
400000 for Bad debts 3000
60000 Cash at Bank 10000
530000 530000
Jai retires on that date on the following terms(a) The Goodwill of the firm is valued at Rs 60000(b) Stock and Building to be appreciated by 10(c) Plant is depreciated by 10(d) Provision for Bad debts is increased upto Rs 5000(e) Jairsquos share of goodwill was adjusted through remaining partners capital accountThe amount due to Jai is paid out of the fund brought in by Om and Jagdish in theirnew profit sharing ratio Jai is paid full amountPrepare Revaluation Account and Partnerrsquos Capital account
Solution WorkingsIt is assumed that Om and Jagdish gaining ratio remains 3 lJairsquo Share of goodwill = Rs 60000 times 26 = Rs20000Adjusted through the remaining partners capital account in 3 1 ratio
Revaluation Account
Dr Cr
Particulars Amount Particulars Amount
(Rs`) (`Rs)
To Provision for Bad debts 2000 By Stock 10000TO Plant 14000 By Building 18000To Profit transferred toCapital Accounts Om 6000 Jai 4000 Jagdish 2000
12000
28000 28000
Capital AccountDr Cr Particulars Om Jai Jagdish Particulars Om Jai Jagdish
(Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (rs`) (`Rs)
To Capital 15000 mdash 5000 By Balance bd 160000 120000 120000 ToBank 152000 By General Reserve 12000 8000 4000To Balance cd 277000 mdash 159000 By Revaluation (Profit) 6000 4000 2000 By Om Capital mdash 15000 mdash ByJagdish Capital mdash 5000 By Bank 114000 38000
292000 152000 164000 292000 152000 164000
Hindi कगिता मामा आया Page 23read and learn the poem (4 lines)
मामा आया मामा आया लाल-लाल अनार लायाबचचा आया भाा- भाालाल अनार खाकर भाा
Bengali বইndashবাংলা সাহিতয পহিরচয়
পাঠndash২৩লপndashগলার জাসার - এই লপটিরণেত আষাঢ ারণেসর র এবং ররণের গলার কা আরণে0 পারণেক র হি2তর অরণে3কটা জায়া জরণে বরণেসহি0ল ররণের গলা গ0াটরা অবশযই হি0ল তারণেদর া বাবার াত ধরণের কার এহি3রণেতই গলায় বহ গলারণেকর সা য় 3া3া3 রক হিজহি3রণেসর গদাকা3 বরণেস আর ারণেক খাবারণেরর গদাকা3 ররণের গলার হিবরণেশষতব রণেলা গতরণেল 2াজা - পাপ 2াজা আর হিজহিলহিপর গদাকা3 গদাকারণে3 আর গলায় আসা গলারণেকরণেদর হৈ-হরণোরণে গলা 2রণের ারণেক গলায় আর ারণেক 3াররণেদালা হিকনত গলায় অরণে3ক আ3রণেltর ারণে=ও 2য় ারণেক াহিররণেয় াওয়ার তাই গলায় আ3lt করার সারণে সারণে আারণেদর অরণে3ক গবহিশ সাবধারণে3 গলা ঘররণেত গরণেত রণেব
পরশন -১ গকা3 গলার কা এই রণেলপ বহিত রণেয়রণে0 উঃ আষাঢ ারণেসর ররণের গলার কা এই রণেলপ বহিত রণেয়রণে0
Class IISubject Topic Summary Execution Eng literature Ch 1 Brave Jiya
Book Orchid
Refer to pg 13Do in the book
Ex K] write down the words in the correct column the things that you can count and the things you cannot count
Boat water house gold sand children
Things you can Count Things you cannot count Boat WaterHouse Gold Children sand
Eng language Ch 8 Having Verbs
REFER TO PG 45 DO IN THE BOOK [read and understand and then write]
EX D] Fill in the blanks with have has or had Answers [ continuation ]5 has6 had7had8 had
EvS Ch 8 Safety First
Safety at home- Children more accidents happen at home rather than anywhere else If we are a bit careful about ourselves at home then we can avoid many accidents For example not to play with sharp things do not fly kites on the roof etcSafety on the roads Children you are very small and you should not go outside without your parents On the road also we need to follow certain safety rules For example cross the road at the
Read pg 135 to 137
zebra crossing obey the traffic rules etc
Hindi सनाम Ch 7 सजञा शबदो की तरह सनाम शबद भी एकचन और बहचन होत ह
म-- हम यह -- य उस --उनह तम --तम सब ह ndash मरा --हमारा
Bengali বইndashবাংলা সাহিতয পহিরচয়
পাঠndash৭লপndashবরণোহিদ3অ3শীল3ীর পররণেশনাততর
১ একটি বারণেকয উততর দাও -ক) হিEসটা3রণেদর বরণো উৎসব রণেলা বরণোহিদ3খ) হিজশ হিEরণেসটর জনমহিদ3 হিসারণেব বরণো হিদ3 বলা য়) হিEসটা3রণেদর ধ গরনথ রণেলা বাইরণেবলঘ) বরণোহিদরণে3র হিপরয় খাবার রণেলা গককঙ) সানতাকলজ রণেলা বদধ গবহিশ হিEসটা3 2কত২ শ3যসথা3 পর করণেরা -ক) পরহিত ব0র ২৫ হিUরণেসমবর বরণোহিদ3 পাহিলত য়খ) এই হিদ3টি হিজশ হিEরণেসটর জনম হিদ3) হিEসটা3রণেদর ধ গররণেনথর 3া বাইরণেবল ঘ) সানতাকলজ হিশশরণেদর খব 2ারণেলাবারণেস ঙ) বরণোহিদ3 একটি পহিবতর হিদ3
Mathematics CHAPTER 6 SHAPES
THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF SHAPES 2-D AND 3-D SHAPESTHE OBJECTS WHICH WE FEEL BY HOLDING ARE 3-D SHAPESSPHERE CYLINDER CUBE CONE AND CUBOID ARE 3-D SHAPES
SQUARE RECTANGLE TRIANGLE AND CIRCULAR 2-D SHAPES
READ AND UNDERSTAND THE SUMMARY PART
Class IIISubject Topic Summary Execution Mathematics M Math
(Activity - 4) 1 Write the numbers which comes before and after the given numbersa)
Predecessor Successor
6454 6455 6456
3217 3218 3219
9299 9300 9301
7451 7452 7453
b) Before After
2100 2101 2102
7787 7788 7789
4550 4551 4552
8002 8003 8004
2 Form the largest and smallest 4-digit numbers from the given digitsLargest Smallest
9653 6935 3569
8741 8147 1478
9532 3925 2359
6432 4623 2346
9310 1930 1039
Write the smallest 4-digit number in which all the digits are the same rarr 1111
Write the largest 4-digit number in which all the digits are the samerarr 9999
Hindi सनाम Ch 7 सनाम- जो शबद सजञा शबद की जह बोल जात ह सनाम कहलात ह हिहदी म बोल जान ाल कछ सनाम शबद इस परकार ह- म हम यह तम यह ह आप मन उसनhellip
सजञा शबदो की तरह सनाम शबद भी एकचन और बहचन होत ह
Read the chapter म -- हम यह -- य उस --उनह तम --तम सब ह ndash मरा ndashहमारा
Eng literature 25620
Poem The MoonBook- oxford
Children the 2nd paragraph of this poem tells us about the different sounds of different animals like the cat is squalling the mouse is squeaking the dog is howling and there is about who sleeps during the day have all come out to enjoy the moonlightIn 3rd paragraph the poet is telling is telling us that all the things that are awake during dayhellipfalls asleep at night in the hope to see a bright new day next morning
Children read the whole poem and learn the first 8 lines of the poem along with the poetrsquos name
Bengali বই ndash বাংলা সাহিতয পহিরচয়
পাঠ ndash ৮লপ ndash ট3টহি3 ও রাজার
৩ শ3যসথা3 পর করণেরা -ক) রাজার হিসনধরণেকর টাকা গরারণেদ শরণেকারণেত গদওয়া রণেয়হি0লখ) টাকা হিZরণের গপরণেয় ট3টহি3র বরণো আ3lt রণেয়রণে0) ট3টহি3র কা শরণে3 রাজা গররণে এরণেকবারণের অহিসথর ঘ) রাজা বরণো ধরণে3 কাতর ঙ) এক টহি3রণেত ট3ট3ারণেলা সাত রা3ীর 3াক কাটারণেলা ৪ হিবপরীত শবদ - আ3lt times দঃখ হি2তর times বাহির
কাগলখক ndash উরণেপনদরহিকরণেশার রায়রণেচৌধরীঅ3শীল3ীর পররণেশনাততর
রাজা times রা3ী
Social studies Indian literature Panchatantra The word Panchatantra is derived from the Sanskrit word Pancha which means five and lsquotantrarsquo which means principles thus Panchatantra means five principles Panchatantra is a collection of animal fables arranged in the form of stories It was written 2000 years back but is still famous and relevant because of the moral values and knowledge in it It consists of 87 stories and every story has a moral value hidden in it Vishnu Sharma wrote these stories Panchatantra has been translated into 57 languages
Read a story from Panchatantra (if you have) or from any other book which you have read it Write the moral of the story
Class IVSubject Topic Summary Execution English literature
A Night in June (poem)
Solved exercisesAnswer the following questions1 How are the stars appearing in the skyAns The stars appearing by twos and threes
2 Have the birds stopped their singingAns The birds have not stopped their singing they are piping yetrsquo
3 Where are the little birdsAns The little birds are among the bushes and trees
4 What sounds can be heard
Ans Little birds piping a wind that is rushing water that is gushing and the cuckoorsquos Sovereign cry can all be heard
5 What fills the sky Ans The cuckoorsquos cry fills the sky
6Why do you think the stars appear in the way described in the poemAns They are appearing like this because although the Sun has set there is a little light in the sky As the sky gets darker more stars become visible
7 Why do you think the poet calls the cuckoorsquos cry lsquosovereignrsquoAns The cuckoorsquos cry is loud enough to fill the sky and so seems superior to the other sounds
Social studies Map reading MapA map is a flat drawing on a paper that indicates the location of an area It is drawn on a flat surface with a scale Different places can be located with the help of four Cardinal directions People who make maps are called cartographers Types of mapsPolitical mapPolitical maps focus on the territorial boundaries and location of countries capital cities states and union territoriesPhysical mapPhysical mapsshow the physical features of the EarthIt includes features like mountains plateaus plains and water bodiesThematic mapThematic maps are based on a particular theme or subject such as distribution of populations forests and rainfall
Draw a physical map of India(Take help from the book page 79)Science The Teeth
(Microbes) MicrobesMicrobes are bacteria virusesrsquo protozoa and fungi Bacteria cause diseases such as typhoid and tuberculosis Viruses are smaller than bacteria and cause diseases such as common cold and influenza Protozoa cause malariaFungi cause disease such as ringworm and athletersquos foot Fungi grow on dead plants and animalsSome microbes are also useful to us Such as
Bacteria change milk to cheese or curd and help in digestion
Some bacteria help in the decaying of dead plants and animals This is very important for cleaning up our surroundings
We eat mushrooms which are fungi
We get medicines from certain microbes such as Penicillium
Yeast help in making bread
Bookrsquos exerciseQuestion amp Answers2 Name three layers of a tooth and define each layerAns A tooth has three layers enamel dentine and pulp Enamel ndash The outer white layer of a tooth is called enamel Dentine ndash The middle layer of the tooth that is slightly yellow is called dentine Pulp ndash The innermost layer of a tooth is called pulp It is soft and has blood vessels and nerves
3 How do we take care of our teeth Write four points Ans Teeth are an important part of our body So we should take good care of our teeth
(a) We should brush our teeth twice a day once in the morning and once at night before going to bed
(b) We should eat foods rich in calcium and vitamin C and D as these foods keep our teeth strong
and cake fluffy (c) We should rinse our mouth after every meal
(d) We should use dental floss to clean between the teeth
4 How do microbes useful to us Write three points Ans Some microbes are useful to us
(a) Bacteria change milk to curd and help in our digestion
(b) We eat mushrooms which are fungi
(c) We get medicines from a fungus called Penicillium
Mathematics M Maths [Activity 1]
1 Write the numerals for the followinga) 4 ten thousandb) 8 ten thousandc) Twenty thousand five hundredd) Fifty thousand fiftyf) Ninety thousand four hundred forty eightSolution a) 40000b) 80000c) 20500d) 50050f) 904483 Put comma () to separate the numbers in two periodsa) 36452d) 10633e) 76001f) 85404Solution a) 36452 (d) 10633 (e) 76001 (f) 854044 Write the numbers in short formc) 60000+300+30+3d) 20000+5000+40e) 60000+7000+900+10+1Solution (c) 60333 (d) 25040 (e) 679115 Write the period and place value of the given numbersd) 3 in 57325e) 4 in 95483f) 0 in 88509Solution (d) ones 300(e) ones 400(f) ones 0
COMPUTER FORMATTING IN MS WORD
Q1) WRITE DOWN THE STEPS TO CHANGE THE FONT TYPEANS) THE STEPS ARE
SELECT THE TEXT THAT WE WANT TO FORMAT CLICK ON THE HOME TAB CLICK ON THE DROPDOWN ARROW NEXT TO THE FONT BOX IN THE
FONT GROUP SELECT THE RELEVANT FONT TYPE FROM THE FONT LIST BOX
Q2) HOW CAN WE CHANGE THE TEXT ALIGNMENTANS) WE CAN CHANGE THE TEXT ALIGNMENT BY FOLLOWING STEPS ARE
SELECT THE TEXT CLICK ON THE HOME TAB IN THE PARAGRAPH GROUP SELECT THE DESIRED ALIGNMENT
OPTION
Class VSubject Topic Summary Execution English language Sentences
phrases and clauses
The sentenceA sentence is a group of words that contains a subject a predicate and makes complete sense by itselfThe PhraseA phrase is a group of words which does not contain a subject and a verb and does not make complete sense by itselfThe ClauseA clause is a group of words which contains a subject and a predicate and is a part of a sentence
Example of a Phrase1 My best friend2 The sports car
The above sentences donrsquot have Subject or verb
Example of a Clause1 John is my best friend2 The man was carrying a bag
The above sentences have both Subject and verb
Social studies Indian Government
India is a very big country It is divided into 29 states and 7 union territories for effective governance and administrationThe Indian Government operates at three levelsCentral GovernmentState GovernmentLocal Government Central GovernmentThe Central Government rules over the entire country It operates from New Delhi It makes laws for the whole country and ensures that they are executed and followed The central government has three parts ndash thelegislative the executive and the judiciary1The LegislativeThe Parliament is the legislature at the Central level that makes the laws The Parliament of India is in New Delhi It is also called Sansad It has two houses Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha Their members are called MPs -Members of Parliament The citizens of the country elect them through elections
1Name the three levels of Government that the Indian Government operatesAns Central Government State Government and Local Government
2Name the three parts of Central GovernmentAns The legislative the executive and the judiciary
3What is the other name for SansadAns Parliament
Science Pollination(Agents of pollination)
Agents of Pollination
We all know that plants cannot move from one place to another but they reproduce They need help to transfer their pollen grains Wind insects water birds and other animals help in transferring their pollen grains So they are called agents of pollination
Q Define self-pollination Ans Self pollination ndash When the pollen grains get transferred from the anthers to the stigma of the same flower or another flower on the same plant it is known as self-pollination
Q Define cross-pollination Ans Cross-pollination ndash When the pollen grains get transferred from the
Pollination by wind ndash grasses such as rice wheat maize their pollen grains are very dry and light and easily blown by the wind Some plants have a feathery stigma to catch the pollen grains Pollination by insects ndashInsects such as butterflies bees help in cross pollination When insects visit flowers to collect nectar the pollen grains get stuck to their body and when they visit to another flower the pollen grains get transferred to the stigma of that flower This is how insects help in pollination Pollination by water ndashPollination by water occurs in aquatic plants Pollination occurs when the male flower moving with the flow of water comes in contact with the female flower
anthers of one flower to the stigma of a flower of another plant of the same type it is known as cross-pollination
Q How do insects help in pollination Ans Insects such as butterflies bees help in cross pollination When in sects visit flowers to collect nectar the pollen grains get stuck to their body and when they visit to another flower the pollen grains get transferred to the stigma of that flower This is how insects help in pollination
English literature
Sour grapes A fox was trotting on one day and he saw lovely grapes just above his head The grapes where rich ripe and purple- red He was impatient to grab the fruit but it was too high He gave it up by letting out a deep sighHe then said to himself that he has wasted his time upon such a common fruit and he is sure that those grapes were sour
The poet then concludes the poem by saying that we often say this in our real life When we fail to do or achieve something in our lives we often say like the fox that ldquowe re sure the grapes are sourrdquo
Write the synonyms of1 Trotting- Riding2 Eager- anxious3 Snatch- grab4 Heaving- to let out relief5 Sigh- deep breath6 Mean- miserable and poor
SUBJECT- FRENCH (3RD LANGUAGE)Les alphabets avec vocabulariesAlphabets with vocabularies
- Ananas- Ballon- Chat
- Dents - Escargot
HOMEWORK-LEARN THIS VOCABULARIES WITH PROPER PRONUNCIATION
MAT
HEM
ATIC
S
Ch 6
Com
mon
frac
tions Subtraction of fractions
(a) Subtraction of like fractions
(b) Subtraction of unlike fractions
(c) Subtraction of mixed fractions [To subtract mixed numbers we change them to improper fractions and then subtract]
Exercise ndash 28Subtract
2 712
minus 312
Solution 712
minus 312 =
7minus312 =
412 =
13
4 18minus 1
12
Solution The LCM of 8 and 12 = 24
there4 18=
1times 38times3 =
324 and
112
= 1 times212 times2
= 224
there4 18minus 1
12 = 3
24 - 2
24 = 3minus224 =
124
10 59minus 7
18
Solution The LCM of 9 and 18 = 18
there4 59=
5times 29 times2 =
1018 and
718=
7 times 118times 1 =
718
there4 59minus 7
18 = 1018 -
718 =
10minus718 =
318 =
16
11 34minus1
5
Solution The LCM of 4 and 5 = 4times5 = 20
there4 34 =
3 times54 times 5 =
1520 and
15=
1times 45times 4 =
420
there4 34 -
15 =
1520 -
420 =
15minus420 =
1120
19 6 - 159
Solution Now 6 = 61 and 1
59 =
149
The LCM of 1 and 9 = 9
there4 61=
6 times91times 9 =
549 and
149 =
14 times19times1 =
149
there4 6 - 159 =
61 -
149 =
549 -
149 =
54minus149 =
409 = 4
49
20 715 - 3
910
Solution Now 715 =
365 and 3
910 =
3910
The LCM of 5 and 10 = 10
there4 715 =
365 =
36 times25times 2 =
7210 and 3
910 =
3910
there4 715 - 3
910 =
7210 -
3910 =
72minus3910 =
3310 = 3
310
Practice at HomeExercise ndash 28
17 3712 - 2
56
18 5 - 278
Class VISubject Topic Summary Execution BIOLOGY Ch-8
AdaptationsPg-115
A Short answer questions
3 Write the characteristics of submerged plants Ans ndash
1 Submerged aquatic are present below the water surface
2 The roots of partly submerged plants are fixed in the soil below water at the bottom of pond lake or river
3 The stems of such plants grow up to the surface of water while the leaves and flowers float on the surface of water
4 Submerged plants donrsquot have thick waxy cuticle
5 Completely submerged water plants like sea grasses and pondweed lack stomata
6 The leaves are mostly thin
Class VIISubject Topic Summary Execution CHEMISTRY
Chapter ndashPhysical and Chemical Changes
Physical ChangeA physical change involves a change in physical propertiesPhysical change is a type of change where no new substance is formed Most physical changes are reversible
Characteristics of Physical changes 1 They are temporary changes2 They are reversible changes 3 No new substance formed4 A physical change involves a
change in physical properties not its chemical properties
Terms related to Physical ChangesDissolvingMeltingMelting pointFreezingFreezing pointBoiling Boiling pointEvaporationCondensationCondensation point
Pg-25Question 6State three differences between evaporation and boiling
Evaporation Boiling
1 Evaporation is a slow process
2 Evaporation takes place from the surface of the liquid
3 Evaporation takes place at all temperature
1 Boiling is a fast process
2 Boiling takes place from all parts of the liquid
3 Boiling takes place at a fixed temperature on heating
Question 7State four differences between physical and chemical changes
Physical change Chemical change
1 No new substances with new properties are formed
2 It can be reversed by simple physical methods
3 It is temporary change
4 Energy is neither needed nor produced
1 New substances with new properties are formed
2 Change cannot be reversed by simple physical methods
3 It is permanent change4 Energy is either needed
or evolved
GEOGRAPHY
ATMOSPHERE
GREENHOUSE EFFECT ANDGLOBAL WARMINGWe have already learned that therays of the Sun heat up the Earths surfaceduring the day and cools off at night byradiating out the heat in the form of terrestrialradiation Some of this heat is absorbed by thegreenhouse gases of the atmosphere and doesnot escape into outer space This preventsthe Earth from becoming excessively cold atnight This is known as Greenhouse EffectIt has led to a gradual rise in globaltemperatures which is referred to as globalwarmingCauses of Global Warming
Q1 What do you mean by Greenhouse EffectA1 Therays of the Sun heat up the Earths surfaceduring the day and cools off at night byradiating out the heat in the form of terrestrialradiation Some of this heat is absorbed by thegreenhouse gases of the atmosphere and doesnot escape into outer space This preventsthe Earth from becoming excessively cold atnight This is known as Greenhouse Effect
Q2 What are the greenhouse gases A2 The heat-trapping gases calledgreenhouse gas (GHGs)
Examples chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Carbon dioxide halons methane nitrous oxide and
GREENHOUSE GAS The heat-trapping gases calledgreenhouse gas (GHGs) Over the years these gases have releasedin the atmosphere and thus making the planetwarmerExamples Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Carbon dioxide halons methane nitrous oxide and ozone
GLOBAL WARMINGIncreasing of Earthrsquos temperature day by day by the increasing amount of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere is called as global warming
CAUSES OF GLOBAL WARMING 1 Burning of fossil fuel2 Harmful emission from industries
andvehicles3 Deforestation and mining4 Excessive rearing of farm animals5 Fertilisers
ozone
Q3 What do you mean by Global Warming Write any two causes of global warming
A3 Increasing of Earthrsquos temperature day by day by the increasing amount of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere is called as global warming The main causes of global warming are a Burning of fossil fuelb Harmful emission from industries
andvehicles
COMPUTER
ARRAYS ARRAY IS A VARIABLE WHICH STORES DIFFERENT VALUES OF THE SAME DATA TYPE IT IS USEFUL TO ORGANIZE MULTIPLE VARIABLES TO DECLARE AN ARRAY DIM (DIMENSION) STATEMENT IS USED LETS TAKE AN EXAMPLE TO DECLARE AN ARRAYDIM NUMBERS(10)10 INSIDE THE PARENTHESES MEANS THIS ARRAY CAN HOLD 11 ELEMENTSNUMBERS YES 11 NUMBERS THERE IS A FIRST INDEX ARRAY 0 ALSO (0 TO 10)EXAMPLES1)TAKE ANY 6 NUMBERS (SAY 2451069) IN AN ARRAY AND ADD NUMBERS INPOSITIONINDEX 3 AND 5 PRINT THE FINAL RESULT
READ THE SUMMARY PART AND TRY TO UNDERSTAND THE CONCEPT OF ARRAY IN QBASIC
SUBJECT- FRENCH (3RD LANGUAGE)Les alphabets avec vocabulariesAlphabets with vocabularies
- Ananas- Ballon- Chat - Dents - Escargot
HOMEWORK-LEARN THIS VOCABULARIES WITH PROPER PRONUNCIATION
Class VIIISubject Topic Summary Execution PHYSICS ENERGY Types of Energy
There are different forms of energy Today we will discuss some important
A Objective Questions
1 Write true or false for each
types of energy and their features ndash1 Mechanical energyMechanical energy is the sum of kinetic and potential energy in an object that is used to do work In other words it is energy in an object due to its motion or position or both
A Kinetic Energy The energy in motion is known as Kinetic Energy For example a moving ball flowing water etc
Kinetic Energy=12mv2
Wherem = Mass of the objectv = Velocity of the object
B Potential Energy This is the energy stored in an object and is measured by the amount of work done For example a pen on a table water in a lake etc
Potential Energy=mghWherem = Mass of the object (in kilograms)g = Acceleration due to gravityh = Height in metersMechanical EnergyIt is the sum of potential energy and kinetic energy that is the energy associated with the motion amp position of an object is known as Mechanical energy Thus we can derive the formula of mechanical energy as ndash
Mechanical Energy = Kinetic Energy + Potential Energy
MechanicalEnergy=12mv2+mgh
2 Solar EnergyThe light and heat from the sun harnessed using technologies like solar heating photovoltaics solar thermal energy solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis is known as solar energy It is the prime source of renewable energy
3 Wind EnergyIt is one of the various forms of energy The energy present in the flow of wind used by wind turbines is called wind energy This energy is a major cheap source to produce electricity In this phenomena the kinetic energy of the wind is converted into mechanical power
statement
(a) A coolie does no work against the force of gravity while carrying luggage on a road
Answer True
(b) The energy stored in water of a dam is the kinetic energy
Answer False
(c) The energy of a flying kite is kinetic energy
Answer True
(d) Work done by a boy depends on the time in which he does work
Answer False
(e) Power spent by a body depends on the time for which it does work
Answer True
4 Nuclear EnergyThe energy present in the nucleus of an atom is known as nuclear energy The particles of an atom are tiny and need the energy to hold themselves Nuclear energy is that enormous energy in the bonds of an atom which helps to hold the atom together Nuclear energy can be used to make electricity
5 Geothermal EnergyThe energy or heat present inside the Earth is known as geothermal energy It is a cheap amp convenient heat and power resource and use of this energy donrsquot have a side effect like greenhouse gas emission etc
6 Tidal Energy
Tidal energy or tidal power is a form of hydropower (energy present in water) which converts the energy present in the tides to produce electricity
7 Biomass Energy
Biomass is organic matter obtained from living organisms The energy produced from biomass is called biomass energy
8 Electrical Energy
The energy caused by moving electric charges is known as electrical energy Electric energy is a type of kinetic energy as the electrical charges moves
9 Thermal Energy
As the name suggests thermal energy is the energy obtained from heat It is a microscopic disordered equivalent of mechanical energyThere may be instances where an object posses more than one type of energy For example boiling water posses both kinetic and potential energy along with heat energy
MATHEMATICS Ch 9Interest
Execution ndash 9(B) 3 A sum of money lent out at simple interest doubles itself in 8 years Find (i) the rate of Interest (ii) In how many years will the sum become triple (three times) at itself at the same rate percent
Solution
(i) Let P = Rs100 there4 A = Rs200 So I = A ndash P = Rs(200-100) = Rs100 and T = 8years [ P= Principal A = Amount I = Interest and T = Time]
there4 The rate of interest (R) = 100times IP times T = ( 100 times100
100times 8 ) = 252
= 125
(ii) Again P = Rs100 A = Rs300 So I = Rs(300-100) = Rs200 and R = 125
there4 T = 100times IP times R = ( 100 times 200
100 times12 5 ) years = ( 1000times 200100times125 )years= 16 years
4 Rs4000 amount to Rs5000 in 8years in what time will Rs2100 amount to Rs2800 at the same rate
Solution
1 st part P = Rs4000 A = Rs5000 there4 I = Rs(5000-4000) = Rs1000And T = 8 years
there4 R = 100times IP times T = ( 100 times1000
4000 times8 ) = 258
2 nd part Now P = Rs2100 A = Rs2800 there4 I = Rs(2800-2100) =Rs700 and R
= 258
there4 T = 100times IP times R = ( 100 times 700
2100 times 258 ) years = ( 100 times8
3 times25 )years= 323 years = 10
23 years
= 10years( 23
times 12)months = 10 years 8 months
6 A certain sum amounts to Rs3825 in 4 years and to Rs4050 in 6 years Find the rate percent and the sum
Solution Amount in 6 years = Rs4050Amount in 4 years = Rs3825
there4 Interest in 2years = Rs(4050-3825) = Rs225
there4 Interest in 1year = Rs225divide2 = Rs2252
there4 Interest in 4years =Rs(225times2) = Rs450
Now P = A ndash I = Rs(3825 ndash 450) = Rs3375
there4 R = 100times IP times T = ( 100 times225
3375 times2 ) = 103
= 313
Practice at Home5 What sum of money lent at 65 per annum will produce the same interest in 4 years as Rs7500 produce in 6 years at 5 per annum
GEOGRAPHY MIGRATION CLIMATE REFUGEES
Climate refugees who are forced to move out when their homes when threatened by imminent climate catastrophes Example many people many people migrated from the sinking south pacific Islands to Australia and New Zealand
MISCELLANEOUS MIGRATION
Miscellaneous migration often takes place due to the governmentrsquos decisions or due to political unrest Example the Indonesian government moved the farming population from the overpopulated areas of Java to the islands of Borneo and Sumatra
FORCED MIGRATION
Forced migration happens during times of disaster of warfare Abduction and transfer of African slaves to America to serve as labour force is an example of forced migration Today climate change and rising sea levels have led to forced migration in many of the island nations of the world
VOLUNTARY MIGRATION
Voluntary migration is shifting to HDC(highly developed countries) from LDC(lowly developed countries) for better job or educational opportunities and better standards of living There is a current trend in which a large number of students are migrating from developing nations to European and American universities for higher studies This type of voluntary migration leads to depopulation in the country which people leave and adds to the volume of immigrants in the country that receives these people
Q1 What do you understand by climate refugees Where it can be found
A1 Climate refugees who are forced to move out when their homes when threatened by imminent climate catastrophes or disasters
Example many people migrated from the sinking south pacific Islands to Australia and New Zealand
Q2Give an example on miscellaneous migration
A2 An example on miscellaneous migration like the Indonesian government moved the farming population from the overpopulated areas of Java to the islands of Borneo and Sumatra
Q3 Give some examples of highly developed countries (HDC) and lowly developed countries (LDC)
A3 European and North American countries such as Britain Spain Canada and New York are good examples of highly developed countries (HDC) On the other hand South-East Asian countries such as India Pakistan and Bangladesh are examples lowly developed countries (LDC)
COMPUTER ALGORITHMS AND FLOW CHARTS
EXAMPLES1) WRITE AN ALGORITHM AND DRAW A FLOW CHART TO FIND THE AREA OF A RECTANGLESOLUTIONALGORITHM
STEP1 STARTSTEP2 ACCEPT THE LENGTH OF THE RECTANGLESTEP3 ACCEPT THE BREADTH OF THE RECTANGLESTEP4 USE THE FORMULA OF AREA=LENGTH times BREADTH AND STORE THE
FINAL RESULT IN THE VARIABLE AREASTEP5DISPLAY THE ARE OF THE RECTANGLESTEP6STOP
FLOWCHART
2)CALCULATE THE INTEREST OF A BANK DEPOSITALGORITHMSTEP 1 READ AMOUNTSTEP 2 READ YEARSSTEP 3 READ RATE
STEP 4 CALCULATE THE INTEREST WITH FORMULA INTEREST=AMOUNTYEARSRATE100STEP 5 PRINT INTERESTFLOWCHART
3)DETERMINE AND OUTPUT WHETHER NUMBER N IS EVEN OR ODDALGORITHMSTEP 1 READ NUMBER NSTEP 2 SET REMAINDER AS N MODULO 2STEP 3 IF REMAINDER IS EQUAL TO 0 THEN NUMBER N IS EVEN ELSE NUMBER N IS ODDSTEP 4 PRINT OUTPUTFLOWCHART
4)DETERMINE WHETHER A TEMPERATURE IS BELOW OR ABOVE THE FREEZING POINTALGORITHM
STEP 1 INPUT TEMPERATURESTEP 2 IF IT IS LESS THAN 32 THEN PRINT BELOW FREEZING POINT OTHERWISE PRINT ABOVE FREEZING POINTFLOWCHART
PRACTICE THE GIVEN FLOWCHARTS AND ALGORITHMS
Class IXSubject Topic Summary Execution Bengali (2nd
language) চারণেদর পাাহিব2হিত2ষ বরণেltযাপাধযায় হি_তীয় অধযায়
ldquoআহি`কার হিবখযাত া0 শঙকর কতবার 0হিবরণেত গদরণেখরণে0rdquo ক) আহি`কার হিবখযাত া0টির 3া হিক া0টির হিবরণেশষতব হিকখ)শঙকর গকাায় হিকরণেসর জ3য হিরণেয়হি0ল ) গস গসখারণে3 হিক খরণেজ পায়
উঃ- হিব2হিত2ষ বরণেltযাপাধযায় রহিচত lsquoচারণেদর পাাrsquo উপ3যারণেস আহি`কার হিবখযাত া0টির 3া ল বাওবাব া0টির হিবরণেশষতব ল া0টি গবশ গাটা গসাটা া0টির জার হিবষয় ল া0টি তার গহিরণেত ১৬ হিলটার জল ধরণের রাখরণেত পারণের তষণায় কাতর পচারীরা অরণে3ক সয় এই ারণে0র গহিরণেত 0হির গরণের Zরণেটা করণের জল পা3 করণের
খ) শঙকর আহি`কায় হিরণেয়হি0ল অযাUরণে2ঞচারণেরর গ3শায় অনধকারয় এই ারণেদরণেশর পরহিতটি সথারণে3 গ3 রসয লহিকরণেয় আরণে0 এই ররণেসযর অ3সনধা3 কররণেত হিরণেয় অরণে3ক পটক পরা3 াহিররণেয়রণে0 আবার অরণে3রণেক হিসংরণের গপরণেট গরণে0 তবও অহি2াতরী া3ষ অহি2া3 বনধ করণের হি3আহি`কার ইউানডা গরলওরণেয়র 3Uরবা গসটশ3 গরণেক বাাততর াইল দহিi3 পহিj গকারণে3 একটা শাখা লাই3 হৈতহির হিkল গরল গকামপাহি3র গসখারণে3 শঙকর ক3সটরাকস3 কযারণেমপর গকরাহি3 ও সরকাহির গসটারহিকপার রণেয় গা হিদরণেয়হি0লপরণের শঙকর একটা গরলরণেসটশরণে3র গসটশ3াসটার য় এরপরণের গস আল2ারণেররণেজর সরণেn ীরার পাা খজরণেত গবহিররণেয় পরণে
) গ0াটরণেবলা গরণেক শঙকর শরণে3 আসরণে0 আহি`কায় গসা3া রপা ীরার 0া0হি একট গচষটা কররণেল গসা3া রপা ীরা আহিবসকার করণের বরণোরণেলাক ওয়া ায় এই সব খজরণেত হিরণেয় শঙকর আহি`কার পরাকহিতক ররণেপর গ সনধা3 গপরণেয়হি0ল তার তল3া গ3ই ঘ3 অর3য পবতরাহিজ =র3া 3দী জীবজনত সবই তারণেক হিদরণেয়রণে0 আ3lt শঙকর ীরার গখারণেজ হিরণেয় ীরা 3া গপরণেলও পরাকহিতক ররণেপর গরণে3 শঙকরণেরর 3 ীরায় পহিরত রণেয়হি0ল
EVS Chapter 2 ndash Species interaction with each other Long Answer Question
Living Things in Ecosystems
bull ParasitismParasitism is a relationship between two different organisms where one of the organisms actually harms the other through the relationship The organism that is harming the other one is called a parasite Examples of Parasitism Fleas or ticks that live on dogs and cats are parasites
bull MutualismMutualisms are defined as interactions between organisms of two different species in which each organism benefits the other
bull CommensalismCommensalism is a relationship between individuals of two species in which one species obtains food or other benefits from the other without either harming or benefiting the latter
bull SynergismThe interaction of things resulting in the overall effect that is greater than the sum of individual effects of any of them
Q) How biotic and abiotic components are inter-related Ans - In an eco system biotic and abiotic components depend on each other The biotic and abiotic components are connected in ecosystem in different way The sun is the energy source Producersplants use this energy to synthesize food in the presence of carbon dioxide and chlorophyll The herbivores are dependent on plants for the energy requirements The carnivores in turn feed on the herbivores and other carnivores At any level microbes then decompose any dead and decaying organic matter These decomposers after various chemical reactions release molecules back to the environment in the form of chemicals The chemicals are again used by the producers and the cycle starts againIn conclusion ecosystems have a complex set of interactions that happen between the biotic and abiotic components The components of an ecosystem are linked to each other through the energy flows and nutrient cycles
Commercial Studies
Chapter-7Joint Stock Company
In previous class we have explained about the meaning of Joint Stock Company features of Joint Stock Company
Let us explain about
Merits of Joint Stock Company
Merits of Joint stock CompanyStabilityPublic confidenceProfessional managementTransferability of sharesLimited Liability
Merits of Joint Stock Company StabilityA company enjoys stable durable enduring and uninterrupted business life A company continues to exist even if all its members die or deserted Maintenance of continuity of policy of administration is very much ensured in the case of Joint Stock CompanyPublic confidenceA public company enjoys the confidence of the public as the same is guided and controlled by strict regulations Since the companies financial accounts are published and circulated the public has enough faith on the activities of the company Thus a company enjoys better prestige and regulation greater public confidence as a wholeEfficient professional managementDue to its large financial resources and continuity a company can avail of the services of highly qualified
persons who are experts in different fields of business management In this way the benefits of specialization and centralized management can be securedTransferability of sharesSince the shares of a joint stock company are freely transferable they provide necessary liquidity to the investment of the people Shares of public companies are generally listed on a stock exchange so that people can easily buy and sell themLimited LiabilityThe liability of shareholders is limited only to the extent of face value of share held by them Shareholders are not personally liable for the debts of the company Thus the risk is known and also limited
Economics Chapter4 Basic Problems of An Economy
Today let discuss about the Meaning of Efficiency use of ResourcesNeeds of efficient use of resources
Resource efficiency is the maximising of the supply of money materials staff and other assets that can be drawn on by a person or organization in order to function effectively with minimum wasted (natural) resource expenses It means using the Earths limited resources in a sustainable manner while minimising environmental impact
Necessity for efficient use resources Once the flow of resources through the economy has reached its maximum sustainable limit (and many would argue that wersquove already passed that point for some resources) the only way to maintain economic growth in the long run is to become more resource efficient ndash finding ways to generate greater returns from the same amount of resources
Resource efficiency isnrsquot only valuable because it is essential for sustained economic growth Promoting resource efficiency can increase the competitiveness of industry create jobs stimulate innovation boost sectors such as recycling and resource recovery and help ensure secure supplies of key
QuestionWhat do you mean by Efficient use of Resources
Answer) Resource efficiency is the maximising of the supply of money materials staff and other assets that can be drawn on by a person or organization in order to function effectively with minimum wasted (natural) resource expenses It means using the Earths limited resources in a sustainable manner while minimising environmental impact
Why do we need to use our resources efficientlyAnswer) Once the flow of resources through the economy has reached its maximum sustainable limit (and many would argue that wersquove already passed that point for some resources) the only way to maintain economic growth in the long run is to become more resource efficient ndash finding ways to generate greater returns from the same amount of resources
Resource efficiency isnrsquot only valuable because it is essential for sustained economic growth Promoting resource efficiency can increase the competitiveness of industry create jobs stimulate innovation boost sectors such as recycling and resource recovery and help ensure secure
resources supplies of key resources
Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)
Topic Act II Scene 7 Lines 1 to 35 (Morocco hellip What if I stray no further but choose here )
[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase provided]
Summary Questions amp Answers
Having disposed of the minor story of Jessicarsquos elopement we now return to the main plot We are now shown how affairs are progressing with Portia in her home in Belmont
This is the first of the three scenes where a suitor makes a choice between golden silver and leaden caskets It will be noted that while making the choice all the lovers soliloquize and reveal their personality and character We have already observed the manly soldierly but primitive personality of the Prince of Morocco His has a simple nature and does not look deeply into the inner meaning of things but is dazzled by the outward appearance of gold He is inclined to over-estimate his own value and does not realize that it is a duty to ldquogive and hazardrdquo So his feeling is only one of fascination and romantic attraction We cannot believe that he has a deep and lasting love for Portia
In this scene two characters appear ndash Portia and the Prince of Morocco Portia explains to the Prince that the correct casket shall be the one that contains her picture She will be the wife of the person who will choose the correct casket and in the process get whatever she has
The Prince examines the inscriptions on each of the caskets and interprets them
(1) (Act II Sc 7 L 1-5)
Portia Go draw aside the curtains and discover
The several caskets to this noble princeNow make your choice
Morocco The first of gold who this inscription bearsWho chooseth me shall gain what many men desire
(i) Who is Morocco How did he introduce himself to Portia when they first met in an earlier scene
Prince Morocco is a dark skinned boastful warrior of African origin who seeks the hand of Portia He introduces himself as a person who lives near the equator where the exposure to sun rays have to be blamed for his complexion He says that Portia should not dislike him for his dark skin
(ii) How would Morocco know that he had made the right choice What would his reward be
Morocco would know he has chosen the right casket if he finds Portiarsquos portrait in one of them His reward would be Portiarsquos hand in marriage
(iii) Which casket did Morocco finally choose What reasons did he give for rejecting the casket made of lead
Morocco chooses the golden casket He says that lead is of lowly origin and the portrait of a lady as great as Portia cannot be placed in it He reads the inscription ldquoWho chooseth me must give and hazard all he hathrdquo This makes the box too threatening He wonders why anyone should risk everything for lead He also feels that a golden mind like his should not bow down to choose something worthless So he will not risk anything for lead
(iv) What two objects did Morocco find in the casket of his
before choosing
The inscription on the leaden casket says ldquoWho chooseth me must give and hazard all he hathrdquo The Prince was shocked and says as to why anyone should risk for the sake of lead The leaden casket is a threat Nobody would risk all they have for lead He says that no noble person would stoop to choose such a worthless thing as lead So he will not give nor risk anything for lead
The Prince then examines the inscription on the silver casket which says ldquoWho chooseth me shall get as much as he deservesrdquo The Prince says that he deserves Portia more than anybody else because of his high rank his noble birth and his great wealth and power But then he argues that silver is ten times inferior to gold and therefore he cannot believe that the portrait of such a beautiful lady as Portia can be contained in the silver casket He decides to see the inscription on the golden casket before making his decision
choice What reason does he give to Portia for leaving in haste
The Prince of Morocco chooses the golden casket and on opening it finds a human skull within whose hollow eye-socket was a scroll or a roll of paper in which it is written that those who are attracted by the glittering outside of things are always deceived as Morocco has been deceived
Morocco says he is moved and that he does not want to make his departure a painstaking process and he wants to leave immediately without revealing his emotions He should also obey the rule of the game which states the one who loses the test should leave immediately
(v) How does Portia respond to Moroccorsquos parting words What does this reveal of her nature
Portia is relieved that Morocco has left without making any scene It was a gentle riddance and all like him should go in a similar manner This shows that Portia has a kind heart and does not want anyone to he hurt Her love for Bassanio over-rides her passion that makes her wish that only he should be able to make the right choice At the same time like a dutiful daughter she does not want to disrespect her fatherrsquos wishes Hence she is willing to go through the casket injunctions
(2) (Act II Sc 7 L 15-35)
MOROCCO helliphelliphelliphelliphellip
What says this leaden casket Who chooseth me must give and hazard all he hath Must givemdashFor what for lead hazard for leadThis casket threatens Men that hazard allDo it in hope of fair advantagesA golden mind stoops not to shows of drossIll then nor give nor hazard aught for leadWhat says the silver with her virgin hueWho chooseth me shall get as much as he deservesAs much as he deservesmdashPause there MoroccoAnd weigh thy value with an even handIf thou best rated by thy estimationThou dost deserve enough and yet enoughMay not extend so far as to the ladyAnd yet to be afeard of my deservingWere but a weak disabling of myselfAs much as I deservemdashWhy thats the ladyI do in birth deserve her and in fortunesIn graces and in qualities of breeding
But more than these in love I do deserveWhat if I strayed no further but chose here
(i) What does the Prince of Morocco do before making his selection What does his comment reflect How does he analyse the inscription of the leaden casket and what is his interpretation
The Prince of Morocco surveys the three caskets before making his selection His comments reflect his thinking and attitude on life and things He comes to the lead casket and reads the inscription on it His interpretation which reflects his own character is that the inscription threatens because no one will be prepared to risk or sacrifice all one has for such a base thing as lead
(ii) What does the Prince of Morocco think of the leaden casket and why does he decide to reject the leaden casket
The Prince of Morocco thinks that when people risk anything they do so in order to gain something precious A person of royal ways will not bend so low as to be impressed by such an ordinary thing as lead Therefore he decides that he will not take any risk for a worthless thing like lead and rejects the lead casket
(iii) What does the Prince think while analyzing and interpreting the inscription of the silver casket
The Prince of Morocco analyses the inscription on the silver casket which runs thus ldquoWho chooseth me shall get as much as he deservesrdquo When he reads the inscription he bids himself to stop and ponder over the interpretation He asks himself to evaluate his worth objectively and impartially He says that if he is assessed on the basis of the opinion of people he deserves much But even this may not be sufficient to deserve to win Portia who is so virtuous and worthy
(iv) What promise does the silver casket make What self-assessment does the Prince make
The silver casket promises the reward according to the worth of the chooser The Prince makes a self-assessment and concludes that in all fairness he deserves to get Portia He thinks that he is a royal Prince by birth and so he deserves her by the right of his birth
Portia is very rich and so the Prince deserves her by this also The Prince deserves because he is also extremely handsome as most of the beautiful maidens of his kingdom covet him He is valiant and virtuous also So in his opinion he is the most suitable and deserving candidate for Portiarsquos hand
(v) Over which casket does the Prince ponder a long time What intrigue him In what way does he deserve Portia
Morocco reviews the inscriptions again and rejects the lead casket as being not worth the high stakes for which he gambles He ponders a long time over the silver casket The words ldquoget as much as he deservesrdquo intrigue him He is quite sure that he deserves Portia He deserves her in birth fortune grace qualities of breeding and most of all love
Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution EVS Ch ndash4 Managing
soil and land
Today we will discuss about mechanical practices of soil conservation
A few mechanical measures of soil conservation arei) Basin leaching In this method a number of small basins (water reservoirs) are made These collect and retain rain water for a long period and also catch and stabilize downwardly moving soils of the slopes
ii) Pan breaking by breaking of pan ( a hard sheet of clay a few feet below the surface ) drainage and percolation of rain water is improved and soil is saved from residual run-off and erosion
iii) Sub-soiling Soil is broken into fine grains to increase its absorptive capacity
iv) Contour terracing terraces are labeled areas constructed at right angles to the slope to reduce soil erosion
v) Contour trenching This method involves making a series of deep pits or trenches across the slope at convenient distance The soil excavated from the trenches is deposited along the lower edge in the form of bund On the ridges tree seeds are shown
vi) Terrace outlets To conserve soil pipe outlets are made which are thickly covered by grasses
vii) Digging of ponds and reservoirs to store water
viii) Stream bank protection To protect banks of rivers and channels construction of stone or concrete protective walls or planting of trees should be undertaken
Commercial Studies
Chapter- Banking Let us today discuss about theMeaning of Commercial BankFunctions of Commercial Banks
Commercial Banks are those banks which perform all kinds of banking functions such as accepting deposits advancing loans credit creation and
Question1 What do you mean by
Commercial BankAnswer) Commercial Banks are those banks which perform all kinds of banking functions such as accepting deposits advancing loans credit creation and agency functions
agency functions
Functions of Commercial BanksCommercial banks perform a variety of functions which can be divided as (1) Accepting Deposits (2) Advancing Loans (3) Credit Creation (4) Financing Foreign Trade(5) Agency Services (6) Miscellaneous Services To Customers
2 Explain the various functions of Commercial Bank
Answer) Following are the various functions of Commercial Banks
1 Accepting Deposits This is the oldest function of a bank and the banker used to charge a commission for keeping the money in its custody when banking was developing as an institution Nowadays a bank accepts three kinds of deposits from its customers The first is the savings deposits on which the bank pays small interest to the depositors who are usually small savers
2 Advancing LoansOne of primary functions of commercial banks is to advance loans to its customers A bank lends a certain percentage of the cash lying in deposits on a higher interest rate than it pays on such deposits This is how it earns profits and carries on its business 3 Credit CreationCredit creation is one of the most important functions of the commercial banks Like other financial institutions they aim at earning profits For this purpose they accept deposits and advance loans by keeping small cash in reserve for day-to-day transactions When a bank advances a loan it opens and account in the name of the customer and does not pay him in cash but allows him to draw the money by cheque according to his needs By granting a loan the bank creates credit or deposit4 Financing ForeignTrade commercial bank finances foreign trade of its customers by accepting foreign bills of exchange and collecting them from foreign banks It also transacts other foreign exchange business and buys and sells foreign currency5 Agency ServicesA bank acts as an agent of its customers in collecting and paying cheques bills of exchange drafts dividends etc It also buys and sells
shares securities debentures etc for it customers Further it pays subscriptions insurance premium rent electric and water bills and other similar charges on behalf of its clients It also acts as a trustee and executor of the property and will of its customers Moreover the bank acts as an income tax consultant to its clients For some of these services the bank charges a normal fee while it renders others free of charge6 Miscellaneous ServicesBesides the above noted services the commercial bank performs a number of other services It acts as the custodian of the valuables of its customers by providing them lockers where they can keep their jewellery and valuable documents It issues various forms of credit instruments such as cheques drafts travellers cheques etc which facilitate transactions
Bengali হিবপরীতশবদ করণেয়কটি হিবপরীত শবদ গদওয়া ল1)সজীব = হি3জsব 2)শরদধা= ঘা 3)আকষ = হিবকষ4)সধবা = হিবধবা 5)উৎস = গা3া 6)অ = অ37)জয় = পরাজয় 8)তাপ = হৈশত যয 9)হি3ltা = পরশংসা10)াদা = অদা 11)রহিসক = গবরহিসক 12) অনতর = বাহির13)অহিতবষটি = অ3াবষটি 14)পরত যযi = পরণেরাi 15)3াবালক = সাবালক
Hindi 2nd lang नया रासता भा 5 अपन जीन की परिरसथिगितयो स गिश होकर मीन क हदय म कई बार हीन भाना
और जीन की कडाहट अनभ हईपरत ह दढता और साहस की मरतित थी ह
अपन जीन को वयथ नही होन दना चाहती थी बचपन स ही उसकी कील बनन की
इचछा थी आज मीन की लन उस और दखकर माता- गिपता न उस कालत करन की
आजञा द दी मीन न मरठ म दाखिखला ल लिलया उसक हरदय म कछ बनन और कछ
कर दिदखान की इचछा थी उसक गिचार स चारो और पस का ही बोलबाला हहॉसटल
की कलपना करत ही ह लिसहर उठती थी उसन अपन लिलए नए नए कपड बनाए पहली बार हॉसटल जान का चा थाआखिखर
ह दिदन आ ही या जब उस हॉसटल जाना था पहली बार ह अपन घर स अल हो
रही थी हॉसटल पहच कर कछ दिदनो तक उसका मन नही ला बचपन की घटनाए
एक- एक करक उसक समतपटल पर उतर ई ह अपनी ककषा म हमशा परथम आती
थी 2 दिदन बाद गिपताजी मीन स मिमलन आए मा न काफी चीज उसक लिलए बनाकर
भजी थी गिपताजी स मिमलकर ह बहत खश
1 ह सय की दढता साहस की मरतित थी
परशन1 लखिखका मीन को दढता साहस
की मरतित कयो कह रही ह 2 गिाह क अलाा मीन क जीन
का कया लकषय था 3 मीन समाज क झठ आरण को
हटाकर सतय दिदखाना चाहती ह सपषट कीजिजए
4 परसतत पलि[यो का भा सपषट अपन शबदो म लिलखिखए
उततरndash1 मीन म समाज स लडन की शलि[ ह
ह समाज म फली बराइयो क सामन ढढता स जमी हई ह ह साहस क साथ अपन उलिचत गिनणय
पर सथिर रहती ह जिजदी क उतार चढा सा घबरा टी नही ह बलकिलक साहस स काम लती ह इनही कारणो स लखिखका न उस ढढता
और साहस की मरतित कहा ह2 मरठ ालो न जब उसका रिरशता
ठकरा दिदया तो उसन गिनशचय कर लिलया गिक ह अपन परो पर खडी होी और समाज को दिदखा दी की नारी अबला नही ह उसन अपना
हई करीब 1 घटा रक कर गिपताजी चल ए लकषय बना लिलया गिक ह एलएलबी करक कील बनी
3 समाज म नारी क ऊपर अबला आशरीता का आरण पडा हआ ह
मीन समाज क दवारा होत हए इस आरण को हटाकर यह सतय परमाणिणत करना चाहती ह गिक आज
की नारी अबला नही ह और ना ही गिकसी क हाथ की कठपतली ह
4 लखिखका न मीन क बार म कहा गिक ह सय घटा और साहस की मरतित
ह ह अपन न हम ध और मसीबत म साहस का परिरचय दती हउतार
चढा को हर इसान क जीन म आत ही रहत ह उनको साधारण रप
स ही लना चागिहए अपन गिाह क मामल म उसन साहस स काम
लिलया और गिाह क बार म सोचना छोड दिदया मीन क सामन अभी बहत लबी जिजदी पडी ह इसलिलए उसन समय का महत समझा और
एक कषण भी वयथ ना करन का गिनशचय गिकया
Mathematics(x) Algebra Quadratic Equation in one variable
Study Item Some solved sums from exercise- 539)Solve for x 2(2x ndash 1 )(x+3) ndash 3 (x + 3)(2x ndash 1 ) = 5 x -3 frac12Solution Let (2x ndash 1)(x + 3) = y then we get2(y) ndash 3( 1y) = 50r 2y ndash 3y = 5Or 2y2 ndash 3 = 5y [multiplying both side by y we get]0r 2y2 ndash 5y ndash 3 = 0Now comparing the above equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0 we geta=2 b = - 5 and c = - 3Therefore y = -(- 5 )plusmnradic((-5)sup2-4(2)(-3))2(2) = 5 plusmnradic( 25 + 24)4 = 5plusmn radic(49)4 = (5 plusmn 7)4= (5+7)4 (5 ndash 7)4= 124 -24= 3 - 12Therefore y = 3 (2x ndash 1)( x + 3) = 3 2x ndash 1 = 3x + 9 3x - 2x = - 10 x= - 10Or y = - frac12 ( 2x ndash 1)(x + 3) = - frac124x ndash 2 = - x ndash 3 4x+x = - 3 + 2 5x = - 1 x= - 15Hence the roots of the given equation are - 10 and ndash 1510)(i) x2 - 5x ndash10 =0Solution x2 ndash 5x ndash 10 = 0Comparing the above equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0 we get a=1 b = - 5 and c = - 10Therefore x = - (- 5)plusmnradic( -5)sup2- 4(1)(- 10)2(1) = 5 plusmn radic( 25 +40)2 = 5 plusmn radic(65 )2
= (5 plusmn 8bull06)2 = (5 + 8bull06)2 (5 ndash 8bull06)2 = 13bull062 - 3bull062= 6bull53 - 1bull5312) Solve the equation x ndash 18x = 6 Given your answer correct to two significant figureSolution x ndash18x = 6Or (x2 ndash 18 )x = 6Or x2ndash 18 = 6xOr x2 ndash 6x ndash18 = 0Comparing the above equation with ax2 + bc + c = 0 we gera= 1 b = - 6 and c = -18Therefore x = -(-6) plusmnradic(- (- 6)2 ndash 4(1)(- 18)2(1) = 6 plusmn radic( 36 + 72)2 = (6 plusmnradic( 108)2 =(6 plusmn 10bull39)2= 16bull392 - 4bull392= 8bull195 - 2bull195 asymp 8bull2 - 2bull2
Chemistry Chapter-2L-1Chemical Bonding
1) Chemical Bonding-
It is basically the force of attraction which holds the different types of atoms in a molecule together
Cause of Chemical Combination-
The main cause is the tendency of elements to acquire eight electrons in its outermost shell like that of noble gases other than Helium(He) So the atoms combine to acheive the nearest noble gas configuration of 8 electrons( or 2 electrons) in their outermost orbit and become stable
2) Ion-
It is a charged particle made from an atom by the loss or gain of electrons
There are 2 types of Ions They are-
a) Cations- It is formed by the loss of electrons eg - K+ Ca2+
Na+ etc
b) Anions- It is formed by the gain of electrons eg- Cl- O2- F- etc
Q Why do elements form Ions
A Atoms of all elements except those of noble gases have one to seven valence electrons and are not in a state of minimum energy Thus to acquire a state of minimum energy elements lose or gain electrons and form ions so that they acquire stable configuration (Duplet or Octet)
Q What is the Electronic Theory of Valency
A In 1916 Kossel and Lewis on the basis of octet rule of electrons described simply the electronic structure of molecules of many chemical compounds and elements Kossel mainly described the structure of ionic compounds formed by loss and gain of electrons and Lewis mainly described the structure of Covalent Compounds formed by mutual sharing of electron pair This is known as ELECTRONIC THEORY OF VALENCY proposed by Kossel and Lewis
Q What do you mean by Electropositive and Electronegative Elements
3) Types of Chemical Bond-3 types
A)ElectrovalentIonic Bond
B) Covalent Bond
C) Co-ordinate Dative Bond4) ELECTROVALENT IONIC BOND-
It is the electrostatic force of attraction between the opposite charged ions which holds them together
The chemical compounds formed as a result of electron transfer from one atom of an element to another are called IONIC or ELECTROVALENT COMPOUND
The number of electrons which an element loses or gains during the formation of an ionic bond is called its ELECTROVALENCY
Conditions for the formation of Ionic Compounds-
i Large electronegativity difference between the combining atoms
ii Low IP for one of the atoms from which the cation can be easily formed
iii High electron affinity for one of the atoms from which the anions can be easily formed
iv High Lattice Energy
A
1) Electropositive Elements- have the tendency to lose the electrons and form Cations
eg- Na K Fe -mostly metals
2) Electronegative Elements- have the tendency to gain the electrons and form Anions
eg- Cl F O - mostly Non-metals
Q Give the brief description about the formation of NaCl
A See your Text Book
Q Practise the two types of diagram of the formation of different ionic compound
A See your Text Book
English All Summer in a Answer the following questions-
literature Day 3) Why did the children hate herAns- The children sensed that Margot was different from them She hated the continuous rain while they were used to it She spoke only about the sun and they had no memory of it They hated her pale snow face her waiting silence her thinness and her possible future of going back to the Earth4) What is the it referred to by WilliamAns- The it referred to by William is the Sun which the scientists had predicted would shine for a short while that day5) What was Margot waiting for Why did William say it was a jokeAns- Margot was waiting to see the sun predicted to shine that day for a short while William did not want her to have the joy of seeing the sun
Geography Water Resources SOURCES OF WATER SURFACE WATER AND GROUNDWATER Earth is known as the Blue Planet because 71 per cent of the Earths surface is covered with water Wateralso exists below land surface and as water vapour in the air Water is not added or removed from the environment it simply changes state and location This constant movement of water throughout our environment is called the hydrological cycle or water cycle Earth cleans and replenishes the water supply through the hydrologic cycle Groundwater exists in an aquifer or
underground layer of permeable rock sediment (usually sand or gravel) or soil that yields water
Aquifers are like underground reservoirs of water
SURFACE WATER The visible bodies of water are referred to as surface water Surface waters can be simply described as the water that is on the surface of the Earth This includes the oceans rivers and streams lakes and reservoirs Surface waters are very important Rivers and streams constitute the flowing surface waters Surface water canbe captured for a variety of biospheric and humanusesRunoff During heavy precipitation water cannot infiltrate into the ground It flows on the surface of the ground and called as runoff
GROUNDWATER Groundwater is detained as water that is found beneath the surface of the Earth in conditions of100 per
Q1 Why the Earth is called as Blue PlanetA1 Earth is known as the Blue Planet because 71 per cent of the Earths surface is covered with water
Q2 Define hydrological cycleA2 Water is not added or removed from the environment it simply changes state and location This constant movement of water throughout our environment is called the hydrological cycle or water cycle Earth cleans and replenishes the water supply through the hydrologic cycle
Q3 What is AquifersA3 Aquifers are like underground reservoirs of water
Q4 Why there is a shortage of fresh waterA4 Although the earth has an abundance of water but unfortunately there is a shortage of fresh water because 997 per cent of it occupied by oceans soils icecaps and floating in the atmosphere and rest 03 percent can use for daily uses
cent saturation (if it is less than100 per cent saturation then the water is considered as soil moisture) Ninety-eight per cent of Earths available fresh water is groundwater It is about60 times as plentiful as the fresh water found in lakes and streams Water in the ground travels through pores in soil and rock and in fractures and weathered areas of bed rockThe majority of fresh water is therefore found under ground as soil moisture and in aquifers
Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 88 to 126 (Portia helliphellip Such as the day is when the sun is hid) [Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]
Summary Questions amp Answerso Launcelot then arrives and informs
Lorenzo that Bassanio will also be arriving soon Both Lorenzo and Jessica return to the house and ask Stephano to order the family musicians to play music in order to extend a fitting welcome to Portia
o Portia and Nerissa dressed in their normal self return home and enter the building Lorenzo recognizes Portias voice and comes to greet her She orders the servants to pretend as if she had never left and asks Lorenzo and Jessica to do the same
o Soon thereafter Bassanio Gratiano and Antonio arrive
(1) PORTIA That light we see is burning in my hall (L 89-101)
How far that little candle throws his beams So shines a good deed in a
naughty worldNERISSA When the moon shone we did not see the candlePORTIA So doth the greater glory dim the less
A substitute shines brightly as a king
Unto the king be by and then his state
Empties itself as doth an inland brook
Into the main of waters Music hark
NERISSA It is your music madam of the housePORTIA Nothing is good I see without respect
Methinks it sounds much sweeter than by day
NERISSA Silence bestows that virtue on it madam
(i) Where are Lorenzo and Jessica sitting What message have they received What are they doing
Lorenzo and Jessica are sitting in Portiarsquos house in Belmont They have just received the message informing them of the arrival of Portia and Bassanio separately They are waiting for their arrivals and enjoying the beauty of the moonlight night(ii) In which mood is Lorenzo found after Stephanorsquos departure
After Stephanorsquos departure Lorenzo reverts to his romantic mood He is carried away by the magic of the loveliness of the moonlight He draws Jessicarsquos attention and says that the moonlight is sleeping beautifully on the raised ground He says that they will sit there and enjoy the sweetness of the gentle
music which will shortly creep into their ears very softly(iii) Why has Lorenzo sent Stephano What kind of man is he who does not appreciate the sweet harmony of sounds
Lorenzo has sent Stephano to instruct the musicians to play soft music to welcome Portia home Lorenzo tells that the
tranquility and the beautiful night suit the sweet music Praising the ennobling (M lend greater dignity) effect of music Lorenzo tells Jessica that the person who has no music in him and does not appreciate the sweet harmony of sounds is a dangerous person and so should be watched very carefully(iv) Who are returning to Belmont What does Nerissa remark on seeing the light of the house
Portia and Nerissa are returning to Belmont after successfully conducting Antoniorsquos trial in Venice as the lawyer and the clerk respectively When they are near their home Nerissa seeing the light of the house remarks that they did not see this light of this candle when the moon was shining(v) What does Portia comment on Nerissarsquos observation Commenting on Nerissarsquos observation Portia says that the lesser glory becomes insignificant before the greater glory She adds that the kingrsquos representative assumes great splendor and authority when the king himself is not near But before the real king the substitute becomes devoid of all splendor and
authority as the big rivers lose their identity after emptying into the vast sea
SUBJECT PHYSICS [TOPIC FORCE]Answer the following questions ( ICSE questions of previous years from chapter FORCE)
1 Write the position of centre of mass for the following bodies(i) A circular ring (ii) A cylinder(iii) A hollow sphere (iv) A triangular lamina
2 Explain why screw drivers are provided with longer handles3 Compare the magnitude and direction of centripetal force and centrifugal force4 How does uniform circular motion differ from uniform linear motion5 Why is the motion of a body moving with a constant speed around a circular path is said to be
accelerated6 A brass ball is hanging from a cotton thread Draw a neat labeled diagram showing the force acting
on the brass ball and the cotton thread 7 Define moment of force Write the relationship between the SI and CGS unit of moment of force8 Define couple State the SI unit of moment of couple9 A uniform half meter scale balanced horizontally on a knife edge at 29 cm mark when a weight of 20
gmf is suspended from one end(i) Draw the diagram of the arrangementWhat is the weight of the half meter rule
ECO-10 250620 Topic-Supply Analysis
MEANING OF SUPPLYSupply a commodity by a firm or seller may be defined as the quantity of a commodity that a firm or seller offers for sale at a given price during a given time period But the actual sale of the commodity may be different from its supply For example a farmer (produced of wheat) is willing to sell 50 quintals of wheat at a price of ` 15 per kg but he is able to sell only 30 quintals at this price So this case the supply of wheat is 50 quintals but the actual sale is 30 quintals So these two concepts should not be confused with each other Like demand supply also has three elements The definition of supply include (i) the quantity of the commodity that a firm is willing to supply (ii) the price at which it is willing to supply that quantity and (iii) the time period during which it is willing to supply that quantity
FACTORS DETERMINING SUPPLY OR DETERMINANTS OF SUPPLY OF A GOOD
The main determinant of supply is the price of the commodity But the cost of production of a commodity is an important factor in determining profit maximized on output of a firm The cost of production depends on the prices of various inputs like raw material wages of workers interest of capital rent of building etc The supply of a commodity also depends on the technology used in the production of the commodity and many other factors The main factors determining supply of a commodity are(i) Price of the commodity(ii) Price of other related good(iii) Price of inputsfactors(iv) Taxation policy of government(v) Objective of the firm(i) Price of the commodity Other factors determining supply remaining constant there is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity It means the quantity supplied of a commodity increases with rise in price and decreases with fall in price of the commodity More quantity of a commodity is supplied at a higher price and less quantity is supplied at a lower price For example a seller of tomatoes is willing to sell 100 kgs of tomatoes at a price of ` 40 per keg and only 50 kgs at a price of ` 20 per kg Due to this direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity the supply curve has a positive slope Supply curve is upward sloping to the right(ii) Price of other related goods Supply of a commodity is also influenced by the change in the price of other related goods With the help of given resources we can produce several goods by using the same technology This helps the firm to diversify and tide over fluctuations in demand For example a farmer can produce either pulses or food grains by using the resources If the price of pulses increases it becomes more profitable for him to make more production of pulses So he will divert some resources from the production of food grains to the production of pulses The production of pulses will increase and that of food grains will decrease So the supply of pulses will increase if the price of pulses increases and the supply of food grain will decrease at the same price reverse will happen if the price of food grains increases(iii) Price of inputsfactors Change in the price of inputs like raw material wage rent or interest also influences the supply of a commodity For example in the production of cloth cotton is the main raw material If the price of cotton increases the cost of production of cloth will increase At the same price the margin of profit will decrease So the producer will decrease the supply of cloth at the same price On the other hand if the price of cotton falls the cost of production per unit of cloth will decrease and hence the supply of cloth will increase The price of other inputs will also influence the supply of a good in the same manner(iv) Technology of production an improvement in the technology of production of a commodity decreases the per unit cost of the commodity The margin of profit will increase at the same price So the supply of a commodity will increase with improvement in technology of production at the same price On the other hand if a firm uses absolute technology of production the cost of production per unit of the commodity will increase The margin of profit will decrease so the firm will decrease its supply at the same price This is the main reason that the firms are trying to use better technology of production because it not only reduces the cost of production per unit but also improves the quality of the product(v) Taxation policy of government If the government reduces the excise duty or the production of a commodity the cost of production per unit of the commodity will decrease the margin of profit will increase at the same price so the producer of the commodity will increase its supply It happens when the government wants to increase the production of the commodity On the other hand to discourage the production of some harmful goods like cigarettes liquor etc the government increases the rate of excise duty on the production of such goods So the cost of production per unit of the commodity increases and the supply of such commodities decreases(vi) Objective of the firm The objective of the producer also influences the supply of a commodity Generally the objective of a producer is get maximize his profits Profits are maximized at a higher price So he increases the supply of a commodity at a higher price and decreases its supply at a lower price But sometimes the producer may be in maximizing his sales and not in maximizing his profits as he wants to capture the market In that case he goes on increasing the supply so long his target is not achieved can profit is not adversely affected He may increase the supply at the same price to any extent
SUPPLY FUNCTION
When the relationship between quantity supplied and the determinants of supplied is expressed mathematically in an equation it is called a supply function So a supply function can be expressed asSn = f(Pn Pr Pf T Tr G)where Sn = Supply of commodity nPn = Price of the commodity nPr = Price of other related goodsPf = Price of inputsfactors
T = Technology of productionTr = Government policy or tax rateG = Goal or objective of the producer
Typically supply function shows the relationship between price and quantity supplied keeping all other determinants of supply as constant It shows the amount of a good that a seller supplies at different levels of price
LAW OF SUPPLYThe law of supply depicts the relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity when all other determinants of supply remain constant This law states that there is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity other factors determining supply remaining constant It means quantity supplied of a commodity increases with increase in price and decreases with decrease in price
Assumptions of the law of supplyThe phrase other determinants of supply remaining constant in the law of supply shows the assumptions of the law of supply The mains factors which influence the supply of a commodity one price of the commodity price of other related goods price of inputs technology of production taxation policy of the government and objective of the firm etc The law of supply is based on the assumptions that all these factors determining supply except price of the commodity should remain constant The following are the main assumptions of the law of supply(i) Price of other related goods should remain the same(ii) There should be no change in the price of inputs (factors)(iii) Technology of production should not change(iv) There is no change in the taxation policy of the government(v) Objective of the firm should not changeThe law of supply is based on the assumptions that the supply of commodity changes only due to change in price when all other determinant of supply remain constantClass XISubject Topic Summary Execution EVS Chapter-2
Ecology Answer the following questions briefly Q Draw a neat labeled diagram of carbon cycleAnsndash
Mathematics Principle of Mathematical Induction
1) What is statement Ans A sentence which may be true or false is called statement eg i) 5 is greater than 3 ii) New Delhi is the capital of India iii) 5 divides 7 These all are statements We see that statement (i) amp (ii) are true but (iii) is false 2 What is Mathematical StatementAns Statement involving mathematical relations are called mathematical statement We shall use mathematical statement in principle of
Example If n be a positive integer show that n(n+1) is an even positive integer Solution Let P(n) be the statement n(n+1) is an even positive integer Then (i) P(1) is the statement 1(1+1) ie 2 is an even positive integer Therefore P(1) is true (ii) If P(m) is true for some positive integer m then m(m+1) is an even integer Now (m+1) [(m+1)+1]=(m+1)sup2+ (m+1) =msup2+2m+1+m+1=msup2+m+2m+2=m(m+1) +2(m+1) = an even integer + an even positive integer [Since P(m) is true and 2(m+1) is an even
mathematical induction 3 What is the use of Principle of mathematical inductionAns Sometimes it is difficult to prove a statement theorem or a formula by direct method In this case we use an indirect method known as the Principle of mathematical induction There are two steps in this processSTEP 1 Varify that the statement or formula is true for one or two particular values of n say for n=1 2STEP 2 Assuming that the statement or formula is true for n=m where m is any positive integer show that it is true for n=m+1Conclusion Since the statement is true for n=2 it is true for n=2+1 that is 3 and since it is true for n=3 it is true for n=3 + 1 that is 4 and so on Hence the statement or formula is true for all positive integral values of n
positive integer]= an even positive integer Therefore P(m+1) is true when P(m) is true Therefore By the principle of Mathematical Induction P(n) is true for all positive integral values of n Hence n(n+1) is an even positive integer
Hindi 2ndlang एक फल की चाह 5 दख रहा था जस सो सथिर हो नही बठती थी कषण भर हाय ही चपचाप पडी थी अटल शागित शी धारण कर सनना यही चाहता था म उस सय ही
उकसा करमझको दी क परसाद का एक फल ही दो लाकर
शबदाथ ससथिर - परी तरह ठहरी हई अटल- पकका
उकसाकर - पररणा दकर
वयाखयाndash उपय[ पलि[यो म कगि सखिखया की ददशा का णन कर रहा ह जो उनक गिपता दवारा वय[ गिकया या ह अपनी बटी सखिखया कीददशा का
गितरण करत हए गिपता कहता ह गिक म अपनी आखो क सामन दख रहा था गिक मरी बटी जो पल भर क लिलए दिटककर नही बठती थी ह अब सथिर शात मरतित की तरह पढी थी अब म ह बार- बार इस बात क लिलए पररिरत कर रहा
था गिक ह मझ गिफर स ही शबद कह गिपताजी मझ दी क परसाद का एक फल लाकर दो
6 ऊच शल लिशखर क ऊपर मदिदर था गिसतीणर गिशाल सण कलशसरलिसज गिहलिसत थ पाकरसमदिदत रगि कर जाल दीप धल स अचछदिदत था मदिदर का
आन सारा ज रही थी भीतर बाहर मखरिरत उतस की धारा
शबदाथ - शल लिशखर- पहाड की ऊची चोटी
सतीणर - फला हआ
सण कलश - कमल क समान सदर सोन का कलश मखरिरत - परकट समदिदत - अचछी परकार खिखला हआ रगि कर जाल - सय की गिकरणो का समह
वयाखया- परसतत पलि[या म कगि न मदिदर की सदरता का णन गिकया ह कहत ह गिक मझ पहाड की चोटी पर एक गिलिशषट और गिशालमश था उसक
सोन क कलश सय की गिकरणो म चमकत हए ऐस परतीत हो रह थ जस सय की खिखली हईगिकरणो क ाा सपशपाकर सनहर कमल खिखल उठ हो मदिदर का
आन धप दीप की सध स भरा हआ था मदिदर क अदर और बाहर मनाए जा रह उसकी परसननता की ज सनाई द रही थी
Bengali (2nd language)
কোনি মনি নদী পরথম অধযোয়
হি_তীয় হিদরণে3র পাঠ-
হিবষটবাব গলাকটির কায় গররণে কা বলরণেত পাররণে0 3া শধ গচাখ হিদরণেয় রা পরকাশ করহি0ল কা বলরণেত বলরণেত গলাকটি পাঞজাহিব লহিn খরণেল জ কররণেত শর করল তাই গদরণেখ হিবষটবাব ত2মভ রণেয় গল চাটি ারার 2হিnরণেত গলাকটি হিবষটবাবর হিদরণেক এরণোরণেল হিতহি3 াা 3ীচ করণের 3াহিরণেয় গ33 হিদ গলাকটি হিবষটবাবরণেক চাটিরণেয় ায় তারণেল হিতহি3 তাাতাহিউরণেঠ গলাকটিরণেক ধররণেত পাররণেব3 3া কার তার শরীরণেরর ওজরণে3র জ3য এই শরণে3 হিবষটবাব বরণে3া গারণেষর ত গতরণেZরণে উরণেঠ দাাল তারণেত গলাকটি দাহিরণেয় শরীরটারণেক একট দহিলরণেয় হি3ল এই সব শরণে3 হিবষট ধর চপ করণের রইল শধ lsquoগঘাৎrsquo করণের একটা শবদ করল গলাকটি হিসহি হিদরণেয় ওঠা3াা কররণে0 গদরণেখ হিবষটবাব খাহি3কটা হিদরণেশারা রণেয় গলহিবষটবাবর গচারণেখ রারণের বদরণেল এখ3 গকৌতল হিতহি3 বরণেল3 ldquoখাওায় আার গলা2 গ3ই Uায়টিং কহিরrdquo হিকনত হিতহি3 কতটা Uায়টিং করণের তা তার শরীর আর খাবারণেরর তাহিলকা গদরণেখ গলাকটি বরণে= গল গলাকটি এহিরণেয় হিরণেয় হিবষটবাবর 2হিরণেত াত বহিলরণেয় হিদরণেল গস আরা অ32ব করণের3 এবং হিপহি0রণেয় া3 গলাকটি হিবষটবাবর সারণে3 তার শরীরণেরর কসরত পরদশ3 কররণেল হিবষটবাব রণে3 রণে3 হিব হিব করণের বরণেল3 হিতহি3ও গরাা রণেত চা3 গসই হরণেত nা গরণেক আবার হিচৎকার গ2রণেস আরণেস lsquoগকা হি3 গকা হি3rsquo
ldquoকী রক Uায়টিংrdquo-ক)বকতা গককারণেক বলরণে0খ)Uায়টিং কার অ কী ) Uায়টিং করা বযহিকতর গচারার ব3া দাও ঘ) তার Uায়টিং এর ব3া দাও
উঃ- ক) আরণেলাচয অংশটি হিত3ltীর গলখা lsquoগকাহি3rsquo উপ3যাস গরণেক গ3ওয়া রণেয়রণে0 আরণেলাচয কাটি বকতা রণেল3 সাদা লহিnপরা ারণেয় গরয়া পাঞজাহিব ও কারণেধ রহিn3 বযা ওয়ালা হিiহিতশ হিসং হিতহি3 কাটি বরণেলরণে03 হিবষট ধররণেকখ) Uারণেয়টিং কার অ ল পহিরহিত খাদয গর অাৎ খাদয তাহিলকায় সসত খারণেদযর গ3াগ3 বজায় গররণেখ খাদয গর) হিবষট ধরণেরর গচারা হিবশাল ওজ3 পরায় হিত3 গদখরণেত জলহিসতর রণেতা সারা শরীরণের চহিব ল ল কররণে0 বয়স পরায় চহিশ হিবশাল 2হি উপ রণেয় শরণেল হিচৎ রণেত পারণের3া গকউ গঠরণেল হিদরণেল হিচৎ রণেত পারণের তারণেক কায় নধ াদ3 পবরণেতর সরণেn তল3া করা য়ঘ) হিবষট ধর গকৌতলী রণেয় বরণেল তার খাওয়ার গকা3 গলা2 গ3ই গস Uায়টিং করণের আরণে গস আধ হিকরণেলা হিiর গখত এখ3 গস হিত3রণেশা গরা হিiর খায় জল খাবারণের কহিটা লহিচ গখত এখ3 পরণে3রণেরাটা লহিচ খায় আাইরণেশা গরা চারণেলর 2াত খায় হিঘ খাওয়া গ0রণে হিদরণেয়রণে0 রারণেত াতর বারণেরাটা রটি খায় হিবরণেকরণেল দ-গলাস হি0হিরর জল সরণেn চাররণেট কা পারণেকর সরণেltশ বাহিরণেত রাধাকষণ আরণে0 বরণেল হিবষট ধর া0 াংস খায়3া আর তারণেত তার গকা3 গলা2 লালসা গ3ই
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 276 to 313 (Sebastian helliphellipIt struck mine ear most terribly)[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]
Summary Questions amp AnswersConspiracy of Antonio and Sebastian
o Antonio further suggests murder of Alonso and eventually Sebastian agrees
o They draw their swords and proceed to murder Alonso and Gonzalo who are sleeping
(1) (Act II Sc 2 L 277-291)ANTONIO Ay sir where lies that If rsquotwere a kibe
rsquoTwould put me to my slipper but I feel notThis deity in my bosom Twenty consciencesThat stand rsquotwixt me and Milan candied be they And melt ere they molest Here lies your brotherNo better than the earth he lies uponIf he were that which now hes likemdashthats deadWhom I with this obedient steel three inches of itCan lay to bed for ever (whiles you doing thus
o As they approach Ariel appears again and wakes up Gonzalo by singing a tune in his ear Alonso also wakes up and they see both Sebastian and Antonio with drawn swords On being caught off guard they make up a story saying that they had heard a bellowing of bulls or lions
IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED
(Act II Sc 1 L 277-281)ANTONIOAy sir where lies that If rsquotwere a kibersquoTwould put me to my slipper but I feel notThis deity in my bosom Twenty consciencesThat stand rsquotwixt me and Milan candied be they And melt ere they molest
In these lines Antonio speaks how he is a conscienceless villain In inciting Sebastian to the kingship of Naples by murdering his brother he quotes his own example He too had banished his brother and made himself the Duke of Milan This kingship now sits upon him like a well fittinggarment So will be the case of Sebastian Sebastian then questions Antonio if this foul deed did not prick his conscience To this Antonio replies like a hardened villain He laughs at the word lsquoconsciencersquo and says that he has never heard of anything like conscience A guilty conscience gave him no more pain that is chilblain (M a painful itching and swelling on hand and foot caused by exposure to extreme cold) A man can get rid of the pain of chilblain by wearing slippers instead of shoes so does Antonio get rid of the qualms (M an uneasy feeling of doubt worry or fear especially about onersquos conduct) of conscience very easily Even if he were troubled by twenty consciences that barred his way to the throne of Milan however frozen they might be he would melt them into insensibility before they could cause him to twinge
To the perpetual wink of aye might putThis ancient morsel this Sir Prudence whoShould not upbraid our course) - for all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour
(i) To whom does Antonio speak these lines Who is referred to as lsquoyour brotherrsquo What does Antonio mean by saying lsquoNo better than the earth he lies uponrsquo
These lines are spoken by Antonio to Sebastian King Alonso is referred to as Sebastianrsquos brother Indicating towards Alonso who is lying asleep on the ground Antonio tells Sebastian that here sleeps his brother and at this time he is no better than a clod of the earth on which he lies asleep Antonio means to say that if he were actually to become what he looks like he would be a dead body(ii) According to Antonio what would he do if he were at the place of Sebastian
Antonio says that if he were in the position of Sebastian he would not care even for twenty consciences in order to win the kingship of Naples He would rather forget all his consciences if they happen to trouble him at all (iii) What does Antonio suggest to Sebastian What does Antonio assure him
Antonio suggests to Sebastian that in a moment Sebastian can put to death Gonzalo who pretends to be a very wise man and who on that account rebukes others (particularly Antonio and Sebastian) whereas he (Antonio) himself can put Alonso to death with only three inches of his willing sword Antonio further assures Sebastian that by killing both of them there will be none left to oppose him and in this way every obstacle in his way will be removed
(iv) Explain the lines lsquofor all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hourrsquo
In other words Antonio says that even if he were endowed with a stiff conscience he could easily relax or soften it for the execution of his purpose Then Antonio suggests that conscience should be no hindrance to a manrsquos future greatness
Comments These are terrible words coming from the mouth of a villain of the worst type He is utterly devoid of conscience or remorse He is an utter atheist of human virtue He speaks of conscience as a deity that he does not feel in his bosom
According to Antonio so far as the other lords (Adrian Francisco and others) are concerned they need not be murdered because they would obey the orders of Antonio and Sebastian as willingly and readily as cat licks milk These other lords would endorse and support everything that Sebastian and Antonio may say or suggest These other lords would adjust their views in accordance with the wishes of Antonio and Sebastian and they would regard all proposals made by Antonio and Sebastian as being opportune and also as being acceptable(v) What opinion do you form of Antonio from the above speech
The speech given above shows Antonio to be an absolutely unscrupulous man After saying that he does not believe in any such faculty as the conscience he suggests to Sebastian to
(Act II Sc 1 L 285-291)ANTONIOhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (whiles you doing thus To the perpetual wink of aye might putThis ancient morsel this Sir Prudence whoShould not upbraid our course) - for all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour
Antonio has convinced Sebastian that he has made himself Duke of Milan by a crime for which he has felt no pricks of conscience In these lines Antonio tells Sebastian that now that the chance has presented itself to him he should take it and be King of Naples So far as Alonso is concerned Antonio agrees to undertake the task of killing him by sticking only three inches of his sharp dagger Making a thrust in the air with his sword he tells Sebastian that by a similar method he can put to sleep forever Gonzalo ndash the old piece of flesh already rotten ndash this piece of antiquity ndash this ldquoSir Prudencerdquo who is never tired of reading his moral lectures to them If ldquoProfessor Wisdomrdquo is got rid of he will not be able to denounce their action as he would surely do if they did not dispatch him as well As for the rest of the kingrsquos counselors (Adrian and Francisco) it is their nature to adopt any statements and views which are placed before them just as it is the nature of a cat to lap milk Antonio assures Sebastian that ldquothese othersrdquo will back them up in whatever they say or do that they will count the strokes of the clock exactly as they bid them not according to the real time but according to the time that is right for their business Hence only two persons Alonso and Gonzalo are required to be removed to fulfill their ambition
murder Gonzalo at the very time when he (Antonio) stabs Alonso to death And yet this brutal man has a fertile wit also He can talk in a persuasive manner and also in a sarcastic and satirical manner He knows human nature thoroughly and he understands that Gonzalo is loyal to Alonso while the other lords are only sycophants who can easily be won over to Sebastianrsquos side after Alonso has been assassinated
(2) (Act II Sc 1 291-296)SEBASTIAN Thy case dear friend
Shall be my precedent as thou gotst MilanIll come by Naples Draw thy swordmdashone strokeShall free thee from the tribute which thou payest And I the King shall love thee
ANTONIO Draw together And when I rear my hand do you the likeTo fall it on Gonzalo
(i) Explain the situation and introduce the persons engaged in conversation
After the supposed shipwreck King Alonso with his lords his brother Sebastian and Antonio the Duke of Milan land on a strange island Prince Ferdinand is feared to be drowned While the King and others have fallen asleep after exertions of the day and Ariel with his sweet music acting as a catalyst Antonio and Sebastian are awake They have hatched a conspiracy to kill King Alonso and his loyal lord Gonzalo Then Sebastian will become King of NaplesIn these lines Antonio and Sebastian are engaged in conversation They are just ready to execute their plan to attack King Alonso and Gonzalo simultaneously(ii) Antoniorsquos case shall become Sebastianrsquos precedent What has been Antoniorsquos case
Antonio proved treacherous towards his brother Prospero who was the Duke of Milan Since Prospero spent his time in his scholarly pursuits he had delegated his powers to his younger brother Antonio to administer the dukedom Antonio grew ambitious He overthrew his brother and expelled him from his own dukedom In his place Antonio became the Duke of Milan which he continues to be now His case urges Sebastian to do the same(iii) How is Sebastian going to follow Antonio
Sebastian is going to take Antoniorsquos case as his precedent He is convinced that if Antonio could usurp the dukedom from his living brother Sebastian could become the King of Naples by killing his sleeping brother(iv) What will one stroke of Antoniorsquos sword do What will Sebastian do to reward Antonio
Sebastian asks Antonio to put an end to Alonsorsquos life with one stroke of his sword The same stroke will earn for him a reward Sebastian will become the King of Naples and he will exempt Antonio from paying the annual tribute to Naples The dukedom of Milan is a tributary to the kingdom of Naples Its Duke has to pay tribute to the King every year When Sebastian takes over as the King he will give a benefit to his friend who is helping him to realize his ambition
(v) What is Antoniorsquos suggestion
Antonio suggests that they may draw their swords together When he raises his hand to attack Alonso Sebastian should raise his sword to bring it down on Gonzalo
ACCOUNTS-11 25062020 Topic- depreciation ndashSTRAIGHT LINE METHOD
Illustration Salman and Usman Bros acquired a machine on July 1 2014 at a cost of Rs 70000 and spent Rs5000 on its installation The firm writes off depreciation 10 on straight line method The books are closed on December 31 every year Show the machinery and depreciation account for three years
Solution Machinery Account
Date Particulars LF amount Date Particulars LF` Amount ( Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014July 01 To Bank Ac 70000 Dec 31 Dec By Depreciation Ac 3750
(70000 x10x612)
July 01 To Bank Ac 5000 Dec31 By Balance cd 71250
75000 75000
2015 2015Jan 01 To Balance bd 71250 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 x10 ) Dec31 By Balance cd 63750
71250 71250
2016 2016Jan 01 To Balance bd 63750 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 (75000 x10 ) Dec 31 By Balance cd 56250
63750 63750
Depreciation Account
Date Particulars LF Amount Date Particulars LF Amount (Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 3750 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 3750
2015 2015
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
2016 2016
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
WORKING
Cost of Machine RS70000Cost of Installation Rs 5000
Total 75000
Rate of Depreciation 10
Then annual depreciation will be 10 of Rs 75000 = Rs 7500
Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution Geography DRIANAGE THE PENINSULAR RIVERS
1 The Mahanadi2 The Godavari3 The Krishna4 The Kaveri5 The Subarnarekha6 The Narmada7 The Tapi8 The Sabarmati and the Mahi9 The Chambal
The Mahanadi Basin The Mahanadi rises from Dandakaranya
Q1 Which is the largest river of peninsular plateau Write a brief note about its courseA1 The largest river of peninsular plateau is Godavari The river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has
near Sihawa in Raipur district in the highlands of Chhattisgarhand flows through Odisha to reach the Bay of BengalThe length of the river is about 857 kmIts drainagebasin is shared by Maharashtra Chhattisgarh Jharkhandand Odisha
THE MAHANADI RIVER SYSTEM
The GodavariThe river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
THE GODAVARI RIVER SYSTEM
many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
Q2 Which river is known as Dakshin GangaA2 The Godavari river is known as lsquoDakshin Gangarsquo It is also known as Vridha Ganga
Q3 Differentiate between east-flowing rivers and west-flowing riversA3
East-flowing rivers
West-flowing rivers
Godavari Krishna Kaveri Mahanadi are the east-flowing rivers
Narmada Tapiwest-flowing rivers
They fall into the Bay of Bengal
They fall into Arabian Sea
These rivers form big deltas
These rivers form comparativelysmall deltas
Catchment area of these river are larger
Catchment area of these river are smaller
The KrishnaThe Krishna river rises from the Western Ghatsnear Mahabaleshwar It flows into the Bay of Bengalbefore forming a large delta Its length is about1400 km The Tungabhadra Koyana Ghatprabha Musi and Bhima are some of its tributariesIt has covers parts of Maharashtra Karnataka and AndhraPradesh
THE KRISHNA RIVER SYSTEM
The KaveriIt rises in the Brahmagiri range of the Western Ghats and flows into the Bay ofBengal Southof Cuddalore in Tamil Nadu The length of the river is about 760 km Its main tributaries are the Amravati Bhavani Hemavati and Kabini The Kaveri drains inthe parts of Karnataka Kerala and drains in Tamil Nadu The river Kaveri makes the second biggest waterfall in India known as Sivasamudram
POLITICAL SCIENCE
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
MEANING OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS-Fundamental rights are those rights which are essential for intellectual moral and spiritual development of citizens of India As these rights are fundamental or essential for existence and all-round development of individuals hence they are called Fundamental rights These are enshrined in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India These include individual rights common to most such as equality before the law freedom of speech and freedom of expression religious and cultural freedom Freedom of assembly (peaceful assembly) freedom of religion (freedom to practice religion) right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writsThere are six fundamental rights recognized by the Indian constitution
1 Right to equality (Articles 14-18)2 Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22)3 Right Against exploitation (Articles 23-24)4 Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25- 28)5 Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29-30) and6 Right to Constitutional remedies (Articles 32-35)
1 The right to equality includes equality before the law the prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion race caste gender or place of birth equality of opportunity in matters of employment the abolition of untouchability and abolition of titles
2 The right to freedom includes freedom of speech and expression association or union or cooperatives movement residence and right to practice any profession or occupation
3 The right against exploitation prohibits all forms of forced labour child labour and trafficking of human beings
4 The right to freedom of religion includes freedom of conscience and free profession practice and propagation of religion freedom to manage religious affairs freedom from certain taxes and freedom from religious instructions in certain educational institutes
5 The Cultural and educational Rights preserve the right of any section of citizens to conserve their culture language or script and right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice
6 The right to constitutional remedies is present for enforcement of fundamental rightsThe right to privacy is an intrinsic part of Article 21 (the Right to Freedom) that protects the life and liberty of the citizens The right to privacy is the newest right assured by the Supreme court of India It assures the peoples data and personal security
Fundamental rights for Indians have also been aimed at overturning the inequalities of pre-independence social practices Specifically they have also been used to abolish untouchability and thus prohibit discrimination on the grounds of religion race caste sex or place of birth They also forbid trafficking of human beings and forced labour (a crime) They also protect cultural and educational rights of religious and linguistic minorities by allowing them to preserve their languages and also establish and administer their own education institutions They are covered in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India
Mathematics
Relation Study Item Types of RelationToday class xii students we will discuss about the types of RelationsFirst we discuss Void RelationWhat is Void RelationAns Let A be a non-empty set Then φ A A and so it is a relation R on set A Thissube ⨯ relation is called the void or empty relation on set ANow from the above definition we came to know that no element of A is related to any element of AHere A A is called Cartesian product⨯
is the symbol of subsetsubeAnd φ is called phi and refer to void or empty relationNow I give an example to understand the above said relationLet A = 1 2 3 4Here A A =(11)(12)(13)(14)(21)(22)(23)(24)(31)(32)(33)(34)(41)⨯(42)(43)(44)Now we consider R is a relation which is defined by R=(ab) a+b= 50We notice that a+b 50 for any two elements of AnotinTherefore (ab) R for any ab A is called belong to and is not belong tonotin isin isin notinTherefore we can say R does not contain any element of A A⨯Therefore R is empty set Therefore we can say that R is the void or empty relation on AWhat is universal RelationAns Let A is a set Then A A A A and so it is a relation on A This relation is called⨯ sube ⨯ the universal relation on ANow from the above definition we can say that each element of A is related to every element of ANow we consider the relation R on the set A =1 234 defined by R = (ab) R |a -b|isin
0≽We observe that|a - b | 0 for all ab A≽ isin
(ab) R for all (ab) A ArArr isin isin ⨯ Each element of set A is related to set A every element of set ArArr
Therefore we write R= AxATherefore we can say R is universal relation on set ANote we can say that void relation is smallest relation and the universal relation is largest relationSometime both void relation and universal relation is called trivial relationWhat is identity relationAns Let A is a non-empty set Then the relation R or IA = (aa) a A on A is called theisin identity relation on A Therefore from the above definition we can say that every element of A is related to itself only
Example Let A = 1234 then Ror IA = (11)(22)(33)(44) is the identity relation on set ANow I give you another example R1 = (11)(22)(33) and R2 = (11)(22)(33)(44)(24)From the above example we can say that R1 and R2 are not identify relation Because in the case of R1 (44)R1 and on the other hand R2 where element 2 is related to elements 2 and 4
Hindi 2ndlang
भलि[ (महादी मा)
भलि[ कहानी की लखिखका महादी मा न इस कहानी म यह दशान का परयास गिकया ह गिक आजकल क जमान म भी लो सक बन कर गिनसाथ सा करत ह ह
गिबना तन लिसा करत ह और उसक बदल ना कछ मात ह और ना ही कोई आशा करत ह नौकर सा करक तन चाहता ह और ह भी कई सगिधाओ की आशा करता ह पर सक सदा गिनजी साथ भा स सा म सलगन रह कर काम करता ह भलि[ कहानी की मखय पातर लकषमी ह जिजस भलि[ नाम लखिखका न दिदया ह ह गिकसी
ोपाल काकी कनया ह पाच रष की आय म उसकी गि माता न ौना ही कर दिदया कहानी म भलि[ क दखो का अत नही ह गिफर भी ह बडी साहसी धयान और परिरशरमी ह कदिठनाइयो स जझ ती ह पहल गिपता की मतय गिफर पगित की मतय और
गिफर घर जमाई की मतय होती ह उस साहसी मगिहला न साहस नही छोडा और तीनो पतरी ओक हाथ पील गिकए लाना द पान क कारण उसका जमीदार न अपमान गिकया गिफरकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहचीकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहची शहर पहच करा लखिखका की सगिका बनी ही पर उसका नाम भलि[ पडा ह एक भ[ की तरह अपन सामिमनी की इमानदारी स सा करती और तन का जिजकर भी नही करती ह लखिखका क घर पाठशाला आदिद को अचछी तरह स सभालती पढी-
लिलखी ना होकर भी ह लखिखका की बहत सा ए सहायता करती ह लखिखका का साया बनकर चलती लखिखका की सा करना उसक जीन का उददशय ह ह
लखिखका की खशी क लिलए ही काय करती ह ह लखिखका को दखी नही दख सकती लखिखका पर भलि[ का इतना परभा पडा गिक ह सय दहाती बन ई
यदध क दिदनो म ह अपन परिरार क साथ रहन की अपकषा लखिखका क साथ रहना पसद करती थी यदध क भत न जब ीटा क ान पर पलायन गित जा दी तो
भलि[ न न लखिखका को अपन ा ल जान का अनरोध करन ली लखिखका को डर ह गिक यदिद उसक गिदा होन क अगितम छठा ए तो ह दहातीन दधा कया कर ी
इस परकार हम दखत ह गिक लखिखका न सामिमनी और सगिका क ण बरसात हए सक धम पर परकाश डाला ह और लखिखका न एक आदश सगिका क रप को सदर
रप स परसतत गिकया हBengali আদাব পরশন) ldquoশরণের ১৪৪ ধারা আর কারহিZউ অU ার জারী রণেয়রণে0ldquo
ক) কার গলখা গকা3 রচ3ার অংশ খ)গকাায় গক3 ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়রণে0 )১৪৪ ধারা কী এর Zরণেল কী য়
উততর) ক)আরণেলাচ য অংশটি সরণেরশ বসর রহিচত lsquoআদাবlsquo গ0াট রণেলপর অংশ
খ) বাংলারণেদরণেশর ঢাকা শরণের ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়হি0ল সামপরদাহিয়ক াnাা ও দাnা পরহিতরণেরারণেধর জ3 য হিlt সলা3রণেদর গ3তারণেদর সামপরদাহিয়ক উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা বারণেধ উ2য় সমপরদায় 2ীত রণেয় ঘর বহিlt রণেয় পরণে পরসপর পরসপররণেক সরণেltরণের গচারণেখ গদরণেখ গকউ কাউরণেক আরণের রণেতা হিবশবাস কররণেত পারণের3া হিক0 া3রণেষর উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা য় ার পহির3া অরণেতক রকত iয় ও ত য
) ১৪৪ ধারা আইরণে3র এ3 একটা ধারা ার _ারা এলাকা হি3হিদ ষট করণের গদওয়া য় গসই এলাকার রণেধ য গবহিশ া3রণেষর জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় হিহি0ল জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় আই3 2nকারীরণেক গহিলর হি3রণেদশ জাহির করা য় তাই সাধার3 া3ষ আর বাইরণের গবর রণেত পারণের3া পরারণে3র 2রণেয় বহিlt রণেয় ারণেক এর Zল য় সাংঘাহিতক গদাকা3 পাট বনধ ারণেক
হিজহি3স পতর অহিল য় রাসতা ঘাট জ3 শ3 য রণেয় ায় লরণেঠরা তারণেদর লঠত রাজ চাহিলরণেয় হি3রণেজরণেদর আরণেখর গহি0রণেয় গ3য় া3ষরণেক 2ীহিতর হিব2ীহিষহিক গরাস করণের ঘরণেরর া3রণেষর ইkা াকরণেলও ঘরণের হিZররণেত পারণের3া হিZররণেত হিরণেয় বltরণেকর গহিলরণেত পরা3 ারায়
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today we will discuss about Types of Leaves
An organization provides several kinds of leaves to the employees These days employees working both in government and private sector are allowed several types of leaves Following are the leaves achieved by the employees from their organization
Casual LeaveChild care leave -HospitalLeaveSpecial disability leaveChild Adoption leaveEarned LeavesHalf pay leaveMaternity leavePaternityleaveStudy leave
1 Casual Leave- Casual leave is not a recognised form of leaves and is not subject to any rules made by the government of India And official on casual leave is not treated as Absent from duty and pay is not intimated Normally 8 days of casual leave is permissible in a calendar year
2 Child care leave - Women employees having minor children may be granted child care leave by an authority competent to grant leave for a maximum period of 730 days means two years during their entire service for taking care of up to two children weather for sharing or to look after any of their names like examination sickness it is a
3HospitalLeave - Hospital leave is admissible to group C employees whose duties involved handling of dangerous machinery explosive materials poisonous drugs and performance of hazardous task and to group D employees Medical certificate from an authorised medical attendant is necessary for the grant of these leave However total period of
leave does not exceed 28 months4Special disability leave- Special
disability leave admissible to all employees when disabled by injury intentionally or accidentally inflicted are caused in law in consequence of the due performance of official duties or in consequence of official position It also it is also add miscible when disabled by illness incurred in the performance of any particular duty which has the effect of increasing laboratory to illness or injury beyond the ordinary least attaching to the Civil post held and the same condition
5Child Adoption leave- This leave is granted to female Employees with fewer than two surviving children on valid adoption of a child below the age of one year for a period of 135 days immediately after the date of valid adoption Leave salary will be equal to the pain immediately before processing on leave
6Earned Leaves- This leave is earned by duty The credit for earned leave will be awarded at a rate of 15 days on the 1st of January and 1st of July every year It can be accumulated up to 300 days in addition to the number of days for which encashment has been allowed along with LTC
7 Half pay leave -All government servant are entitled to 20 days of HPL half pay leave for every completed year of service Half pay leave is calculated at 20 days for each completed year of service The service includes periods of duty and leave including extra ordinary leave with or without MC (medical certificate)
8 Maternity leave -Maternity leave is granted to women Government employees full stop it is as possible only to Employees with less than 2 surviving children The maternity leave is not debited to leave account and full pay is granted It cannot be combined with any other the leaves and count as service for increment and pension
9 PaternityleaveA male employee with less than 2 surviving children may be granted paternity leave for a period of 15 days during the confinement of
his wife During the period of such leaves he shall be paid leave salary equal to the pay drawn immediately before proceeding on leave
10 Study leave-Study leave may be granted to all Government Employees with not less than 5 years service for undergoing a special course consisting of higher studies are specialised training in a professional or technical subject having a direct and close connection with the sphere of his duties as a Civil Servant
Commerce
Chapter-5Management
Let us today discuss about the nature of Management
Nature of management Management is defined as
An art A science A profession
Management is defined as an art because of the following reasons
1 In art there is an existence of theoretical knowledge Similarly in management various theories are propounded by management thinkers in various areas of management like finance marketing human resources etc
2 Every manager apply his or her personal skills and knowledge in the day to day functioning of an enterprise
3 Like an art management is creative as it provides solutions to Complex problems making resources productive and profitable moulding the attitudes of people for the betterment of an organisation
Management is is considered as science because of the following reasons
1 Like science there is a systemised body of knowledge in management consisting of theories principles vocabulary and concept
2 Principles of management are evolved after continuous observations and experimentation
Management both as Science and ArtManagement is both a science and an art It is a science because it uses certain principles and is an art because it requires continuous practice and application of personal skillsManagement as a profession Following points highlight whether management is a profession or not1 Like profession management has well
defined body of knowledge It has its own principles which are based on experiments One can acquire such
knowledge by pursuing courses like MBA BBA etc and acquire managerial skills through instruction and training
2 In management no such restriction is there for managers to clear an examination for hold a degree However these days more and more people are appointed for managerial post who opposes management degrees
3 Membership to a professional Association like AIMA is not mandatory for managers All managers directly or indirectly work for the development of society
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Essay Questions (EQ-2)
Question No 2Sketch the character of Prospero Would you call him perfect
AnswerProspero in The Tempest appears to be an intensely human being with human failings and weaknesses With all his excellence Prospero is made to awaken our sympathy for a natural imperfection Prosperorsquos Previous HistoryIn his retrospective narration of his previous history to Miranda we get a glimpse into Prosperorsquos past life As the Duke of Milan Prospero buried himself in his magic books which he prized above his dukedom He was essentially a scholar with no practical wisdom He failed to perform his first duty by neglecting the governance of his state and gave an opportunity to his wicked brother to undermine his throne He was thus driven from his home and thrown in a leaky boat with his weeping daughter to drift in the perilous seas It is only the thought of his little child that kept him aliveThe Development of Prosperorsquos CharacterThe development of his character is evident from the contrast between what he was before his banishment and what he is now in the island Formerly when his ldquolibrary was dukedom enoughrdquo he was altogether too unsuspecting Now he is watchful as providence and takes care to guard himself against the possibility of evil He has learnt to know human nature in its worst forms even Caliban has taught him something He will no longer put his trust in appearance except as ldquostale to catch thievesrdquo nor in oaths of which the strongest he says ldquoare straw to the fire irsquo the bloodrdquo He who once neglected worldly ends now consistently asserts his dignity enforces obedience and deals out justice with impartial hand He who without a thought of evil gave his power and his revenues into his brotherrsquos hands now puts Ferdinand to the severest test as a trial of his love before entrusting his daughter to him He makes the most practical use imaginable of his magic art exacts prompt servitudefrom his attendants does not hesitate to punish them is resolved and firm and knows how to seize the proper moment for action He is a most careful father to his daughter a considerate master of Ariel severe against the brutal Caliban humane towards the repentant enemies full of experience and wisdomThe Exercise of his Power ndash his SternnessWhat appears to us at the first sight one of the least pleasing features of Prosperorsquos character is the sternness which he frequently displays more particularly in his dealings with Caliban His harshness towards Caliban resulted from the failure of gentler methods his severity towards Ferdinand was exercised in the interest of his daughter ldquolest too light winning make the prize lightrdquo and his punishment of Alonso Sebastian and Antonio is justified by the attainment of his objectiveProsperorsquos TendernessThe tender side of Prosperorsquos character is exhibited in his relation to Miranda Ariel Gonzalo and the repentant sinners His love for Miranda is unbounded She was almost life to him In his darkest hours of trial this love sustained him and gave him strength to put a bold front to suffering He addresses her always with tenderness She is to him a lsquoloved darlingrsquo lsquodear heartrsquo lsquoa rich giftrsquo lsquoa third of his own lifersquo The same affectionate nature is shown in his dealing with his brother Antonio He loved his brother Antonio only next to Miranda before Antonio conspired against him In the island when Antonio is brought before him he forgives him
readily To Gonzalo the good old councilor he is all affection He sheds tears of joy and gratitude when he meets him in the island To Ariel he is a loving and considerable master Ariel is always to him ldquomy brave spiritrdquo ldquofine spiritrdquo ldquodelicate Arielrdquo ldquomy Arielrdquo etc When he promises Ariel his freedom he says with real emotion ndash ldquoI shall miss theerdquoProsperorsquos Power as a MagicianThe practice of magic has placed wonderful powers in the hands of Prospero He uses his supernatural powers like a god only to bring about the happiest results He causes The Tempest and the shipwreck only to bring his enemies within his power and not to destroy them Not a soul perished in the storm He leads Ferdinand to Miranda his high charms work and as he wishes the two falls in love He frustrates the plots of the conspirators and makes them know that he was conscious of it He drives Sebastian and Alonso to sincere repentance and readily forgives them The drunken associates of Caliban are no doubt sternly treated but even then they are promised conditional pardon The whole play at last ends in reconciliation joy and peace The wrongs are set right the lovers are made happy Ariel is set free and thus the powerful magician retires into the solitude of his study at MilanProsperorsquos ForgivenessAllied to his wisdom is his forgiving nature Though deeply wronged he bears no spite against the wrong-doers Though his power is unlimited he uses it to noble purposes The lesson of adversity has taught him that ldquoThe rarer action is in virtue than in vengeancerdquoProspero does not debase his noble nature by revenge but forgives his enemies absolutely He drives his erstwhile enemies to a sincere penitence for their past misdeeds and when repentance has wrought its full effect on them he receives them into his arms and is reconciled to them Is Prospero perfectProspero creates a great impression upon our minds by his dignity his nobility the divine spirit of forgiveness in him his generous and sympathetic nature etc Even with all these virtues we cannot call him perfect We perceive certain faults in him He displays an occasional impatience irritability and even a certain harshness of feeling His severe treatment of Caliban might have been justified but the language in which he addresses the monster and the threats that he uses show him to be a kind of tyrant On learning of Calibanrsquos plot against his life he is as violently disturbed and agitated as any ordinary human being would be His manner towards Ariel when the latter demands his liberty also seems somewhat arbitrary and tyrannicalSubject ndashBiology Topic ndashChapter -5 Inheritance amp Variations Summary ExecutionToday we will discuss about NON-Mendelian Inheritance
NON_MENDELIAN INHERITANCE Incomplete Dominance It is an inheritance in which heterozygous offspring shows
intermediate character between two parental characteristics Eg Flower colour in snapdragon (dog flower or Antirrhinum sp) and
Mirabilis jalapa ( 4rsquoO clock plant) Here phenotypic and genotypic ratios are same Phenotypic Ratio 1Red 2 Pink 1 White Genotypic Ratio 1(RR) 2 (Rr) 1(rr) This means that R was not completely dominant over r Pea plants also show incomplete dominance in other traits
Co- dominance It is the inheritance in which both alleles of a gene are expressed in a
hybrid Eg ABO blood grouping in human ABO Blood groups are controlled by the gene I The plasma membrane of the RBC has sugar polymer that protrude
from its surface and is controlled By the gene The gene I has three alleles IA IB i The alleles IA and IB produce a slightly different form of the sugar
while allele i does not produce any sugar In AB blood group both IA and IB are present together This is co ndash
dominanceMultiple Alleles
Multiple alternatives of the same gene which influence the same character and produce different expressions in different individuals of a species or population same genes have more than two allelic
forms These different forms of a single gene are referred as multiple alleles Eg human Blood group
Ac-12 250620 Topic- retirement
Illustration Om Jai and Jagdish are partners sharing profit in the ratio of 3 2 l Their balance sheet as at December 31st 2014 is as under
Balance sheet as at December 31 2014
Liabilities Amount Assets Amount
(Rs`) (Rs`)
Creditors 80000 Building 180000 Bills Payable 26000 Plant 140000 General reserve 24000 Motor Car 40000 Capital Stock 100000 Om 160000 Debtors 63000 Jai 120000 Less Provision Jagdish 120000
400000 for Bad debts 3000
60000 Cash at Bank 10000
530000 530000
Jai retires on that date on the following terms(a) The Goodwill of the firm is valued at Rs 60000(b) Stock and Building to be appreciated by 10(c) Plant is depreciated by 10(d) Provision for Bad debts is increased upto Rs 5000(e) Jairsquos share of goodwill was adjusted through remaining partners capital accountThe amount due to Jai is paid out of the fund brought in by Om and Jagdish in theirnew profit sharing ratio Jai is paid full amountPrepare Revaluation Account and Partnerrsquos Capital account
Solution WorkingsIt is assumed that Om and Jagdish gaining ratio remains 3 lJairsquo Share of goodwill = Rs 60000 times 26 = Rs20000Adjusted through the remaining partners capital account in 3 1 ratio
Revaluation Account
Dr Cr
Particulars Amount Particulars Amount
(Rs`) (`Rs)
To Provision for Bad debts 2000 By Stock 10000TO Plant 14000 By Building 18000To Profit transferred toCapital Accounts Om 6000 Jai 4000 Jagdish 2000
12000
28000 28000
Capital AccountDr Cr Particulars Om Jai Jagdish Particulars Om Jai Jagdish
(Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (rs`) (`Rs)
To Capital 15000 mdash 5000 By Balance bd 160000 120000 120000 ToBank 152000 By General Reserve 12000 8000 4000To Balance cd 277000 mdash 159000 By Revaluation (Profit) 6000 4000 2000 By Om Capital mdash 15000 mdash ByJagdish Capital mdash 5000 By Bank 114000 38000
292000 152000 164000 292000 152000 164000
zebra crossing obey the traffic rules etc
Hindi सनाम Ch 7 सजञा शबदो की तरह सनाम शबद भी एकचन और बहचन होत ह
म-- हम यह -- य उस --उनह तम --तम सब ह ndash मरा --हमारा
Bengali বইndashবাংলা সাহিতয পহিরচয়
পাঠndash৭লপndashবরণোহিদ3অ3শীল3ীর পররণেশনাততর
১ একটি বারণেকয উততর দাও -ক) হিEসটা3রণেদর বরণো উৎসব রণেলা বরণোহিদ3খ) হিজশ হিEরণেসটর জনমহিদ3 হিসারণেব বরণো হিদ3 বলা য়) হিEসটা3রণেদর ধ গরনথ রণেলা বাইরণেবলঘ) বরণোহিদরণে3র হিপরয় খাবার রণেলা গককঙ) সানতাকলজ রণেলা বদধ গবহিশ হিEসটা3 2কত২ শ3যসথা3 পর করণেরা -ক) পরহিত ব0র ২৫ হিUরণেসমবর বরণোহিদ3 পাহিলত য়খ) এই হিদ3টি হিজশ হিEরণেসটর জনম হিদ3) হিEসটা3রণেদর ধ গররণেনথর 3া বাইরণেবল ঘ) সানতাকলজ হিশশরণেদর খব 2ারণেলাবারণেস ঙ) বরণোহিদ3 একটি পহিবতর হিদ3
Mathematics CHAPTER 6 SHAPES
THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF SHAPES 2-D AND 3-D SHAPESTHE OBJECTS WHICH WE FEEL BY HOLDING ARE 3-D SHAPESSPHERE CYLINDER CUBE CONE AND CUBOID ARE 3-D SHAPES
SQUARE RECTANGLE TRIANGLE AND CIRCULAR 2-D SHAPES
READ AND UNDERSTAND THE SUMMARY PART
Class IIISubject Topic Summary Execution Mathematics M Math
(Activity - 4) 1 Write the numbers which comes before and after the given numbersa)
Predecessor Successor
6454 6455 6456
3217 3218 3219
9299 9300 9301
7451 7452 7453
b) Before After
2100 2101 2102
7787 7788 7789
4550 4551 4552
8002 8003 8004
2 Form the largest and smallest 4-digit numbers from the given digitsLargest Smallest
9653 6935 3569
8741 8147 1478
9532 3925 2359
6432 4623 2346
9310 1930 1039
Write the smallest 4-digit number in which all the digits are the same rarr 1111
Write the largest 4-digit number in which all the digits are the samerarr 9999
Hindi सनाम Ch 7 सनाम- जो शबद सजञा शबद की जह बोल जात ह सनाम कहलात ह हिहदी म बोल जान ाल कछ सनाम शबद इस परकार ह- म हम यह तम यह ह आप मन उसनhellip
सजञा शबदो की तरह सनाम शबद भी एकचन और बहचन होत ह
Read the chapter म -- हम यह -- य उस --उनह तम --तम सब ह ndash मरा ndashहमारा
Eng literature 25620
Poem The MoonBook- oxford
Children the 2nd paragraph of this poem tells us about the different sounds of different animals like the cat is squalling the mouse is squeaking the dog is howling and there is about who sleeps during the day have all come out to enjoy the moonlightIn 3rd paragraph the poet is telling is telling us that all the things that are awake during dayhellipfalls asleep at night in the hope to see a bright new day next morning
Children read the whole poem and learn the first 8 lines of the poem along with the poetrsquos name
Bengali বই ndash বাংলা সাহিতয পহিরচয়
পাঠ ndash ৮লপ ndash ট3টহি3 ও রাজার
৩ শ3যসথা3 পর করণেরা -ক) রাজার হিসনধরণেকর টাকা গরারণেদ শরণেকারণেত গদওয়া রণেয়হি0লখ) টাকা হিZরণের গপরণেয় ট3টহি3র বরণো আ3lt রণেয়রণে0) ট3টহি3র কা শরণে3 রাজা গররণে এরণেকবারণের অহিসথর ঘ) রাজা বরণো ধরণে3 কাতর ঙ) এক টহি3রণেত ট3ট3ারণেলা সাত রা3ীর 3াক কাটারণেলা ৪ হিবপরীত শবদ - আ3lt times দঃখ হি2তর times বাহির
কাগলখক ndash উরণেপনদরহিকরণেশার রায়রণেচৌধরীঅ3শীল3ীর পররণেশনাততর
রাজা times রা3ী
Social studies Indian literature Panchatantra The word Panchatantra is derived from the Sanskrit word Pancha which means five and lsquotantrarsquo which means principles thus Panchatantra means five principles Panchatantra is a collection of animal fables arranged in the form of stories It was written 2000 years back but is still famous and relevant because of the moral values and knowledge in it It consists of 87 stories and every story has a moral value hidden in it Vishnu Sharma wrote these stories Panchatantra has been translated into 57 languages
Read a story from Panchatantra (if you have) or from any other book which you have read it Write the moral of the story
Class IVSubject Topic Summary Execution English literature
A Night in June (poem)
Solved exercisesAnswer the following questions1 How are the stars appearing in the skyAns The stars appearing by twos and threes
2 Have the birds stopped their singingAns The birds have not stopped their singing they are piping yetrsquo
3 Where are the little birdsAns The little birds are among the bushes and trees
4 What sounds can be heard
Ans Little birds piping a wind that is rushing water that is gushing and the cuckoorsquos Sovereign cry can all be heard
5 What fills the sky Ans The cuckoorsquos cry fills the sky
6Why do you think the stars appear in the way described in the poemAns They are appearing like this because although the Sun has set there is a little light in the sky As the sky gets darker more stars become visible
7 Why do you think the poet calls the cuckoorsquos cry lsquosovereignrsquoAns The cuckoorsquos cry is loud enough to fill the sky and so seems superior to the other sounds
Social studies Map reading MapA map is a flat drawing on a paper that indicates the location of an area It is drawn on a flat surface with a scale Different places can be located with the help of four Cardinal directions People who make maps are called cartographers Types of mapsPolitical mapPolitical maps focus on the territorial boundaries and location of countries capital cities states and union territoriesPhysical mapPhysical mapsshow the physical features of the EarthIt includes features like mountains plateaus plains and water bodiesThematic mapThematic maps are based on a particular theme or subject such as distribution of populations forests and rainfall
Draw a physical map of India(Take help from the book page 79)Science The Teeth
(Microbes) MicrobesMicrobes are bacteria virusesrsquo protozoa and fungi Bacteria cause diseases such as typhoid and tuberculosis Viruses are smaller than bacteria and cause diseases such as common cold and influenza Protozoa cause malariaFungi cause disease such as ringworm and athletersquos foot Fungi grow on dead plants and animalsSome microbes are also useful to us Such as
Bacteria change milk to cheese or curd and help in digestion
Some bacteria help in the decaying of dead plants and animals This is very important for cleaning up our surroundings
We eat mushrooms which are fungi
We get medicines from certain microbes such as Penicillium
Yeast help in making bread
Bookrsquos exerciseQuestion amp Answers2 Name three layers of a tooth and define each layerAns A tooth has three layers enamel dentine and pulp Enamel ndash The outer white layer of a tooth is called enamel Dentine ndash The middle layer of the tooth that is slightly yellow is called dentine Pulp ndash The innermost layer of a tooth is called pulp It is soft and has blood vessels and nerves
3 How do we take care of our teeth Write four points Ans Teeth are an important part of our body So we should take good care of our teeth
(a) We should brush our teeth twice a day once in the morning and once at night before going to bed
(b) We should eat foods rich in calcium and vitamin C and D as these foods keep our teeth strong
and cake fluffy (c) We should rinse our mouth after every meal
(d) We should use dental floss to clean between the teeth
4 How do microbes useful to us Write three points Ans Some microbes are useful to us
(a) Bacteria change milk to curd and help in our digestion
(b) We eat mushrooms which are fungi
(c) We get medicines from a fungus called Penicillium
Mathematics M Maths [Activity 1]
1 Write the numerals for the followinga) 4 ten thousandb) 8 ten thousandc) Twenty thousand five hundredd) Fifty thousand fiftyf) Ninety thousand four hundred forty eightSolution a) 40000b) 80000c) 20500d) 50050f) 904483 Put comma () to separate the numbers in two periodsa) 36452d) 10633e) 76001f) 85404Solution a) 36452 (d) 10633 (e) 76001 (f) 854044 Write the numbers in short formc) 60000+300+30+3d) 20000+5000+40e) 60000+7000+900+10+1Solution (c) 60333 (d) 25040 (e) 679115 Write the period and place value of the given numbersd) 3 in 57325e) 4 in 95483f) 0 in 88509Solution (d) ones 300(e) ones 400(f) ones 0
COMPUTER FORMATTING IN MS WORD
Q1) WRITE DOWN THE STEPS TO CHANGE THE FONT TYPEANS) THE STEPS ARE
SELECT THE TEXT THAT WE WANT TO FORMAT CLICK ON THE HOME TAB CLICK ON THE DROPDOWN ARROW NEXT TO THE FONT BOX IN THE
FONT GROUP SELECT THE RELEVANT FONT TYPE FROM THE FONT LIST BOX
Q2) HOW CAN WE CHANGE THE TEXT ALIGNMENTANS) WE CAN CHANGE THE TEXT ALIGNMENT BY FOLLOWING STEPS ARE
SELECT THE TEXT CLICK ON THE HOME TAB IN THE PARAGRAPH GROUP SELECT THE DESIRED ALIGNMENT
OPTION
Class VSubject Topic Summary Execution English language Sentences
phrases and clauses
The sentenceA sentence is a group of words that contains a subject a predicate and makes complete sense by itselfThe PhraseA phrase is a group of words which does not contain a subject and a verb and does not make complete sense by itselfThe ClauseA clause is a group of words which contains a subject and a predicate and is a part of a sentence
Example of a Phrase1 My best friend2 The sports car
The above sentences donrsquot have Subject or verb
Example of a Clause1 John is my best friend2 The man was carrying a bag
The above sentences have both Subject and verb
Social studies Indian Government
India is a very big country It is divided into 29 states and 7 union territories for effective governance and administrationThe Indian Government operates at three levelsCentral GovernmentState GovernmentLocal Government Central GovernmentThe Central Government rules over the entire country It operates from New Delhi It makes laws for the whole country and ensures that they are executed and followed The central government has three parts ndash thelegislative the executive and the judiciary1The LegislativeThe Parliament is the legislature at the Central level that makes the laws The Parliament of India is in New Delhi It is also called Sansad It has two houses Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha Their members are called MPs -Members of Parliament The citizens of the country elect them through elections
1Name the three levels of Government that the Indian Government operatesAns Central Government State Government and Local Government
2Name the three parts of Central GovernmentAns The legislative the executive and the judiciary
3What is the other name for SansadAns Parliament
Science Pollination(Agents of pollination)
Agents of Pollination
We all know that plants cannot move from one place to another but they reproduce They need help to transfer their pollen grains Wind insects water birds and other animals help in transferring their pollen grains So they are called agents of pollination
Q Define self-pollination Ans Self pollination ndash When the pollen grains get transferred from the anthers to the stigma of the same flower or another flower on the same plant it is known as self-pollination
Q Define cross-pollination Ans Cross-pollination ndash When the pollen grains get transferred from the
Pollination by wind ndash grasses such as rice wheat maize their pollen grains are very dry and light and easily blown by the wind Some plants have a feathery stigma to catch the pollen grains Pollination by insects ndashInsects such as butterflies bees help in cross pollination When insects visit flowers to collect nectar the pollen grains get stuck to their body and when they visit to another flower the pollen grains get transferred to the stigma of that flower This is how insects help in pollination Pollination by water ndashPollination by water occurs in aquatic plants Pollination occurs when the male flower moving with the flow of water comes in contact with the female flower
anthers of one flower to the stigma of a flower of another plant of the same type it is known as cross-pollination
Q How do insects help in pollination Ans Insects such as butterflies bees help in cross pollination When in sects visit flowers to collect nectar the pollen grains get stuck to their body and when they visit to another flower the pollen grains get transferred to the stigma of that flower This is how insects help in pollination
English literature
Sour grapes A fox was trotting on one day and he saw lovely grapes just above his head The grapes where rich ripe and purple- red He was impatient to grab the fruit but it was too high He gave it up by letting out a deep sighHe then said to himself that he has wasted his time upon such a common fruit and he is sure that those grapes were sour
The poet then concludes the poem by saying that we often say this in our real life When we fail to do or achieve something in our lives we often say like the fox that ldquowe re sure the grapes are sourrdquo
Write the synonyms of1 Trotting- Riding2 Eager- anxious3 Snatch- grab4 Heaving- to let out relief5 Sigh- deep breath6 Mean- miserable and poor
SUBJECT- FRENCH (3RD LANGUAGE)Les alphabets avec vocabulariesAlphabets with vocabularies
- Ananas- Ballon- Chat
- Dents - Escargot
HOMEWORK-LEARN THIS VOCABULARIES WITH PROPER PRONUNCIATION
MAT
HEM
ATIC
S
Ch 6
Com
mon
frac
tions Subtraction of fractions
(a) Subtraction of like fractions
(b) Subtraction of unlike fractions
(c) Subtraction of mixed fractions [To subtract mixed numbers we change them to improper fractions and then subtract]
Exercise ndash 28Subtract
2 712
minus 312
Solution 712
minus 312 =
7minus312 =
412 =
13
4 18minus 1
12
Solution The LCM of 8 and 12 = 24
there4 18=
1times 38times3 =
324 and
112
= 1 times212 times2
= 224
there4 18minus 1
12 = 3
24 - 2
24 = 3minus224 =
124
10 59minus 7
18
Solution The LCM of 9 and 18 = 18
there4 59=
5times 29 times2 =
1018 and
718=
7 times 118times 1 =
718
there4 59minus 7
18 = 1018 -
718 =
10minus718 =
318 =
16
11 34minus1
5
Solution The LCM of 4 and 5 = 4times5 = 20
there4 34 =
3 times54 times 5 =
1520 and
15=
1times 45times 4 =
420
there4 34 -
15 =
1520 -
420 =
15minus420 =
1120
19 6 - 159
Solution Now 6 = 61 and 1
59 =
149
The LCM of 1 and 9 = 9
there4 61=
6 times91times 9 =
549 and
149 =
14 times19times1 =
149
there4 6 - 159 =
61 -
149 =
549 -
149 =
54minus149 =
409 = 4
49
20 715 - 3
910
Solution Now 715 =
365 and 3
910 =
3910
The LCM of 5 and 10 = 10
there4 715 =
365 =
36 times25times 2 =
7210 and 3
910 =
3910
there4 715 - 3
910 =
7210 -
3910 =
72minus3910 =
3310 = 3
310
Practice at HomeExercise ndash 28
17 3712 - 2
56
18 5 - 278
Class VISubject Topic Summary Execution BIOLOGY Ch-8
AdaptationsPg-115
A Short answer questions
3 Write the characteristics of submerged plants Ans ndash
1 Submerged aquatic are present below the water surface
2 The roots of partly submerged plants are fixed in the soil below water at the bottom of pond lake or river
3 The stems of such plants grow up to the surface of water while the leaves and flowers float on the surface of water
4 Submerged plants donrsquot have thick waxy cuticle
5 Completely submerged water plants like sea grasses and pondweed lack stomata
6 The leaves are mostly thin
Class VIISubject Topic Summary Execution CHEMISTRY
Chapter ndashPhysical and Chemical Changes
Physical ChangeA physical change involves a change in physical propertiesPhysical change is a type of change where no new substance is formed Most physical changes are reversible
Characteristics of Physical changes 1 They are temporary changes2 They are reversible changes 3 No new substance formed4 A physical change involves a
change in physical properties not its chemical properties
Terms related to Physical ChangesDissolvingMeltingMelting pointFreezingFreezing pointBoiling Boiling pointEvaporationCondensationCondensation point
Pg-25Question 6State three differences between evaporation and boiling
Evaporation Boiling
1 Evaporation is a slow process
2 Evaporation takes place from the surface of the liquid
3 Evaporation takes place at all temperature
1 Boiling is a fast process
2 Boiling takes place from all parts of the liquid
3 Boiling takes place at a fixed temperature on heating
Question 7State four differences between physical and chemical changes
Physical change Chemical change
1 No new substances with new properties are formed
2 It can be reversed by simple physical methods
3 It is temporary change
4 Energy is neither needed nor produced
1 New substances with new properties are formed
2 Change cannot be reversed by simple physical methods
3 It is permanent change4 Energy is either needed
or evolved
GEOGRAPHY
ATMOSPHERE
GREENHOUSE EFFECT ANDGLOBAL WARMINGWe have already learned that therays of the Sun heat up the Earths surfaceduring the day and cools off at night byradiating out the heat in the form of terrestrialradiation Some of this heat is absorbed by thegreenhouse gases of the atmosphere and doesnot escape into outer space This preventsthe Earth from becoming excessively cold atnight This is known as Greenhouse EffectIt has led to a gradual rise in globaltemperatures which is referred to as globalwarmingCauses of Global Warming
Q1 What do you mean by Greenhouse EffectA1 Therays of the Sun heat up the Earths surfaceduring the day and cools off at night byradiating out the heat in the form of terrestrialradiation Some of this heat is absorbed by thegreenhouse gases of the atmosphere and doesnot escape into outer space This preventsthe Earth from becoming excessively cold atnight This is known as Greenhouse Effect
Q2 What are the greenhouse gases A2 The heat-trapping gases calledgreenhouse gas (GHGs)
Examples chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Carbon dioxide halons methane nitrous oxide and
GREENHOUSE GAS The heat-trapping gases calledgreenhouse gas (GHGs) Over the years these gases have releasedin the atmosphere and thus making the planetwarmerExamples Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Carbon dioxide halons methane nitrous oxide and ozone
GLOBAL WARMINGIncreasing of Earthrsquos temperature day by day by the increasing amount of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere is called as global warming
CAUSES OF GLOBAL WARMING 1 Burning of fossil fuel2 Harmful emission from industries
andvehicles3 Deforestation and mining4 Excessive rearing of farm animals5 Fertilisers
ozone
Q3 What do you mean by Global Warming Write any two causes of global warming
A3 Increasing of Earthrsquos temperature day by day by the increasing amount of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere is called as global warming The main causes of global warming are a Burning of fossil fuelb Harmful emission from industries
andvehicles
COMPUTER
ARRAYS ARRAY IS A VARIABLE WHICH STORES DIFFERENT VALUES OF THE SAME DATA TYPE IT IS USEFUL TO ORGANIZE MULTIPLE VARIABLES TO DECLARE AN ARRAY DIM (DIMENSION) STATEMENT IS USED LETS TAKE AN EXAMPLE TO DECLARE AN ARRAYDIM NUMBERS(10)10 INSIDE THE PARENTHESES MEANS THIS ARRAY CAN HOLD 11 ELEMENTSNUMBERS YES 11 NUMBERS THERE IS A FIRST INDEX ARRAY 0 ALSO (0 TO 10)EXAMPLES1)TAKE ANY 6 NUMBERS (SAY 2451069) IN AN ARRAY AND ADD NUMBERS INPOSITIONINDEX 3 AND 5 PRINT THE FINAL RESULT
READ THE SUMMARY PART AND TRY TO UNDERSTAND THE CONCEPT OF ARRAY IN QBASIC
SUBJECT- FRENCH (3RD LANGUAGE)Les alphabets avec vocabulariesAlphabets with vocabularies
- Ananas- Ballon- Chat - Dents - Escargot
HOMEWORK-LEARN THIS VOCABULARIES WITH PROPER PRONUNCIATION
Class VIIISubject Topic Summary Execution PHYSICS ENERGY Types of Energy
There are different forms of energy Today we will discuss some important
A Objective Questions
1 Write true or false for each
types of energy and their features ndash1 Mechanical energyMechanical energy is the sum of kinetic and potential energy in an object that is used to do work In other words it is energy in an object due to its motion or position or both
A Kinetic Energy The energy in motion is known as Kinetic Energy For example a moving ball flowing water etc
Kinetic Energy=12mv2
Wherem = Mass of the objectv = Velocity of the object
B Potential Energy This is the energy stored in an object and is measured by the amount of work done For example a pen on a table water in a lake etc
Potential Energy=mghWherem = Mass of the object (in kilograms)g = Acceleration due to gravityh = Height in metersMechanical EnergyIt is the sum of potential energy and kinetic energy that is the energy associated with the motion amp position of an object is known as Mechanical energy Thus we can derive the formula of mechanical energy as ndash
Mechanical Energy = Kinetic Energy + Potential Energy
MechanicalEnergy=12mv2+mgh
2 Solar EnergyThe light and heat from the sun harnessed using technologies like solar heating photovoltaics solar thermal energy solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis is known as solar energy It is the prime source of renewable energy
3 Wind EnergyIt is one of the various forms of energy The energy present in the flow of wind used by wind turbines is called wind energy This energy is a major cheap source to produce electricity In this phenomena the kinetic energy of the wind is converted into mechanical power
statement
(a) A coolie does no work against the force of gravity while carrying luggage on a road
Answer True
(b) The energy stored in water of a dam is the kinetic energy
Answer False
(c) The energy of a flying kite is kinetic energy
Answer True
(d) Work done by a boy depends on the time in which he does work
Answer False
(e) Power spent by a body depends on the time for which it does work
Answer True
4 Nuclear EnergyThe energy present in the nucleus of an atom is known as nuclear energy The particles of an atom are tiny and need the energy to hold themselves Nuclear energy is that enormous energy in the bonds of an atom which helps to hold the atom together Nuclear energy can be used to make electricity
5 Geothermal EnergyThe energy or heat present inside the Earth is known as geothermal energy It is a cheap amp convenient heat and power resource and use of this energy donrsquot have a side effect like greenhouse gas emission etc
6 Tidal Energy
Tidal energy or tidal power is a form of hydropower (energy present in water) which converts the energy present in the tides to produce electricity
7 Biomass Energy
Biomass is organic matter obtained from living organisms The energy produced from biomass is called biomass energy
8 Electrical Energy
The energy caused by moving electric charges is known as electrical energy Electric energy is a type of kinetic energy as the electrical charges moves
9 Thermal Energy
As the name suggests thermal energy is the energy obtained from heat It is a microscopic disordered equivalent of mechanical energyThere may be instances where an object posses more than one type of energy For example boiling water posses both kinetic and potential energy along with heat energy
MATHEMATICS Ch 9Interest
Execution ndash 9(B) 3 A sum of money lent out at simple interest doubles itself in 8 years Find (i) the rate of Interest (ii) In how many years will the sum become triple (three times) at itself at the same rate percent
Solution
(i) Let P = Rs100 there4 A = Rs200 So I = A ndash P = Rs(200-100) = Rs100 and T = 8years [ P= Principal A = Amount I = Interest and T = Time]
there4 The rate of interest (R) = 100times IP times T = ( 100 times100
100times 8 ) = 252
= 125
(ii) Again P = Rs100 A = Rs300 So I = Rs(300-100) = Rs200 and R = 125
there4 T = 100times IP times R = ( 100 times 200
100 times12 5 ) years = ( 1000times 200100times125 )years= 16 years
4 Rs4000 amount to Rs5000 in 8years in what time will Rs2100 amount to Rs2800 at the same rate
Solution
1 st part P = Rs4000 A = Rs5000 there4 I = Rs(5000-4000) = Rs1000And T = 8 years
there4 R = 100times IP times T = ( 100 times1000
4000 times8 ) = 258
2 nd part Now P = Rs2100 A = Rs2800 there4 I = Rs(2800-2100) =Rs700 and R
= 258
there4 T = 100times IP times R = ( 100 times 700
2100 times 258 ) years = ( 100 times8
3 times25 )years= 323 years = 10
23 years
= 10years( 23
times 12)months = 10 years 8 months
6 A certain sum amounts to Rs3825 in 4 years and to Rs4050 in 6 years Find the rate percent and the sum
Solution Amount in 6 years = Rs4050Amount in 4 years = Rs3825
there4 Interest in 2years = Rs(4050-3825) = Rs225
there4 Interest in 1year = Rs225divide2 = Rs2252
there4 Interest in 4years =Rs(225times2) = Rs450
Now P = A ndash I = Rs(3825 ndash 450) = Rs3375
there4 R = 100times IP times T = ( 100 times225
3375 times2 ) = 103
= 313
Practice at Home5 What sum of money lent at 65 per annum will produce the same interest in 4 years as Rs7500 produce in 6 years at 5 per annum
GEOGRAPHY MIGRATION CLIMATE REFUGEES
Climate refugees who are forced to move out when their homes when threatened by imminent climate catastrophes Example many people many people migrated from the sinking south pacific Islands to Australia and New Zealand
MISCELLANEOUS MIGRATION
Miscellaneous migration often takes place due to the governmentrsquos decisions or due to political unrest Example the Indonesian government moved the farming population from the overpopulated areas of Java to the islands of Borneo and Sumatra
FORCED MIGRATION
Forced migration happens during times of disaster of warfare Abduction and transfer of African slaves to America to serve as labour force is an example of forced migration Today climate change and rising sea levels have led to forced migration in many of the island nations of the world
VOLUNTARY MIGRATION
Voluntary migration is shifting to HDC(highly developed countries) from LDC(lowly developed countries) for better job or educational opportunities and better standards of living There is a current trend in which a large number of students are migrating from developing nations to European and American universities for higher studies This type of voluntary migration leads to depopulation in the country which people leave and adds to the volume of immigrants in the country that receives these people
Q1 What do you understand by climate refugees Where it can be found
A1 Climate refugees who are forced to move out when their homes when threatened by imminent climate catastrophes or disasters
Example many people migrated from the sinking south pacific Islands to Australia and New Zealand
Q2Give an example on miscellaneous migration
A2 An example on miscellaneous migration like the Indonesian government moved the farming population from the overpopulated areas of Java to the islands of Borneo and Sumatra
Q3 Give some examples of highly developed countries (HDC) and lowly developed countries (LDC)
A3 European and North American countries such as Britain Spain Canada and New York are good examples of highly developed countries (HDC) On the other hand South-East Asian countries such as India Pakistan and Bangladesh are examples lowly developed countries (LDC)
COMPUTER ALGORITHMS AND FLOW CHARTS
EXAMPLES1) WRITE AN ALGORITHM AND DRAW A FLOW CHART TO FIND THE AREA OF A RECTANGLESOLUTIONALGORITHM
STEP1 STARTSTEP2 ACCEPT THE LENGTH OF THE RECTANGLESTEP3 ACCEPT THE BREADTH OF THE RECTANGLESTEP4 USE THE FORMULA OF AREA=LENGTH times BREADTH AND STORE THE
FINAL RESULT IN THE VARIABLE AREASTEP5DISPLAY THE ARE OF THE RECTANGLESTEP6STOP
FLOWCHART
2)CALCULATE THE INTEREST OF A BANK DEPOSITALGORITHMSTEP 1 READ AMOUNTSTEP 2 READ YEARSSTEP 3 READ RATE
STEP 4 CALCULATE THE INTEREST WITH FORMULA INTEREST=AMOUNTYEARSRATE100STEP 5 PRINT INTERESTFLOWCHART
3)DETERMINE AND OUTPUT WHETHER NUMBER N IS EVEN OR ODDALGORITHMSTEP 1 READ NUMBER NSTEP 2 SET REMAINDER AS N MODULO 2STEP 3 IF REMAINDER IS EQUAL TO 0 THEN NUMBER N IS EVEN ELSE NUMBER N IS ODDSTEP 4 PRINT OUTPUTFLOWCHART
4)DETERMINE WHETHER A TEMPERATURE IS BELOW OR ABOVE THE FREEZING POINTALGORITHM
STEP 1 INPUT TEMPERATURESTEP 2 IF IT IS LESS THAN 32 THEN PRINT BELOW FREEZING POINT OTHERWISE PRINT ABOVE FREEZING POINTFLOWCHART
PRACTICE THE GIVEN FLOWCHARTS AND ALGORITHMS
Class IXSubject Topic Summary Execution Bengali (2nd
language) চারণেদর পাাহিব2হিত2ষ বরণেltযাপাধযায় হি_তীয় অধযায়
ldquoআহি`কার হিবখযাত া0 শঙকর কতবার 0হিবরণেত গদরণেখরণে0rdquo ক) আহি`কার হিবখযাত া0টির 3া হিক া0টির হিবরণেশষতব হিকখ)শঙকর গকাায় হিকরণেসর জ3য হিরণেয়হি0ল ) গস গসখারণে3 হিক খরণেজ পায়
উঃ- হিব2হিত2ষ বরণেltযাপাধযায় রহিচত lsquoচারণেদর পাাrsquo উপ3যারণেস আহি`কার হিবখযাত া0টির 3া ল বাওবাব া0টির হিবরণেশষতব ল া0টি গবশ গাটা গসাটা া0টির জার হিবষয় ল া0টি তার গহিরণেত ১৬ হিলটার জল ধরণের রাখরণেত পারণের তষণায় কাতর পচারীরা অরণে3ক সয় এই ারণে0র গহিরণেত 0হির গরণের Zরণেটা করণের জল পা3 করণের
খ) শঙকর আহি`কায় হিরণেয়হি0ল অযাUরণে2ঞচারণেরর গ3শায় অনধকারয় এই ারণেদরণেশর পরহিতটি সথারণে3 গ3 রসয লহিকরণেয় আরণে0 এই ররণেসযর অ3সনধা3 কররণেত হিরণেয় অরণে3ক পটক পরা3 াহিররণেয়রণে0 আবার অরণে3রণেক হিসংরণের গপরণেট গরণে0 তবও অহি2াতরী া3ষ অহি2া3 বনধ করণের হি3আহি`কার ইউানডা গরলওরণেয়র 3Uরবা গসটশ3 গরণেক বাাততর াইল দহিi3 পহিj গকারণে3 একটা শাখা লাই3 হৈতহির হিkল গরল গকামপাহি3র গসখারণে3 শঙকর ক3সটরাকস3 কযারণেমপর গকরাহি3 ও সরকাহির গসটারহিকপার রণেয় গা হিদরণেয়হি0লপরণের শঙকর একটা গরলরণেসটশরণে3র গসটশ3াসটার য় এরপরণের গস আল2ারণেররণেজর সরণেn ীরার পাা খজরণেত গবহিররণেয় পরণে
) গ0াটরণেবলা গরণেক শঙকর শরণে3 আসরণে0 আহি`কায় গসা3া রপা ীরার 0া0হি একট গচষটা কররণেল গসা3া রপা ীরা আহিবসকার করণের বরণোরণেলাক ওয়া ায় এই সব খজরণেত হিরণেয় শঙকর আহি`কার পরাকহিতক ররণেপর গ সনধা3 গপরণেয়হি0ল তার তল3া গ3ই ঘ3 অর3য পবতরাহিজ =র3া 3দী জীবজনত সবই তারণেক হিদরণেয়রণে0 আ3lt শঙকর ীরার গখারণেজ হিরণেয় ীরা 3া গপরণেলও পরাকহিতক ররণেপর গরণে3 শঙকরণেরর 3 ীরায় পহিরত রণেয়হি0ল
EVS Chapter 2 ndash Species interaction with each other Long Answer Question
Living Things in Ecosystems
bull ParasitismParasitism is a relationship between two different organisms where one of the organisms actually harms the other through the relationship The organism that is harming the other one is called a parasite Examples of Parasitism Fleas or ticks that live on dogs and cats are parasites
bull MutualismMutualisms are defined as interactions between organisms of two different species in which each organism benefits the other
bull CommensalismCommensalism is a relationship between individuals of two species in which one species obtains food or other benefits from the other without either harming or benefiting the latter
bull SynergismThe interaction of things resulting in the overall effect that is greater than the sum of individual effects of any of them
Q) How biotic and abiotic components are inter-related Ans - In an eco system biotic and abiotic components depend on each other The biotic and abiotic components are connected in ecosystem in different way The sun is the energy source Producersplants use this energy to synthesize food in the presence of carbon dioxide and chlorophyll The herbivores are dependent on plants for the energy requirements The carnivores in turn feed on the herbivores and other carnivores At any level microbes then decompose any dead and decaying organic matter These decomposers after various chemical reactions release molecules back to the environment in the form of chemicals The chemicals are again used by the producers and the cycle starts againIn conclusion ecosystems have a complex set of interactions that happen between the biotic and abiotic components The components of an ecosystem are linked to each other through the energy flows and nutrient cycles
Commercial Studies
Chapter-7Joint Stock Company
In previous class we have explained about the meaning of Joint Stock Company features of Joint Stock Company
Let us explain about
Merits of Joint Stock Company
Merits of Joint stock CompanyStabilityPublic confidenceProfessional managementTransferability of sharesLimited Liability
Merits of Joint Stock Company StabilityA company enjoys stable durable enduring and uninterrupted business life A company continues to exist even if all its members die or deserted Maintenance of continuity of policy of administration is very much ensured in the case of Joint Stock CompanyPublic confidenceA public company enjoys the confidence of the public as the same is guided and controlled by strict regulations Since the companies financial accounts are published and circulated the public has enough faith on the activities of the company Thus a company enjoys better prestige and regulation greater public confidence as a wholeEfficient professional managementDue to its large financial resources and continuity a company can avail of the services of highly qualified
persons who are experts in different fields of business management In this way the benefits of specialization and centralized management can be securedTransferability of sharesSince the shares of a joint stock company are freely transferable they provide necessary liquidity to the investment of the people Shares of public companies are generally listed on a stock exchange so that people can easily buy and sell themLimited LiabilityThe liability of shareholders is limited only to the extent of face value of share held by them Shareholders are not personally liable for the debts of the company Thus the risk is known and also limited
Economics Chapter4 Basic Problems of An Economy
Today let discuss about the Meaning of Efficiency use of ResourcesNeeds of efficient use of resources
Resource efficiency is the maximising of the supply of money materials staff and other assets that can be drawn on by a person or organization in order to function effectively with minimum wasted (natural) resource expenses It means using the Earths limited resources in a sustainable manner while minimising environmental impact
Necessity for efficient use resources Once the flow of resources through the economy has reached its maximum sustainable limit (and many would argue that wersquove already passed that point for some resources) the only way to maintain economic growth in the long run is to become more resource efficient ndash finding ways to generate greater returns from the same amount of resources
Resource efficiency isnrsquot only valuable because it is essential for sustained economic growth Promoting resource efficiency can increase the competitiveness of industry create jobs stimulate innovation boost sectors such as recycling and resource recovery and help ensure secure supplies of key
QuestionWhat do you mean by Efficient use of Resources
Answer) Resource efficiency is the maximising of the supply of money materials staff and other assets that can be drawn on by a person or organization in order to function effectively with minimum wasted (natural) resource expenses It means using the Earths limited resources in a sustainable manner while minimising environmental impact
Why do we need to use our resources efficientlyAnswer) Once the flow of resources through the economy has reached its maximum sustainable limit (and many would argue that wersquove already passed that point for some resources) the only way to maintain economic growth in the long run is to become more resource efficient ndash finding ways to generate greater returns from the same amount of resources
Resource efficiency isnrsquot only valuable because it is essential for sustained economic growth Promoting resource efficiency can increase the competitiveness of industry create jobs stimulate innovation boost sectors such as recycling and resource recovery and help ensure secure
resources supplies of key resources
Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)
Topic Act II Scene 7 Lines 1 to 35 (Morocco hellip What if I stray no further but choose here )
[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase provided]
Summary Questions amp Answers
Having disposed of the minor story of Jessicarsquos elopement we now return to the main plot We are now shown how affairs are progressing with Portia in her home in Belmont
This is the first of the three scenes where a suitor makes a choice between golden silver and leaden caskets It will be noted that while making the choice all the lovers soliloquize and reveal their personality and character We have already observed the manly soldierly but primitive personality of the Prince of Morocco His has a simple nature and does not look deeply into the inner meaning of things but is dazzled by the outward appearance of gold He is inclined to over-estimate his own value and does not realize that it is a duty to ldquogive and hazardrdquo So his feeling is only one of fascination and romantic attraction We cannot believe that he has a deep and lasting love for Portia
In this scene two characters appear ndash Portia and the Prince of Morocco Portia explains to the Prince that the correct casket shall be the one that contains her picture She will be the wife of the person who will choose the correct casket and in the process get whatever she has
The Prince examines the inscriptions on each of the caskets and interprets them
(1) (Act II Sc 7 L 1-5)
Portia Go draw aside the curtains and discover
The several caskets to this noble princeNow make your choice
Morocco The first of gold who this inscription bearsWho chooseth me shall gain what many men desire
(i) Who is Morocco How did he introduce himself to Portia when they first met in an earlier scene
Prince Morocco is a dark skinned boastful warrior of African origin who seeks the hand of Portia He introduces himself as a person who lives near the equator where the exposure to sun rays have to be blamed for his complexion He says that Portia should not dislike him for his dark skin
(ii) How would Morocco know that he had made the right choice What would his reward be
Morocco would know he has chosen the right casket if he finds Portiarsquos portrait in one of them His reward would be Portiarsquos hand in marriage
(iii) Which casket did Morocco finally choose What reasons did he give for rejecting the casket made of lead
Morocco chooses the golden casket He says that lead is of lowly origin and the portrait of a lady as great as Portia cannot be placed in it He reads the inscription ldquoWho chooseth me must give and hazard all he hathrdquo This makes the box too threatening He wonders why anyone should risk everything for lead He also feels that a golden mind like his should not bow down to choose something worthless So he will not risk anything for lead
(iv) What two objects did Morocco find in the casket of his
before choosing
The inscription on the leaden casket says ldquoWho chooseth me must give and hazard all he hathrdquo The Prince was shocked and says as to why anyone should risk for the sake of lead The leaden casket is a threat Nobody would risk all they have for lead He says that no noble person would stoop to choose such a worthless thing as lead So he will not give nor risk anything for lead
The Prince then examines the inscription on the silver casket which says ldquoWho chooseth me shall get as much as he deservesrdquo The Prince says that he deserves Portia more than anybody else because of his high rank his noble birth and his great wealth and power But then he argues that silver is ten times inferior to gold and therefore he cannot believe that the portrait of such a beautiful lady as Portia can be contained in the silver casket He decides to see the inscription on the golden casket before making his decision
choice What reason does he give to Portia for leaving in haste
The Prince of Morocco chooses the golden casket and on opening it finds a human skull within whose hollow eye-socket was a scroll or a roll of paper in which it is written that those who are attracted by the glittering outside of things are always deceived as Morocco has been deceived
Morocco says he is moved and that he does not want to make his departure a painstaking process and he wants to leave immediately without revealing his emotions He should also obey the rule of the game which states the one who loses the test should leave immediately
(v) How does Portia respond to Moroccorsquos parting words What does this reveal of her nature
Portia is relieved that Morocco has left without making any scene It was a gentle riddance and all like him should go in a similar manner This shows that Portia has a kind heart and does not want anyone to he hurt Her love for Bassanio over-rides her passion that makes her wish that only he should be able to make the right choice At the same time like a dutiful daughter she does not want to disrespect her fatherrsquos wishes Hence she is willing to go through the casket injunctions
(2) (Act II Sc 7 L 15-35)
MOROCCO helliphelliphelliphelliphellip
What says this leaden casket Who chooseth me must give and hazard all he hath Must givemdashFor what for lead hazard for leadThis casket threatens Men that hazard allDo it in hope of fair advantagesA golden mind stoops not to shows of drossIll then nor give nor hazard aught for leadWhat says the silver with her virgin hueWho chooseth me shall get as much as he deservesAs much as he deservesmdashPause there MoroccoAnd weigh thy value with an even handIf thou best rated by thy estimationThou dost deserve enough and yet enoughMay not extend so far as to the ladyAnd yet to be afeard of my deservingWere but a weak disabling of myselfAs much as I deservemdashWhy thats the ladyI do in birth deserve her and in fortunesIn graces and in qualities of breeding
But more than these in love I do deserveWhat if I strayed no further but chose here
(i) What does the Prince of Morocco do before making his selection What does his comment reflect How does he analyse the inscription of the leaden casket and what is his interpretation
The Prince of Morocco surveys the three caskets before making his selection His comments reflect his thinking and attitude on life and things He comes to the lead casket and reads the inscription on it His interpretation which reflects his own character is that the inscription threatens because no one will be prepared to risk or sacrifice all one has for such a base thing as lead
(ii) What does the Prince of Morocco think of the leaden casket and why does he decide to reject the leaden casket
The Prince of Morocco thinks that when people risk anything they do so in order to gain something precious A person of royal ways will not bend so low as to be impressed by such an ordinary thing as lead Therefore he decides that he will not take any risk for a worthless thing like lead and rejects the lead casket
(iii) What does the Prince think while analyzing and interpreting the inscription of the silver casket
The Prince of Morocco analyses the inscription on the silver casket which runs thus ldquoWho chooseth me shall get as much as he deservesrdquo When he reads the inscription he bids himself to stop and ponder over the interpretation He asks himself to evaluate his worth objectively and impartially He says that if he is assessed on the basis of the opinion of people he deserves much But even this may not be sufficient to deserve to win Portia who is so virtuous and worthy
(iv) What promise does the silver casket make What self-assessment does the Prince make
The silver casket promises the reward according to the worth of the chooser The Prince makes a self-assessment and concludes that in all fairness he deserves to get Portia He thinks that he is a royal Prince by birth and so he deserves her by the right of his birth
Portia is very rich and so the Prince deserves her by this also The Prince deserves because he is also extremely handsome as most of the beautiful maidens of his kingdom covet him He is valiant and virtuous also So in his opinion he is the most suitable and deserving candidate for Portiarsquos hand
(v) Over which casket does the Prince ponder a long time What intrigue him In what way does he deserve Portia
Morocco reviews the inscriptions again and rejects the lead casket as being not worth the high stakes for which he gambles He ponders a long time over the silver casket The words ldquoget as much as he deservesrdquo intrigue him He is quite sure that he deserves Portia He deserves her in birth fortune grace qualities of breeding and most of all love
Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution EVS Ch ndash4 Managing
soil and land
Today we will discuss about mechanical practices of soil conservation
A few mechanical measures of soil conservation arei) Basin leaching In this method a number of small basins (water reservoirs) are made These collect and retain rain water for a long period and also catch and stabilize downwardly moving soils of the slopes
ii) Pan breaking by breaking of pan ( a hard sheet of clay a few feet below the surface ) drainage and percolation of rain water is improved and soil is saved from residual run-off and erosion
iii) Sub-soiling Soil is broken into fine grains to increase its absorptive capacity
iv) Contour terracing terraces are labeled areas constructed at right angles to the slope to reduce soil erosion
v) Contour trenching This method involves making a series of deep pits or trenches across the slope at convenient distance The soil excavated from the trenches is deposited along the lower edge in the form of bund On the ridges tree seeds are shown
vi) Terrace outlets To conserve soil pipe outlets are made which are thickly covered by grasses
vii) Digging of ponds and reservoirs to store water
viii) Stream bank protection To protect banks of rivers and channels construction of stone or concrete protective walls or planting of trees should be undertaken
Commercial Studies
Chapter- Banking Let us today discuss about theMeaning of Commercial BankFunctions of Commercial Banks
Commercial Banks are those banks which perform all kinds of banking functions such as accepting deposits advancing loans credit creation and
Question1 What do you mean by
Commercial BankAnswer) Commercial Banks are those banks which perform all kinds of banking functions such as accepting deposits advancing loans credit creation and agency functions
agency functions
Functions of Commercial BanksCommercial banks perform a variety of functions which can be divided as (1) Accepting Deposits (2) Advancing Loans (3) Credit Creation (4) Financing Foreign Trade(5) Agency Services (6) Miscellaneous Services To Customers
2 Explain the various functions of Commercial Bank
Answer) Following are the various functions of Commercial Banks
1 Accepting Deposits This is the oldest function of a bank and the banker used to charge a commission for keeping the money in its custody when banking was developing as an institution Nowadays a bank accepts three kinds of deposits from its customers The first is the savings deposits on which the bank pays small interest to the depositors who are usually small savers
2 Advancing LoansOne of primary functions of commercial banks is to advance loans to its customers A bank lends a certain percentage of the cash lying in deposits on a higher interest rate than it pays on such deposits This is how it earns profits and carries on its business 3 Credit CreationCredit creation is one of the most important functions of the commercial banks Like other financial institutions they aim at earning profits For this purpose they accept deposits and advance loans by keeping small cash in reserve for day-to-day transactions When a bank advances a loan it opens and account in the name of the customer and does not pay him in cash but allows him to draw the money by cheque according to his needs By granting a loan the bank creates credit or deposit4 Financing ForeignTrade commercial bank finances foreign trade of its customers by accepting foreign bills of exchange and collecting them from foreign banks It also transacts other foreign exchange business and buys and sells foreign currency5 Agency ServicesA bank acts as an agent of its customers in collecting and paying cheques bills of exchange drafts dividends etc It also buys and sells
shares securities debentures etc for it customers Further it pays subscriptions insurance premium rent electric and water bills and other similar charges on behalf of its clients It also acts as a trustee and executor of the property and will of its customers Moreover the bank acts as an income tax consultant to its clients For some of these services the bank charges a normal fee while it renders others free of charge6 Miscellaneous ServicesBesides the above noted services the commercial bank performs a number of other services It acts as the custodian of the valuables of its customers by providing them lockers where they can keep their jewellery and valuable documents It issues various forms of credit instruments such as cheques drafts travellers cheques etc which facilitate transactions
Bengali হিবপরীতশবদ করণেয়কটি হিবপরীত শবদ গদওয়া ল1)সজীব = হি3জsব 2)শরদধা= ঘা 3)আকষ = হিবকষ4)সধবা = হিবধবা 5)উৎস = গা3া 6)অ = অ37)জয় = পরাজয় 8)তাপ = হৈশত যয 9)হি3ltা = পরশংসা10)াদা = অদা 11)রহিসক = গবরহিসক 12) অনতর = বাহির13)অহিতবষটি = অ3াবষটি 14)পরত যযi = পরণেরাi 15)3াবালক = সাবালক
Hindi 2nd lang नया रासता भा 5 अपन जीन की परिरसथिगितयो स गिश होकर मीन क हदय म कई बार हीन भाना
और जीन की कडाहट अनभ हईपरत ह दढता और साहस की मरतित थी ह
अपन जीन को वयथ नही होन दना चाहती थी बचपन स ही उसकी कील बनन की
इचछा थी आज मीन की लन उस और दखकर माता- गिपता न उस कालत करन की
आजञा द दी मीन न मरठ म दाखिखला ल लिलया उसक हरदय म कछ बनन और कछ
कर दिदखान की इचछा थी उसक गिचार स चारो और पस का ही बोलबाला हहॉसटल
की कलपना करत ही ह लिसहर उठती थी उसन अपन लिलए नए नए कपड बनाए पहली बार हॉसटल जान का चा थाआखिखर
ह दिदन आ ही या जब उस हॉसटल जाना था पहली बार ह अपन घर स अल हो
रही थी हॉसटल पहच कर कछ दिदनो तक उसका मन नही ला बचपन की घटनाए
एक- एक करक उसक समतपटल पर उतर ई ह अपनी ककषा म हमशा परथम आती
थी 2 दिदन बाद गिपताजी मीन स मिमलन आए मा न काफी चीज उसक लिलए बनाकर
भजी थी गिपताजी स मिमलकर ह बहत खश
1 ह सय की दढता साहस की मरतित थी
परशन1 लखिखका मीन को दढता साहस
की मरतित कयो कह रही ह 2 गिाह क अलाा मीन क जीन
का कया लकषय था 3 मीन समाज क झठ आरण को
हटाकर सतय दिदखाना चाहती ह सपषट कीजिजए
4 परसतत पलि[यो का भा सपषट अपन शबदो म लिलखिखए
उततरndash1 मीन म समाज स लडन की शलि[ ह
ह समाज म फली बराइयो क सामन ढढता स जमी हई ह ह साहस क साथ अपन उलिचत गिनणय
पर सथिर रहती ह जिजदी क उतार चढा सा घबरा टी नही ह बलकिलक साहस स काम लती ह इनही कारणो स लखिखका न उस ढढता
और साहस की मरतित कहा ह2 मरठ ालो न जब उसका रिरशता
ठकरा दिदया तो उसन गिनशचय कर लिलया गिक ह अपन परो पर खडी होी और समाज को दिदखा दी की नारी अबला नही ह उसन अपना
हई करीब 1 घटा रक कर गिपताजी चल ए लकषय बना लिलया गिक ह एलएलबी करक कील बनी
3 समाज म नारी क ऊपर अबला आशरीता का आरण पडा हआ ह
मीन समाज क दवारा होत हए इस आरण को हटाकर यह सतय परमाणिणत करना चाहती ह गिक आज
की नारी अबला नही ह और ना ही गिकसी क हाथ की कठपतली ह
4 लखिखका न मीन क बार म कहा गिक ह सय घटा और साहस की मरतित
ह ह अपन न हम ध और मसीबत म साहस का परिरचय दती हउतार
चढा को हर इसान क जीन म आत ही रहत ह उनको साधारण रप
स ही लना चागिहए अपन गिाह क मामल म उसन साहस स काम
लिलया और गिाह क बार म सोचना छोड दिदया मीन क सामन अभी बहत लबी जिजदी पडी ह इसलिलए उसन समय का महत समझा और
एक कषण भी वयथ ना करन का गिनशचय गिकया
Mathematics(x) Algebra Quadratic Equation in one variable
Study Item Some solved sums from exercise- 539)Solve for x 2(2x ndash 1 )(x+3) ndash 3 (x + 3)(2x ndash 1 ) = 5 x -3 frac12Solution Let (2x ndash 1)(x + 3) = y then we get2(y) ndash 3( 1y) = 50r 2y ndash 3y = 5Or 2y2 ndash 3 = 5y [multiplying both side by y we get]0r 2y2 ndash 5y ndash 3 = 0Now comparing the above equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0 we geta=2 b = - 5 and c = - 3Therefore y = -(- 5 )plusmnradic((-5)sup2-4(2)(-3))2(2) = 5 plusmnradic( 25 + 24)4 = 5plusmn radic(49)4 = (5 plusmn 7)4= (5+7)4 (5 ndash 7)4= 124 -24= 3 - 12Therefore y = 3 (2x ndash 1)( x + 3) = 3 2x ndash 1 = 3x + 9 3x - 2x = - 10 x= - 10Or y = - frac12 ( 2x ndash 1)(x + 3) = - frac124x ndash 2 = - x ndash 3 4x+x = - 3 + 2 5x = - 1 x= - 15Hence the roots of the given equation are - 10 and ndash 1510)(i) x2 - 5x ndash10 =0Solution x2 ndash 5x ndash 10 = 0Comparing the above equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0 we get a=1 b = - 5 and c = - 10Therefore x = - (- 5)plusmnradic( -5)sup2- 4(1)(- 10)2(1) = 5 plusmn radic( 25 +40)2 = 5 plusmn radic(65 )2
= (5 plusmn 8bull06)2 = (5 + 8bull06)2 (5 ndash 8bull06)2 = 13bull062 - 3bull062= 6bull53 - 1bull5312) Solve the equation x ndash 18x = 6 Given your answer correct to two significant figureSolution x ndash18x = 6Or (x2 ndash 18 )x = 6Or x2ndash 18 = 6xOr x2 ndash 6x ndash18 = 0Comparing the above equation with ax2 + bc + c = 0 we gera= 1 b = - 6 and c = -18Therefore x = -(-6) plusmnradic(- (- 6)2 ndash 4(1)(- 18)2(1) = 6 plusmn radic( 36 + 72)2 = (6 plusmnradic( 108)2 =(6 plusmn 10bull39)2= 16bull392 - 4bull392= 8bull195 - 2bull195 asymp 8bull2 - 2bull2
Chemistry Chapter-2L-1Chemical Bonding
1) Chemical Bonding-
It is basically the force of attraction which holds the different types of atoms in a molecule together
Cause of Chemical Combination-
The main cause is the tendency of elements to acquire eight electrons in its outermost shell like that of noble gases other than Helium(He) So the atoms combine to acheive the nearest noble gas configuration of 8 electrons( or 2 electrons) in their outermost orbit and become stable
2) Ion-
It is a charged particle made from an atom by the loss or gain of electrons
There are 2 types of Ions They are-
a) Cations- It is formed by the loss of electrons eg - K+ Ca2+
Na+ etc
b) Anions- It is formed by the gain of electrons eg- Cl- O2- F- etc
Q Why do elements form Ions
A Atoms of all elements except those of noble gases have one to seven valence electrons and are not in a state of minimum energy Thus to acquire a state of minimum energy elements lose or gain electrons and form ions so that they acquire stable configuration (Duplet or Octet)
Q What is the Electronic Theory of Valency
A In 1916 Kossel and Lewis on the basis of octet rule of electrons described simply the electronic structure of molecules of many chemical compounds and elements Kossel mainly described the structure of ionic compounds formed by loss and gain of electrons and Lewis mainly described the structure of Covalent Compounds formed by mutual sharing of electron pair This is known as ELECTRONIC THEORY OF VALENCY proposed by Kossel and Lewis
Q What do you mean by Electropositive and Electronegative Elements
3) Types of Chemical Bond-3 types
A)ElectrovalentIonic Bond
B) Covalent Bond
C) Co-ordinate Dative Bond4) ELECTROVALENT IONIC BOND-
It is the electrostatic force of attraction between the opposite charged ions which holds them together
The chemical compounds formed as a result of electron transfer from one atom of an element to another are called IONIC or ELECTROVALENT COMPOUND
The number of electrons which an element loses or gains during the formation of an ionic bond is called its ELECTROVALENCY
Conditions for the formation of Ionic Compounds-
i Large electronegativity difference between the combining atoms
ii Low IP for one of the atoms from which the cation can be easily formed
iii High electron affinity for one of the atoms from which the anions can be easily formed
iv High Lattice Energy
A
1) Electropositive Elements- have the tendency to lose the electrons and form Cations
eg- Na K Fe -mostly metals
2) Electronegative Elements- have the tendency to gain the electrons and form Anions
eg- Cl F O - mostly Non-metals
Q Give the brief description about the formation of NaCl
A See your Text Book
Q Practise the two types of diagram of the formation of different ionic compound
A See your Text Book
English All Summer in a Answer the following questions-
literature Day 3) Why did the children hate herAns- The children sensed that Margot was different from them She hated the continuous rain while they were used to it She spoke only about the sun and they had no memory of it They hated her pale snow face her waiting silence her thinness and her possible future of going back to the Earth4) What is the it referred to by WilliamAns- The it referred to by William is the Sun which the scientists had predicted would shine for a short while that day5) What was Margot waiting for Why did William say it was a jokeAns- Margot was waiting to see the sun predicted to shine that day for a short while William did not want her to have the joy of seeing the sun
Geography Water Resources SOURCES OF WATER SURFACE WATER AND GROUNDWATER Earth is known as the Blue Planet because 71 per cent of the Earths surface is covered with water Wateralso exists below land surface and as water vapour in the air Water is not added or removed from the environment it simply changes state and location This constant movement of water throughout our environment is called the hydrological cycle or water cycle Earth cleans and replenishes the water supply through the hydrologic cycle Groundwater exists in an aquifer or
underground layer of permeable rock sediment (usually sand or gravel) or soil that yields water
Aquifers are like underground reservoirs of water
SURFACE WATER The visible bodies of water are referred to as surface water Surface waters can be simply described as the water that is on the surface of the Earth This includes the oceans rivers and streams lakes and reservoirs Surface waters are very important Rivers and streams constitute the flowing surface waters Surface water canbe captured for a variety of biospheric and humanusesRunoff During heavy precipitation water cannot infiltrate into the ground It flows on the surface of the ground and called as runoff
GROUNDWATER Groundwater is detained as water that is found beneath the surface of the Earth in conditions of100 per
Q1 Why the Earth is called as Blue PlanetA1 Earth is known as the Blue Planet because 71 per cent of the Earths surface is covered with water
Q2 Define hydrological cycleA2 Water is not added or removed from the environment it simply changes state and location This constant movement of water throughout our environment is called the hydrological cycle or water cycle Earth cleans and replenishes the water supply through the hydrologic cycle
Q3 What is AquifersA3 Aquifers are like underground reservoirs of water
Q4 Why there is a shortage of fresh waterA4 Although the earth has an abundance of water but unfortunately there is a shortage of fresh water because 997 per cent of it occupied by oceans soils icecaps and floating in the atmosphere and rest 03 percent can use for daily uses
cent saturation (if it is less than100 per cent saturation then the water is considered as soil moisture) Ninety-eight per cent of Earths available fresh water is groundwater It is about60 times as plentiful as the fresh water found in lakes and streams Water in the ground travels through pores in soil and rock and in fractures and weathered areas of bed rockThe majority of fresh water is therefore found under ground as soil moisture and in aquifers
Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 88 to 126 (Portia helliphellip Such as the day is when the sun is hid) [Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]
Summary Questions amp Answerso Launcelot then arrives and informs
Lorenzo that Bassanio will also be arriving soon Both Lorenzo and Jessica return to the house and ask Stephano to order the family musicians to play music in order to extend a fitting welcome to Portia
o Portia and Nerissa dressed in their normal self return home and enter the building Lorenzo recognizes Portias voice and comes to greet her She orders the servants to pretend as if she had never left and asks Lorenzo and Jessica to do the same
o Soon thereafter Bassanio Gratiano and Antonio arrive
(1) PORTIA That light we see is burning in my hall (L 89-101)
How far that little candle throws his beams So shines a good deed in a
naughty worldNERISSA When the moon shone we did not see the candlePORTIA So doth the greater glory dim the less
A substitute shines brightly as a king
Unto the king be by and then his state
Empties itself as doth an inland brook
Into the main of waters Music hark
NERISSA It is your music madam of the housePORTIA Nothing is good I see without respect
Methinks it sounds much sweeter than by day
NERISSA Silence bestows that virtue on it madam
(i) Where are Lorenzo and Jessica sitting What message have they received What are they doing
Lorenzo and Jessica are sitting in Portiarsquos house in Belmont They have just received the message informing them of the arrival of Portia and Bassanio separately They are waiting for their arrivals and enjoying the beauty of the moonlight night(ii) In which mood is Lorenzo found after Stephanorsquos departure
After Stephanorsquos departure Lorenzo reverts to his romantic mood He is carried away by the magic of the loveliness of the moonlight He draws Jessicarsquos attention and says that the moonlight is sleeping beautifully on the raised ground He says that they will sit there and enjoy the sweetness of the gentle
music which will shortly creep into their ears very softly(iii) Why has Lorenzo sent Stephano What kind of man is he who does not appreciate the sweet harmony of sounds
Lorenzo has sent Stephano to instruct the musicians to play soft music to welcome Portia home Lorenzo tells that the
tranquility and the beautiful night suit the sweet music Praising the ennobling (M lend greater dignity) effect of music Lorenzo tells Jessica that the person who has no music in him and does not appreciate the sweet harmony of sounds is a dangerous person and so should be watched very carefully(iv) Who are returning to Belmont What does Nerissa remark on seeing the light of the house
Portia and Nerissa are returning to Belmont after successfully conducting Antoniorsquos trial in Venice as the lawyer and the clerk respectively When they are near their home Nerissa seeing the light of the house remarks that they did not see this light of this candle when the moon was shining(v) What does Portia comment on Nerissarsquos observation Commenting on Nerissarsquos observation Portia says that the lesser glory becomes insignificant before the greater glory She adds that the kingrsquos representative assumes great splendor and authority when the king himself is not near But before the real king the substitute becomes devoid of all splendor and
authority as the big rivers lose their identity after emptying into the vast sea
SUBJECT PHYSICS [TOPIC FORCE]Answer the following questions ( ICSE questions of previous years from chapter FORCE)
1 Write the position of centre of mass for the following bodies(i) A circular ring (ii) A cylinder(iii) A hollow sphere (iv) A triangular lamina
2 Explain why screw drivers are provided with longer handles3 Compare the magnitude and direction of centripetal force and centrifugal force4 How does uniform circular motion differ from uniform linear motion5 Why is the motion of a body moving with a constant speed around a circular path is said to be
accelerated6 A brass ball is hanging from a cotton thread Draw a neat labeled diagram showing the force acting
on the brass ball and the cotton thread 7 Define moment of force Write the relationship between the SI and CGS unit of moment of force8 Define couple State the SI unit of moment of couple9 A uniform half meter scale balanced horizontally on a knife edge at 29 cm mark when a weight of 20
gmf is suspended from one end(i) Draw the diagram of the arrangementWhat is the weight of the half meter rule
ECO-10 250620 Topic-Supply Analysis
MEANING OF SUPPLYSupply a commodity by a firm or seller may be defined as the quantity of a commodity that a firm or seller offers for sale at a given price during a given time period But the actual sale of the commodity may be different from its supply For example a farmer (produced of wheat) is willing to sell 50 quintals of wheat at a price of ` 15 per kg but he is able to sell only 30 quintals at this price So this case the supply of wheat is 50 quintals but the actual sale is 30 quintals So these two concepts should not be confused with each other Like demand supply also has three elements The definition of supply include (i) the quantity of the commodity that a firm is willing to supply (ii) the price at which it is willing to supply that quantity and (iii) the time period during which it is willing to supply that quantity
FACTORS DETERMINING SUPPLY OR DETERMINANTS OF SUPPLY OF A GOOD
The main determinant of supply is the price of the commodity But the cost of production of a commodity is an important factor in determining profit maximized on output of a firm The cost of production depends on the prices of various inputs like raw material wages of workers interest of capital rent of building etc The supply of a commodity also depends on the technology used in the production of the commodity and many other factors The main factors determining supply of a commodity are(i) Price of the commodity(ii) Price of other related good(iii) Price of inputsfactors(iv) Taxation policy of government(v) Objective of the firm(i) Price of the commodity Other factors determining supply remaining constant there is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity It means the quantity supplied of a commodity increases with rise in price and decreases with fall in price of the commodity More quantity of a commodity is supplied at a higher price and less quantity is supplied at a lower price For example a seller of tomatoes is willing to sell 100 kgs of tomatoes at a price of ` 40 per keg and only 50 kgs at a price of ` 20 per kg Due to this direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity the supply curve has a positive slope Supply curve is upward sloping to the right(ii) Price of other related goods Supply of a commodity is also influenced by the change in the price of other related goods With the help of given resources we can produce several goods by using the same technology This helps the firm to diversify and tide over fluctuations in demand For example a farmer can produce either pulses or food grains by using the resources If the price of pulses increases it becomes more profitable for him to make more production of pulses So he will divert some resources from the production of food grains to the production of pulses The production of pulses will increase and that of food grains will decrease So the supply of pulses will increase if the price of pulses increases and the supply of food grain will decrease at the same price reverse will happen if the price of food grains increases(iii) Price of inputsfactors Change in the price of inputs like raw material wage rent or interest also influences the supply of a commodity For example in the production of cloth cotton is the main raw material If the price of cotton increases the cost of production of cloth will increase At the same price the margin of profit will decrease So the producer will decrease the supply of cloth at the same price On the other hand if the price of cotton falls the cost of production per unit of cloth will decrease and hence the supply of cloth will increase The price of other inputs will also influence the supply of a good in the same manner(iv) Technology of production an improvement in the technology of production of a commodity decreases the per unit cost of the commodity The margin of profit will increase at the same price So the supply of a commodity will increase with improvement in technology of production at the same price On the other hand if a firm uses absolute technology of production the cost of production per unit of the commodity will increase The margin of profit will decrease so the firm will decrease its supply at the same price This is the main reason that the firms are trying to use better technology of production because it not only reduces the cost of production per unit but also improves the quality of the product(v) Taxation policy of government If the government reduces the excise duty or the production of a commodity the cost of production per unit of the commodity will decrease the margin of profit will increase at the same price so the producer of the commodity will increase its supply It happens when the government wants to increase the production of the commodity On the other hand to discourage the production of some harmful goods like cigarettes liquor etc the government increases the rate of excise duty on the production of such goods So the cost of production per unit of the commodity increases and the supply of such commodities decreases(vi) Objective of the firm The objective of the producer also influences the supply of a commodity Generally the objective of a producer is get maximize his profits Profits are maximized at a higher price So he increases the supply of a commodity at a higher price and decreases its supply at a lower price But sometimes the producer may be in maximizing his sales and not in maximizing his profits as he wants to capture the market In that case he goes on increasing the supply so long his target is not achieved can profit is not adversely affected He may increase the supply at the same price to any extent
SUPPLY FUNCTION
When the relationship between quantity supplied and the determinants of supplied is expressed mathematically in an equation it is called a supply function So a supply function can be expressed asSn = f(Pn Pr Pf T Tr G)where Sn = Supply of commodity nPn = Price of the commodity nPr = Price of other related goodsPf = Price of inputsfactors
T = Technology of productionTr = Government policy or tax rateG = Goal or objective of the producer
Typically supply function shows the relationship between price and quantity supplied keeping all other determinants of supply as constant It shows the amount of a good that a seller supplies at different levels of price
LAW OF SUPPLYThe law of supply depicts the relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity when all other determinants of supply remain constant This law states that there is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity other factors determining supply remaining constant It means quantity supplied of a commodity increases with increase in price and decreases with decrease in price
Assumptions of the law of supplyThe phrase other determinants of supply remaining constant in the law of supply shows the assumptions of the law of supply The mains factors which influence the supply of a commodity one price of the commodity price of other related goods price of inputs technology of production taxation policy of the government and objective of the firm etc The law of supply is based on the assumptions that all these factors determining supply except price of the commodity should remain constant The following are the main assumptions of the law of supply(i) Price of other related goods should remain the same(ii) There should be no change in the price of inputs (factors)(iii) Technology of production should not change(iv) There is no change in the taxation policy of the government(v) Objective of the firm should not changeThe law of supply is based on the assumptions that the supply of commodity changes only due to change in price when all other determinant of supply remain constantClass XISubject Topic Summary Execution EVS Chapter-2
Ecology Answer the following questions briefly Q Draw a neat labeled diagram of carbon cycleAnsndash
Mathematics Principle of Mathematical Induction
1) What is statement Ans A sentence which may be true or false is called statement eg i) 5 is greater than 3 ii) New Delhi is the capital of India iii) 5 divides 7 These all are statements We see that statement (i) amp (ii) are true but (iii) is false 2 What is Mathematical StatementAns Statement involving mathematical relations are called mathematical statement We shall use mathematical statement in principle of
Example If n be a positive integer show that n(n+1) is an even positive integer Solution Let P(n) be the statement n(n+1) is an even positive integer Then (i) P(1) is the statement 1(1+1) ie 2 is an even positive integer Therefore P(1) is true (ii) If P(m) is true for some positive integer m then m(m+1) is an even integer Now (m+1) [(m+1)+1]=(m+1)sup2+ (m+1) =msup2+2m+1+m+1=msup2+m+2m+2=m(m+1) +2(m+1) = an even integer + an even positive integer [Since P(m) is true and 2(m+1) is an even
mathematical induction 3 What is the use of Principle of mathematical inductionAns Sometimes it is difficult to prove a statement theorem or a formula by direct method In this case we use an indirect method known as the Principle of mathematical induction There are two steps in this processSTEP 1 Varify that the statement or formula is true for one or two particular values of n say for n=1 2STEP 2 Assuming that the statement or formula is true for n=m where m is any positive integer show that it is true for n=m+1Conclusion Since the statement is true for n=2 it is true for n=2+1 that is 3 and since it is true for n=3 it is true for n=3 + 1 that is 4 and so on Hence the statement or formula is true for all positive integral values of n
positive integer]= an even positive integer Therefore P(m+1) is true when P(m) is true Therefore By the principle of Mathematical Induction P(n) is true for all positive integral values of n Hence n(n+1) is an even positive integer
Hindi 2ndlang एक फल की चाह 5 दख रहा था जस सो सथिर हो नही बठती थी कषण भर हाय ही चपचाप पडी थी अटल शागित शी धारण कर सनना यही चाहता था म उस सय ही
उकसा करमझको दी क परसाद का एक फल ही दो लाकर
शबदाथ ससथिर - परी तरह ठहरी हई अटल- पकका
उकसाकर - पररणा दकर
वयाखयाndash उपय[ पलि[यो म कगि सखिखया की ददशा का णन कर रहा ह जो उनक गिपता दवारा वय[ गिकया या ह अपनी बटी सखिखया कीददशा का
गितरण करत हए गिपता कहता ह गिक म अपनी आखो क सामन दख रहा था गिक मरी बटी जो पल भर क लिलए दिटककर नही बठती थी ह अब सथिर शात मरतित की तरह पढी थी अब म ह बार- बार इस बात क लिलए पररिरत कर रहा
था गिक ह मझ गिफर स ही शबद कह गिपताजी मझ दी क परसाद का एक फल लाकर दो
6 ऊच शल लिशखर क ऊपर मदिदर था गिसतीणर गिशाल सण कलशसरलिसज गिहलिसत थ पाकरसमदिदत रगि कर जाल दीप धल स अचछदिदत था मदिदर का
आन सारा ज रही थी भीतर बाहर मखरिरत उतस की धारा
शबदाथ - शल लिशखर- पहाड की ऊची चोटी
सतीणर - फला हआ
सण कलश - कमल क समान सदर सोन का कलश मखरिरत - परकट समदिदत - अचछी परकार खिखला हआ रगि कर जाल - सय की गिकरणो का समह
वयाखया- परसतत पलि[या म कगि न मदिदर की सदरता का णन गिकया ह कहत ह गिक मझ पहाड की चोटी पर एक गिलिशषट और गिशालमश था उसक
सोन क कलश सय की गिकरणो म चमकत हए ऐस परतीत हो रह थ जस सय की खिखली हईगिकरणो क ाा सपशपाकर सनहर कमल खिखल उठ हो मदिदर का
आन धप दीप की सध स भरा हआ था मदिदर क अदर और बाहर मनाए जा रह उसकी परसननता की ज सनाई द रही थी
Bengali (2nd language)
কোনি মনি নদী পরথম অধযোয়
হি_তীয় হিদরণে3র পাঠ-
হিবষটবাব গলাকটির কায় গররণে কা বলরণেত পাররণে0 3া শধ গচাখ হিদরণেয় রা পরকাশ করহি0ল কা বলরণেত বলরণেত গলাকটি পাঞজাহিব লহিn খরণেল জ কররণেত শর করল তাই গদরণেখ হিবষটবাব ত2মভ রণেয় গল চাটি ারার 2হিnরণেত গলাকটি হিবষটবাবর হিদরণেক এরণোরণেল হিতহি3 াা 3ীচ করণের 3াহিরণেয় গ33 হিদ গলাকটি হিবষটবাবরণেক চাটিরণেয় ায় তারণেল হিতহি3 তাাতাহিউরণেঠ গলাকটিরণেক ধররণেত পাররণেব3 3া কার তার শরীরণেরর ওজরণে3র জ3য এই শরণে3 হিবষটবাব বরণে3া গারণেষর ত গতরণেZরণে উরণেঠ দাাল তারণেত গলাকটি দাহিরণেয় শরীরটারণেক একট দহিলরণেয় হি3ল এই সব শরণে3 হিবষট ধর চপ করণের রইল শধ lsquoগঘাৎrsquo করণের একটা শবদ করল গলাকটি হিসহি হিদরণেয় ওঠা3াা কররণে0 গদরণেখ হিবষটবাব খাহি3কটা হিদরণেশারা রণেয় গলহিবষটবাবর গচারণেখ রারণের বদরণেল এখ3 গকৌতল হিতহি3 বরণেল3 ldquoখাওায় আার গলা2 গ3ই Uায়টিং কহিরrdquo হিকনত হিতহি3 কতটা Uায়টিং করণের তা তার শরীর আর খাবারণেরর তাহিলকা গদরণেখ গলাকটি বরণে= গল গলাকটি এহিরণেয় হিরণেয় হিবষটবাবর 2হিরণেত াত বহিলরণেয় হিদরণেল গস আরা অ32ব করণের3 এবং হিপহি0রণেয় া3 গলাকটি হিবষটবাবর সারণে3 তার শরীরণেরর কসরত পরদশ3 কররণেল হিবষটবাব রণে3 রণে3 হিব হিব করণের বরণেল3 হিতহি3ও গরাা রণেত চা3 গসই হরণেত nা গরণেক আবার হিচৎকার গ2রণেস আরণেস lsquoগকা হি3 গকা হি3rsquo
ldquoকী রক Uায়টিংrdquo-ক)বকতা গককারণেক বলরণে0খ)Uায়টিং কার অ কী ) Uায়টিং করা বযহিকতর গচারার ব3া দাও ঘ) তার Uায়টিং এর ব3া দাও
উঃ- ক) আরণেলাচয অংশটি হিত3ltীর গলখা lsquoগকাহি3rsquo উপ3যাস গরণেক গ3ওয়া রণেয়রণে0 আরণেলাচয কাটি বকতা রণেল3 সাদা লহিnপরা ারণেয় গরয়া পাঞজাহিব ও কারণেধ রহিn3 বযা ওয়ালা হিiহিতশ হিসং হিতহি3 কাটি বরণেলরণে03 হিবষট ধররণেকখ) Uারণেয়টিং কার অ ল পহিরহিত খাদয গর অাৎ খাদয তাহিলকায় সসত খারণেদযর গ3াগ3 বজায় গররণেখ খাদয গর) হিবষট ধরণেরর গচারা হিবশাল ওজ3 পরায় হিত3 গদখরণেত জলহিসতর রণেতা সারা শরীরণের চহিব ল ল কররণে0 বয়স পরায় চহিশ হিবশাল 2হি উপ রণেয় শরণেল হিচৎ রণেত পারণের3া গকউ গঠরণেল হিদরণেল হিচৎ রণেত পারণের তারণেক কায় নধ াদ3 পবরণেতর সরণেn তল3া করা য়ঘ) হিবষট ধর গকৌতলী রণেয় বরণেল তার খাওয়ার গকা3 গলা2 গ3ই গস Uায়টিং করণের আরণে গস আধ হিকরণেলা হিiর গখত এখ3 গস হিত3রণেশা গরা হিiর খায় জল খাবারণের কহিটা লহিচ গখত এখ3 পরণে3রণেরাটা লহিচ খায় আাইরণেশা গরা চারণেলর 2াত খায় হিঘ খাওয়া গ0রণে হিদরণেয়রণে0 রারণেত াতর বারণেরাটা রটি খায় হিবরণেকরণেল দ-গলাস হি0হিরর জল সরণেn চাররণেট কা পারণেকর সরণেltশ বাহিরণেত রাধাকষণ আরণে0 বরণেল হিবষট ধর া0 াংস খায়3া আর তারণেত তার গকা3 গলা2 লালসা গ3ই
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 276 to 313 (Sebastian helliphellipIt struck mine ear most terribly)[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]
Summary Questions amp AnswersConspiracy of Antonio and Sebastian
o Antonio further suggests murder of Alonso and eventually Sebastian agrees
o They draw their swords and proceed to murder Alonso and Gonzalo who are sleeping
(1) (Act II Sc 2 L 277-291)ANTONIO Ay sir where lies that If rsquotwere a kibe
rsquoTwould put me to my slipper but I feel notThis deity in my bosom Twenty consciencesThat stand rsquotwixt me and Milan candied be they And melt ere they molest Here lies your brotherNo better than the earth he lies uponIf he were that which now hes likemdashthats deadWhom I with this obedient steel three inches of itCan lay to bed for ever (whiles you doing thus
o As they approach Ariel appears again and wakes up Gonzalo by singing a tune in his ear Alonso also wakes up and they see both Sebastian and Antonio with drawn swords On being caught off guard they make up a story saying that they had heard a bellowing of bulls or lions
IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED
(Act II Sc 1 L 277-281)ANTONIOAy sir where lies that If rsquotwere a kibersquoTwould put me to my slipper but I feel notThis deity in my bosom Twenty consciencesThat stand rsquotwixt me and Milan candied be they And melt ere they molest
In these lines Antonio speaks how he is a conscienceless villain In inciting Sebastian to the kingship of Naples by murdering his brother he quotes his own example He too had banished his brother and made himself the Duke of Milan This kingship now sits upon him like a well fittinggarment So will be the case of Sebastian Sebastian then questions Antonio if this foul deed did not prick his conscience To this Antonio replies like a hardened villain He laughs at the word lsquoconsciencersquo and says that he has never heard of anything like conscience A guilty conscience gave him no more pain that is chilblain (M a painful itching and swelling on hand and foot caused by exposure to extreme cold) A man can get rid of the pain of chilblain by wearing slippers instead of shoes so does Antonio get rid of the qualms (M an uneasy feeling of doubt worry or fear especially about onersquos conduct) of conscience very easily Even if he were troubled by twenty consciences that barred his way to the throne of Milan however frozen they might be he would melt them into insensibility before they could cause him to twinge
To the perpetual wink of aye might putThis ancient morsel this Sir Prudence whoShould not upbraid our course) - for all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour
(i) To whom does Antonio speak these lines Who is referred to as lsquoyour brotherrsquo What does Antonio mean by saying lsquoNo better than the earth he lies uponrsquo
These lines are spoken by Antonio to Sebastian King Alonso is referred to as Sebastianrsquos brother Indicating towards Alonso who is lying asleep on the ground Antonio tells Sebastian that here sleeps his brother and at this time he is no better than a clod of the earth on which he lies asleep Antonio means to say that if he were actually to become what he looks like he would be a dead body(ii) According to Antonio what would he do if he were at the place of Sebastian
Antonio says that if he were in the position of Sebastian he would not care even for twenty consciences in order to win the kingship of Naples He would rather forget all his consciences if they happen to trouble him at all (iii) What does Antonio suggest to Sebastian What does Antonio assure him
Antonio suggests to Sebastian that in a moment Sebastian can put to death Gonzalo who pretends to be a very wise man and who on that account rebukes others (particularly Antonio and Sebastian) whereas he (Antonio) himself can put Alonso to death with only three inches of his willing sword Antonio further assures Sebastian that by killing both of them there will be none left to oppose him and in this way every obstacle in his way will be removed
(iv) Explain the lines lsquofor all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hourrsquo
In other words Antonio says that even if he were endowed with a stiff conscience he could easily relax or soften it for the execution of his purpose Then Antonio suggests that conscience should be no hindrance to a manrsquos future greatness
Comments These are terrible words coming from the mouth of a villain of the worst type He is utterly devoid of conscience or remorse He is an utter atheist of human virtue He speaks of conscience as a deity that he does not feel in his bosom
According to Antonio so far as the other lords (Adrian Francisco and others) are concerned they need not be murdered because they would obey the orders of Antonio and Sebastian as willingly and readily as cat licks milk These other lords would endorse and support everything that Sebastian and Antonio may say or suggest These other lords would adjust their views in accordance with the wishes of Antonio and Sebastian and they would regard all proposals made by Antonio and Sebastian as being opportune and also as being acceptable(v) What opinion do you form of Antonio from the above speech
The speech given above shows Antonio to be an absolutely unscrupulous man After saying that he does not believe in any such faculty as the conscience he suggests to Sebastian to
(Act II Sc 1 L 285-291)ANTONIOhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (whiles you doing thus To the perpetual wink of aye might putThis ancient morsel this Sir Prudence whoShould not upbraid our course) - for all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour
Antonio has convinced Sebastian that he has made himself Duke of Milan by a crime for which he has felt no pricks of conscience In these lines Antonio tells Sebastian that now that the chance has presented itself to him he should take it and be King of Naples So far as Alonso is concerned Antonio agrees to undertake the task of killing him by sticking only three inches of his sharp dagger Making a thrust in the air with his sword he tells Sebastian that by a similar method he can put to sleep forever Gonzalo ndash the old piece of flesh already rotten ndash this piece of antiquity ndash this ldquoSir Prudencerdquo who is never tired of reading his moral lectures to them If ldquoProfessor Wisdomrdquo is got rid of he will not be able to denounce their action as he would surely do if they did not dispatch him as well As for the rest of the kingrsquos counselors (Adrian and Francisco) it is their nature to adopt any statements and views which are placed before them just as it is the nature of a cat to lap milk Antonio assures Sebastian that ldquothese othersrdquo will back them up in whatever they say or do that they will count the strokes of the clock exactly as they bid them not according to the real time but according to the time that is right for their business Hence only two persons Alonso and Gonzalo are required to be removed to fulfill their ambition
murder Gonzalo at the very time when he (Antonio) stabs Alonso to death And yet this brutal man has a fertile wit also He can talk in a persuasive manner and also in a sarcastic and satirical manner He knows human nature thoroughly and he understands that Gonzalo is loyal to Alonso while the other lords are only sycophants who can easily be won over to Sebastianrsquos side after Alonso has been assassinated
(2) (Act II Sc 1 291-296)SEBASTIAN Thy case dear friend
Shall be my precedent as thou gotst MilanIll come by Naples Draw thy swordmdashone strokeShall free thee from the tribute which thou payest And I the King shall love thee
ANTONIO Draw together And when I rear my hand do you the likeTo fall it on Gonzalo
(i) Explain the situation and introduce the persons engaged in conversation
After the supposed shipwreck King Alonso with his lords his brother Sebastian and Antonio the Duke of Milan land on a strange island Prince Ferdinand is feared to be drowned While the King and others have fallen asleep after exertions of the day and Ariel with his sweet music acting as a catalyst Antonio and Sebastian are awake They have hatched a conspiracy to kill King Alonso and his loyal lord Gonzalo Then Sebastian will become King of NaplesIn these lines Antonio and Sebastian are engaged in conversation They are just ready to execute their plan to attack King Alonso and Gonzalo simultaneously(ii) Antoniorsquos case shall become Sebastianrsquos precedent What has been Antoniorsquos case
Antonio proved treacherous towards his brother Prospero who was the Duke of Milan Since Prospero spent his time in his scholarly pursuits he had delegated his powers to his younger brother Antonio to administer the dukedom Antonio grew ambitious He overthrew his brother and expelled him from his own dukedom In his place Antonio became the Duke of Milan which he continues to be now His case urges Sebastian to do the same(iii) How is Sebastian going to follow Antonio
Sebastian is going to take Antoniorsquos case as his precedent He is convinced that if Antonio could usurp the dukedom from his living brother Sebastian could become the King of Naples by killing his sleeping brother(iv) What will one stroke of Antoniorsquos sword do What will Sebastian do to reward Antonio
Sebastian asks Antonio to put an end to Alonsorsquos life with one stroke of his sword The same stroke will earn for him a reward Sebastian will become the King of Naples and he will exempt Antonio from paying the annual tribute to Naples The dukedom of Milan is a tributary to the kingdom of Naples Its Duke has to pay tribute to the King every year When Sebastian takes over as the King he will give a benefit to his friend who is helping him to realize his ambition
(v) What is Antoniorsquos suggestion
Antonio suggests that they may draw their swords together When he raises his hand to attack Alonso Sebastian should raise his sword to bring it down on Gonzalo
ACCOUNTS-11 25062020 Topic- depreciation ndashSTRAIGHT LINE METHOD
Illustration Salman and Usman Bros acquired a machine on July 1 2014 at a cost of Rs 70000 and spent Rs5000 on its installation The firm writes off depreciation 10 on straight line method The books are closed on December 31 every year Show the machinery and depreciation account for three years
Solution Machinery Account
Date Particulars LF amount Date Particulars LF` Amount ( Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014July 01 To Bank Ac 70000 Dec 31 Dec By Depreciation Ac 3750
(70000 x10x612)
July 01 To Bank Ac 5000 Dec31 By Balance cd 71250
75000 75000
2015 2015Jan 01 To Balance bd 71250 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 x10 ) Dec31 By Balance cd 63750
71250 71250
2016 2016Jan 01 To Balance bd 63750 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 (75000 x10 ) Dec 31 By Balance cd 56250
63750 63750
Depreciation Account
Date Particulars LF Amount Date Particulars LF Amount (Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 3750 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 3750
2015 2015
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
2016 2016
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
WORKING
Cost of Machine RS70000Cost of Installation Rs 5000
Total 75000
Rate of Depreciation 10
Then annual depreciation will be 10 of Rs 75000 = Rs 7500
Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution Geography DRIANAGE THE PENINSULAR RIVERS
1 The Mahanadi2 The Godavari3 The Krishna4 The Kaveri5 The Subarnarekha6 The Narmada7 The Tapi8 The Sabarmati and the Mahi9 The Chambal
The Mahanadi Basin The Mahanadi rises from Dandakaranya
Q1 Which is the largest river of peninsular plateau Write a brief note about its courseA1 The largest river of peninsular plateau is Godavari The river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has
near Sihawa in Raipur district in the highlands of Chhattisgarhand flows through Odisha to reach the Bay of BengalThe length of the river is about 857 kmIts drainagebasin is shared by Maharashtra Chhattisgarh Jharkhandand Odisha
THE MAHANADI RIVER SYSTEM
The GodavariThe river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
THE GODAVARI RIVER SYSTEM
many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
Q2 Which river is known as Dakshin GangaA2 The Godavari river is known as lsquoDakshin Gangarsquo It is also known as Vridha Ganga
Q3 Differentiate between east-flowing rivers and west-flowing riversA3
East-flowing rivers
West-flowing rivers
Godavari Krishna Kaveri Mahanadi are the east-flowing rivers
Narmada Tapiwest-flowing rivers
They fall into the Bay of Bengal
They fall into Arabian Sea
These rivers form big deltas
These rivers form comparativelysmall deltas
Catchment area of these river are larger
Catchment area of these river are smaller
The KrishnaThe Krishna river rises from the Western Ghatsnear Mahabaleshwar It flows into the Bay of Bengalbefore forming a large delta Its length is about1400 km The Tungabhadra Koyana Ghatprabha Musi and Bhima are some of its tributariesIt has covers parts of Maharashtra Karnataka and AndhraPradesh
THE KRISHNA RIVER SYSTEM
The KaveriIt rises in the Brahmagiri range of the Western Ghats and flows into the Bay ofBengal Southof Cuddalore in Tamil Nadu The length of the river is about 760 km Its main tributaries are the Amravati Bhavani Hemavati and Kabini The Kaveri drains inthe parts of Karnataka Kerala and drains in Tamil Nadu The river Kaveri makes the second biggest waterfall in India known as Sivasamudram
POLITICAL SCIENCE
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
MEANING OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS-Fundamental rights are those rights which are essential for intellectual moral and spiritual development of citizens of India As these rights are fundamental or essential for existence and all-round development of individuals hence they are called Fundamental rights These are enshrined in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India These include individual rights common to most such as equality before the law freedom of speech and freedom of expression religious and cultural freedom Freedom of assembly (peaceful assembly) freedom of religion (freedom to practice religion) right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writsThere are six fundamental rights recognized by the Indian constitution
1 Right to equality (Articles 14-18)2 Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22)3 Right Against exploitation (Articles 23-24)4 Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25- 28)5 Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29-30) and6 Right to Constitutional remedies (Articles 32-35)
1 The right to equality includes equality before the law the prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion race caste gender or place of birth equality of opportunity in matters of employment the abolition of untouchability and abolition of titles
2 The right to freedom includes freedom of speech and expression association or union or cooperatives movement residence and right to practice any profession or occupation
3 The right against exploitation prohibits all forms of forced labour child labour and trafficking of human beings
4 The right to freedom of religion includes freedom of conscience and free profession practice and propagation of religion freedom to manage religious affairs freedom from certain taxes and freedom from religious instructions in certain educational institutes
5 The Cultural and educational Rights preserve the right of any section of citizens to conserve their culture language or script and right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice
6 The right to constitutional remedies is present for enforcement of fundamental rightsThe right to privacy is an intrinsic part of Article 21 (the Right to Freedom) that protects the life and liberty of the citizens The right to privacy is the newest right assured by the Supreme court of India It assures the peoples data and personal security
Fundamental rights for Indians have also been aimed at overturning the inequalities of pre-independence social practices Specifically they have also been used to abolish untouchability and thus prohibit discrimination on the grounds of religion race caste sex or place of birth They also forbid trafficking of human beings and forced labour (a crime) They also protect cultural and educational rights of religious and linguistic minorities by allowing them to preserve their languages and also establish and administer their own education institutions They are covered in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India
Mathematics
Relation Study Item Types of RelationToday class xii students we will discuss about the types of RelationsFirst we discuss Void RelationWhat is Void RelationAns Let A be a non-empty set Then φ A A and so it is a relation R on set A Thissube ⨯ relation is called the void or empty relation on set ANow from the above definition we came to know that no element of A is related to any element of AHere A A is called Cartesian product⨯
is the symbol of subsetsubeAnd φ is called phi and refer to void or empty relationNow I give an example to understand the above said relationLet A = 1 2 3 4Here A A =(11)(12)(13)(14)(21)(22)(23)(24)(31)(32)(33)(34)(41)⨯(42)(43)(44)Now we consider R is a relation which is defined by R=(ab) a+b= 50We notice that a+b 50 for any two elements of AnotinTherefore (ab) R for any ab A is called belong to and is not belong tonotin isin isin notinTherefore we can say R does not contain any element of A A⨯Therefore R is empty set Therefore we can say that R is the void or empty relation on AWhat is universal RelationAns Let A is a set Then A A A A and so it is a relation on A This relation is called⨯ sube ⨯ the universal relation on ANow from the above definition we can say that each element of A is related to every element of ANow we consider the relation R on the set A =1 234 defined by R = (ab) R |a -b|isin
0≽We observe that|a - b | 0 for all ab A≽ isin
(ab) R for all (ab) A ArArr isin isin ⨯ Each element of set A is related to set A every element of set ArArr
Therefore we write R= AxATherefore we can say R is universal relation on set ANote we can say that void relation is smallest relation and the universal relation is largest relationSometime both void relation and universal relation is called trivial relationWhat is identity relationAns Let A is a non-empty set Then the relation R or IA = (aa) a A on A is called theisin identity relation on A Therefore from the above definition we can say that every element of A is related to itself only
Example Let A = 1234 then Ror IA = (11)(22)(33)(44) is the identity relation on set ANow I give you another example R1 = (11)(22)(33) and R2 = (11)(22)(33)(44)(24)From the above example we can say that R1 and R2 are not identify relation Because in the case of R1 (44)R1 and on the other hand R2 where element 2 is related to elements 2 and 4
Hindi 2ndlang
भलि[ (महादी मा)
भलि[ कहानी की लखिखका महादी मा न इस कहानी म यह दशान का परयास गिकया ह गिक आजकल क जमान म भी लो सक बन कर गिनसाथ सा करत ह ह
गिबना तन लिसा करत ह और उसक बदल ना कछ मात ह और ना ही कोई आशा करत ह नौकर सा करक तन चाहता ह और ह भी कई सगिधाओ की आशा करता ह पर सक सदा गिनजी साथ भा स सा म सलगन रह कर काम करता ह भलि[ कहानी की मखय पातर लकषमी ह जिजस भलि[ नाम लखिखका न दिदया ह ह गिकसी
ोपाल काकी कनया ह पाच रष की आय म उसकी गि माता न ौना ही कर दिदया कहानी म भलि[ क दखो का अत नही ह गिफर भी ह बडी साहसी धयान और परिरशरमी ह कदिठनाइयो स जझ ती ह पहल गिपता की मतय गिफर पगित की मतय और
गिफर घर जमाई की मतय होती ह उस साहसी मगिहला न साहस नही छोडा और तीनो पतरी ओक हाथ पील गिकए लाना द पान क कारण उसका जमीदार न अपमान गिकया गिफरकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहचीकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहची शहर पहच करा लखिखका की सगिका बनी ही पर उसका नाम भलि[ पडा ह एक भ[ की तरह अपन सामिमनी की इमानदारी स सा करती और तन का जिजकर भी नही करती ह लखिखका क घर पाठशाला आदिद को अचछी तरह स सभालती पढी-
लिलखी ना होकर भी ह लखिखका की बहत सा ए सहायता करती ह लखिखका का साया बनकर चलती लखिखका की सा करना उसक जीन का उददशय ह ह
लखिखका की खशी क लिलए ही काय करती ह ह लखिखका को दखी नही दख सकती लखिखका पर भलि[ का इतना परभा पडा गिक ह सय दहाती बन ई
यदध क दिदनो म ह अपन परिरार क साथ रहन की अपकषा लखिखका क साथ रहना पसद करती थी यदध क भत न जब ीटा क ान पर पलायन गित जा दी तो
भलि[ न न लखिखका को अपन ा ल जान का अनरोध करन ली लखिखका को डर ह गिक यदिद उसक गिदा होन क अगितम छठा ए तो ह दहातीन दधा कया कर ी
इस परकार हम दखत ह गिक लखिखका न सामिमनी और सगिका क ण बरसात हए सक धम पर परकाश डाला ह और लखिखका न एक आदश सगिका क रप को सदर
रप स परसतत गिकया हBengali আদাব পরশন) ldquoশরণের ১৪৪ ধারা আর কারহিZউ অU ার জারী রণেয়রণে0ldquo
ক) কার গলখা গকা3 রচ3ার অংশ খ)গকাায় গক3 ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়রণে0 )১৪৪ ধারা কী এর Zরণেল কী য়
উততর) ক)আরণেলাচ য অংশটি সরণেরশ বসর রহিচত lsquoআদাবlsquo গ0াট রণেলপর অংশ
খ) বাংলারণেদরণেশর ঢাকা শরণের ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়হি0ল সামপরদাহিয়ক াnাা ও দাnা পরহিতরণেরারণেধর জ3 য হিlt সলা3রণেদর গ3তারণেদর সামপরদাহিয়ক উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা বারণেধ উ2য় সমপরদায় 2ীত রণেয় ঘর বহিlt রণেয় পরণে পরসপর পরসপররণেক সরণেltরণের গচারণেখ গদরণেখ গকউ কাউরণেক আরণের রণেতা হিবশবাস কররণেত পারণের3া হিক0 া3রণেষর উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা য় ার পহির3া অরণেতক রকত iয় ও ত য
) ১৪৪ ধারা আইরণে3র এ3 একটা ধারা ার _ারা এলাকা হি3হিদ ষট করণের গদওয়া য় গসই এলাকার রণেধ য গবহিশ া3রণেষর জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় হিহি0ল জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় আই3 2nকারীরণেক গহিলর হি3রণেদশ জাহির করা য় তাই সাধার3 া3ষ আর বাইরণের গবর রণেত পারণের3া পরারণে3র 2রণেয় বহিlt রণেয় ারণেক এর Zল য় সাংঘাহিতক গদাকা3 পাট বনধ ারণেক
হিজহি3স পতর অহিল য় রাসতা ঘাট জ3 শ3 য রণেয় ায় লরণেঠরা তারণেদর লঠত রাজ চাহিলরণেয় হি3রণেজরণেদর আরণেখর গহি0রণেয় গ3য় া3ষরণেক 2ীহিতর হিব2ীহিষহিক গরাস করণের ঘরণেরর া3রণেষর ইkা াকরণেলও ঘরণের হিZররণেত পারণের3া হিZররণেত হিরণেয় বltরণেকর গহিলরণেত পরা3 ারায়
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today we will discuss about Types of Leaves
An organization provides several kinds of leaves to the employees These days employees working both in government and private sector are allowed several types of leaves Following are the leaves achieved by the employees from their organization
Casual LeaveChild care leave -HospitalLeaveSpecial disability leaveChild Adoption leaveEarned LeavesHalf pay leaveMaternity leavePaternityleaveStudy leave
1 Casual Leave- Casual leave is not a recognised form of leaves and is not subject to any rules made by the government of India And official on casual leave is not treated as Absent from duty and pay is not intimated Normally 8 days of casual leave is permissible in a calendar year
2 Child care leave - Women employees having minor children may be granted child care leave by an authority competent to grant leave for a maximum period of 730 days means two years during their entire service for taking care of up to two children weather for sharing or to look after any of their names like examination sickness it is a
3HospitalLeave - Hospital leave is admissible to group C employees whose duties involved handling of dangerous machinery explosive materials poisonous drugs and performance of hazardous task and to group D employees Medical certificate from an authorised medical attendant is necessary for the grant of these leave However total period of
leave does not exceed 28 months4Special disability leave- Special
disability leave admissible to all employees when disabled by injury intentionally or accidentally inflicted are caused in law in consequence of the due performance of official duties or in consequence of official position It also it is also add miscible when disabled by illness incurred in the performance of any particular duty which has the effect of increasing laboratory to illness or injury beyond the ordinary least attaching to the Civil post held and the same condition
5Child Adoption leave- This leave is granted to female Employees with fewer than two surviving children on valid adoption of a child below the age of one year for a period of 135 days immediately after the date of valid adoption Leave salary will be equal to the pain immediately before processing on leave
6Earned Leaves- This leave is earned by duty The credit for earned leave will be awarded at a rate of 15 days on the 1st of January and 1st of July every year It can be accumulated up to 300 days in addition to the number of days for which encashment has been allowed along with LTC
7 Half pay leave -All government servant are entitled to 20 days of HPL half pay leave for every completed year of service Half pay leave is calculated at 20 days for each completed year of service The service includes periods of duty and leave including extra ordinary leave with or without MC (medical certificate)
8 Maternity leave -Maternity leave is granted to women Government employees full stop it is as possible only to Employees with less than 2 surviving children The maternity leave is not debited to leave account and full pay is granted It cannot be combined with any other the leaves and count as service for increment and pension
9 PaternityleaveA male employee with less than 2 surviving children may be granted paternity leave for a period of 15 days during the confinement of
his wife During the period of such leaves he shall be paid leave salary equal to the pay drawn immediately before proceeding on leave
10 Study leave-Study leave may be granted to all Government Employees with not less than 5 years service for undergoing a special course consisting of higher studies are specialised training in a professional or technical subject having a direct and close connection with the sphere of his duties as a Civil Servant
Commerce
Chapter-5Management
Let us today discuss about the nature of Management
Nature of management Management is defined as
An art A science A profession
Management is defined as an art because of the following reasons
1 In art there is an existence of theoretical knowledge Similarly in management various theories are propounded by management thinkers in various areas of management like finance marketing human resources etc
2 Every manager apply his or her personal skills and knowledge in the day to day functioning of an enterprise
3 Like an art management is creative as it provides solutions to Complex problems making resources productive and profitable moulding the attitudes of people for the betterment of an organisation
Management is is considered as science because of the following reasons
1 Like science there is a systemised body of knowledge in management consisting of theories principles vocabulary and concept
2 Principles of management are evolved after continuous observations and experimentation
Management both as Science and ArtManagement is both a science and an art It is a science because it uses certain principles and is an art because it requires continuous practice and application of personal skillsManagement as a profession Following points highlight whether management is a profession or not1 Like profession management has well
defined body of knowledge It has its own principles which are based on experiments One can acquire such
knowledge by pursuing courses like MBA BBA etc and acquire managerial skills through instruction and training
2 In management no such restriction is there for managers to clear an examination for hold a degree However these days more and more people are appointed for managerial post who opposes management degrees
3 Membership to a professional Association like AIMA is not mandatory for managers All managers directly or indirectly work for the development of society
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Essay Questions (EQ-2)
Question No 2Sketch the character of Prospero Would you call him perfect
AnswerProspero in The Tempest appears to be an intensely human being with human failings and weaknesses With all his excellence Prospero is made to awaken our sympathy for a natural imperfection Prosperorsquos Previous HistoryIn his retrospective narration of his previous history to Miranda we get a glimpse into Prosperorsquos past life As the Duke of Milan Prospero buried himself in his magic books which he prized above his dukedom He was essentially a scholar with no practical wisdom He failed to perform his first duty by neglecting the governance of his state and gave an opportunity to his wicked brother to undermine his throne He was thus driven from his home and thrown in a leaky boat with his weeping daughter to drift in the perilous seas It is only the thought of his little child that kept him aliveThe Development of Prosperorsquos CharacterThe development of his character is evident from the contrast between what he was before his banishment and what he is now in the island Formerly when his ldquolibrary was dukedom enoughrdquo he was altogether too unsuspecting Now he is watchful as providence and takes care to guard himself against the possibility of evil He has learnt to know human nature in its worst forms even Caliban has taught him something He will no longer put his trust in appearance except as ldquostale to catch thievesrdquo nor in oaths of which the strongest he says ldquoare straw to the fire irsquo the bloodrdquo He who once neglected worldly ends now consistently asserts his dignity enforces obedience and deals out justice with impartial hand He who without a thought of evil gave his power and his revenues into his brotherrsquos hands now puts Ferdinand to the severest test as a trial of his love before entrusting his daughter to him He makes the most practical use imaginable of his magic art exacts prompt servitudefrom his attendants does not hesitate to punish them is resolved and firm and knows how to seize the proper moment for action He is a most careful father to his daughter a considerate master of Ariel severe against the brutal Caliban humane towards the repentant enemies full of experience and wisdomThe Exercise of his Power ndash his SternnessWhat appears to us at the first sight one of the least pleasing features of Prosperorsquos character is the sternness which he frequently displays more particularly in his dealings with Caliban His harshness towards Caliban resulted from the failure of gentler methods his severity towards Ferdinand was exercised in the interest of his daughter ldquolest too light winning make the prize lightrdquo and his punishment of Alonso Sebastian and Antonio is justified by the attainment of his objectiveProsperorsquos TendernessThe tender side of Prosperorsquos character is exhibited in his relation to Miranda Ariel Gonzalo and the repentant sinners His love for Miranda is unbounded She was almost life to him In his darkest hours of trial this love sustained him and gave him strength to put a bold front to suffering He addresses her always with tenderness She is to him a lsquoloved darlingrsquo lsquodear heartrsquo lsquoa rich giftrsquo lsquoa third of his own lifersquo The same affectionate nature is shown in his dealing with his brother Antonio He loved his brother Antonio only next to Miranda before Antonio conspired against him In the island when Antonio is brought before him he forgives him
readily To Gonzalo the good old councilor he is all affection He sheds tears of joy and gratitude when he meets him in the island To Ariel he is a loving and considerable master Ariel is always to him ldquomy brave spiritrdquo ldquofine spiritrdquo ldquodelicate Arielrdquo ldquomy Arielrdquo etc When he promises Ariel his freedom he says with real emotion ndash ldquoI shall miss theerdquoProsperorsquos Power as a MagicianThe practice of magic has placed wonderful powers in the hands of Prospero He uses his supernatural powers like a god only to bring about the happiest results He causes The Tempest and the shipwreck only to bring his enemies within his power and not to destroy them Not a soul perished in the storm He leads Ferdinand to Miranda his high charms work and as he wishes the two falls in love He frustrates the plots of the conspirators and makes them know that he was conscious of it He drives Sebastian and Alonso to sincere repentance and readily forgives them The drunken associates of Caliban are no doubt sternly treated but even then they are promised conditional pardon The whole play at last ends in reconciliation joy and peace The wrongs are set right the lovers are made happy Ariel is set free and thus the powerful magician retires into the solitude of his study at MilanProsperorsquos ForgivenessAllied to his wisdom is his forgiving nature Though deeply wronged he bears no spite against the wrong-doers Though his power is unlimited he uses it to noble purposes The lesson of adversity has taught him that ldquoThe rarer action is in virtue than in vengeancerdquoProspero does not debase his noble nature by revenge but forgives his enemies absolutely He drives his erstwhile enemies to a sincere penitence for their past misdeeds and when repentance has wrought its full effect on them he receives them into his arms and is reconciled to them Is Prospero perfectProspero creates a great impression upon our minds by his dignity his nobility the divine spirit of forgiveness in him his generous and sympathetic nature etc Even with all these virtues we cannot call him perfect We perceive certain faults in him He displays an occasional impatience irritability and even a certain harshness of feeling His severe treatment of Caliban might have been justified but the language in which he addresses the monster and the threats that he uses show him to be a kind of tyrant On learning of Calibanrsquos plot against his life he is as violently disturbed and agitated as any ordinary human being would be His manner towards Ariel when the latter demands his liberty also seems somewhat arbitrary and tyrannicalSubject ndashBiology Topic ndashChapter -5 Inheritance amp Variations Summary ExecutionToday we will discuss about NON-Mendelian Inheritance
NON_MENDELIAN INHERITANCE Incomplete Dominance It is an inheritance in which heterozygous offspring shows
intermediate character between two parental characteristics Eg Flower colour in snapdragon (dog flower or Antirrhinum sp) and
Mirabilis jalapa ( 4rsquoO clock plant) Here phenotypic and genotypic ratios are same Phenotypic Ratio 1Red 2 Pink 1 White Genotypic Ratio 1(RR) 2 (Rr) 1(rr) This means that R was not completely dominant over r Pea plants also show incomplete dominance in other traits
Co- dominance It is the inheritance in which both alleles of a gene are expressed in a
hybrid Eg ABO blood grouping in human ABO Blood groups are controlled by the gene I The plasma membrane of the RBC has sugar polymer that protrude
from its surface and is controlled By the gene The gene I has three alleles IA IB i The alleles IA and IB produce a slightly different form of the sugar
while allele i does not produce any sugar In AB blood group both IA and IB are present together This is co ndash
dominanceMultiple Alleles
Multiple alternatives of the same gene which influence the same character and produce different expressions in different individuals of a species or population same genes have more than two allelic
forms These different forms of a single gene are referred as multiple alleles Eg human Blood group
Ac-12 250620 Topic- retirement
Illustration Om Jai and Jagdish are partners sharing profit in the ratio of 3 2 l Their balance sheet as at December 31st 2014 is as under
Balance sheet as at December 31 2014
Liabilities Amount Assets Amount
(Rs`) (Rs`)
Creditors 80000 Building 180000 Bills Payable 26000 Plant 140000 General reserve 24000 Motor Car 40000 Capital Stock 100000 Om 160000 Debtors 63000 Jai 120000 Less Provision Jagdish 120000
400000 for Bad debts 3000
60000 Cash at Bank 10000
530000 530000
Jai retires on that date on the following terms(a) The Goodwill of the firm is valued at Rs 60000(b) Stock and Building to be appreciated by 10(c) Plant is depreciated by 10(d) Provision for Bad debts is increased upto Rs 5000(e) Jairsquos share of goodwill was adjusted through remaining partners capital accountThe amount due to Jai is paid out of the fund brought in by Om and Jagdish in theirnew profit sharing ratio Jai is paid full amountPrepare Revaluation Account and Partnerrsquos Capital account
Solution WorkingsIt is assumed that Om and Jagdish gaining ratio remains 3 lJairsquo Share of goodwill = Rs 60000 times 26 = Rs20000Adjusted through the remaining partners capital account in 3 1 ratio
Revaluation Account
Dr Cr
Particulars Amount Particulars Amount
(Rs`) (`Rs)
To Provision for Bad debts 2000 By Stock 10000TO Plant 14000 By Building 18000To Profit transferred toCapital Accounts Om 6000 Jai 4000 Jagdish 2000
12000
28000 28000
Capital AccountDr Cr Particulars Om Jai Jagdish Particulars Om Jai Jagdish
(Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (rs`) (`Rs)
To Capital 15000 mdash 5000 By Balance bd 160000 120000 120000 ToBank 152000 By General Reserve 12000 8000 4000To Balance cd 277000 mdash 159000 By Revaluation (Profit) 6000 4000 2000 By Om Capital mdash 15000 mdash ByJagdish Capital mdash 5000 By Bank 114000 38000
292000 152000 164000 292000 152000 164000
7787 7788 7789
4550 4551 4552
8002 8003 8004
2 Form the largest and smallest 4-digit numbers from the given digitsLargest Smallest
9653 6935 3569
8741 8147 1478
9532 3925 2359
6432 4623 2346
9310 1930 1039
Write the smallest 4-digit number in which all the digits are the same rarr 1111
Write the largest 4-digit number in which all the digits are the samerarr 9999
Hindi सनाम Ch 7 सनाम- जो शबद सजञा शबद की जह बोल जात ह सनाम कहलात ह हिहदी म बोल जान ाल कछ सनाम शबद इस परकार ह- म हम यह तम यह ह आप मन उसनhellip
सजञा शबदो की तरह सनाम शबद भी एकचन और बहचन होत ह
Read the chapter म -- हम यह -- य उस --उनह तम --तम सब ह ndash मरा ndashहमारा
Eng literature 25620
Poem The MoonBook- oxford
Children the 2nd paragraph of this poem tells us about the different sounds of different animals like the cat is squalling the mouse is squeaking the dog is howling and there is about who sleeps during the day have all come out to enjoy the moonlightIn 3rd paragraph the poet is telling is telling us that all the things that are awake during dayhellipfalls asleep at night in the hope to see a bright new day next morning
Children read the whole poem and learn the first 8 lines of the poem along with the poetrsquos name
Bengali বই ndash বাংলা সাহিতয পহিরচয়
পাঠ ndash ৮লপ ndash ট3টহি3 ও রাজার
৩ শ3যসথা3 পর করণেরা -ক) রাজার হিসনধরণেকর টাকা গরারণেদ শরণেকারণেত গদওয়া রণেয়হি0লখ) টাকা হিZরণের গপরণেয় ট3টহি3র বরণো আ3lt রণেয়রণে0) ট3টহি3র কা শরণে3 রাজা গররণে এরণেকবারণের অহিসথর ঘ) রাজা বরণো ধরণে3 কাতর ঙ) এক টহি3রণেত ট3ট3ারণেলা সাত রা3ীর 3াক কাটারণেলা ৪ হিবপরীত শবদ - আ3lt times দঃখ হি2তর times বাহির
কাগলখক ndash উরণেপনদরহিকরণেশার রায়রণেচৌধরীঅ3শীল3ীর পররণেশনাততর
রাজা times রা3ী
Social studies Indian literature Panchatantra The word Panchatantra is derived from the Sanskrit word Pancha which means five and lsquotantrarsquo which means principles thus Panchatantra means five principles Panchatantra is a collection of animal fables arranged in the form of stories It was written 2000 years back but is still famous and relevant because of the moral values and knowledge in it It consists of 87 stories and every story has a moral value hidden in it Vishnu Sharma wrote these stories Panchatantra has been translated into 57 languages
Read a story from Panchatantra (if you have) or from any other book which you have read it Write the moral of the story
Class IVSubject Topic Summary Execution English literature
A Night in June (poem)
Solved exercisesAnswer the following questions1 How are the stars appearing in the skyAns The stars appearing by twos and threes
2 Have the birds stopped their singingAns The birds have not stopped their singing they are piping yetrsquo
3 Where are the little birdsAns The little birds are among the bushes and trees
4 What sounds can be heard
Ans Little birds piping a wind that is rushing water that is gushing and the cuckoorsquos Sovereign cry can all be heard
5 What fills the sky Ans The cuckoorsquos cry fills the sky
6Why do you think the stars appear in the way described in the poemAns They are appearing like this because although the Sun has set there is a little light in the sky As the sky gets darker more stars become visible
7 Why do you think the poet calls the cuckoorsquos cry lsquosovereignrsquoAns The cuckoorsquos cry is loud enough to fill the sky and so seems superior to the other sounds
Social studies Map reading MapA map is a flat drawing on a paper that indicates the location of an area It is drawn on a flat surface with a scale Different places can be located with the help of four Cardinal directions People who make maps are called cartographers Types of mapsPolitical mapPolitical maps focus on the territorial boundaries and location of countries capital cities states and union territoriesPhysical mapPhysical mapsshow the physical features of the EarthIt includes features like mountains plateaus plains and water bodiesThematic mapThematic maps are based on a particular theme or subject such as distribution of populations forests and rainfall
Draw a physical map of India(Take help from the book page 79)Science The Teeth
(Microbes) MicrobesMicrobes are bacteria virusesrsquo protozoa and fungi Bacteria cause diseases such as typhoid and tuberculosis Viruses are smaller than bacteria and cause diseases such as common cold and influenza Protozoa cause malariaFungi cause disease such as ringworm and athletersquos foot Fungi grow on dead plants and animalsSome microbes are also useful to us Such as
Bacteria change milk to cheese or curd and help in digestion
Some bacteria help in the decaying of dead plants and animals This is very important for cleaning up our surroundings
We eat mushrooms which are fungi
We get medicines from certain microbes such as Penicillium
Yeast help in making bread
Bookrsquos exerciseQuestion amp Answers2 Name three layers of a tooth and define each layerAns A tooth has three layers enamel dentine and pulp Enamel ndash The outer white layer of a tooth is called enamel Dentine ndash The middle layer of the tooth that is slightly yellow is called dentine Pulp ndash The innermost layer of a tooth is called pulp It is soft and has blood vessels and nerves
3 How do we take care of our teeth Write four points Ans Teeth are an important part of our body So we should take good care of our teeth
(a) We should brush our teeth twice a day once in the morning and once at night before going to bed
(b) We should eat foods rich in calcium and vitamin C and D as these foods keep our teeth strong
and cake fluffy (c) We should rinse our mouth after every meal
(d) We should use dental floss to clean between the teeth
4 How do microbes useful to us Write three points Ans Some microbes are useful to us
(a) Bacteria change milk to curd and help in our digestion
(b) We eat mushrooms which are fungi
(c) We get medicines from a fungus called Penicillium
Mathematics M Maths [Activity 1]
1 Write the numerals for the followinga) 4 ten thousandb) 8 ten thousandc) Twenty thousand five hundredd) Fifty thousand fiftyf) Ninety thousand four hundred forty eightSolution a) 40000b) 80000c) 20500d) 50050f) 904483 Put comma () to separate the numbers in two periodsa) 36452d) 10633e) 76001f) 85404Solution a) 36452 (d) 10633 (e) 76001 (f) 854044 Write the numbers in short formc) 60000+300+30+3d) 20000+5000+40e) 60000+7000+900+10+1Solution (c) 60333 (d) 25040 (e) 679115 Write the period and place value of the given numbersd) 3 in 57325e) 4 in 95483f) 0 in 88509Solution (d) ones 300(e) ones 400(f) ones 0
COMPUTER FORMATTING IN MS WORD
Q1) WRITE DOWN THE STEPS TO CHANGE THE FONT TYPEANS) THE STEPS ARE
SELECT THE TEXT THAT WE WANT TO FORMAT CLICK ON THE HOME TAB CLICK ON THE DROPDOWN ARROW NEXT TO THE FONT BOX IN THE
FONT GROUP SELECT THE RELEVANT FONT TYPE FROM THE FONT LIST BOX
Q2) HOW CAN WE CHANGE THE TEXT ALIGNMENTANS) WE CAN CHANGE THE TEXT ALIGNMENT BY FOLLOWING STEPS ARE
SELECT THE TEXT CLICK ON THE HOME TAB IN THE PARAGRAPH GROUP SELECT THE DESIRED ALIGNMENT
OPTION
Class VSubject Topic Summary Execution English language Sentences
phrases and clauses
The sentenceA sentence is a group of words that contains a subject a predicate and makes complete sense by itselfThe PhraseA phrase is a group of words which does not contain a subject and a verb and does not make complete sense by itselfThe ClauseA clause is a group of words which contains a subject and a predicate and is a part of a sentence
Example of a Phrase1 My best friend2 The sports car
The above sentences donrsquot have Subject or verb
Example of a Clause1 John is my best friend2 The man was carrying a bag
The above sentences have both Subject and verb
Social studies Indian Government
India is a very big country It is divided into 29 states and 7 union territories for effective governance and administrationThe Indian Government operates at three levelsCentral GovernmentState GovernmentLocal Government Central GovernmentThe Central Government rules over the entire country It operates from New Delhi It makes laws for the whole country and ensures that they are executed and followed The central government has three parts ndash thelegislative the executive and the judiciary1The LegislativeThe Parliament is the legislature at the Central level that makes the laws The Parliament of India is in New Delhi It is also called Sansad It has two houses Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha Their members are called MPs -Members of Parliament The citizens of the country elect them through elections
1Name the three levels of Government that the Indian Government operatesAns Central Government State Government and Local Government
2Name the three parts of Central GovernmentAns The legislative the executive and the judiciary
3What is the other name for SansadAns Parliament
Science Pollination(Agents of pollination)
Agents of Pollination
We all know that plants cannot move from one place to another but they reproduce They need help to transfer their pollen grains Wind insects water birds and other animals help in transferring their pollen grains So they are called agents of pollination
Q Define self-pollination Ans Self pollination ndash When the pollen grains get transferred from the anthers to the stigma of the same flower or another flower on the same plant it is known as self-pollination
Q Define cross-pollination Ans Cross-pollination ndash When the pollen grains get transferred from the
Pollination by wind ndash grasses such as rice wheat maize their pollen grains are very dry and light and easily blown by the wind Some plants have a feathery stigma to catch the pollen grains Pollination by insects ndashInsects such as butterflies bees help in cross pollination When insects visit flowers to collect nectar the pollen grains get stuck to their body and when they visit to another flower the pollen grains get transferred to the stigma of that flower This is how insects help in pollination Pollination by water ndashPollination by water occurs in aquatic plants Pollination occurs when the male flower moving with the flow of water comes in contact with the female flower
anthers of one flower to the stigma of a flower of another plant of the same type it is known as cross-pollination
Q How do insects help in pollination Ans Insects such as butterflies bees help in cross pollination When in sects visit flowers to collect nectar the pollen grains get stuck to their body and when they visit to another flower the pollen grains get transferred to the stigma of that flower This is how insects help in pollination
English literature
Sour grapes A fox was trotting on one day and he saw lovely grapes just above his head The grapes where rich ripe and purple- red He was impatient to grab the fruit but it was too high He gave it up by letting out a deep sighHe then said to himself that he has wasted his time upon such a common fruit and he is sure that those grapes were sour
The poet then concludes the poem by saying that we often say this in our real life When we fail to do or achieve something in our lives we often say like the fox that ldquowe re sure the grapes are sourrdquo
Write the synonyms of1 Trotting- Riding2 Eager- anxious3 Snatch- grab4 Heaving- to let out relief5 Sigh- deep breath6 Mean- miserable and poor
SUBJECT- FRENCH (3RD LANGUAGE)Les alphabets avec vocabulariesAlphabets with vocabularies
- Ananas- Ballon- Chat
- Dents - Escargot
HOMEWORK-LEARN THIS VOCABULARIES WITH PROPER PRONUNCIATION
MAT
HEM
ATIC
S
Ch 6
Com
mon
frac
tions Subtraction of fractions
(a) Subtraction of like fractions
(b) Subtraction of unlike fractions
(c) Subtraction of mixed fractions [To subtract mixed numbers we change them to improper fractions and then subtract]
Exercise ndash 28Subtract
2 712
minus 312
Solution 712
minus 312 =
7minus312 =
412 =
13
4 18minus 1
12
Solution The LCM of 8 and 12 = 24
there4 18=
1times 38times3 =
324 and
112
= 1 times212 times2
= 224
there4 18minus 1
12 = 3
24 - 2
24 = 3minus224 =
124
10 59minus 7
18
Solution The LCM of 9 and 18 = 18
there4 59=
5times 29 times2 =
1018 and
718=
7 times 118times 1 =
718
there4 59minus 7
18 = 1018 -
718 =
10minus718 =
318 =
16
11 34minus1
5
Solution The LCM of 4 and 5 = 4times5 = 20
there4 34 =
3 times54 times 5 =
1520 and
15=
1times 45times 4 =
420
there4 34 -
15 =
1520 -
420 =
15minus420 =
1120
19 6 - 159
Solution Now 6 = 61 and 1
59 =
149
The LCM of 1 and 9 = 9
there4 61=
6 times91times 9 =
549 and
149 =
14 times19times1 =
149
there4 6 - 159 =
61 -
149 =
549 -
149 =
54minus149 =
409 = 4
49
20 715 - 3
910
Solution Now 715 =
365 and 3
910 =
3910
The LCM of 5 and 10 = 10
there4 715 =
365 =
36 times25times 2 =
7210 and 3
910 =
3910
there4 715 - 3
910 =
7210 -
3910 =
72minus3910 =
3310 = 3
310
Practice at HomeExercise ndash 28
17 3712 - 2
56
18 5 - 278
Class VISubject Topic Summary Execution BIOLOGY Ch-8
AdaptationsPg-115
A Short answer questions
3 Write the characteristics of submerged plants Ans ndash
1 Submerged aquatic are present below the water surface
2 The roots of partly submerged plants are fixed in the soil below water at the bottom of pond lake or river
3 The stems of such plants grow up to the surface of water while the leaves and flowers float on the surface of water
4 Submerged plants donrsquot have thick waxy cuticle
5 Completely submerged water plants like sea grasses and pondweed lack stomata
6 The leaves are mostly thin
Class VIISubject Topic Summary Execution CHEMISTRY
Chapter ndashPhysical and Chemical Changes
Physical ChangeA physical change involves a change in physical propertiesPhysical change is a type of change where no new substance is formed Most physical changes are reversible
Characteristics of Physical changes 1 They are temporary changes2 They are reversible changes 3 No new substance formed4 A physical change involves a
change in physical properties not its chemical properties
Terms related to Physical ChangesDissolvingMeltingMelting pointFreezingFreezing pointBoiling Boiling pointEvaporationCondensationCondensation point
Pg-25Question 6State three differences between evaporation and boiling
Evaporation Boiling
1 Evaporation is a slow process
2 Evaporation takes place from the surface of the liquid
3 Evaporation takes place at all temperature
1 Boiling is a fast process
2 Boiling takes place from all parts of the liquid
3 Boiling takes place at a fixed temperature on heating
Question 7State four differences between physical and chemical changes
Physical change Chemical change
1 No new substances with new properties are formed
2 It can be reversed by simple physical methods
3 It is temporary change
4 Energy is neither needed nor produced
1 New substances with new properties are formed
2 Change cannot be reversed by simple physical methods
3 It is permanent change4 Energy is either needed
or evolved
GEOGRAPHY
ATMOSPHERE
GREENHOUSE EFFECT ANDGLOBAL WARMINGWe have already learned that therays of the Sun heat up the Earths surfaceduring the day and cools off at night byradiating out the heat in the form of terrestrialradiation Some of this heat is absorbed by thegreenhouse gases of the atmosphere and doesnot escape into outer space This preventsthe Earth from becoming excessively cold atnight This is known as Greenhouse EffectIt has led to a gradual rise in globaltemperatures which is referred to as globalwarmingCauses of Global Warming
Q1 What do you mean by Greenhouse EffectA1 Therays of the Sun heat up the Earths surfaceduring the day and cools off at night byradiating out the heat in the form of terrestrialradiation Some of this heat is absorbed by thegreenhouse gases of the atmosphere and doesnot escape into outer space This preventsthe Earth from becoming excessively cold atnight This is known as Greenhouse Effect
Q2 What are the greenhouse gases A2 The heat-trapping gases calledgreenhouse gas (GHGs)
Examples chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Carbon dioxide halons methane nitrous oxide and
GREENHOUSE GAS The heat-trapping gases calledgreenhouse gas (GHGs) Over the years these gases have releasedin the atmosphere and thus making the planetwarmerExamples Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Carbon dioxide halons methane nitrous oxide and ozone
GLOBAL WARMINGIncreasing of Earthrsquos temperature day by day by the increasing amount of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere is called as global warming
CAUSES OF GLOBAL WARMING 1 Burning of fossil fuel2 Harmful emission from industries
andvehicles3 Deforestation and mining4 Excessive rearing of farm animals5 Fertilisers
ozone
Q3 What do you mean by Global Warming Write any two causes of global warming
A3 Increasing of Earthrsquos temperature day by day by the increasing amount of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere is called as global warming The main causes of global warming are a Burning of fossil fuelb Harmful emission from industries
andvehicles
COMPUTER
ARRAYS ARRAY IS A VARIABLE WHICH STORES DIFFERENT VALUES OF THE SAME DATA TYPE IT IS USEFUL TO ORGANIZE MULTIPLE VARIABLES TO DECLARE AN ARRAY DIM (DIMENSION) STATEMENT IS USED LETS TAKE AN EXAMPLE TO DECLARE AN ARRAYDIM NUMBERS(10)10 INSIDE THE PARENTHESES MEANS THIS ARRAY CAN HOLD 11 ELEMENTSNUMBERS YES 11 NUMBERS THERE IS A FIRST INDEX ARRAY 0 ALSO (0 TO 10)EXAMPLES1)TAKE ANY 6 NUMBERS (SAY 2451069) IN AN ARRAY AND ADD NUMBERS INPOSITIONINDEX 3 AND 5 PRINT THE FINAL RESULT
READ THE SUMMARY PART AND TRY TO UNDERSTAND THE CONCEPT OF ARRAY IN QBASIC
SUBJECT- FRENCH (3RD LANGUAGE)Les alphabets avec vocabulariesAlphabets with vocabularies
- Ananas- Ballon- Chat - Dents - Escargot
HOMEWORK-LEARN THIS VOCABULARIES WITH PROPER PRONUNCIATION
Class VIIISubject Topic Summary Execution PHYSICS ENERGY Types of Energy
There are different forms of energy Today we will discuss some important
A Objective Questions
1 Write true or false for each
types of energy and their features ndash1 Mechanical energyMechanical energy is the sum of kinetic and potential energy in an object that is used to do work In other words it is energy in an object due to its motion or position or both
A Kinetic Energy The energy in motion is known as Kinetic Energy For example a moving ball flowing water etc
Kinetic Energy=12mv2
Wherem = Mass of the objectv = Velocity of the object
B Potential Energy This is the energy stored in an object and is measured by the amount of work done For example a pen on a table water in a lake etc
Potential Energy=mghWherem = Mass of the object (in kilograms)g = Acceleration due to gravityh = Height in metersMechanical EnergyIt is the sum of potential energy and kinetic energy that is the energy associated with the motion amp position of an object is known as Mechanical energy Thus we can derive the formula of mechanical energy as ndash
Mechanical Energy = Kinetic Energy + Potential Energy
MechanicalEnergy=12mv2+mgh
2 Solar EnergyThe light and heat from the sun harnessed using technologies like solar heating photovoltaics solar thermal energy solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis is known as solar energy It is the prime source of renewable energy
3 Wind EnergyIt is one of the various forms of energy The energy present in the flow of wind used by wind turbines is called wind energy This energy is a major cheap source to produce electricity In this phenomena the kinetic energy of the wind is converted into mechanical power
statement
(a) A coolie does no work against the force of gravity while carrying luggage on a road
Answer True
(b) The energy stored in water of a dam is the kinetic energy
Answer False
(c) The energy of a flying kite is kinetic energy
Answer True
(d) Work done by a boy depends on the time in which he does work
Answer False
(e) Power spent by a body depends on the time for which it does work
Answer True
4 Nuclear EnergyThe energy present in the nucleus of an atom is known as nuclear energy The particles of an atom are tiny and need the energy to hold themselves Nuclear energy is that enormous energy in the bonds of an atom which helps to hold the atom together Nuclear energy can be used to make electricity
5 Geothermal EnergyThe energy or heat present inside the Earth is known as geothermal energy It is a cheap amp convenient heat and power resource and use of this energy donrsquot have a side effect like greenhouse gas emission etc
6 Tidal Energy
Tidal energy or tidal power is a form of hydropower (energy present in water) which converts the energy present in the tides to produce electricity
7 Biomass Energy
Biomass is organic matter obtained from living organisms The energy produced from biomass is called biomass energy
8 Electrical Energy
The energy caused by moving electric charges is known as electrical energy Electric energy is a type of kinetic energy as the electrical charges moves
9 Thermal Energy
As the name suggests thermal energy is the energy obtained from heat It is a microscopic disordered equivalent of mechanical energyThere may be instances where an object posses more than one type of energy For example boiling water posses both kinetic and potential energy along with heat energy
MATHEMATICS Ch 9Interest
Execution ndash 9(B) 3 A sum of money lent out at simple interest doubles itself in 8 years Find (i) the rate of Interest (ii) In how many years will the sum become triple (three times) at itself at the same rate percent
Solution
(i) Let P = Rs100 there4 A = Rs200 So I = A ndash P = Rs(200-100) = Rs100 and T = 8years [ P= Principal A = Amount I = Interest and T = Time]
there4 The rate of interest (R) = 100times IP times T = ( 100 times100
100times 8 ) = 252
= 125
(ii) Again P = Rs100 A = Rs300 So I = Rs(300-100) = Rs200 and R = 125
there4 T = 100times IP times R = ( 100 times 200
100 times12 5 ) years = ( 1000times 200100times125 )years= 16 years
4 Rs4000 amount to Rs5000 in 8years in what time will Rs2100 amount to Rs2800 at the same rate
Solution
1 st part P = Rs4000 A = Rs5000 there4 I = Rs(5000-4000) = Rs1000And T = 8 years
there4 R = 100times IP times T = ( 100 times1000
4000 times8 ) = 258
2 nd part Now P = Rs2100 A = Rs2800 there4 I = Rs(2800-2100) =Rs700 and R
= 258
there4 T = 100times IP times R = ( 100 times 700
2100 times 258 ) years = ( 100 times8
3 times25 )years= 323 years = 10
23 years
= 10years( 23
times 12)months = 10 years 8 months
6 A certain sum amounts to Rs3825 in 4 years and to Rs4050 in 6 years Find the rate percent and the sum
Solution Amount in 6 years = Rs4050Amount in 4 years = Rs3825
there4 Interest in 2years = Rs(4050-3825) = Rs225
there4 Interest in 1year = Rs225divide2 = Rs2252
there4 Interest in 4years =Rs(225times2) = Rs450
Now P = A ndash I = Rs(3825 ndash 450) = Rs3375
there4 R = 100times IP times T = ( 100 times225
3375 times2 ) = 103
= 313
Practice at Home5 What sum of money lent at 65 per annum will produce the same interest in 4 years as Rs7500 produce in 6 years at 5 per annum
GEOGRAPHY MIGRATION CLIMATE REFUGEES
Climate refugees who are forced to move out when their homes when threatened by imminent climate catastrophes Example many people many people migrated from the sinking south pacific Islands to Australia and New Zealand
MISCELLANEOUS MIGRATION
Miscellaneous migration often takes place due to the governmentrsquos decisions or due to political unrest Example the Indonesian government moved the farming population from the overpopulated areas of Java to the islands of Borneo and Sumatra
FORCED MIGRATION
Forced migration happens during times of disaster of warfare Abduction and transfer of African slaves to America to serve as labour force is an example of forced migration Today climate change and rising sea levels have led to forced migration in many of the island nations of the world
VOLUNTARY MIGRATION
Voluntary migration is shifting to HDC(highly developed countries) from LDC(lowly developed countries) for better job or educational opportunities and better standards of living There is a current trend in which a large number of students are migrating from developing nations to European and American universities for higher studies This type of voluntary migration leads to depopulation in the country which people leave and adds to the volume of immigrants in the country that receives these people
Q1 What do you understand by climate refugees Where it can be found
A1 Climate refugees who are forced to move out when their homes when threatened by imminent climate catastrophes or disasters
Example many people migrated from the sinking south pacific Islands to Australia and New Zealand
Q2Give an example on miscellaneous migration
A2 An example on miscellaneous migration like the Indonesian government moved the farming population from the overpopulated areas of Java to the islands of Borneo and Sumatra
Q3 Give some examples of highly developed countries (HDC) and lowly developed countries (LDC)
A3 European and North American countries such as Britain Spain Canada and New York are good examples of highly developed countries (HDC) On the other hand South-East Asian countries such as India Pakistan and Bangladesh are examples lowly developed countries (LDC)
COMPUTER ALGORITHMS AND FLOW CHARTS
EXAMPLES1) WRITE AN ALGORITHM AND DRAW A FLOW CHART TO FIND THE AREA OF A RECTANGLESOLUTIONALGORITHM
STEP1 STARTSTEP2 ACCEPT THE LENGTH OF THE RECTANGLESTEP3 ACCEPT THE BREADTH OF THE RECTANGLESTEP4 USE THE FORMULA OF AREA=LENGTH times BREADTH AND STORE THE
FINAL RESULT IN THE VARIABLE AREASTEP5DISPLAY THE ARE OF THE RECTANGLESTEP6STOP
FLOWCHART
2)CALCULATE THE INTEREST OF A BANK DEPOSITALGORITHMSTEP 1 READ AMOUNTSTEP 2 READ YEARSSTEP 3 READ RATE
STEP 4 CALCULATE THE INTEREST WITH FORMULA INTEREST=AMOUNTYEARSRATE100STEP 5 PRINT INTERESTFLOWCHART
3)DETERMINE AND OUTPUT WHETHER NUMBER N IS EVEN OR ODDALGORITHMSTEP 1 READ NUMBER NSTEP 2 SET REMAINDER AS N MODULO 2STEP 3 IF REMAINDER IS EQUAL TO 0 THEN NUMBER N IS EVEN ELSE NUMBER N IS ODDSTEP 4 PRINT OUTPUTFLOWCHART
4)DETERMINE WHETHER A TEMPERATURE IS BELOW OR ABOVE THE FREEZING POINTALGORITHM
STEP 1 INPUT TEMPERATURESTEP 2 IF IT IS LESS THAN 32 THEN PRINT BELOW FREEZING POINT OTHERWISE PRINT ABOVE FREEZING POINTFLOWCHART
PRACTICE THE GIVEN FLOWCHARTS AND ALGORITHMS
Class IXSubject Topic Summary Execution Bengali (2nd
language) চারণেদর পাাহিব2হিত2ষ বরণেltযাপাধযায় হি_তীয় অধযায়
ldquoআহি`কার হিবখযাত া0 শঙকর কতবার 0হিবরণেত গদরণেখরণে0rdquo ক) আহি`কার হিবখযাত া0টির 3া হিক া0টির হিবরণেশষতব হিকখ)শঙকর গকাায় হিকরণেসর জ3য হিরণেয়হি0ল ) গস গসখারণে3 হিক খরণেজ পায়
উঃ- হিব2হিত2ষ বরণেltযাপাধযায় রহিচত lsquoচারণেদর পাাrsquo উপ3যারণেস আহি`কার হিবখযাত া0টির 3া ল বাওবাব া0টির হিবরণেশষতব ল া0টি গবশ গাটা গসাটা া0টির জার হিবষয় ল া0টি তার গহিরণেত ১৬ হিলটার জল ধরণের রাখরণেত পারণের তষণায় কাতর পচারীরা অরণে3ক সয় এই ারণে0র গহিরণেত 0হির গরণের Zরণেটা করণের জল পা3 করণের
খ) শঙকর আহি`কায় হিরণেয়হি0ল অযাUরণে2ঞচারণেরর গ3শায় অনধকারয় এই ারণেদরণেশর পরহিতটি সথারণে3 গ3 রসয লহিকরণেয় আরণে0 এই ররণেসযর অ3সনধা3 কররণেত হিরণেয় অরণে3ক পটক পরা3 াহিররণেয়রণে0 আবার অরণে3রণেক হিসংরণের গপরণেট গরণে0 তবও অহি2াতরী া3ষ অহি2া3 বনধ করণের হি3আহি`কার ইউানডা গরলওরণেয়র 3Uরবা গসটশ3 গরণেক বাাততর াইল দহিi3 পহিj গকারণে3 একটা শাখা লাই3 হৈতহির হিkল গরল গকামপাহি3র গসখারণে3 শঙকর ক3সটরাকস3 কযারণেমপর গকরাহি3 ও সরকাহির গসটারহিকপার রণেয় গা হিদরণেয়হি0লপরণের শঙকর একটা গরলরণেসটশরণে3র গসটশ3াসটার য় এরপরণের গস আল2ারণেররণেজর সরণেn ীরার পাা খজরণেত গবহিররণেয় পরণে
) গ0াটরণেবলা গরণেক শঙকর শরণে3 আসরণে0 আহি`কায় গসা3া রপা ীরার 0া0হি একট গচষটা কররণেল গসা3া রপা ীরা আহিবসকার করণের বরণোরণেলাক ওয়া ায় এই সব খজরণেত হিরণেয় শঙকর আহি`কার পরাকহিতক ররণেপর গ সনধা3 গপরণেয়হি0ল তার তল3া গ3ই ঘ3 অর3য পবতরাহিজ =র3া 3দী জীবজনত সবই তারণেক হিদরণেয়রণে0 আ3lt শঙকর ীরার গখারণেজ হিরণেয় ীরা 3া গপরণেলও পরাকহিতক ররণেপর গরণে3 শঙকরণেরর 3 ীরায় পহিরত রণেয়হি0ল
EVS Chapter 2 ndash Species interaction with each other Long Answer Question
Living Things in Ecosystems
bull ParasitismParasitism is a relationship between two different organisms where one of the organisms actually harms the other through the relationship The organism that is harming the other one is called a parasite Examples of Parasitism Fleas or ticks that live on dogs and cats are parasites
bull MutualismMutualisms are defined as interactions between organisms of two different species in which each organism benefits the other
bull CommensalismCommensalism is a relationship between individuals of two species in which one species obtains food or other benefits from the other without either harming or benefiting the latter
bull SynergismThe interaction of things resulting in the overall effect that is greater than the sum of individual effects of any of them
Q) How biotic and abiotic components are inter-related Ans - In an eco system biotic and abiotic components depend on each other The biotic and abiotic components are connected in ecosystem in different way The sun is the energy source Producersplants use this energy to synthesize food in the presence of carbon dioxide and chlorophyll The herbivores are dependent on plants for the energy requirements The carnivores in turn feed on the herbivores and other carnivores At any level microbes then decompose any dead and decaying organic matter These decomposers after various chemical reactions release molecules back to the environment in the form of chemicals The chemicals are again used by the producers and the cycle starts againIn conclusion ecosystems have a complex set of interactions that happen between the biotic and abiotic components The components of an ecosystem are linked to each other through the energy flows and nutrient cycles
Commercial Studies
Chapter-7Joint Stock Company
In previous class we have explained about the meaning of Joint Stock Company features of Joint Stock Company
Let us explain about
Merits of Joint Stock Company
Merits of Joint stock CompanyStabilityPublic confidenceProfessional managementTransferability of sharesLimited Liability
Merits of Joint Stock Company StabilityA company enjoys stable durable enduring and uninterrupted business life A company continues to exist even if all its members die or deserted Maintenance of continuity of policy of administration is very much ensured in the case of Joint Stock CompanyPublic confidenceA public company enjoys the confidence of the public as the same is guided and controlled by strict regulations Since the companies financial accounts are published and circulated the public has enough faith on the activities of the company Thus a company enjoys better prestige and regulation greater public confidence as a wholeEfficient professional managementDue to its large financial resources and continuity a company can avail of the services of highly qualified
persons who are experts in different fields of business management In this way the benefits of specialization and centralized management can be securedTransferability of sharesSince the shares of a joint stock company are freely transferable they provide necessary liquidity to the investment of the people Shares of public companies are generally listed on a stock exchange so that people can easily buy and sell themLimited LiabilityThe liability of shareholders is limited only to the extent of face value of share held by them Shareholders are not personally liable for the debts of the company Thus the risk is known and also limited
Economics Chapter4 Basic Problems of An Economy
Today let discuss about the Meaning of Efficiency use of ResourcesNeeds of efficient use of resources
Resource efficiency is the maximising of the supply of money materials staff and other assets that can be drawn on by a person or organization in order to function effectively with minimum wasted (natural) resource expenses It means using the Earths limited resources in a sustainable manner while minimising environmental impact
Necessity for efficient use resources Once the flow of resources through the economy has reached its maximum sustainable limit (and many would argue that wersquove already passed that point for some resources) the only way to maintain economic growth in the long run is to become more resource efficient ndash finding ways to generate greater returns from the same amount of resources
Resource efficiency isnrsquot only valuable because it is essential for sustained economic growth Promoting resource efficiency can increase the competitiveness of industry create jobs stimulate innovation boost sectors such as recycling and resource recovery and help ensure secure supplies of key
QuestionWhat do you mean by Efficient use of Resources
Answer) Resource efficiency is the maximising of the supply of money materials staff and other assets that can be drawn on by a person or organization in order to function effectively with minimum wasted (natural) resource expenses It means using the Earths limited resources in a sustainable manner while minimising environmental impact
Why do we need to use our resources efficientlyAnswer) Once the flow of resources through the economy has reached its maximum sustainable limit (and many would argue that wersquove already passed that point for some resources) the only way to maintain economic growth in the long run is to become more resource efficient ndash finding ways to generate greater returns from the same amount of resources
Resource efficiency isnrsquot only valuable because it is essential for sustained economic growth Promoting resource efficiency can increase the competitiveness of industry create jobs stimulate innovation boost sectors such as recycling and resource recovery and help ensure secure
resources supplies of key resources
Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)
Topic Act II Scene 7 Lines 1 to 35 (Morocco hellip What if I stray no further but choose here )
[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase provided]
Summary Questions amp Answers
Having disposed of the minor story of Jessicarsquos elopement we now return to the main plot We are now shown how affairs are progressing with Portia in her home in Belmont
This is the first of the three scenes where a suitor makes a choice between golden silver and leaden caskets It will be noted that while making the choice all the lovers soliloquize and reveal their personality and character We have already observed the manly soldierly but primitive personality of the Prince of Morocco His has a simple nature and does not look deeply into the inner meaning of things but is dazzled by the outward appearance of gold He is inclined to over-estimate his own value and does not realize that it is a duty to ldquogive and hazardrdquo So his feeling is only one of fascination and romantic attraction We cannot believe that he has a deep and lasting love for Portia
In this scene two characters appear ndash Portia and the Prince of Morocco Portia explains to the Prince that the correct casket shall be the one that contains her picture She will be the wife of the person who will choose the correct casket and in the process get whatever she has
The Prince examines the inscriptions on each of the caskets and interprets them
(1) (Act II Sc 7 L 1-5)
Portia Go draw aside the curtains and discover
The several caskets to this noble princeNow make your choice
Morocco The first of gold who this inscription bearsWho chooseth me shall gain what many men desire
(i) Who is Morocco How did he introduce himself to Portia when they first met in an earlier scene
Prince Morocco is a dark skinned boastful warrior of African origin who seeks the hand of Portia He introduces himself as a person who lives near the equator where the exposure to sun rays have to be blamed for his complexion He says that Portia should not dislike him for his dark skin
(ii) How would Morocco know that he had made the right choice What would his reward be
Morocco would know he has chosen the right casket if he finds Portiarsquos portrait in one of them His reward would be Portiarsquos hand in marriage
(iii) Which casket did Morocco finally choose What reasons did he give for rejecting the casket made of lead
Morocco chooses the golden casket He says that lead is of lowly origin and the portrait of a lady as great as Portia cannot be placed in it He reads the inscription ldquoWho chooseth me must give and hazard all he hathrdquo This makes the box too threatening He wonders why anyone should risk everything for lead He also feels that a golden mind like his should not bow down to choose something worthless So he will not risk anything for lead
(iv) What two objects did Morocco find in the casket of his
before choosing
The inscription on the leaden casket says ldquoWho chooseth me must give and hazard all he hathrdquo The Prince was shocked and says as to why anyone should risk for the sake of lead The leaden casket is a threat Nobody would risk all they have for lead He says that no noble person would stoop to choose such a worthless thing as lead So he will not give nor risk anything for lead
The Prince then examines the inscription on the silver casket which says ldquoWho chooseth me shall get as much as he deservesrdquo The Prince says that he deserves Portia more than anybody else because of his high rank his noble birth and his great wealth and power But then he argues that silver is ten times inferior to gold and therefore he cannot believe that the portrait of such a beautiful lady as Portia can be contained in the silver casket He decides to see the inscription on the golden casket before making his decision
choice What reason does he give to Portia for leaving in haste
The Prince of Morocco chooses the golden casket and on opening it finds a human skull within whose hollow eye-socket was a scroll or a roll of paper in which it is written that those who are attracted by the glittering outside of things are always deceived as Morocco has been deceived
Morocco says he is moved and that he does not want to make his departure a painstaking process and he wants to leave immediately without revealing his emotions He should also obey the rule of the game which states the one who loses the test should leave immediately
(v) How does Portia respond to Moroccorsquos parting words What does this reveal of her nature
Portia is relieved that Morocco has left without making any scene It was a gentle riddance and all like him should go in a similar manner This shows that Portia has a kind heart and does not want anyone to he hurt Her love for Bassanio over-rides her passion that makes her wish that only he should be able to make the right choice At the same time like a dutiful daughter she does not want to disrespect her fatherrsquos wishes Hence she is willing to go through the casket injunctions
(2) (Act II Sc 7 L 15-35)
MOROCCO helliphelliphelliphelliphellip
What says this leaden casket Who chooseth me must give and hazard all he hath Must givemdashFor what for lead hazard for leadThis casket threatens Men that hazard allDo it in hope of fair advantagesA golden mind stoops not to shows of drossIll then nor give nor hazard aught for leadWhat says the silver with her virgin hueWho chooseth me shall get as much as he deservesAs much as he deservesmdashPause there MoroccoAnd weigh thy value with an even handIf thou best rated by thy estimationThou dost deserve enough and yet enoughMay not extend so far as to the ladyAnd yet to be afeard of my deservingWere but a weak disabling of myselfAs much as I deservemdashWhy thats the ladyI do in birth deserve her and in fortunesIn graces and in qualities of breeding
But more than these in love I do deserveWhat if I strayed no further but chose here
(i) What does the Prince of Morocco do before making his selection What does his comment reflect How does he analyse the inscription of the leaden casket and what is his interpretation
The Prince of Morocco surveys the three caskets before making his selection His comments reflect his thinking and attitude on life and things He comes to the lead casket and reads the inscription on it His interpretation which reflects his own character is that the inscription threatens because no one will be prepared to risk or sacrifice all one has for such a base thing as lead
(ii) What does the Prince of Morocco think of the leaden casket and why does he decide to reject the leaden casket
The Prince of Morocco thinks that when people risk anything they do so in order to gain something precious A person of royal ways will not bend so low as to be impressed by such an ordinary thing as lead Therefore he decides that he will not take any risk for a worthless thing like lead and rejects the lead casket
(iii) What does the Prince think while analyzing and interpreting the inscription of the silver casket
The Prince of Morocco analyses the inscription on the silver casket which runs thus ldquoWho chooseth me shall get as much as he deservesrdquo When he reads the inscription he bids himself to stop and ponder over the interpretation He asks himself to evaluate his worth objectively and impartially He says that if he is assessed on the basis of the opinion of people he deserves much But even this may not be sufficient to deserve to win Portia who is so virtuous and worthy
(iv) What promise does the silver casket make What self-assessment does the Prince make
The silver casket promises the reward according to the worth of the chooser The Prince makes a self-assessment and concludes that in all fairness he deserves to get Portia He thinks that he is a royal Prince by birth and so he deserves her by the right of his birth
Portia is very rich and so the Prince deserves her by this also The Prince deserves because he is also extremely handsome as most of the beautiful maidens of his kingdom covet him He is valiant and virtuous also So in his opinion he is the most suitable and deserving candidate for Portiarsquos hand
(v) Over which casket does the Prince ponder a long time What intrigue him In what way does he deserve Portia
Morocco reviews the inscriptions again and rejects the lead casket as being not worth the high stakes for which he gambles He ponders a long time over the silver casket The words ldquoget as much as he deservesrdquo intrigue him He is quite sure that he deserves Portia He deserves her in birth fortune grace qualities of breeding and most of all love
Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution EVS Ch ndash4 Managing
soil and land
Today we will discuss about mechanical practices of soil conservation
A few mechanical measures of soil conservation arei) Basin leaching In this method a number of small basins (water reservoirs) are made These collect and retain rain water for a long period and also catch and stabilize downwardly moving soils of the slopes
ii) Pan breaking by breaking of pan ( a hard sheet of clay a few feet below the surface ) drainage and percolation of rain water is improved and soil is saved from residual run-off and erosion
iii) Sub-soiling Soil is broken into fine grains to increase its absorptive capacity
iv) Contour terracing terraces are labeled areas constructed at right angles to the slope to reduce soil erosion
v) Contour trenching This method involves making a series of deep pits or trenches across the slope at convenient distance The soil excavated from the trenches is deposited along the lower edge in the form of bund On the ridges tree seeds are shown
vi) Terrace outlets To conserve soil pipe outlets are made which are thickly covered by grasses
vii) Digging of ponds and reservoirs to store water
viii) Stream bank protection To protect banks of rivers and channels construction of stone or concrete protective walls or planting of trees should be undertaken
Commercial Studies
Chapter- Banking Let us today discuss about theMeaning of Commercial BankFunctions of Commercial Banks
Commercial Banks are those banks which perform all kinds of banking functions such as accepting deposits advancing loans credit creation and
Question1 What do you mean by
Commercial BankAnswer) Commercial Banks are those banks which perform all kinds of banking functions such as accepting deposits advancing loans credit creation and agency functions
agency functions
Functions of Commercial BanksCommercial banks perform a variety of functions which can be divided as (1) Accepting Deposits (2) Advancing Loans (3) Credit Creation (4) Financing Foreign Trade(5) Agency Services (6) Miscellaneous Services To Customers
2 Explain the various functions of Commercial Bank
Answer) Following are the various functions of Commercial Banks
1 Accepting Deposits This is the oldest function of a bank and the banker used to charge a commission for keeping the money in its custody when banking was developing as an institution Nowadays a bank accepts three kinds of deposits from its customers The first is the savings deposits on which the bank pays small interest to the depositors who are usually small savers
2 Advancing LoansOne of primary functions of commercial banks is to advance loans to its customers A bank lends a certain percentage of the cash lying in deposits on a higher interest rate than it pays on such deposits This is how it earns profits and carries on its business 3 Credit CreationCredit creation is one of the most important functions of the commercial banks Like other financial institutions they aim at earning profits For this purpose they accept deposits and advance loans by keeping small cash in reserve for day-to-day transactions When a bank advances a loan it opens and account in the name of the customer and does not pay him in cash but allows him to draw the money by cheque according to his needs By granting a loan the bank creates credit or deposit4 Financing ForeignTrade commercial bank finances foreign trade of its customers by accepting foreign bills of exchange and collecting them from foreign banks It also transacts other foreign exchange business and buys and sells foreign currency5 Agency ServicesA bank acts as an agent of its customers in collecting and paying cheques bills of exchange drafts dividends etc It also buys and sells
shares securities debentures etc for it customers Further it pays subscriptions insurance premium rent electric and water bills and other similar charges on behalf of its clients It also acts as a trustee and executor of the property and will of its customers Moreover the bank acts as an income tax consultant to its clients For some of these services the bank charges a normal fee while it renders others free of charge6 Miscellaneous ServicesBesides the above noted services the commercial bank performs a number of other services It acts as the custodian of the valuables of its customers by providing them lockers where they can keep their jewellery and valuable documents It issues various forms of credit instruments such as cheques drafts travellers cheques etc which facilitate transactions
Bengali হিবপরীতশবদ করণেয়কটি হিবপরীত শবদ গদওয়া ল1)সজীব = হি3জsব 2)শরদধা= ঘা 3)আকষ = হিবকষ4)সধবা = হিবধবা 5)উৎস = গা3া 6)অ = অ37)জয় = পরাজয় 8)তাপ = হৈশত যয 9)হি3ltা = পরশংসা10)াদা = অদা 11)রহিসক = গবরহিসক 12) অনতর = বাহির13)অহিতবষটি = অ3াবষটি 14)পরত যযi = পরণেরাi 15)3াবালক = সাবালক
Hindi 2nd lang नया रासता भा 5 अपन जीन की परिरसथिगितयो स गिश होकर मीन क हदय म कई बार हीन भाना
और जीन की कडाहट अनभ हईपरत ह दढता और साहस की मरतित थी ह
अपन जीन को वयथ नही होन दना चाहती थी बचपन स ही उसकी कील बनन की
इचछा थी आज मीन की लन उस और दखकर माता- गिपता न उस कालत करन की
आजञा द दी मीन न मरठ म दाखिखला ल लिलया उसक हरदय म कछ बनन और कछ
कर दिदखान की इचछा थी उसक गिचार स चारो और पस का ही बोलबाला हहॉसटल
की कलपना करत ही ह लिसहर उठती थी उसन अपन लिलए नए नए कपड बनाए पहली बार हॉसटल जान का चा थाआखिखर
ह दिदन आ ही या जब उस हॉसटल जाना था पहली बार ह अपन घर स अल हो
रही थी हॉसटल पहच कर कछ दिदनो तक उसका मन नही ला बचपन की घटनाए
एक- एक करक उसक समतपटल पर उतर ई ह अपनी ककषा म हमशा परथम आती
थी 2 दिदन बाद गिपताजी मीन स मिमलन आए मा न काफी चीज उसक लिलए बनाकर
भजी थी गिपताजी स मिमलकर ह बहत खश
1 ह सय की दढता साहस की मरतित थी
परशन1 लखिखका मीन को दढता साहस
की मरतित कयो कह रही ह 2 गिाह क अलाा मीन क जीन
का कया लकषय था 3 मीन समाज क झठ आरण को
हटाकर सतय दिदखाना चाहती ह सपषट कीजिजए
4 परसतत पलि[यो का भा सपषट अपन शबदो म लिलखिखए
उततरndash1 मीन म समाज स लडन की शलि[ ह
ह समाज म फली बराइयो क सामन ढढता स जमी हई ह ह साहस क साथ अपन उलिचत गिनणय
पर सथिर रहती ह जिजदी क उतार चढा सा घबरा टी नही ह बलकिलक साहस स काम लती ह इनही कारणो स लखिखका न उस ढढता
और साहस की मरतित कहा ह2 मरठ ालो न जब उसका रिरशता
ठकरा दिदया तो उसन गिनशचय कर लिलया गिक ह अपन परो पर खडी होी और समाज को दिदखा दी की नारी अबला नही ह उसन अपना
हई करीब 1 घटा रक कर गिपताजी चल ए लकषय बना लिलया गिक ह एलएलबी करक कील बनी
3 समाज म नारी क ऊपर अबला आशरीता का आरण पडा हआ ह
मीन समाज क दवारा होत हए इस आरण को हटाकर यह सतय परमाणिणत करना चाहती ह गिक आज
की नारी अबला नही ह और ना ही गिकसी क हाथ की कठपतली ह
4 लखिखका न मीन क बार म कहा गिक ह सय घटा और साहस की मरतित
ह ह अपन न हम ध और मसीबत म साहस का परिरचय दती हउतार
चढा को हर इसान क जीन म आत ही रहत ह उनको साधारण रप
स ही लना चागिहए अपन गिाह क मामल म उसन साहस स काम
लिलया और गिाह क बार म सोचना छोड दिदया मीन क सामन अभी बहत लबी जिजदी पडी ह इसलिलए उसन समय का महत समझा और
एक कषण भी वयथ ना करन का गिनशचय गिकया
Mathematics(x) Algebra Quadratic Equation in one variable
Study Item Some solved sums from exercise- 539)Solve for x 2(2x ndash 1 )(x+3) ndash 3 (x + 3)(2x ndash 1 ) = 5 x -3 frac12Solution Let (2x ndash 1)(x + 3) = y then we get2(y) ndash 3( 1y) = 50r 2y ndash 3y = 5Or 2y2 ndash 3 = 5y [multiplying both side by y we get]0r 2y2 ndash 5y ndash 3 = 0Now comparing the above equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0 we geta=2 b = - 5 and c = - 3Therefore y = -(- 5 )plusmnradic((-5)sup2-4(2)(-3))2(2) = 5 plusmnradic( 25 + 24)4 = 5plusmn radic(49)4 = (5 plusmn 7)4= (5+7)4 (5 ndash 7)4= 124 -24= 3 - 12Therefore y = 3 (2x ndash 1)( x + 3) = 3 2x ndash 1 = 3x + 9 3x - 2x = - 10 x= - 10Or y = - frac12 ( 2x ndash 1)(x + 3) = - frac124x ndash 2 = - x ndash 3 4x+x = - 3 + 2 5x = - 1 x= - 15Hence the roots of the given equation are - 10 and ndash 1510)(i) x2 - 5x ndash10 =0Solution x2 ndash 5x ndash 10 = 0Comparing the above equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0 we get a=1 b = - 5 and c = - 10Therefore x = - (- 5)plusmnradic( -5)sup2- 4(1)(- 10)2(1) = 5 plusmn radic( 25 +40)2 = 5 plusmn radic(65 )2
= (5 plusmn 8bull06)2 = (5 + 8bull06)2 (5 ndash 8bull06)2 = 13bull062 - 3bull062= 6bull53 - 1bull5312) Solve the equation x ndash 18x = 6 Given your answer correct to two significant figureSolution x ndash18x = 6Or (x2 ndash 18 )x = 6Or x2ndash 18 = 6xOr x2 ndash 6x ndash18 = 0Comparing the above equation with ax2 + bc + c = 0 we gera= 1 b = - 6 and c = -18Therefore x = -(-6) plusmnradic(- (- 6)2 ndash 4(1)(- 18)2(1) = 6 plusmn radic( 36 + 72)2 = (6 plusmnradic( 108)2 =(6 plusmn 10bull39)2= 16bull392 - 4bull392= 8bull195 - 2bull195 asymp 8bull2 - 2bull2
Chemistry Chapter-2L-1Chemical Bonding
1) Chemical Bonding-
It is basically the force of attraction which holds the different types of atoms in a molecule together
Cause of Chemical Combination-
The main cause is the tendency of elements to acquire eight electrons in its outermost shell like that of noble gases other than Helium(He) So the atoms combine to acheive the nearest noble gas configuration of 8 electrons( or 2 electrons) in their outermost orbit and become stable
2) Ion-
It is a charged particle made from an atom by the loss or gain of electrons
There are 2 types of Ions They are-
a) Cations- It is formed by the loss of electrons eg - K+ Ca2+
Na+ etc
b) Anions- It is formed by the gain of electrons eg- Cl- O2- F- etc
Q Why do elements form Ions
A Atoms of all elements except those of noble gases have one to seven valence electrons and are not in a state of minimum energy Thus to acquire a state of minimum energy elements lose or gain electrons and form ions so that they acquire stable configuration (Duplet or Octet)
Q What is the Electronic Theory of Valency
A In 1916 Kossel and Lewis on the basis of octet rule of electrons described simply the electronic structure of molecules of many chemical compounds and elements Kossel mainly described the structure of ionic compounds formed by loss and gain of electrons and Lewis mainly described the structure of Covalent Compounds formed by mutual sharing of electron pair This is known as ELECTRONIC THEORY OF VALENCY proposed by Kossel and Lewis
Q What do you mean by Electropositive and Electronegative Elements
3) Types of Chemical Bond-3 types
A)ElectrovalentIonic Bond
B) Covalent Bond
C) Co-ordinate Dative Bond4) ELECTROVALENT IONIC BOND-
It is the electrostatic force of attraction between the opposite charged ions which holds them together
The chemical compounds formed as a result of electron transfer from one atom of an element to another are called IONIC or ELECTROVALENT COMPOUND
The number of electrons which an element loses or gains during the formation of an ionic bond is called its ELECTROVALENCY
Conditions for the formation of Ionic Compounds-
i Large electronegativity difference between the combining atoms
ii Low IP for one of the atoms from which the cation can be easily formed
iii High electron affinity for one of the atoms from which the anions can be easily formed
iv High Lattice Energy
A
1) Electropositive Elements- have the tendency to lose the electrons and form Cations
eg- Na K Fe -mostly metals
2) Electronegative Elements- have the tendency to gain the electrons and form Anions
eg- Cl F O - mostly Non-metals
Q Give the brief description about the formation of NaCl
A See your Text Book
Q Practise the two types of diagram of the formation of different ionic compound
A See your Text Book
English All Summer in a Answer the following questions-
literature Day 3) Why did the children hate herAns- The children sensed that Margot was different from them She hated the continuous rain while they were used to it She spoke only about the sun and they had no memory of it They hated her pale snow face her waiting silence her thinness and her possible future of going back to the Earth4) What is the it referred to by WilliamAns- The it referred to by William is the Sun which the scientists had predicted would shine for a short while that day5) What was Margot waiting for Why did William say it was a jokeAns- Margot was waiting to see the sun predicted to shine that day for a short while William did not want her to have the joy of seeing the sun
Geography Water Resources SOURCES OF WATER SURFACE WATER AND GROUNDWATER Earth is known as the Blue Planet because 71 per cent of the Earths surface is covered with water Wateralso exists below land surface and as water vapour in the air Water is not added or removed from the environment it simply changes state and location This constant movement of water throughout our environment is called the hydrological cycle or water cycle Earth cleans and replenishes the water supply through the hydrologic cycle Groundwater exists in an aquifer or
underground layer of permeable rock sediment (usually sand or gravel) or soil that yields water
Aquifers are like underground reservoirs of water
SURFACE WATER The visible bodies of water are referred to as surface water Surface waters can be simply described as the water that is on the surface of the Earth This includes the oceans rivers and streams lakes and reservoirs Surface waters are very important Rivers and streams constitute the flowing surface waters Surface water canbe captured for a variety of biospheric and humanusesRunoff During heavy precipitation water cannot infiltrate into the ground It flows on the surface of the ground and called as runoff
GROUNDWATER Groundwater is detained as water that is found beneath the surface of the Earth in conditions of100 per
Q1 Why the Earth is called as Blue PlanetA1 Earth is known as the Blue Planet because 71 per cent of the Earths surface is covered with water
Q2 Define hydrological cycleA2 Water is not added or removed from the environment it simply changes state and location This constant movement of water throughout our environment is called the hydrological cycle or water cycle Earth cleans and replenishes the water supply through the hydrologic cycle
Q3 What is AquifersA3 Aquifers are like underground reservoirs of water
Q4 Why there is a shortage of fresh waterA4 Although the earth has an abundance of water but unfortunately there is a shortage of fresh water because 997 per cent of it occupied by oceans soils icecaps and floating in the atmosphere and rest 03 percent can use for daily uses
cent saturation (if it is less than100 per cent saturation then the water is considered as soil moisture) Ninety-eight per cent of Earths available fresh water is groundwater It is about60 times as plentiful as the fresh water found in lakes and streams Water in the ground travels through pores in soil and rock and in fractures and weathered areas of bed rockThe majority of fresh water is therefore found under ground as soil moisture and in aquifers
Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 88 to 126 (Portia helliphellip Such as the day is when the sun is hid) [Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]
Summary Questions amp Answerso Launcelot then arrives and informs
Lorenzo that Bassanio will also be arriving soon Both Lorenzo and Jessica return to the house and ask Stephano to order the family musicians to play music in order to extend a fitting welcome to Portia
o Portia and Nerissa dressed in their normal self return home and enter the building Lorenzo recognizes Portias voice and comes to greet her She orders the servants to pretend as if she had never left and asks Lorenzo and Jessica to do the same
o Soon thereafter Bassanio Gratiano and Antonio arrive
(1) PORTIA That light we see is burning in my hall (L 89-101)
How far that little candle throws his beams So shines a good deed in a
naughty worldNERISSA When the moon shone we did not see the candlePORTIA So doth the greater glory dim the less
A substitute shines brightly as a king
Unto the king be by and then his state
Empties itself as doth an inland brook
Into the main of waters Music hark
NERISSA It is your music madam of the housePORTIA Nothing is good I see without respect
Methinks it sounds much sweeter than by day
NERISSA Silence bestows that virtue on it madam
(i) Where are Lorenzo and Jessica sitting What message have they received What are they doing
Lorenzo and Jessica are sitting in Portiarsquos house in Belmont They have just received the message informing them of the arrival of Portia and Bassanio separately They are waiting for their arrivals and enjoying the beauty of the moonlight night(ii) In which mood is Lorenzo found after Stephanorsquos departure
After Stephanorsquos departure Lorenzo reverts to his romantic mood He is carried away by the magic of the loveliness of the moonlight He draws Jessicarsquos attention and says that the moonlight is sleeping beautifully on the raised ground He says that they will sit there and enjoy the sweetness of the gentle
music which will shortly creep into their ears very softly(iii) Why has Lorenzo sent Stephano What kind of man is he who does not appreciate the sweet harmony of sounds
Lorenzo has sent Stephano to instruct the musicians to play soft music to welcome Portia home Lorenzo tells that the
tranquility and the beautiful night suit the sweet music Praising the ennobling (M lend greater dignity) effect of music Lorenzo tells Jessica that the person who has no music in him and does not appreciate the sweet harmony of sounds is a dangerous person and so should be watched very carefully(iv) Who are returning to Belmont What does Nerissa remark on seeing the light of the house
Portia and Nerissa are returning to Belmont after successfully conducting Antoniorsquos trial in Venice as the lawyer and the clerk respectively When they are near their home Nerissa seeing the light of the house remarks that they did not see this light of this candle when the moon was shining(v) What does Portia comment on Nerissarsquos observation Commenting on Nerissarsquos observation Portia says that the lesser glory becomes insignificant before the greater glory She adds that the kingrsquos representative assumes great splendor and authority when the king himself is not near But before the real king the substitute becomes devoid of all splendor and
authority as the big rivers lose their identity after emptying into the vast sea
SUBJECT PHYSICS [TOPIC FORCE]Answer the following questions ( ICSE questions of previous years from chapter FORCE)
1 Write the position of centre of mass for the following bodies(i) A circular ring (ii) A cylinder(iii) A hollow sphere (iv) A triangular lamina
2 Explain why screw drivers are provided with longer handles3 Compare the magnitude and direction of centripetal force and centrifugal force4 How does uniform circular motion differ from uniform linear motion5 Why is the motion of a body moving with a constant speed around a circular path is said to be
accelerated6 A brass ball is hanging from a cotton thread Draw a neat labeled diagram showing the force acting
on the brass ball and the cotton thread 7 Define moment of force Write the relationship between the SI and CGS unit of moment of force8 Define couple State the SI unit of moment of couple9 A uniform half meter scale balanced horizontally on a knife edge at 29 cm mark when a weight of 20
gmf is suspended from one end(i) Draw the diagram of the arrangementWhat is the weight of the half meter rule
ECO-10 250620 Topic-Supply Analysis
MEANING OF SUPPLYSupply a commodity by a firm or seller may be defined as the quantity of a commodity that a firm or seller offers for sale at a given price during a given time period But the actual sale of the commodity may be different from its supply For example a farmer (produced of wheat) is willing to sell 50 quintals of wheat at a price of ` 15 per kg but he is able to sell only 30 quintals at this price So this case the supply of wheat is 50 quintals but the actual sale is 30 quintals So these two concepts should not be confused with each other Like demand supply also has three elements The definition of supply include (i) the quantity of the commodity that a firm is willing to supply (ii) the price at which it is willing to supply that quantity and (iii) the time period during which it is willing to supply that quantity
FACTORS DETERMINING SUPPLY OR DETERMINANTS OF SUPPLY OF A GOOD
The main determinant of supply is the price of the commodity But the cost of production of a commodity is an important factor in determining profit maximized on output of a firm The cost of production depends on the prices of various inputs like raw material wages of workers interest of capital rent of building etc The supply of a commodity also depends on the technology used in the production of the commodity and many other factors The main factors determining supply of a commodity are(i) Price of the commodity(ii) Price of other related good(iii) Price of inputsfactors(iv) Taxation policy of government(v) Objective of the firm(i) Price of the commodity Other factors determining supply remaining constant there is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity It means the quantity supplied of a commodity increases with rise in price and decreases with fall in price of the commodity More quantity of a commodity is supplied at a higher price and less quantity is supplied at a lower price For example a seller of tomatoes is willing to sell 100 kgs of tomatoes at a price of ` 40 per keg and only 50 kgs at a price of ` 20 per kg Due to this direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity the supply curve has a positive slope Supply curve is upward sloping to the right(ii) Price of other related goods Supply of a commodity is also influenced by the change in the price of other related goods With the help of given resources we can produce several goods by using the same technology This helps the firm to diversify and tide over fluctuations in demand For example a farmer can produce either pulses or food grains by using the resources If the price of pulses increases it becomes more profitable for him to make more production of pulses So he will divert some resources from the production of food grains to the production of pulses The production of pulses will increase and that of food grains will decrease So the supply of pulses will increase if the price of pulses increases and the supply of food grain will decrease at the same price reverse will happen if the price of food grains increases(iii) Price of inputsfactors Change in the price of inputs like raw material wage rent or interest also influences the supply of a commodity For example in the production of cloth cotton is the main raw material If the price of cotton increases the cost of production of cloth will increase At the same price the margin of profit will decrease So the producer will decrease the supply of cloth at the same price On the other hand if the price of cotton falls the cost of production per unit of cloth will decrease and hence the supply of cloth will increase The price of other inputs will also influence the supply of a good in the same manner(iv) Technology of production an improvement in the technology of production of a commodity decreases the per unit cost of the commodity The margin of profit will increase at the same price So the supply of a commodity will increase with improvement in technology of production at the same price On the other hand if a firm uses absolute technology of production the cost of production per unit of the commodity will increase The margin of profit will decrease so the firm will decrease its supply at the same price This is the main reason that the firms are trying to use better technology of production because it not only reduces the cost of production per unit but also improves the quality of the product(v) Taxation policy of government If the government reduces the excise duty or the production of a commodity the cost of production per unit of the commodity will decrease the margin of profit will increase at the same price so the producer of the commodity will increase its supply It happens when the government wants to increase the production of the commodity On the other hand to discourage the production of some harmful goods like cigarettes liquor etc the government increases the rate of excise duty on the production of such goods So the cost of production per unit of the commodity increases and the supply of such commodities decreases(vi) Objective of the firm The objective of the producer also influences the supply of a commodity Generally the objective of a producer is get maximize his profits Profits are maximized at a higher price So he increases the supply of a commodity at a higher price and decreases its supply at a lower price But sometimes the producer may be in maximizing his sales and not in maximizing his profits as he wants to capture the market In that case he goes on increasing the supply so long his target is not achieved can profit is not adversely affected He may increase the supply at the same price to any extent
SUPPLY FUNCTION
When the relationship between quantity supplied and the determinants of supplied is expressed mathematically in an equation it is called a supply function So a supply function can be expressed asSn = f(Pn Pr Pf T Tr G)where Sn = Supply of commodity nPn = Price of the commodity nPr = Price of other related goodsPf = Price of inputsfactors
T = Technology of productionTr = Government policy or tax rateG = Goal or objective of the producer
Typically supply function shows the relationship between price and quantity supplied keeping all other determinants of supply as constant It shows the amount of a good that a seller supplies at different levels of price
LAW OF SUPPLYThe law of supply depicts the relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity when all other determinants of supply remain constant This law states that there is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity other factors determining supply remaining constant It means quantity supplied of a commodity increases with increase in price and decreases with decrease in price
Assumptions of the law of supplyThe phrase other determinants of supply remaining constant in the law of supply shows the assumptions of the law of supply The mains factors which influence the supply of a commodity one price of the commodity price of other related goods price of inputs technology of production taxation policy of the government and objective of the firm etc The law of supply is based on the assumptions that all these factors determining supply except price of the commodity should remain constant The following are the main assumptions of the law of supply(i) Price of other related goods should remain the same(ii) There should be no change in the price of inputs (factors)(iii) Technology of production should not change(iv) There is no change in the taxation policy of the government(v) Objective of the firm should not changeThe law of supply is based on the assumptions that the supply of commodity changes only due to change in price when all other determinant of supply remain constantClass XISubject Topic Summary Execution EVS Chapter-2
Ecology Answer the following questions briefly Q Draw a neat labeled diagram of carbon cycleAnsndash
Mathematics Principle of Mathematical Induction
1) What is statement Ans A sentence which may be true or false is called statement eg i) 5 is greater than 3 ii) New Delhi is the capital of India iii) 5 divides 7 These all are statements We see that statement (i) amp (ii) are true but (iii) is false 2 What is Mathematical StatementAns Statement involving mathematical relations are called mathematical statement We shall use mathematical statement in principle of
Example If n be a positive integer show that n(n+1) is an even positive integer Solution Let P(n) be the statement n(n+1) is an even positive integer Then (i) P(1) is the statement 1(1+1) ie 2 is an even positive integer Therefore P(1) is true (ii) If P(m) is true for some positive integer m then m(m+1) is an even integer Now (m+1) [(m+1)+1]=(m+1)sup2+ (m+1) =msup2+2m+1+m+1=msup2+m+2m+2=m(m+1) +2(m+1) = an even integer + an even positive integer [Since P(m) is true and 2(m+1) is an even
mathematical induction 3 What is the use of Principle of mathematical inductionAns Sometimes it is difficult to prove a statement theorem or a formula by direct method In this case we use an indirect method known as the Principle of mathematical induction There are two steps in this processSTEP 1 Varify that the statement or formula is true for one or two particular values of n say for n=1 2STEP 2 Assuming that the statement or formula is true for n=m where m is any positive integer show that it is true for n=m+1Conclusion Since the statement is true for n=2 it is true for n=2+1 that is 3 and since it is true for n=3 it is true for n=3 + 1 that is 4 and so on Hence the statement or formula is true for all positive integral values of n
positive integer]= an even positive integer Therefore P(m+1) is true when P(m) is true Therefore By the principle of Mathematical Induction P(n) is true for all positive integral values of n Hence n(n+1) is an even positive integer
Hindi 2ndlang एक फल की चाह 5 दख रहा था जस सो सथिर हो नही बठती थी कषण भर हाय ही चपचाप पडी थी अटल शागित शी धारण कर सनना यही चाहता था म उस सय ही
उकसा करमझको दी क परसाद का एक फल ही दो लाकर
शबदाथ ससथिर - परी तरह ठहरी हई अटल- पकका
उकसाकर - पररणा दकर
वयाखयाndash उपय[ पलि[यो म कगि सखिखया की ददशा का णन कर रहा ह जो उनक गिपता दवारा वय[ गिकया या ह अपनी बटी सखिखया कीददशा का
गितरण करत हए गिपता कहता ह गिक म अपनी आखो क सामन दख रहा था गिक मरी बटी जो पल भर क लिलए दिटककर नही बठती थी ह अब सथिर शात मरतित की तरह पढी थी अब म ह बार- बार इस बात क लिलए पररिरत कर रहा
था गिक ह मझ गिफर स ही शबद कह गिपताजी मझ दी क परसाद का एक फल लाकर दो
6 ऊच शल लिशखर क ऊपर मदिदर था गिसतीणर गिशाल सण कलशसरलिसज गिहलिसत थ पाकरसमदिदत रगि कर जाल दीप धल स अचछदिदत था मदिदर का
आन सारा ज रही थी भीतर बाहर मखरिरत उतस की धारा
शबदाथ - शल लिशखर- पहाड की ऊची चोटी
सतीणर - फला हआ
सण कलश - कमल क समान सदर सोन का कलश मखरिरत - परकट समदिदत - अचछी परकार खिखला हआ रगि कर जाल - सय की गिकरणो का समह
वयाखया- परसतत पलि[या म कगि न मदिदर की सदरता का णन गिकया ह कहत ह गिक मझ पहाड की चोटी पर एक गिलिशषट और गिशालमश था उसक
सोन क कलश सय की गिकरणो म चमकत हए ऐस परतीत हो रह थ जस सय की खिखली हईगिकरणो क ाा सपशपाकर सनहर कमल खिखल उठ हो मदिदर का
आन धप दीप की सध स भरा हआ था मदिदर क अदर और बाहर मनाए जा रह उसकी परसननता की ज सनाई द रही थी
Bengali (2nd language)
কোনি মনি নদী পরথম অধযোয়
হি_তীয় হিদরণে3র পাঠ-
হিবষটবাব গলাকটির কায় গররণে কা বলরণেত পাররণে0 3া শধ গচাখ হিদরণেয় রা পরকাশ করহি0ল কা বলরণেত বলরণেত গলাকটি পাঞজাহিব লহিn খরণেল জ কররণেত শর করল তাই গদরণেখ হিবষটবাব ত2মভ রণেয় গল চাটি ারার 2হিnরণেত গলাকটি হিবষটবাবর হিদরণেক এরণোরণেল হিতহি3 াা 3ীচ করণের 3াহিরণেয় গ33 হিদ গলাকটি হিবষটবাবরণেক চাটিরণেয় ায় তারণেল হিতহি3 তাাতাহিউরণেঠ গলাকটিরণেক ধররণেত পাররণেব3 3া কার তার শরীরণেরর ওজরণে3র জ3য এই শরণে3 হিবষটবাব বরণে3া গারণেষর ত গতরণেZরণে উরণেঠ দাাল তারণেত গলাকটি দাহিরণেয় শরীরটারণেক একট দহিলরণেয় হি3ল এই সব শরণে3 হিবষট ধর চপ করণের রইল শধ lsquoগঘাৎrsquo করণের একটা শবদ করল গলাকটি হিসহি হিদরণেয় ওঠা3াা কররণে0 গদরণেখ হিবষটবাব খাহি3কটা হিদরণেশারা রণেয় গলহিবষটবাবর গচারণেখ রারণের বদরণেল এখ3 গকৌতল হিতহি3 বরণেল3 ldquoখাওায় আার গলা2 গ3ই Uায়টিং কহিরrdquo হিকনত হিতহি3 কতটা Uায়টিং করণের তা তার শরীর আর খাবারণেরর তাহিলকা গদরণেখ গলাকটি বরণে= গল গলাকটি এহিরণেয় হিরণেয় হিবষটবাবর 2হিরণেত াত বহিলরণেয় হিদরণেল গস আরা অ32ব করণের3 এবং হিপহি0রণেয় া3 গলাকটি হিবষটবাবর সারণে3 তার শরীরণেরর কসরত পরদশ3 কররণেল হিবষটবাব রণে3 রণে3 হিব হিব করণের বরণেল3 হিতহি3ও গরাা রণেত চা3 গসই হরণেত nা গরণেক আবার হিচৎকার গ2রণেস আরণেস lsquoগকা হি3 গকা হি3rsquo
ldquoকী রক Uায়টিংrdquo-ক)বকতা গককারণেক বলরণে0খ)Uায়টিং কার অ কী ) Uায়টিং করা বযহিকতর গচারার ব3া দাও ঘ) তার Uায়টিং এর ব3া দাও
উঃ- ক) আরণেলাচয অংশটি হিত3ltীর গলখা lsquoগকাহি3rsquo উপ3যাস গরণেক গ3ওয়া রণেয়রণে0 আরণেলাচয কাটি বকতা রণেল3 সাদা লহিnপরা ারণেয় গরয়া পাঞজাহিব ও কারণেধ রহিn3 বযা ওয়ালা হিiহিতশ হিসং হিতহি3 কাটি বরণেলরণে03 হিবষট ধররণেকখ) Uারণেয়টিং কার অ ল পহিরহিত খাদয গর অাৎ খাদয তাহিলকায় সসত খারণেদযর গ3াগ3 বজায় গররণেখ খাদয গর) হিবষট ধরণেরর গচারা হিবশাল ওজ3 পরায় হিত3 গদখরণেত জলহিসতর রণেতা সারা শরীরণের চহিব ল ল কররণে0 বয়স পরায় চহিশ হিবশাল 2হি উপ রণেয় শরণেল হিচৎ রণেত পারণের3া গকউ গঠরণেল হিদরণেল হিচৎ রণেত পারণের তারণেক কায় নধ াদ3 পবরণেতর সরণেn তল3া করা য়ঘ) হিবষট ধর গকৌতলী রণেয় বরণেল তার খাওয়ার গকা3 গলা2 গ3ই গস Uায়টিং করণের আরণে গস আধ হিকরণেলা হিiর গখত এখ3 গস হিত3রণেশা গরা হিiর খায় জল খাবারণের কহিটা লহিচ গখত এখ3 পরণে3রণেরাটা লহিচ খায় আাইরণেশা গরা চারণেলর 2াত খায় হিঘ খাওয়া গ0রণে হিদরণেয়রণে0 রারণেত াতর বারণেরাটা রটি খায় হিবরণেকরণেল দ-গলাস হি0হিরর জল সরণেn চাররণেট কা পারণেকর সরণেltশ বাহিরণেত রাধাকষণ আরণে0 বরণেল হিবষট ধর া0 াংস খায়3া আর তারণেত তার গকা3 গলা2 লালসা গ3ই
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 276 to 313 (Sebastian helliphellipIt struck mine ear most terribly)[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]
Summary Questions amp AnswersConspiracy of Antonio and Sebastian
o Antonio further suggests murder of Alonso and eventually Sebastian agrees
o They draw their swords and proceed to murder Alonso and Gonzalo who are sleeping
(1) (Act II Sc 2 L 277-291)ANTONIO Ay sir where lies that If rsquotwere a kibe
rsquoTwould put me to my slipper but I feel notThis deity in my bosom Twenty consciencesThat stand rsquotwixt me and Milan candied be they And melt ere they molest Here lies your brotherNo better than the earth he lies uponIf he were that which now hes likemdashthats deadWhom I with this obedient steel three inches of itCan lay to bed for ever (whiles you doing thus
o As they approach Ariel appears again and wakes up Gonzalo by singing a tune in his ear Alonso also wakes up and they see both Sebastian and Antonio with drawn swords On being caught off guard they make up a story saying that they had heard a bellowing of bulls or lions
IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED
(Act II Sc 1 L 277-281)ANTONIOAy sir where lies that If rsquotwere a kibersquoTwould put me to my slipper but I feel notThis deity in my bosom Twenty consciencesThat stand rsquotwixt me and Milan candied be they And melt ere they molest
In these lines Antonio speaks how he is a conscienceless villain In inciting Sebastian to the kingship of Naples by murdering his brother he quotes his own example He too had banished his brother and made himself the Duke of Milan This kingship now sits upon him like a well fittinggarment So will be the case of Sebastian Sebastian then questions Antonio if this foul deed did not prick his conscience To this Antonio replies like a hardened villain He laughs at the word lsquoconsciencersquo and says that he has never heard of anything like conscience A guilty conscience gave him no more pain that is chilblain (M a painful itching and swelling on hand and foot caused by exposure to extreme cold) A man can get rid of the pain of chilblain by wearing slippers instead of shoes so does Antonio get rid of the qualms (M an uneasy feeling of doubt worry or fear especially about onersquos conduct) of conscience very easily Even if he were troubled by twenty consciences that barred his way to the throne of Milan however frozen they might be he would melt them into insensibility before they could cause him to twinge
To the perpetual wink of aye might putThis ancient morsel this Sir Prudence whoShould not upbraid our course) - for all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour
(i) To whom does Antonio speak these lines Who is referred to as lsquoyour brotherrsquo What does Antonio mean by saying lsquoNo better than the earth he lies uponrsquo
These lines are spoken by Antonio to Sebastian King Alonso is referred to as Sebastianrsquos brother Indicating towards Alonso who is lying asleep on the ground Antonio tells Sebastian that here sleeps his brother and at this time he is no better than a clod of the earth on which he lies asleep Antonio means to say that if he were actually to become what he looks like he would be a dead body(ii) According to Antonio what would he do if he were at the place of Sebastian
Antonio says that if he were in the position of Sebastian he would not care even for twenty consciences in order to win the kingship of Naples He would rather forget all his consciences if they happen to trouble him at all (iii) What does Antonio suggest to Sebastian What does Antonio assure him
Antonio suggests to Sebastian that in a moment Sebastian can put to death Gonzalo who pretends to be a very wise man and who on that account rebukes others (particularly Antonio and Sebastian) whereas he (Antonio) himself can put Alonso to death with only three inches of his willing sword Antonio further assures Sebastian that by killing both of them there will be none left to oppose him and in this way every obstacle in his way will be removed
(iv) Explain the lines lsquofor all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hourrsquo
In other words Antonio says that even if he were endowed with a stiff conscience he could easily relax or soften it for the execution of his purpose Then Antonio suggests that conscience should be no hindrance to a manrsquos future greatness
Comments These are terrible words coming from the mouth of a villain of the worst type He is utterly devoid of conscience or remorse He is an utter atheist of human virtue He speaks of conscience as a deity that he does not feel in his bosom
According to Antonio so far as the other lords (Adrian Francisco and others) are concerned they need not be murdered because they would obey the orders of Antonio and Sebastian as willingly and readily as cat licks milk These other lords would endorse and support everything that Sebastian and Antonio may say or suggest These other lords would adjust their views in accordance with the wishes of Antonio and Sebastian and they would regard all proposals made by Antonio and Sebastian as being opportune and also as being acceptable(v) What opinion do you form of Antonio from the above speech
The speech given above shows Antonio to be an absolutely unscrupulous man After saying that he does not believe in any such faculty as the conscience he suggests to Sebastian to
(Act II Sc 1 L 285-291)ANTONIOhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (whiles you doing thus To the perpetual wink of aye might putThis ancient morsel this Sir Prudence whoShould not upbraid our course) - for all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour
Antonio has convinced Sebastian that he has made himself Duke of Milan by a crime for which he has felt no pricks of conscience In these lines Antonio tells Sebastian that now that the chance has presented itself to him he should take it and be King of Naples So far as Alonso is concerned Antonio agrees to undertake the task of killing him by sticking only three inches of his sharp dagger Making a thrust in the air with his sword he tells Sebastian that by a similar method he can put to sleep forever Gonzalo ndash the old piece of flesh already rotten ndash this piece of antiquity ndash this ldquoSir Prudencerdquo who is never tired of reading his moral lectures to them If ldquoProfessor Wisdomrdquo is got rid of he will not be able to denounce their action as he would surely do if they did not dispatch him as well As for the rest of the kingrsquos counselors (Adrian and Francisco) it is their nature to adopt any statements and views which are placed before them just as it is the nature of a cat to lap milk Antonio assures Sebastian that ldquothese othersrdquo will back them up in whatever they say or do that they will count the strokes of the clock exactly as they bid them not according to the real time but according to the time that is right for their business Hence only two persons Alonso and Gonzalo are required to be removed to fulfill their ambition
murder Gonzalo at the very time when he (Antonio) stabs Alonso to death And yet this brutal man has a fertile wit also He can talk in a persuasive manner and also in a sarcastic and satirical manner He knows human nature thoroughly and he understands that Gonzalo is loyal to Alonso while the other lords are only sycophants who can easily be won over to Sebastianrsquos side after Alonso has been assassinated
(2) (Act II Sc 1 291-296)SEBASTIAN Thy case dear friend
Shall be my precedent as thou gotst MilanIll come by Naples Draw thy swordmdashone strokeShall free thee from the tribute which thou payest And I the King shall love thee
ANTONIO Draw together And when I rear my hand do you the likeTo fall it on Gonzalo
(i) Explain the situation and introduce the persons engaged in conversation
After the supposed shipwreck King Alonso with his lords his brother Sebastian and Antonio the Duke of Milan land on a strange island Prince Ferdinand is feared to be drowned While the King and others have fallen asleep after exertions of the day and Ariel with his sweet music acting as a catalyst Antonio and Sebastian are awake They have hatched a conspiracy to kill King Alonso and his loyal lord Gonzalo Then Sebastian will become King of NaplesIn these lines Antonio and Sebastian are engaged in conversation They are just ready to execute their plan to attack King Alonso and Gonzalo simultaneously(ii) Antoniorsquos case shall become Sebastianrsquos precedent What has been Antoniorsquos case
Antonio proved treacherous towards his brother Prospero who was the Duke of Milan Since Prospero spent his time in his scholarly pursuits he had delegated his powers to his younger brother Antonio to administer the dukedom Antonio grew ambitious He overthrew his brother and expelled him from his own dukedom In his place Antonio became the Duke of Milan which he continues to be now His case urges Sebastian to do the same(iii) How is Sebastian going to follow Antonio
Sebastian is going to take Antoniorsquos case as his precedent He is convinced that if Antonio could usurp the dukedom from his living brother Sebastian could become the King of Naples by killing his sleeping brother(iv) What will one stroke of Antoniorsquos sword do What will Sebastian do to reward Antonio
Sebastian asks Antonio to put an end to Alonsorsquos life with one stroke of his sword The same stroke will earn for him a reward Sebastian will become the King of Naples and he will exempt Antonio from paying the annual tribute to Naples The dukedom of Milan is a tributary to the kingdom of Naples Its Duke has to pay tribute to the King every year When Sebastian takes over as the King he will give a benefit to his friend who is helping him to realize his ambition
(v) What is Antoniorsquos suggestion
Antonio suggests that they may draw their swords together When he raises his hand to attack Alonso Sebastian should raise his sword to bring it down on Gonzalo
ACCOUNTS-11 25062020 Topic- depreciation ndashSTRAIGHT LINE METHOD
Illustration Salman and Usman Bros acquired a machine on July 1 2014 at a cost of Rs 70000 and spent Rs5000 on its installation The firm writes off depreciation 10 on straight line method The books are closed on December 31 every year Show the machinery and depreciation account for three years
Solution Machinery Account
Date Particulars LF amount Date Particulars LF` Amount ( Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014July 01 To Bank Ac 70000 Dec 31 Dec By Depreciation Ac 3750
(70000 x10x612)
July 01 To Bank Ac 5000 Dec31 By Balance cd 71250
75000 75000
2015 2015Jan 01 To Balance bd 71250 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 x10 ) Dec31 By Balance cd 63750
71250 71250
2016 2016Jan 01 To Balance bd 63750 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 (75000 x10 ) Dec 31 By Balance cd 56250
63750 63750
Depreciation Account
Date Particulars LF Amount Date Particulars LF Amount (Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 3750 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 3750
2015 2015
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
2016 2016
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
WORKING
Cost of Machine RS70000Cost of Installation Rs 5000
Total 75000
Rate of Depreciation 10
Then annual depreciation will be 10 of Rs 75000 = Rs 7500
Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution Geography DRIANAGE THE PENINSULAR RIVERS
1 The Mahanadi2 The Godavari3 The Krishna4 The Kaveri5 The Subarnarekha6 The Narmada7 The Tapi8 The Sabarmati and the Mahi9 The Chambal
The Mahanadi Basin The Mahanadi rises from Dandakaranya
Q1 Which is the largest river of peninsular plateau Write a brief note about its courseA1 The largest river of peninsular plateau is Godavari The river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has
near Sihawa in Raipur district in the highlands of Chhattisgarhand flows through Odisha to reach the Bay of BengalThe length of the river is about 857 kmIts drainagebasin is shared by Maharashtra Chhattisgarh Jharkhandand Odisha
THE MAHANADI RIVER SYSTEM
The GodavariThe river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
THE GODAVARI RIVER SYSTEM
many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
Q2 Which river is known as Dakshin GangaA2 The Godavari river is known as lsquoDakshin Gangarsquo It is also known as Vridha Ganga
Q3 Differentiate between east-flowing rivers and west-flowing riversA3
East-flowing rivers
West-flowing rivers
Godavari Krishna Kaveri Mahanadi are the east-flowing rivers
Narmada Tapiwest-flowing rivers
They fall into the Bay of Bengal
They fall into Arabian Sea
These rivers form big deltas
These rivers form comparativelysmall deltas
Catchment area of these river are larger
Catchment area of these river are smaller
The KrishnaThe Krishna river rises from the Western Ghatsnear Mahabaleshwar It flows into the Bay of Bengalbefore forming a large delta Its length is about1400 km The Tungabhadra Koyana Ghatprabha Musi and Bhima are some of its tributariesIt has covers parts of Maharashtra Karnataka and AndhraPradesh
THE KRISHNA RIVER SYSTEM
The KaveriIt rises in the Brahmagiri range of the Western Ghats and flows into the Bay ofBengal Southof Cuddalore in Tamil Nadu The length of the river is about 760 km Its main tributaries are the Amravati Bhavani Hemavati and Kabini The Kaveri drains inthe parts of Karnataka Kerala and drains in Tamil Nadu The river Kaveri makes the second biggest waterfall in India known as Sivasamudram
POLITICAL SCIENCE
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
MEANING OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS-Fundamental rights are those rights which are essential for intellectual moral and spiritual development of citizens of India As these rights are fundamental or essential for existence and all-round development of individuals hence they are called Fundamental rights These are enshrined in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India These include individual rights common to most such as equality before the law freedom of speech and freedom of expression religious and cultural freedom Freedom of assembly (peaceful assembly) freedom of religion (freedom to practice religion) right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writsThere are six fundamental rights recognized by the Indian constitution
1 Right to equality (Articles 14-18)2 Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22)3 Right Against exploitation (Articles 23-24)4 Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25- 28)5 Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29-30) and6 Right to Constitutional remedies (Articles 32-35)
1 The right to equality includes equality before the law the prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion race caste gender or place of birth equality of opportunity in matters of employment the abolition of untouchability and abolition of titles
2 The right to freedom includes freedom of speech and expression association or union or cooperatives movement residence and right to practice any profession or occupation
3 The right against exploitation prohibits all forms of forced labour child labour and trafficking of human beings
4 The right to freedom of religion includes freedom of conscience and free profession practice and propagation of religion freedom to manage religious affairs freedom from certain taxes and freedom from religious instructions in certain educational institutes
5 The Cultural and educational Rights preserve the right of any section of citizens to conserve their culture language or script and right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice
6 The right to constitutional remedies is present for enforcement of fundamental rightsThe right to privacy is an intrinsic part of Article 21 (the Right to Freedom) that protects the life and liberty of the citizens The right to privacy is the newest right assured by the Supreme court of India It assures the peoples data and personal security
Fundamental rights for Indians have also been aimed at overturning the inequalities of pre-independence social practices Specifically they have also been used to abolish untouchability and thus prohibit discrimination on the grounds of religion race caste sex or place of birth They also forbid trafficking of human beings and forced labour (a crime) They also protect cultural and educational rights of religious and linguistic minorities by allowing them to preserve their languages and also establish and administer their own education institutions They are covered in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India
Mathematics
Relation Study Item Types of RelationToday class xii students we will discuss about the types of RelationsFirst we discuss Void RelationWhat is Void RelationAns Let A be a non-empty set Then φ A A and so it is a relation R on set A Thissube ⨯ relation is called the void or empty relation on set ANow from the above definition we came to know that no element of A is related to any element of AHere A A is called Cartesian product⨯
is the symbol of subsetsubeAnd φ is called phi and refer to void or empty relationNow I give an example to understand the above said relationLet A = 1 2 3 4Here A A =(11)(12)(13)(14)(21)(22)(23)(24)(31)(32)(33)(34)(41)⨯(42)(43)(44)Now we consider R is a relation which is defined by R=(ab) a+b= 50We notice that a+b 50 for any two elements of AnotinTherefore (ab) R for any ab A is called belong to and is not belong tonotin isin isin notinTherefore we can say R does not contain any element of A A⨯Therefore R is empty set Therefore we can say that R is the void or empty relation on AWhat is universal RelationAns Let A is a set Then A A A A and so it is a relation on A This relation is called⨯ sube ⨯ the universal relation on ANow from the above definition we can say that each element of A is related to every element of ANow we consider the relation R on the set A =1 234 defined by R = (ab) R |a -b|isin
0≽We observe that|a - b | 0 for all ab A≽ isin
(ab) R for all (ab) A ArArr isin isin ⨯ Each element of set A is related to set A every element of set ArArr
Therefore we write R= AxATherefore we can say R is universal relation on set ANote we can say that void relation is smallest relation and the universal relation is largest relationSometime both void relation and universal relation is called trivial relationWhat is identity relationAns Let A is a non-empty set Then the relation R or IA = (aa) a A on A is called theisin identity relation on A Therefore from the above definition we can say that every element of A is related to itself only
Example Let A = 1234 then Ror IA = (11)(22)(33)(44) is the identity relation on set ANow I give you another example R1 = (11)(22)(33) and R2 = (11)(22)(33)(44)(24)From the above example we can say that R1 and R2 are not identify relation Because in the case of R1 (44)R1 and on the other hand R2 where element 2 is related to elements 2 and 4
Hindi 2ndlang
भलि[ (महादी मा)
भलि[ कहानी की लखिखका महादी मा न इस कहानी म यह दशान का परयास गिकया ह गिक आजकल क जमान म भी लो सक बन कर गिनसाथ सा करत ह ह
गिबना तन लिसा करत ह और उसक बदल ना कछ मात ह और ना ही कोई आशा करत ह नौकर सा करक तन चाहता ह और ह भी कई सगिधाओ की आशा करता ह पर सक सदा गिनजी साथ भा स सा म सलगन रह कर काम करता ह भलि[ कहानी की मखय पातर लकषमी ह जिजस भलि[ नाम लखिखका न दिदया ह ह गिकसी
ोपाल काकी कनया ह पाच रष की आय म उसकी गि माता न ौना ही कर दिदया कहानी म भलि[ क दखो का अत नही ह गिफर भी ह बडी साहसी धयान और परिरशरमी ह कदिठनाइयो स जझ ती ह पहल गिपता की मतय गिफर पगित की मतय और
गिफर घर जमाई की मतय होती ह उस साहसी मगिहला न साहस नही छोडा और तीनो पतरी ओक हाथ पील गिकए लाना द पान क कारण उसका जमीदार न अपमान गिकया गिफरकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहचीकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहची शहर पहच करा लखिखका की सगिका बनी ही पर उसका नाम भलि[ पडा ह एक भ[ की तरह अपन सामिमनी की इमानदारी स सा करती और तन का जिजकर भी नही करती ह लखिखका क घर पाठशाला आदिद को अचछी तरह स सभालती पढी-
लिलखी ना होकर भी ह लखिखका की बहत सा ए सहायता करती ह लखिखका का साया बनकर चलती लखिखका की सा करना उसक जीन का उददशय ह ह
लखिखका की खशी क लिलए ही काय करती ह ह लखिखका को दखी नही दख सकती लखिखका पर भलि[ का इतना परभा पडा गिक ह सय दहाती बन ई
यदध क दिदनो म ह अपन परिरार क साथ रहन की अपकषा लखिखका क साथ रहना पसद करती थी यदध क भत न जब ीटा क ान पर पलायन गित जा दी तो
भलि[ न न लखिखका को अपन ा ल जान का अनरोध करन ली लखिखका को डर ह गिक यदिद उसक गिदा होन क अगितम छठा ए तो ह दहातीन दधा कया कर ी
इस परकार हम दखत ह गिक लखिखका न सामिमनी और सगिका क ण बरसात हए सक धम पर परकाश डाला ह और लखिखका न एक आदश सगिका क रप को सदर
रप स परसतत गिकया हBengali আদাব পরশন) ldquoশরণের ১৪৪ ধারা আর কারহিZউ অU ার জারী রণেয়রণে0ldquo
ক) কার গলখা গকা3 রচ3ার অংশ খ)গকাায় গক3 ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়রণে0 )১৪৪ ধারা কী এর Zরণেল কী য়
উততর) ক)আরণেলাচ য অংশটি সরণেরশ বসর রহিচত lsquoআদাবlsquo গ0াট রণেলপর অংশ
খ) বাংলারণেদরণেশর ঢাকা শরণের ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়হি0ল সামপরদাহিয়ক াnাা ও দাnা পরহিতরণেরারণেধর জ3 য হিlt সলা3রণেদর গ3তারণেদর সামপরদাহিয়ক উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা বারণেধ উ2য় সমপরদায় 2ীত রণেয় ঘর বহিlt রণেয় পরণে পরসপর পরসপররণেক সরণেltরণের গচারণেখ গদরণেখ গকউ কাউরণেক আরণের রণেতা হিবশবাস কররণেত পারণের3া হিক0 া3রণেষর উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা য় ার পহির3া অরণেতক রকত iয় ও ত য
) ১৪৪ ধারা আইরণে3র এ3 একটা ধারা ার _ারা এলাকা হি3হিদ ষট করণের গদওয়া য় গসই এলাকার রণেধ য গবহিশ া3রণেষর জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় হিহি0ল জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় আই3 2nকারীরণেক গহিলর হি3রণেদশ জাহির করা য় তাই সাধার3 া3ষ আর বাইরণের গবর রণেত পারণের3া পরারণে3র 2রণেয় বহিlt রণেয় ারণেক এর Zল য় সাংঘাহিতক গদাকা3 পাট বনধ ারণেক
হিজহি3স পতর অহিল য় রাসতা ঘাট জ3 শ3 য রণেয় ায় লরণেঠরা তারণেদর লঠত রাজ চাহিলরণেয় হি3রণেজরণেদর আরণেখর গহি0রণেয় গ3য় া3ষরণেক 2ীহিতর হিব2ীহিষহিক গরাস করণের ঘরণেরর া3রণেষর ইkা াকরণেলও ঘরণের হিZররণেত পারণের3া হিZররণেত হিরণেয় বltরণেকর গহিলরণেত পরা3 ারায়
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today we will discuss about Types of Leaves
An organization provides several kinds of leaves to the employees These days employees working both in government and private sector are allowed several types of leaves Following are the leaves achieved by the employees from their organization
Casual LeaveChild care leave -HospitalLeaveSpecial disability leaveChild Adoption leaveEarned LeavesHalf pay leaveMaternity leavePaternityleaveStudy leave
1 Casual Leave- Casual leave is not a recognised form of leaves and is not subject to any rules made by the government of India And official on casual leave is not treated as Absent from duty and pay is not intimated Normally 8 days of casual leave is permissible in a calendar year
2 Child care leave - Women employees having minor children may be granted child care leave by an authority competent to grant leave for a maximum period of 730 days means two years during their entire service for taking care of up to two children weather for sharing or to look after any of their names like examination sickness it is a
3HospitalLeave - Hospital leave is admissible to group C employees whose duties involved handling of dangerous machinery explosive materials poisonous drugs and performance of hazardous task and to group D employees Medical certificate from an authorised medical attendant is necessary for the grant of these leave However total period of
leave does not exceed 28 months4Special disability leave- Special
disability leave admissible to all employees when disabled by injury intentionally or accidentally inflicted are caused in law in consequence of the due performance of official duties or in consequence of official position It also it is also add miscible when disabled by illness incurred in the performance of any particular duty which has the effect of increasing laboratory to illness or injury beyond the ordinary least attaching to the Civil post held and the same condition
5Child Adoption leave- This leave is granted to female Employees with fewer than two surviving children on valid adoption of a child below the age of one year for a period of 135 days immediately after the date of valid adoption Leave salary will be equal to the pain immediately before processing on leave
6Earned Leaves- This leave is earned by duty The credit for earned leave will be awarded at a rate of 15 days on the 1st of January and 1st of July every year It can be accumulated up to 300 days in addition to the number of days for which encashment has been allowed along with LTC
7 Half pay leave -All government servant are entitled to 20 days of HPL half pay leave for every completed year of service Half pay leave is calculated at 20 days for each completed year of service The service includes periods of duty and leave including extra ordinary leave with or without MC (medical certificate)
8 Maternity leave -Maternity leave is granted to women Government employees full stop it is as possible only to Employees with less than 2 surviving children The maternity leave is not debited to leave account and full pay is granted It cannot be combined with any other the leaves and count as service for increment and pension
9 PaternityleaveA male employee with less than 2 surviving children may be granted paternity leave for a period of 15 days during the confinement of
his wife During the period of such leaves he shall be paid leave salary equal to the pay drawn immediately before proceeding on leave
10 Study leave-Study leave may be granted to all Government Employees with not less than 5 years service for undergoing a special course consisting of higher studies are specialised training in a professional or technical subject having a direct and close connection with the sphere of his duties as a Civil Servant
Commerce
Chapter-5Management
Let us today discuss about the nature of Management
Nature of management Management is defined as
An art A science A profession
Management is defined as an art because of the following reasons
1 In art there is an existence of theoretical knowledge Similarly in management various theories are propounded by management thinkers in various areas of management like finance marketing human resources etc
2 Every manager apply his or her personal skills and knowledge in the day to day functioning of an enterprise
3 Like an art management is creative as it provides solutions to Complex problems making resources productive and profitable moulding the attitudes of people for the betterment of an organisation
Management is is considered as science because of the following reasons
1 Like science there is a systemised body of knowledge in management consisting of theories principles vocabulary and concept
2 Principles of management are evolved after continuous observations and experimentation
Management both as Science and ArtManagement is both a science and an art It is a science because it uses certain principles and is an art because it requires continuous practice and application of personal skillsManagement as a profession Following points highlight whether management is a profession or not1 Like profession management has well
defined body of knowledge It has its own principles which are based on experiments One can acquire such
knowledge by pursuing courses like MBA BBA etc and acquire managerial skills through instruction and training
2 In management no such restriction is there for managers to clear an examination for hold a degree However these days more and more people are appointed for managerial post who opposes management degrees
3 Membership to a professional Association like AIMA is not mandatory for managers All managers directly or indirectly work for the development of society
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Essay Questions (EQ-2)
Question No 2Sketch the character of Prospero Would you call him perfect
AnswerProspero in The Tempest appears to be an intensely human being with human failings and weaknesses With all his excellence Prospero is made to awaken our sympathy for a natural imperfection Prosperorsquos Previous HistoryIn his retrospective narration of his previous history to Miranda we get a glimpse into Prosperorsquos past life As the Duke of Milan Prospero buried himself in his magic books which he prized above his dukedom He was essentially a scholar with no practical wisdom He failed to perform his first duty by neglecting the governance of his state and gave an opportunity to his wicked brother to undermine his throne He was thus driven from his home and thrown in a leaky boat with his weeping daughter to drift in the perilous seas It is only the thought of his little child that kept him aliveThe Development of Prosperorsquos CharacterThe development of his character is evident from the contrast between what he was before his banishment and what he is now in the island Formerly when his ldquolibrary was dukedom enoughrdquo he was altogether too unsuspecting Now he is watchful as providence and takes care to guard himself against the possibility of evil He has learnt to know human nature in its worst forms even Caliban has taught him something He will no longer put his trust in appearance except as ldquostale to catch thievesrdquo nor in oaths of which the strongest he says ldquoare straw to the fire irsquo the bloodrdquo He who once neglected worldly ends now consistently asserts his dignity enforces obedience and deals out justice with impartial hand He who without a thought of evil gave his power and his revenues into his brotherrsquos hands now puts Ferdinand to the severest test as a trial of his love before entrusting his daughter to him He makes the most practical use imaginable of his magic art exacts prompt servitudefrom his attendants does not hesitate to punish them is resolved and firm and knows how to seize the proper moment for action He is a most careful father to his daughter a considerate master of Ariel severe against the brutal Caliban humane towards the repentant enemies full of experience and wisdomThe Exercise of his Power ndash his SternnessWhat appears to us at the first sight one of the least pleasing features of Prosperorsquos character is the sternness which he frequently displays more particularly in his dealings with Caliban His harshness towards Caliban resulted from the failure of gentler methods his severity towards Ferdinand was exercised in the interest of his daughter ldquolest too light winning make the prize lightrdquo and his punishment of Alonso Sebastian and Antonio is justified by the attainment of his objectiveProsperorsquos TendernessThe tender side of Prosperorsquos character is exhibited in his relation to Miranda Ariel Gonzalo and the repentant sinners His love for Miranda is unbounded She was almost life to him In his darkest hours of trial this love sustained him and gave him strength to put a bold front to suffering He addresses her always with tenderness She is to him a lsquoloved darlingrsquo lsquodear heartrsquo lsquoa rich giftrsquo lsquoa third of his own lifersquo The same affectionate nature is shown in his dealing with his brother Antonio He loved his brother Antonio only next to Miranda before Antonio conspired against him In the island when Antonio is brought before him he forgives him
readily To Gonzalo the good old councilor he is all affection He sheds tears of joy and gratitude when he meets him in the island To Ariel he is a loving and considerable master Ariel is always to him ldquomy brave spiritrdquo ldquofine spiritrdquo ldquodelicate Arielrdquo ldquomy Arielrdquo etc When he promises Ariel his freedom he says with real emotion ndash ldquoI shall miss theerdquoProsperorsquos Power as a MagicianThe practice of magic has placed wonderful powers in the hands of Prospero He uses his supernatural powers like a god only to bring about the happiest results He causes The Tempest and the shipwreck only to bring his enemies within his power and not to destroy them Not a soul perished in the storm He leads Ferdinand to Miranda his high charms work and as he wishes the two falls in love He frustrates the plots of the conspirators and makes them know that he was conscious of it He drives Sebastian and Alonso to sincere repentance and readily forgives them The drunken associates of Caliban are no doubt sternly treated but even then they are promised conditional pardon The whole play at last ends in reconciliation joy and peace The wrongs are set right the lovers are made happy Ariel is set free and thus the powerful magician retires into the solitude of his study at MilanProsperorsquos ForgivenessAllied to his wisdom is his forgiving nature Though deeply wronged he bears no spite against the wrong-doers Though his power is unlimited he uses it to noble purposes The lesson of adversity has taught him that ldquoThe rarer action is in virtue than in vengeancerdquoProspero does not debase his noble nature by revenge but forgives his enemies absolutely He drives his erstwhile enemies to a sincere penitence for their past misdeeds and when repentance has wrought its full effect on them he receives them into his arms and is reconciled to them Is Prospero perfectProspero creates a great impression upon our minds by his dignity his nobility the divine spirit of forgiveness in him his generous and sympathetic nature etc Even with all these virtues we cannot call him perfect We perceive certain faults in him He displays an occasional impatience irritability and even a certain harshness of feeling His severe treatment of Caliban might have been justified but the language in which he addresses the monster and the threats that he uses show him to be a kind of tyrant On learning of Calibanrsquos plot against his life he is as violently disturbed and agitated as any ordinary human being would be His manner towards Ariel when the latter demands his liberty also seems somewhat arbitrary and tyrannicalSubject ndashBiology Topic ndashChapter -5 Inheritance amp Variations Summary ExecutionToday we will discuss about NON-Mendelian Inheritance
NON_MENDELIAN INHERITANCE Incomplete Dominance It is an inheritance in which heterozygous offspring shows
intermediate character between two parental characteristics Eg Flower colour in snapdragon (dog flower or Antirrhinum sp) and
Mirabilis jalapa ( 4rsquoO clock plant) Here phenotypic and genotypic ratios are same Phenotypic Ratio 1Red 2 Pink 1 White Genotypic Ratio 1(RR) 2 (Rr) 1(rr) This means that R was not completely dominant over r Pea plants also show incomplete dominance in other traits
Co- dominance It is the inheritance in which both alleles of a gene are expressed in a
hybrid Eg ABO blood grouping in human ABO Blood groups are controlled by the gene I The plasma membrane of the RBC has sugar polymer that protrude
from its surface and is controlled By the gene The gene I has three alleles IA IB i The alleles IA and IB produce a slightly different form of the sugar
while allele i does not produce any sugar In AB blood group both IA and IB are present together This is co ndash
dominanceMultiple Alleles
Multiple alternatives of the same gene which influence the same character and produce different expressions in different individuals of a species or population same genes have more than two allelic
forms These different forms of a single gene are referred as multiple alleles Eg human Blood group
Ac-12 250620 Topic- retirement
Illustration Om Jai and Jagdish are partners sharing profit in the ratio of 3 2 l Their balance sheet as at December 31st 2014 is as under
Balance sheet as at December 31 2014
Liabilities Amount Assets Amount
(Rs`) (Rs`)
Creditors 80000 Building 180000 Bills Payable 26000 Plant 140000 General reserve 24000 Motor Car 40000 Capital Stock 100000 Om 160000 Debtors 63000 Jai 120000 Less Provision Jagdish 120000
400000 for Bad debts 3000
60000 Cash at Bank 10000
530000 530000
Jai retires on that date on the following terms(a) The Goodwill of the firm is valued at Rs 60000(b) Stock and Building to be appreciated by 10(c) Plant is depreciated by 10(d) Provision for Bad debts is increased upto Rs 5000(e) Jairsquos share of goodwill was adjusted through remaining partners capital accountThe amount due to Jai is paid out of the fund brought in by Om and Jagdish in theirnew profit sharing ratio Jai is paid full amountPrepare Revaluation Account and Partnerrsquos Capital account
Solution WorkingsIt is assumed that Om and Jagdish gaining ratio remains 3 lJairsquo Share of goodwill = Rs 60000 times 26 = Rs20000Adjusted through the remaining partners capital account in 3 1 ratio
Revaluation Account
Dr Cr
Particulars Amount Particulars Amount
(Rs`) (`Rs)
To Provision for Bad debts 2000 By Stock 10000TO Plant 14000 By Building 18000To Profit transferred toCapital Accounts Om 6000 Jai 4000 Jagdish 2000
12000
28000 28000
Capital AccountDr Cr Particulars Om Jai Jagdish Particulars Om Jai Jagdish
(Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (rs`) (`Rs)
To Capital 15000 mdash 5000 By Balance bd 160000 120000 120000 ToBank 152000 By General Reserve 12000 8000 4000To Balance cd 277000 mdash 159000 By Revaluation (Profit) 6000 4000 2000 By Om Capital mdash 15000 mdash ByJagdish Capital mdash 5000 By Bank 114000 38000
292000 152000 164000 292000 152000 164000
কাগলখক ndash উরণেপনদরহিকরণেশার রায়রণেচৌধরীঅ3শীল3ীর পররণেশনাততর
রাজা times রা3ী
Social studies Indian literature Panchatantra The word Panchatantra is derived from the Sanskrit word Pancha which means five and lsquotantrarsquo which means principles thus Panchatantra means five principles Panchatantra is a collection of animal fables arranged in the form of stories It was written 2000 years back but is still famous and relevant because of the moral values and knowledge in it It consists of 87 stories and every story has a moral value hidden in it Vishnu Sharma wrote these stories Panchatantra has been translated into 57 languages
Read a story from Panchatantra (if you have) or from any other book which you have read it Write the moral of the story
Class IVSubject Topic Summary Execution English literature
A Night in June (poem)
Solved exercisesAnswer the following questions1 How are the stars appearing in the skyAns The stars appearing by twos and threes
2 Have the birds stopped their singingAns The birds have not stopped their singing they are piping yetrsquo
3 Where are the little birdsAns The little birds are among the bushes and trees
4 What sounds can be heard
Ans Little birds piping a wind that is rushing water that is gushing and the cuckoorsquos Sovereign cry can all be heard
5 What fills the sky Ans The cuckoorsquos cry fills the sky
6Why do you think the stars appear in the way described in the poemAns They are appearing like this because although the Sun has set there is a little light in the sky As the sky gets darker more stars become visible
7 Why do you think the poet calls the cuckoorsquos cry lsquosovereignrsquoAns The cuckoorsquos cry is loud enough to fill the sky and so seems superior to the other sounds
Social studies Map reading MapA map is a flat drawing on a paper that indicates the location of an area It is drawn on a flat surface with a scale Different places can be located with the help of four Cardinal directions People who make maps are called cartographers Types of mapsPolitical mapPolitical maps focus on the territorial boundaries and location of countries capital cities states and union territoriesPhysical mapPhysical mapsshow the physical features of the EarthIt includes features like mountains plateaus plains and water bodiesThematic mapThematic maps are based on a particular theme or subject such as distribution of populations forests and rainfall
Draw a physical map of India(Take help from the book page 79)Science The Teeth
(Microbes) MicrobesMicrobes are bacteria virusesrsquo protozoa and fungi Bacteria cause diseases such as typhoid and tuberculosis Viruses are smaller than bacteria and cause diseases such as common cold and influenza Protozoa cause malariaFungi cause disease such as ringworm and athletersquos foot Fungi grow on dead plants and animalsSome microbes are also useful to us Such as
Bacteria change milk to cheese or curd and help in digestion
Some bacteria help in the decaying of dead plants and animals This is very important for cleaning up our surroundings
We eat mushrooms which are fungi
We get medicines from certain microbes such as Penicillium
Yeast help in making bread
Bookrsquos exerciseQuestion amp Answers2 Name three layers of a tooth and define each layerAns A tooth has three layers enamel dentine and pulp Enamel ndash The outer white layer of a tooth is called enamel Dentine ndash The middle layer of the tooth that is slightly yellow is called dentine Pulp ndash The innermost layer of a tooth is called pulp It is soft and has blood vessels and nerves
3 How do we take care of our teeth Write four points Ans Teeth are an important part of our body So we should take good care of our teeth
(a) We should brush our teeth twice a day once in the morning and once at night before going to bed
(b) We should eat foods rich in calcium and vitamin C and D as these foods keep our teeth strong
and cake fluffy (c) We should rinse our mouth after every meal
(d) We should use dental floss to clean between the teeth
4 How do microbes useful to us Write three points Ans Some microbes are useful to us
(a) Bacteria change milk to curd and help in our digestion
(b) We eat mushrooms which are fungi
(c) We get medicines from a fungus called Penicillium
Mathematics M Maths [Activity 1]
1 Write the numerals for the followinga) 4 ten thousandb) 8 ten thousandc) Twenty thousand five hundredd) Fifty thousand fiftyf) Ninety thousand four hundred forty eightSolution a) 40000b) 80000c) 20500d) 50050f) 904483 Put comma () to separate the numbers in two periodsa) 36452d) 10633e) 76001f) 85404Solution a) 36452 (d) 10633 (e) 76001 (f) 854044 Write the numbers in short formc) 60000+300+30+3d) 20000+5000+40e) 60000+7000+900+10+1Solution (c) 60333 (d) 25040 (e) 679115 Write the period and place value of the given numbersd) 3 in 57325e) 4 in 95483f) 0 in 88509Solution (d) ones 300(e) ones 400(f) ones 0
COMPUTER FORMATTING IN MS WORD
Q1) WRITE DOWN THE STEPS TO CHANGE THE FONT TYPEANS) THE STEPS ARE
SELECT THE TEXT THAT WE WANT TO FORMAT CLICK ON THE HOME TAB CLICK ON THE DROPDOWN ARROW NEXT TO THE FONT BOX IN THE
FONT GROUP SELECT THE RELEVANT FONT TYPE FROM THE FONT LIST BOX
Q2) HOW CAN WE CHANGE THE TEXT ALIGNMENTANS) WE CAN CHANGE THE TEXT ALIGNMENT BY FOLLOWING STEPS ARE
SELECT THE TEXT CLICK ON THE HOME TAB IN THE PARAGRAPH GROUP SELECT THE DESIRED ALIGNMENT
OPTION
Class VSubject Topic Summary Execution English language Sentences
phrases and clauses
The sentenceA sentence is a group of words that contains a subject a predicate and makes complete sense by itselfThe PhraseA phrase is a group of words which does not contain a subject and a verb and does not make complete sense by itselfThe ClauseA clause is a group of words which contains a subject and a predicate and is a part of a sentence
Example of a Phrase1 My best friend2 The sports car
The above sentences donrsquot have Subject or verb
Example of a Clause1 John is my best friend2 The man was carrying a bag
The above sentences have both Subject and verb
Social studies Indian Government
India is a very big country It is divided into 29 states and 7 union territories for effective governance and administrationThe Indian Government operates at three levelsCentral GovernmentState GovernmentLocal Government Central GovernmentThe Central Government rules over the entire country It operates from New Delhi It makes laws for the whole country and ensures that they are executed and followed The central government has three parts ndash thelegislative the executive and the judiciary1The LegislativeThe Parliament is the legislature at the Central level that makes the laws The Parliament of India is in New Delhi It is also called Sansad It has two houses Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha Their members are called MPs -Members of Parliament The citizens of the country elect them through elections
1Name the three levels of Government that the Indian Government operatesAns Central Government State Government and Local Government
2Name the three parts of Central GovernmentAns The legislative the executive and the judiciary
3What is the other name for SansadAns Parliament
Science Pollination(Agents of pollination)
Agents of Pollination
We all know that plants cannot move from one place to another but they reproduce They need help to transfer their pollen grains Wind insects water birds and other animals help in transferring their pollen grains So they are called agents of pollination
Q Define self-pollination Ans Self pollination ndash When the pollen grains get transferred from the anthers to the stigma of the same flower or another flower on the same plant it is known as self-pollination
Q Define cross-pollination Ans Cross-pollination ndash When the pollen grains get transferred from the
Pollination by wind ndash grasses such as rice wheat maize their pollen grains are very dry and light and easily blown by the wind Some plants have a feathery stigma to catch the pollen grains Pollination by insects ndashInsects such as butterflies bees help in cross pollination When insects visit flowers to collect nectar the pollen grains get stuck to their body and when they visit to another flower the pollen grains get transferred to the stigma of that flower This is how insects help in pollination Pollination by water ndashPollination by water occurs in aquatic plants Pollination occurs when the male flower moving with the flow of water comes in contact with the female flower
anthers of one flower to the stigma of a flower of another plant of the same type it is known as cross-pollination
Q How do insects help in pollination Ans Insects such as butterflies bees help in cross pollination When in sects visit flowers to collect nectar the pollen grains get stuck to their body and when they visit to another flower the pollen grains get transferred to the stigma of that flower This is how insects help in pollination
English literature
Sour grapes A fox was trotting on one day and he saw lovely grapes just above his head The grapes where rich ripe and purple- red He was impatient to grab the fruit but it was too high He gave it up by letting out a deep sighHe then said to himself that he has wasted his time upon such a common fruit and he is sure that those grapes were sour
The poet then concludes the poem by saying that we often say this in our real life When we fail to do or achieve something in our lives we often say like the fox that ldquowe re sure the grapes are sourrdquo
Write the synonyms of1 Trotting- Riding2 Eager- anxious3 Snatch- grab4 Heaving- to let out relief5 Sigh- deep breath6 Mean- miserable and poor
SUBJECT- FRENCH (3RD LANGUAGE)Les alphabets avec vocabulariesAlphabets with vocabularies
- Ananas- Ballon- Chat
- Dents - Escargot
HOMEWORK-LEARN THIS VOCABULARIES WITH PROPER PRONUNCIATION
MAT
HEM
ATIC
S
Ch 6
Com
mon
frac
tions Subtraction of fractions
(a) Subtraction of like fractions
(b) Subtraction of unlike fractions
(c) Subtraction of mixed fractions [To subtract mixed numbers we change them to improper fractions and then subtract]
Exercise ndash 28Subtract
2 712
minus 312
Solution 712
minus 312 =
7minus312 =
412 =
13
4 18minus 1
12
Solution The LCM of 8 and 12 = 24
there4 18=
1times 38times3 =
324 and
112
= 1 times212 times2
= 224
there4 18minus 1
12 = 3
24 - 2
24 = 3minus224 =
124
10 59minus 7
18
Solution The LCM of 9 and 18 = 18
there4 59=
5times 29 times2 =
1018 and
718=
7 times 118times 1 =
718
there4 59minus 7
18 = 1018 -
718 =
10minus718 =
318 =
16
11 34minus1
5
Solution The LCM of 4 and 5 = 4times5 = 20
there4 34 =
3 times54 times 5 =
1520 and
15=
1times 45times 4 =
420
there4 34 -
15 =
1520 -
420 =
15minus420 =
1120
19 6 - 159
Solution Now 6 = 61 and 1
59 =
149
The LCM of 1 and 9 = 9
there4 61=
6 times91times 9 =
549 and
149 =
14 times19times1 =
149
there4 6 - 159 =
61 -
149 =
549 -
149 =
54minus149 =
409 = 4
49
20 715 - 3
910
Solution Now 715 =
365 and 3
910 =
3910
The LCM of 5 and 10 = 10
there4 715 =
365 =
36 times25times 2 =
7210 and 3
910 =
3910
there4 715 - 3
910 =
7210 -
3910 =
72minus3910 =
3310 = 3
310
Practice at HomeExercise ndash 28
17 3712 - 2
56
18 5 - 278
Class VISubject Topic Summary Execution BIOLOGY Ch-8
AdaptationsPg-115
A Short answer questions
3 Write the characteristics of submerged plants Ans ndash
1 Submerged aquatic are present below the water surface
2 The roots of partly submerged plants are fixed in the soil below water at the bottom of pond lake or river
3 The stems of such plants grow up to the surface of water while the leaves and flowers float on the surface of water
4 Submerged plants donrsquot have thick waxy cuticle
5 Completely submerged water plants like sea grasses and pondweed lack stomata
6 The leaves are mostly thin
Class VIISubject Topic Summary Execution CHEMISTRY
Chapter ndashPhysical and Chemical Changes
Physical ChangeA physical change involves a change in physical propertiesPhysical change is a type of change where no new substance is formed Most physical changes are reversible
Characteristics of Physical changes 1 They are temporary changes2 They are reversible changes 3 No new substance formed4 A physical change involves a
change in physical properties not its chemical properties
Terms related to Physical ChangesDissolvingMeltingMelting pointFreezingFreezing pointBoiling Boiling pointEvaporationCondensationCondensation point
Pg-25Question 6State three differences between evaporation and boiling
Evaporation Boiling
1 Evaporation is a slow process
2 Evaporation takes place from the surface of the liquid
3 Evaporation takes place at all temperature
1 Boiling is a fast process
2 Boiling takes place from all parts of the liquid
3 Boiling takes place at a fixed temperature on heating
Question 7State four differences between physical and chemical changes
Physical change Chemical change
1 No new substances with new properties are formed
2 It can be reversed by simple physical methods
3 It is temporary change
4 Energy is neither needed nor produced
1 New substances with new properties are formed
2 Change cannot be reversed by simple physical methods
3 It is permanent change4 Energy is either needed
or evolved
GEOGRAPHY
ATMOSPHERE
GREENHOUSE EFFECT ANDGLOBAL WARMINGWe have already learned that therays of the Sun heat up the Earths surfaceduring the day and cools off at night byradiating out the heat in the form of terrestrialradiation Some of this heat is absorbed by thegreenhouse gases of the atmosphere and doesnot escape into outer space This preventsthe Earth from becoming excessively cold atnight This is known as Greenhouse EffectIt has led to a gradual rise in globaltemperatures which is referred to as globalwarmingCauses of Global Warming
Q1 What do you mean by Greenhouse EffectA1 Therays of the Sun heat up the Earths surfaceduring the day and cools off at night byradiating out the heat in the form of terrestrialradiation Some of this heat is absorbed by thegreenhouse gases of the atmosphere and doesnot escape into outer space This preventsthe Earth from becoming excessively cold atnight This is known as Greenhouse Effect
Q2 What are the greenhouse gases A2 The heat-trapping gases calledgreenhouse gas (GHGs)
Examples chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Carbon dioxide halons methane nitrous oxide and
GREENHOUSE GAS The heat-trapping gases calledgreenhouse gas (GHGs) Over the years these gases have releasedin the atmosphere and thus making the planetwarmerExamples Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Carbon dioxide halons methane nitrous oxide and ozone
GLOBAL WARMINGIncreasing of Earthrsquos temperature day by day by the increasing amount of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere is called as global warming
CAUSES OF GLOBAL WARMING 1 Burning of fossil fuel2 Harmful emission from industries
andvehicles3 Deforestation and mining4 Excessive rearing of farm animals5 Fertilisers
ozone
Q3 What do you mean by Global Warming Write any two causes of global warming
A3 Increasing of Earthrsquos temperature day by day by the increasing amount of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere is called as global warming The main causes of global warming are a Burning of fossil fuelb Harmful emission from industries
andvehicles
COMPUTER
ARRAYS ARRAY IS A VARIABLE WHICH STORES DIFFERENT VALUES OF THE SAME DATA TYPE IT IS USEFUL TO ORGANIZE MULTIPLE VARIABLES TO DECLARE AN ARRAY DIM (DIMENSION) STATEMENT IS USED LETS TAKE AN EXAMPLE TO DECLARE AN ARRAYDIM NUMBERS(10)10 INSIDE THE PARENTHESES MEANS THIS ARRAY CAN HOLD 11 ELEMENTSNUMBERS YES 11 NUMBERS THERE IS A FIRST INDEX ARRAY 0 ALSO (0 TO 10)EXAMPLES1)TAKE ANY 6 NUMBERS (SAY 2451069) IN AN ARRAY AND ADD NUMBERS INPOSITIONINDEX 3 AND 5 PRINT THE FINAL RESULT
READ THE SUMMARY PART AND TRY TO UNDERSTAND THE CONCEPT OF ARRAY IN QBASIC
SUBJECT- FRENCH (3RD LANGUAGE)Les alphabets avec vocabulariesAlphabets with vocabularies
- Ananas- Ballon- Chat - Dents - Escargot
HOMEWORK-LEARN THIS VOCABULARIES WITH PROPER PRONUNCIATION
Class VIIISubject Topic Summary Execution PHYSICS ENERGY Types of Energy
There are different forms of energy Today we will discuss some important
A Objective Questions
1 Write true or false for each
types of energy and their features ndash1 Mechanical energyMechanical energy is the sum of kinetic and potential energy in an object that is used to do work In other words it is energy in an object due to its motion or position or both
A Kinetic Energy The energy in motion is known as Kinetic Energy For example a moving ball flowing water etc
Kinetic Energy=12mv2
Wherem = Mass of the objectv = Velocity of the object
B Potential Energy This is the energy stored in an object and is measured by the amount of work done For example a pen on a table water in a lake etc
Potential Energy=mghWherem = Mass of the object (in kilograms)g = Acceleration due to gravityh = Height in metersMechanical EnergyIt is the sum of potential energy and kinetic energy that is the energy associated with the motion amp position of an object is known as Mechanical energy Thus we can derive the formula of mechanical energy as ndash
Mechanical Energy = Kinetic Energy + Potential Energy
MechanicalEnergy=12mv2+mgh
2 Solar EnergyThe light and heat from the sun harnessed using technologies like solar heating photovoltaics solar thermal energy solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis is known as solar energy It is the prime source of renewable energy
3 Wind EnergyIt is one of the various forms of energy The energy present in the flow of wind used by wind turbines is called wind energy This energy is a major cheap source to produce electricity In this phenomena the kinetic energy of the wind is converted into mechanical power
statement
(a) A coolie does no work against the force of gravity while carrying luggage on a road
Answer True
(b) The energy stored in water of a dam is the kinetic energy
Answer False
(c) The energy of a flying kite is kinetic energy
Answer True
(d) Work done by a boy depends on the time in which he does work
Answer False
(e) Power spent by a body depends on the time for which it does work
Answer True
4 Nuclear EnergyThe energy present in the nucleus of an atom is known as nuclear energy The particles of an atom are tiny and need the energy to hold themselves Nuclear energy is that enormous energy in the bonds of an atom which helps to hold the atom together Nuclear energy can be used to make electricity
5 Geothermal EnergyThe energy or heat present inside the Earth is known as geothermal energy It is a cheap amp convenient heat and power resource and use of this energy donrsquot have a side effect like greenhouse gas emission etc
6 Tidal Energy
Tidal energy or tidal power is a form of hydropower (energy present in water) which converts the energy present in the tides to produce electricity
7 Biomass Energy
Biomass is organic matter obtained from living organisms The energy produced from biomass is called biomass energy
8 Electrical Energy
The energy caused by moving electric charges is known as electrical energy Electric energy is a type of kinetic energy as the electrical charges moves
9 Thermal Energy
As the name suggests thermal energy is the energy obtained from heat It is a microscopic disordered equivalent of mechanical energyThere may be instances where an object posses more than one type of energy For example boiling water posses both kinetic and potential energy along with heat energy
MATHEMATICS Ch 9Interest
Execution ndash 9(B) 3 A sum of money lent out at simple interest doubles itself in 8 years Find (i) the rate of Interest (ii) In how many years will the sum become triple (three times) at itself at the same rate percent
Solution
(i) Let P = Rs100 there4 A = Rs200 So I = A ndash P = Rs(200-100) = Rs100 and T = 8years [ P= Principal A = Amount I = Interest and T = Time]
there4 The rate of interest (R) = 100times IP times T = ( 100 times100
100times 8 ) = 252
= 125
(ii) Again P = Rs100 A = Rs300 So I = Rs(300-100) = Rs200 and R = 125
there4 T = 100times IP times R = ( 100 times 200
100 times12 5 ) years = ( 1000times 200100times125 )years= 16 years
4 Rs4000 amount to Rs5000 in 8years in what time will Rs2100 amount to Rs2800 at the same rate
Solution
1 st part P = Rs4000 A = Rs5000 there4 I = Rs(5000-4000) = Rs1000And T = 8 years
there4 R = 100times IP times T = ( 100 times1000
4000 times8 ) = 258
2 nd part Now P = Rs2100 A = Rs2800 there4 I = Rs(2800-2100) =Rs700 and R
= 258
there4 T = 100times IP times R = ( 100 times 700
2100 times 258 ) years = ( 100 times8
3 times25 )years= 323 years = 10
23 years
= 10years( 23
times 12)months = 10 years 8 months
6 A certain sum amounts to Rs3825 in 4 years and to Rs4050 in 6 years Find the rate percent and the sum
Solution Amount in 6 years = Rs4050Amount in 4 years = Rs3825
there4 Interest in 2years = Rs(4050-3825) = Rs225
there4 Interest in 1year = Rs225divide2 = Rs2252
there4 Interest in 4years =Rs(225times2) = Rs450
Now P = A ndash I = Rs(3825 ndash 450) = Rs3375
there4 R = 100times IP times T = ( 100 times225
3375 times2 ) = 103
= 313
Practice at Home5 What sum of money lent at 65 per annum will produce the same interest in 4 years as Rs7500 produce in 6 years at 5 per annum
GEOGRAPHY MIGRATION CLIMATE REFUGEES
Climate refugees who are forced to move out when their homes when threatened by imminent climate catastrophes Example many people many people migrated from the sinking south pacific Islands to Australia and New Zealand
MISCELLANEOUS MIGRATION
Miscellaneous migration often takes place due to the governmentrsquos decisions or due to political unrest Example the Indonesian government moved the farming population from the overpopulated areas of Java to the islands of Borneo and Sumatra
FORCED MIGRATION
Forced migration happens during times of disaster of warfare Abduction and transfer of African slaves to America to serve as labour force is an example of forced migration Today climate change and rising sea levels have led to forced migration in many of the island nations of the world
VOLUNTARY MIGRATION
Voluntary migration is shifting to HDC(highly developed countries) from LDC(lowly developed countries) for better job or educational opportunities and better standards of living There is a current trend in which a large number of students are migrating from developing nations to European and American universities for higher studies This type of voluntary migration leads to depopulation in the country which people leave and adds to the volume of immigrants in the country that receives these people
Q1 What do you understand by climate refugees Where it can be found
A1 Climate refugees who are forced to move out when their homes when threatened by imminent climate catastrophes or disasters
Example many people migrated from the sinking south pacific Islands to Australia and New Zealand
Q2Give an example on miscellaneous migration
A2 An example on miscellaneous migration like the Indonesian government moved the farming population from the overpopulated areas of Java to the islands of Borneo and Sumatra
Q3 Give some examples of highly developed countries (HDC) and lowly developed countries (LDC)
A3 European and North American countries such as Britain Spain Canada and New York are good examples of highly developed countries (HDC) On the other hand South-East Asian countries such as India Pakistan and Bangladesh are examples lowly developed countries (LDC)
COMPUTER ALGORITHMS AND FLOW CHARTS
EXAMPLES1) WRITE AN ALGORITHM AND DRAW A FLOW CHART TO FIND THE AREA OF A RECTANGLESOLUTIONALGORITHM
STEP1 STARTSTEP2 ACCEPT THE LENGTH OF THE RECTANGLESTEP3 ACCEPT THE BREADTH OF THE RECTANGLESTEP4 USE THE FORMULA OF AREA=LENGTH times BREADTH AND STORE THE
FINAL RESULT IN THE VARIABLE AREASTEP5DISPLAY THE ARE OF THE RECTANGLESTEP6STOP
FLOWCHART
2)CALCULATE THE INTEREST OF A BANK DEPOSITALGORITHMSTEP 1 READ AMOUNTSTEP 2 READ YEARSSTEP 3 READ RATE
STEP 4 CALCULATE THE INTEREST WITH FORMULA INTEREST=AMOUNTYEARSRATE100STEP 5 PRINT INTERESTFLOWCHART
3)DETERMINE AND OUTPUT WHETHER NUMBER N IS EVEN OR ODDALGORITHMSTEP 1 READ NUMBER NSTEP 2 SET REMAINDER AS N MODULO 2STEP 3 IF REMAINDER IS EQUAL TO 0 THEN NUMBER N IS EVEN ELSE NUMBER N IS ODDSTEP 4 PRINT OUTPUTFLOWCHART
4)DETERMINE WHETHER A TEMPERATURE IS BELOW OR ABOVE THE FREEZING POINTALGORITHM
STEP 1 INPUT TEMPERATURESTEP 2 IF IT IS LESS THAN 32 THEN PRINT BELOW FREEZING POINT OTHERWISE PRINT ABOVE FREEZING POINTFLOWCHART
PRACTICE THE GIVEN FLOWCHARTS AND ALGORITHMS
Class IXSubject Topic Summary Execution Bengali (2nd
language) চারণেদর পাাহিব2হিত2ষ বরণেltযাপাধযায় হি_তীয় অধযায়
ldquoআহি`কার হিবখযাত া0 শঙকর কতবার 0হিবরণেত গদরণেখরণে0rdquo ক) আহি`কার হিবখযাত া0টির 3া হিক া0টির হিবরণেশষতব হিকখ)শঙকর গকাায় হিকরণেসর জ3য হিরণেয়হি0ল ) গস গসখারণে3 হিক খরণেজ পায়
উঃ- হিব2হিত2ষ বরণেltযাপাধযায় রহিচত lsquoচারণেদর পাাrsquo উপ3যারণেস আহি`কার হিবখযাত া0টির 3া ল বাওবাব া0টির হিবরণেশষতব ল া0টি গবশ গাটা গসাটা া0টির জার হিবষয় ল া0টি তার গহিরণেত ১৬ হিলটার জল ধরণের রাখরণেত পারণের তষণায় কাতর পচারীরা অরণে3ক সয় এই ারণে0র গহিরণেত 0হির গরণের Zরণেটা করণের জল পা3 করণের
খ) শঙকর আহি`কায় হিরণেয়হি0ল অযাUরণে2ঞচারণেরর গ3শায় অনধকারয় এই ারণেদরণেশর পরহিতটি সথারণে3 গ3 রসয লহিকরণেয় আরণে0 এই ররণেসযর অ3সনধা3 কররণেত হিরণেয় অরণে3ক পটক পরা3 াহিররণেয়রণে0 আবার অরণে3রণেক হিসংরণের গপরণেট গরণে0 তবও অহি2াতরী া3ষ অহি2া3 বনধ করণের হি3আহি`কার ইউানডা গরলওরণেয়র 3Uরবা গসটশ3 গরণেক বাাততর াইল দহিi3 পহিj গকারণে3 একটা শাখা লাই3 হৈতহির হিkল গরল গকামপাহি3র গসখারণে3 শঙকর ক3সটরাকস3 কযারণেমপর গকরাহি3 ও সরকাহির গসটারহিকপার রণেয় গা হিদরণেয়হি0লপরণের শঙকর একটা গরলরণেসটশরণে3র গসটশ3াসটার য় এরপরণের গস আল2ারণেররণেজর সরণেn ীরার পাা খজরণেত গবহিররণেয় পরণে
) গ0াটরণেবলা গরণেক শঙকর শরণে3 আসরণে0 আহি`কায় গসা3া রপা ীরার 0া0হি একট গচষটা কররণেল গসা3া রপা ীরা আহিবসকার করণের বরণোরণেলাক ওয়া ায় এই সব খজরণেত হিরণেয় শঙকর আহি`কার পরাকহিতক ররণেপর গ সনধা3 গপরণেয়হি0ল তার তল3া গ3ই ঘ3 অর3য পবতরাহিজ =র3া 3দী জীবজনত সবই তারণেক হিদরণেয়রণে0 আ3lt শঙকর ীরার গখারণেজ হিরণেয় ীরা 3া গপরণেলও পরাকহিতক ররণেপর গরণে3 শঙকরণেরর 3 ীরায় পহিরত রণেয়হি0ল
EVS Chapter 2 ndash Species interaction with each other Long Answer Question
Living Things in Ecosystems
bull ParasitismParasitism is a relationship between two different organisms where one of the organisms actually harms the other through the relationship The organism that is harming the other one is called a parasite Examples of Parasitism Fleas or ticks that live on dogs and cats are parasites
bull MutualismMutualisms are defined as interactions between organisms of two different species in which each organism benefits the other
bull CommensalismCommensalism is a relationship between individuals of two species in which one species obtains food or other benefits from the other without either harming or benefiting the latter
bull SynergismThe interaction of things resulting in the overall effect that is greater than the sum of individual effects of any of them
Q) How biotic and abiotic components are inter-related Ans - In an eco system biotic and abiotic components depend on each other The biotic and abiotic components are connected in ecosystem in different way The sun is the energy source Producersplants use this energy to synthesize food in the presence of carbon dioxide and chlorophyll The herbivores are dependent on plants for the energy requirements The carnivores in turn feed on the herbivores and other carnivores At any level microbes then decompose any dead and decaying organic matter These decomposers after various chemical reactions release molecules back to the environment in the form of chemicals The chemicals are again used by the producers and the cycle starts againIn conclusion ecosystems have a complex set of interactions that happen between the biotic and abiotic components The components of an ecosystem are linked to each other through the energy flows and nutrient cycles
Commercial Studies
Chapter-7Joint Stock Company
In previous class we have explained about the meaning of Joint Stock Company features of Joint Stock Company
Let us explain about
Merits of Joint Stock Company
Merits of Joint stock CompanyStabilityPublic confidenceProfessional managementTransferability of sharesLimited Liability
Merits of Joint Stock Company StabilityA company enjoys stable durable enduring and uninterrupted business life A company continues to exist even if all its members die or deserted Maintenance of continuity of policy of administration is very much ensured in the case of Joint Stock CompanyPublic confidenceA public company enjoys the confidence of the public as the same is guided and controlled by strict regulations Since the companies financial accounts are published and circulated the public has enough faith on the activities of the company Thus a company enjoys better prestige and regulation greater public confidence as a wholeEfficient professional managementDue to its large financial resources and continuity a company can avail of the services of highly qualified
persons who are experts in different fields of business management In this way the benefits of specialization and centralized management can be securedTransferability of sharesSince the shares of a joint stock company are freely transferable they provide necessary liquidity to the investment of the people Shares of public companies are generally listed on a stock exchange so that people can easily buy and sell themLimited LiabilityThe liability of shareholders is limited only to the extent of face value of share held by them Shareholders are not personally liable for the debts of the company Thus the risk is known and also limited
Economics Chapter4 Basic Problems of An Economy
Today let discuss about the Meaning of Efficiency use of ResourcesNeeds of efficient use of resources
Resource efficiency is the maximising of the supply of money materials staff and other assets that can be drawn on by a person or organization in order to function effectively with minimum wasted (natural) resource expenses It means using the Earths limited resources in a sustainable manner while minimising environmental impact
Necessity for efficient use resources Once the flow of resources through the economy has reached its maximum sustainable limit (and many would argue that wersquove already passed that point for some resources) the only way to maintain economic growth in the long run is to become more resource efficient ndash finding ways to generate greater returns from the same amount of resources
Resource efficiency isnrsquot only valuable because it is essential for sustained economic growth Promoting resource efficiency can increase the competitiveness of industry create jobs stimulate innovation boost sectors such as recycling and resource recovery and help ensure secure supplies of key
QuestionWhat do you mean by Efficient use of Resources
Answer) Resource efficiency is the maximising of the supply of money materials staff and other assets that can be drawn on by a person or organization in order to function effectively with minimum wasted (natural) resource expenses It means using the Earths limited resources in a sustainable manner while minimising environmental impact
Why do we need to use our resources efficientlyAnswer) Once the flow of resources through the economy has reached its maximum sustainable limit (and many would argue that wersquove already passed that point for some resources) the only way to maintain economic growth in the long run is to become more resource efficient ndash finding ways to generate greater returns from the same amount of resources
Resource efficiency isnrsquot only valuable because it is essential for sustained economic growth Promoting resource efficiency can increase the competitiveness of industry create jobs stimulate innovation boost sectors such as recycling and resource recovery and help ensure secure
resources supplies of key resources
Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)
Topic Act II Scene 7 Lines 1 to 35 (Morocco hellip What if I stray no further but choose here )
[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase provided]
Summary Questions amp Answers
Having disposed of the minor story of Jessicarsquos elopement we now return to the main plot We are now shown how affairs are progressing with Portia in her home in Belmont
This is the first of the three scenes where a suitor makes a choice between golden silver and leaden caskets It will be noted that while making the choice all the lovers soliloquize and reveal their personality and character We have already observed the manly soldierly but primitive personality of the Prince of Morocco His has a simple nature and does not look deeply into the inner meaning of things but is dazzled by the outward appearance of gold He is inclined to over-estimate his own value and does not realize that it is a duty to ldquogive and hazardrdquo So his feeling is only one of fascination and romantic attraction We cannot believe that he has a deep and lasting love for Portia
In this scene two characters appear ndash Portia and the Prince of Morocco Portia explains to the Prince that the correct casket shall be the one that contains her picture She will be the wife of the person who will choose the correct casket and in the process get whatever she has
The Prince examines the inscriptions on each of the caskets and interprets them
(1) (Act II Sc 7 L 1-5)
Portia Go draw aside the curtains and discover
The several caskets to this noble princeNow make your choice
Morocco The first of gold who this inscription bearsWho chooseth me shall gain what many men desire
(i) Who is Morocco How did he introduce himself to Portia when they first met in an earlier scene
Prince Morocco is a dark skinned boastful warrior of African origin who seeks the hand of Portia He introduces himself as a person who lives near the equator where the exposure to sun rays have to be blamed for his complexion He says that Portia should not dislike him for his dark skin
(ii) How would Morocco know that he had made the right choice What would his reward be
Morocco would know he has chosen the right casket if he finds Portiarsquos portrait in one of them His reward would be Portiarsquos hand in marriage
(iii) Which casket did Morocco finally choose What reasons did he give for rejecting the casket made of lead
Morocco chooses the golden casket He says that lead is of lowly origin and the portrait of a lady as great as Portia cannot be placed in it He reads the inscription ldquoWho chooseth me must give and hazard all he hathrdquo This makes the box too threatening He wonders why anyone should risk everything for lead He also feels that a golden mind like his should not bow down to choose something worthless So he will not risk anything for lead
(iv) What two objects did Morocco find in the casket of his
before choosing
The inscription on the leaden casket says ldquoWho chooseth me must give and hazard all he hathrdquo The Prince was shocked and says as to why anyone should risk for the sake of lead The leaden casket is a threat Nobody would risk all they have for lead He says that no noble person would stoop to choose such a worthless thing as lead So he will not give nor risk anything for lead
The Prince then examines the inscription on the silver casket which says ldquoWho chooseth me shall get as much as he deservesrdquo The Prince says that he deserves Portia more than anybody else because of his high rank his noble birth and his great wealth and power But then he argues that silver is ten times inferior to gold and therefore he cannot believe that the portrait of such a beautiful lady as Portia can be contained in the silver casket He decides to see the inscription on the golden casket before making his decision
choice What reason does he give to Portia for leaving in haste
The Prince of Morocco chooses the golden casket and on opening it finds a human skull within whose hollow eye-socket was a scroll or a roll of paper in which it is written that those who are attracted by the glittering outside of things are always deceived as Morocco has been deceived
Morocco says he is moved and that he does not want to make his departure a painstaking process and he wants to leave immediately without revealing his emotions He should also obey the rule of the game which states the one who loses the test should leave immediately
(v) How does Portia respond to Moroccorsquos parting words What does this reveal of her nature
Portia is relieved that Morocco has left without making any scene It was a gentle riddance and all like him should go in a similar manner This shows that Portia has a kind heart and does not want anyone to he hurt Her love for Bassanio over-rides her passion that makes her wish that only he should be able to make the right choice At the same time like a dutiful daughter she does not want to disrespect her fatherrsquos wishes Hence she is willing to go through the casket injunctions
(2) (Act II Sc 7 L 15-35)
MOROCCO helliphelliphelliphelliphellip
What says this leaden casket Who chooseth me must give and hazard all he hath Must givemdashFor what for lead hazard for leadThis casket threatens Men that hazard allDo it in hope of fair advantagesA golden mind stoops not to shows of drossIll then nor give nor hazard aught for leadWhat says the silver with her virgin hueWho chooseth me shall get as much as he deservesAs much as he deservesmdashPause there MoroccoAnd weigh thy value with an even handIf thou best rated by thy estimationThou dost deserve enough and yet enoughMay not extend so far as to the ladyAnd yet to be afeard of my deservingWere but a weak disabling of myselfAs much as I deservemdashWhy thats the ladyI do in birth deserve her and in fortunesIn graces and in qualities of breeding
But more than these in love I do deserveWhat if I strayed no further but chose here
(i) What does the Prince of Morocco do before making his selection What does his comment reflect How does he analyse the inscription of the leaden casket and what is his interpretation
The Prince of Morocco surveys the three caskets before making his selection His comments reflect his thinking and attitude on life and things He comes to the lead casket and reads the inscription on it His interpretation which reflects his own character is that the inscription threatens because no one will be prepared to risk or sacrifice all one has for such a base thing as lead
(ii) What does the Prince of Morocco think of the leaden casket and why does he decide to reject the leaden casket
The Prince of Morocco thinks that when people risk anything they do so in order to gain something precious A person of royal ways will not bend so low as to be impressed by such an ordinary thing as lead Therefore he decides that he will not take any risk for a worthless thing like lead and rejects the lead casket
(iii) What does the Prince think while analyzing and interpreting the inscription of the silver casket
The Prince of Morocco analyses the inscription on the silver casket which runs thus ldquoWho chooseth me shall get as much as he deservesrdquo When he reads the inscription he bids himself to stop and ponder over the interpretation He asks himself to evaluate his worth objectively and impartially He says that if he is assessed on the basis of the opinion of people he deserves much But even this may not be sufficient to deserve to win Portia who is so virtuous and worthy
(iv) What promise does the silver casket make What self-assessment does the Prince make
The silver casket promises the reward according to the worth of the chooser The Prince makes a self-assessment and concludes that in all fairness he deserves to get Portia He thinks that he is a royal Prince by birth and so he deserves her by the right of his birth
Portia is very rich and so the Prince deserves her by this also The Prince deserves because he is also extremely handsome as most of the beautiful maidens of his kingdom covet him He is valiant and virtuous also So in his opinion he is the most suitable and deserving candidate for Portiarsquos hand
(v) Over which casket does the Prince ponder a long time What intrigue him In what way does he deserve Portia
Morocco reviews the inscriptions again and rejects the lead casket as being not worth the high stakes for which he gambles He ponders a long time over the silver casket The words ldquoget as much as he deservesrdquo intrigue him He is quite sure that he deserves Portia He deserves her in birth fortune grace qualities of breeding and most of all love
Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution EVS Ch ndash4 Managing
soil and land
Today we will discuss about mechanical practices of soil conservation
A few mechanical measures of soil conservation arei) Basin leaching In this method a number of small basins (water reservoirs) are made These collect and retain rain water for a long period and also catch and stabilize downwardly moving soils of the slopes
ii) Pan breaking by breaking of pan ( a hard sheet of clay a few feet below the surface ) drainage and percolation of rain water is improved and soil is saved from residual run-off and erosion
iii) Sub-soiling Soil is broken into fine grains to increase its absorptive capacity
iv) Contour terracing terraces are labeled areas constructed at right angles to the slope to reduce soil erosion
v) Contour trenching This method involves making a series of deep pits or trenches across the slope at convenient distance The soil excavated from the trenches is deposited along the lower edge in the form of bund On the ridges tree seeds are shown
vi) Terrace outlets To conserve soil pipe outlets are made which are thickly covered by grasses
vii) Digging of ponds and reservoirs to store water
viii) Stream bank protection To protect banks of rivers and channels construction of stone or concrete protective walls or planting of trees should be undertaken
Commercial Studies
Chapter- Banking Let us today discuss about theMeaning of Commercial BankFunctions of Commercial Banks
Commercial Banks are those banks which perform all kinds of banking functions such as accepting deposits advancing loans credit creation and
Question1 What do you mean by
Commercial BankAnswer) Commercial Banks are those banks which perform all kinds of banking functions such as accepting deposits advancing loans credit creation and agency functions
agency functions
Functions of Commercial BanksCommercial banks perform a variety of functions which can be divided as (1) Accepting Deposits (2) Advancing Loans (3) Credit Creation (4) Financing Foreign Trade(5) Agency Services (6) Miscellaneous Services To Customers
2 Explain the various functions of Commercial Bank
Answer) Following are the various functions of Commercial Banks
1 Accepting Deposits This is the oldest function of a bank and the banker used to charge a commission for keeping the money in its custody when banking was developing as an institution Nowadays a bank accepts three kinds of deposits from its customers The first is the savings deposits on which the bank pays small interest to the depositors who are usually small savers
2 Advancing LoansOne of primary functions of commercial banks is to advance loans to its customers A bank lends a certain percentage of the cash lying in deposits on a higher interest rate than it pays on such deposits This is how it earns profits and carries on its business 3 Credit CreationCredit creation is one of the most important functions of the commercial banks Like other financial institutions they aim at earning profits For this purpose they accept deposits and advance loans by keeping small cash in reserve for day-to-day transactions When a bank advances a loan it opens and account in the name of the customer and does not pay him in cash but allows him to draw the money by cheque according to his needs By granting a loan the bank creates credit or deposit4 Financing ForeignTrade commercial bank finances foreign trade of its customers by accepting foreign bills of exchange and collecting them from foreign banks It also transacts other foreign exchange business and buys and sells foreign currency5 Agency ServicesA bank acts as an agent of its customers in collecting and paying cheques bills of exchange drafts dividends etc It also buys and sells
shares securities debentures etc for it customers Further it pays subscriptions insurance premium rent electric and water bills and other similar charges on behalf of its clients It also acts as a trustee and executor of the property and will of its customers Moreover the bank acts as an income tax consultant to its clients For some of these services the bank charges a normal fee while it renders others free of charge6 Miscellaneous ServicesBesides the above noted services the commercial bank performs a number of other services It acts as the custodian of the valuables of its customers by providing them lockers where they can keep their jewellery and valuable documents It issues various forms of credit instruments such as cheques drafts travellers cheques etc which facilitate transactions
Bengali হিবপরীতশবদ করণেয়কটি হিবপরীত শবদ গদওয়া ল1)সজীব = হি3জsব 2)শরদধা= ঘা 3)আকষ = হিবকষ4)সধবা = হিবধবা 5)উৎস = গা3া 6)অ = অ37)জয় = পরাজয় 8)তাপ = হৈশত যয 9)হি3ltা = পরশংসা10)াদা = অদা 11)রহিসক = গবরহিসক 12) অনতর = বাহির13)অহিতবষটি = অ3াবষটি 14)পরত যযi = পরণেরাi 15)3াবালক = সাবালক
Hindi 2nd lang नया रासता भा 5 अपन जीन की परिरसथिगितयो स गिश होकर मीन क हदय म कई बार हीन भाना
और जीन की कडाहट अनभ हईपरत ह दढता और साहस की मरतित थी ह
अपन जीन को वयथ नही होन दना चाहती थी बचपन स ही उसकी कील बनन की
इचछा थी आज मीन की लन उस और दखकर माता- गिपता न उस कालत करन की
आजञा द दी मीन न मरठ म दाखिखला ल लिलया उसक हरदय म कछ बनन और कछ
कर दिदखान की इचछा थी उसक गिचार स चारो और पस का ही बोलबाला हहॉसटल
की कलपना करत ही ह लिसहर उठती थी उसन अपन लिलए नए नए कपड बनाए पहली बार हॉसटल जान का चा थाआखिखर
ह दिदन आ ही या जब उस हॉसटल जाना था पहली बार ह अपन घर स अल हो
रही थी हॉसटल पहच कर कछ दिदनो तक उसका मन नही ला बचपन की घटनाए
एक- एक करक उसक समतपटल पर उतर ई ह अपनी ककषा म हमशा परथम आती
थी 2 दिदन बाद गिपताजी मीन स मिमलन आए मा न काफी चीज उसक लिलए बनाकर
भजी थी गिपताजी स मिमलकर ह बहत खश
1 ह सय की दढता साहस की मरतित थी
परशन1 लखिखका मीन को दढता साहस
की मरतित कयो कह रही ह 2 गिाह क अलाा मीन क जीन
का कया लकषय था 3 मीन समाज क झठ आरण को
हटाकर सतय दिदखाना चाहती ह सपषट कीजिजए
4 परसतत पलि[यो का भा सपषट अपन शबदो म लिलखिखए
उततरndash1 मीन म समाज स लडन की शलि[ ह
ह समाज म फली बराइयो क सामन ढढता स जमी हई ह ह साहस क साथ अपन उलिचत गिनणय
पर सथिर रहती ह जिजदी क उतार चढा सा घबरा टी नही ह बलकिलक साहस स काम लती ह इनही कारणो स लखिखका न उस ढढता
और साहस की मरतित कहा ह2 मरठ ालो न जब उसका रिरशता
ठकरा दिदया तो उसन गिनशचय कर लिलया गिक ह अपन परो पर खडी होी और समाज को दिदखा दी की नारी अबला नही ह उसन अपना
हई करीब 1 घटा रक कर गिपताजी चल ए लकषय बना लिलया गिक ह एलएलबी करक कील बनी
3 समाज म नारी क ऊपर अबला आशरीता का आरण पडा हआ ह
मीन समाज क दवारा होत हए इस आरण को हटाकर यह सतय परमाणिणत करना चाहती ह गिक आज
की नारी अबला नही ह और ना ही गिकसी क हाथ की कठपतली ह
4 लखिखका न मीन क बार म कहा गिक ह सय घटा और साहस की मरतित
ह ह अपन न हम ध और मसीबत म साहस का परिरचय दती हउतार
चढा को हर इसान क जीन म आत ही रहत ह उनको साधारण रप
स ही लना चागिहए अपन गिाह क मामल म उसन साहस स काम
लिलया और गिाह क बार म सोचना छोड दिदया मीन क सामन अभी बहत लबी जिजदी पडी ह इसलिलए उसन समय का महत समझा और
एक कषण भी वयथ ना करन का गिनशचय गिकया
Mathematics(x) Algebra Quadratic Equation in one variable
Study Item Some solved sums from exercise- 539)Solve for x 2(2x ndash 1 )(x+3) ndash 3 (x + 3)(2x ndash 1 ) = 5 x -3 frac12Solution Let (2x ndash 1)(x + 3) = y then we get2(y) ndash 3( 1y) = 50r 2y ndash 3y = 5Or 2y2 ndash 3 = 5y [multiplying both side by y we get]0r 2y2 ndash 5y ndash 3 = 0Now comparing the above equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0 we geta=2 b = - 5 and c = - 3Therefore y = -(- 5 )plusmnradic((-5)sup2-4(2)(-3))2(2) = 5 plusmnradic( 25 + 24)4 = 5plusmn radic(49)4 = (5 plusmn 7)4= (5+7)4 (5 ndash 7)4= 124 -24= 3 - 12Therefore y = 3 (2x ndash 1)( x + 3) = 3 2x ndash 1 = 3x + 9 3x - 2x = - 10 x= - 10Or y = - frac12 ( 2x ndash 1)(x + 3) = - frac124x ndash 2 = - x ndash 3 4x+x = - 3 + 2 5x = - 1 x= - 15Hence the roots of the given equation are - 10 and ndash 1510)(i) x2 - 5x ndash10 =0Solution x2 ndash 5x ndash 10 = 0Comparing the above equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0 we get a=1 b = - 5 and c = - 10Therefore x = - (- 5)plusmnradic( -5)sup2- 4(1)(- 10)2(1) = 5 plusmn radic( 25 +40)2 = 5 plusmn radic(65 )2
= (5 plusmn 8bull06)2 = (5 + 8bull06)2 (5 ndash 8bull06)2 = 13bull062 - 3bull062= 6bull53 - 1bull5312) Solve the equation x ndash 18x = 6 Given your answer correct to two significant figureSolution x ndash18x = 6Or (x2 ndash 18 )x = 6Or x2ndash 18 = 6xOr x2 ndash 6x ndash18 = 0Comparing the above equation with ax2 + bc + c = 0 we gera= 1 b = - 6 and c = -18Therefore x = -(-6) plusmnradic(- (- 6)2 ndash 4(1)(- 18)2(1) = 6 plusmn radic( 36 + 72)2 = (6 plusmnradic( 108)2 =(6 plusmn 10bull39)2= 16bull392 - 4bull392= 8bull195 - 2bull195 asymp 8bull2 - 2bull2
Chemistry Chapter-2L-1Chemical Bonding
1) Chemical Bonding-
It is basically the force of attraction which holds the different types of atoms in a molecule together
Cause of Chemical Combination-
The main cause is the tendency of elements to acquire eight electrons in its outermost shell like that of noble gases other than Helium(He) So the atoms combine to acheive the nearest noble gas configuration of 8 electrons( or 2 electrons) in their outermost orbit and become stable
2) Ion-
It is a charged particle made from an atom by the loss or gain of electrons
There are 2 types of Ions They are-
a) Cations- It is formed by the loss of electrons eg - K+ Ca2+
Na+ etc
b) Anions- It is formed by the gain of electrons eg- Cl- O2- F- etc
Q Why do elements form Ions
A Atoms of all elements except those of noble gases have one to seven valence electrons and are not in a state of minimum energy Thus to acquire a state of minimum energy elements lose or gain electrons and form ions so that they acquire stable configuration (Duplet or Octet)
Q What is the Electronic Theory of Valency
A In 1916 Kossel and Lewis on the basis of octet rule of electrons described simply the electronic structure of molecules of many chemical compounds and elements Kossel mainly described the structure of ionic compounds formed by loss and gain of electrons and Lewis mainly described the structure of Covalent Compounds formed by mutual sharing of electron pair This is known as ELECTRONIC THEORY OF VALENCY proposed by Kossel and Lewis
Q What do you mean by Electropositive and Electronegative Elements
3) Types of Chemical Bond-3 types
A)ElectrovalentIonic Bond
B) Covalent Bond
C) Co-ordinate Dative Bond4) ELECTROVALENT IONIC BOND-
It is the electrostatic force of attraction between the opposite charged ions which holds them together
The chemical compounds formed as a result of electron transfer from one atom of an element to another are called IONIC or ELECTROVALENT COMPOUND
The number of electrons which an element loses or gains during the formation of an ionic bond is called its ELECTROVALENCY
Conditions for the formation of Ionic Compounds-
i Large electronegativity difference between the combining atoms
ii Low IP for one of the atoms from which the cation can be easily formed
iii High electron affinity for one of the atoms from which the anions can be easily formed
iv High Lattice Energy
A
1) Electropositive Elements- have the tendency to lose the electrons and form Cations
eg- Na K Fe -mostly metals
2) Electronegative Elements- have the tendency to gain the electrons and form Anions
eg- Cl F O - mostly Non-metals
Q Give the brief description about the formation of NaCl
A See your Text Book
Q Practise the two types of diagram of the formation of different ionic compound
A See your Text Book
English All Summer in a Answer the following questions-
literature Day 3) Why did the children hate herAns- The children sensed that Margot was different from them She hated the continuous rain while they were used to it She spoke only about the sun and they had no memory of it They hated her pale snow face her waiting silence her thinness and her possible future of going back to the Earth4) What is the it referred to by WilliamAns- The it referred to by William is the Sun which the scientists had predicted would shine for a short while that day5) What was Margot waiting for Why did William say it was a jokeAns- Margot was waiting to see the sun predicted to shine that day for a short while William did not want her to have the joy of seeing the sun
Geography Water Resources SOURCES OF WATER SURFACE WATER AND GROUNDWATER Earth is known as the Blue Planet because 71 per cent of the Earths surface is covered with water Wateralso exists below land surface and as water vapour in the air Water is not added or removed from the environment it simply changes state and location This constant movement of water throughout our environment is called the hydrological cycle or water cycle Earth cleans and replenishes the water supply through the hydrologic cycle Groundwater exists in an aquifer or
underground layer of permeable rock sediment (usually sand or gravel) or soil that yields water
Aquifers are like underground reservoirs of water
SURFACE WATER The visible bodies of water are referred to as surface water Surface waters can be simply described as the water that is on the surface of the Earth This includes the oceans rivers and streams lakes and reservoirs Surface waters are very important Rivers and streams constitute the flowing surface waters Surface water canbe captured for a variety of biospheric and humanusesRunoff During heavy precipitation water cannot infiltrate into the ground It flows on the surface of the ground and called as runoff
GROUNDWATER Groundwater is detained as water that is found beneath the surface of the Earth in conditions of100 per
Q1 Why the Earth is called as Blue PlanetA1 Earth is known as the Blue Planet because 71 per cent of the Earths surface is covered with water
Q2 Define hydrological cycleA2 Water is not added or removed from the environment it simply changes state and location This constant movement of water throughout our environment is called the hydrological cycle or water cycle Earth cleans and replenishes the water supply through the hydrologic cycle
Q3 What is AquifersA3 Aquifers are like underground reservoirs of water
Q4 Why there is a shortage of fresh waterA4 Although the earth has an abundance of water but unfortunately there is a shortage of fresh water because 997 per cent of it occupied by oceans soils icecaps and floating in the atmosphere and rest 03 percent can use for daily uses
cent saturation (if it is less than100 per cent saturation then the water is considered as soil moisture) Ninety-eight per cent of Earths available fresh water is groundwater It is about60 times as plentiful as the fresh water found in lakes and streams Water in the ground travels through pores in soil and rock and in fractures and weathered areas of bed rockThe majority of fresh water is therefore found under ground as soil moisture and in aquifers
Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 88 to 126 (Portia helliphellip Such as the day is when the sun is hid) [Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]
Summary Questions amp Answerso Launcelot then arrives and informs
Lorenzo that Bassanio will also be arriving soon Both Lorenzo and Jessica return to the house and ask Stephano to order the family musicians to play music in order to extend a fitting welcome to Portia
o Portia and Nerissa dressed in their normal self return home and enter the building Lorenzo recognizes Portias voice and comes to greet her She orders the servants to pretend as if she had never left and asks Lorenzo and Jessica to do the same
o Soon thereafter Bassanio Gratiano and Antonio arrive
(1) PORTIA That light we see is burning in my hall (L 89-101)
How far that little candle throws his beams So shines a good deed in a
naughty worldNERISSA When the moon shone we did not see the candlePORTIA So doth the greater glory dim the less
A substitute shines brightly as a king
Unto the king be by and then his state
Empties itself as doth an inland brook
Into the main of waters Music hark
NERISSA It is your music madam of the housePORTIA Nothing is good I see without respect
Methinks it sounds much sweeter than by day
NERISSA Silence bestows that virtue on it madam
(i) Where are Lorenzo and Jessica sitting What message have they received What are they doing
Lorenzo and Jessica are sitting in Portiarsquos house in Belmont They have just received the message informing them of the arrival of Portia and Bassanio separately They are waiting for their arrivals and enjoying the beauty of the moonlight night(ii) In which mood is Lorenzo found after Stephanorsquos departure
After Stephanorsquos departure Lorenzo reverts to his romantic mood He is carried away by the magic of the loveliness of the moonlight He draws Jessicarsquos attention and says that the moonlight is sleeping beautifully on the raised ground He says that they will sit there and enjoy the sweetness of the gentle
music which will shortly creep into their ears very softly(iii) Why has Lorenzo sent Stephano What kind of man is he who does not appreciate the sweet harmony of sounds
Lorenzo has sent Stephano to instruct the musicians to play soft music to welcome Portia home Lorenzo tells that the
tranquility and the beautiful night suit the sweet music Praising the ennobling (M lend greater dignity) effect of music Lorenzo tells Jessica that the person who has no music in him and does not appreciate the sweet harmony of sounds is a dangerous person and so should be watched very carefully(iv) Who are returning to Belmont What does Nerissa remark on seeing the light of the house
Portia and Nerissa are returning to Belmont after successfully conducting Antoniorsquos trial in Venice as the lawyer and the clerk respectively When they are near their home Nerissa seeing the light of the house remarks that they did not see this light of this candle when the moon was shining(v) What does Portia comment on Nerissarsquos observation Commenting on Nerissarsquos observation Portia says that the lesser glory becomes insignificant before the greater glory She adds that the kingrsquos representative assumes great splendor and authority when the king himself is not near But before the real king the substitute becomes devoid of all splendor and
authority as the big rivers lose their identity after emptying into the vast sea
SUBJECT PHYSICS [TOPIC FORCE]Answer the following questions ( ICSE questions of previous years from chapter FORCE)
1 Write the position of centre of mass for the following bodies(i) A circular ring (ii) A cylinder(iii) A hollow sphere (iv) A triangular lamina
2 Explain why screw drivers are provided with longer handles3 Compare the magnitude and direction of centripetal force and centrifugal force4 How does uniform circular motion differ from uniform linear motion5 Why is the motion of a body moving with a constant speed around a circular path is said to be
accelerated6 A brass ball is hanging from a cotton thread Draw a neat labeled diagram showing the force acting
on the brass ball and the cotton thread 7 Define moment of force Write the relationship between the SI and CGS unit of moment of force8 Define couple State the SI unit of moment of couple9 A uniform half meter scale balanced horizontally on a knife edge at 29 cm mark when a weight of 20
gmf is suspended from one end(i) Draw the diagram of the arrangementWhat is the weight of the half meter rule
ECO-10 250620 Topic-Supply Analysis
MEANING OF SUPPLYSupply a commodity by a firm or seller may be defined as the quantity of a commodity that a firm or seller offers for sale at a given price during a given time period But the actual sale of the commodity may be different from its supply For example a farmer (produced of wheat) is willing to sell 50 quintals of wheat at a price of ` 15 per kg but he is able to sell only 30 quintals at this price So this case the supply of wheat is 50 quintals but the actual sale is 30 quintals So these two concepts should not be confused with each other Like demand supply also has three elements The definition of supply include (i) the quantity of the commodity that a firm is willing to supply (ii) the price at which it is willing to supply that quantity and (iii) the time period during which it is willing to supply that quantity
FACTORS DETERMINING SUPPLY OR DETERMINANTS OF SUPPLY OF A GOOD
The main determinant of supply is the price of the commodity But the cost of production of a commodity is an important factor in determining profit maximized on output of a firm The cost of production depends on the prices of various inputs like raw material wages of workers interest of capital rent of building etc The supply of a commodity also depends on the technology used in the production of the commodity and many other factors The main factors determining supply of a commodity are(i) Price of the commodity(ii) Price of other related good(iii) Price of inputsfactors(iv) Taxation policy of government(v) Objective of the firm(i) Price of the commodity Other factors determining supply remaining constant there is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity It means the quantity supplied of a commodity increases with rise in price and decreases with fall in price of the commodity More quantity of a commodity is supplied at a higher price and less quantity is supplied at a lower price For example a seller of tomatoes is willing to sell 100 kgs of tomatoes at a price of ` 40 per keg and only 50 kgs at a price of ` 20 per kg Due to this direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity the supply curve has a positive slope Supply curve is upward sloping to the right(ii) Price of other related goods Supply of a commodity is also influenced by the change in the price of other related goods With the help of given resources we can produce several goods by using the same technology This helps the firm to diversify and tide over fluctuations in demand For example a farmer can produce either pulses or food grains by using the resources If the price of pulses increases it becomes more profitable for him to make more production of pulses So he will divert some resources from the production of food grains to the production of pulses The production of pulses will increase and that of food grains will decrease So the supply of pulses will increase if the price of pulses increases and the supply of food grain will decrease at the same price reverse will happen if the price of food grains increases(iii) Price of inputsfactors Change in the price of inputs like raw material wage rent or interest also influences the supply of a commodity For example in the production of cloth cotton is the main raw material If the price of cotton increases the cost of production of cloth will increase At the same price the margin of profit will decrease So the producer will decrease the supply of cloth at the same price On the other hand if the price of cotton falls the cost of production per unit of cloth will decrease and hence the supply of cloth will increase The price of other inputs will also influence the supply of a good in the same manner(iv) Technology of production an improvement in the technology of production of a commodity decreases the per unit cost of the commodity The margin of profit will increase at the same price So the supply of a commodity will increase with improvement in technology of production at the same price On the other hand if a firm uses absolute technology of production the cost of production per unit of the commodity will increase The margin of profit will decrease so the firm will decrease its supply at the same price This is the main reason that the firms are trying to use better technology of production because it not only reduces the cost of production per unit but also improves the quality of the product(v) Taxation policy of government If the government reduces the excise duty or the production of a commodity the cost of production per unit of the commodity will decrease the margin of profit will increase at the same price so the producer of the commodity will increase its supply It happens when the government wants to increase the production of the commodity On the other hand to discourage the production of some harmful goods like cigarettes liquor etc the government increases the rate of excise duty on the production of such goods So the cost of production per unit of the commodity increases and the supply of such commodities decreases(vi) Objective of the firm The objective of the producer also influences the supply of a commodity Generally the objective of a producer is get maximize his profits Profits are maximized at a higher price So he increases the supply of a commodity at a higher price and decreases its supply at a lower price But sometimes the producer may be in maximizing his sales and not in maximizing his profits as he wants to capture the market In that case he goes on increasing the supply so long his target is not achieved can profit is not adversely affected He may increase the supply at the same price to any extent
SUPPLY FUNCTION
When the relationship between quantity supplied and the determinants of supplied is expressed mathematically in an equation it is called a supply function So a supply function can be expressed asSn = f(Pn Pr Pf T Tr G)where Sn = Supply of commodity nPn = Price of the commodity nPr = Price of other related goodsPf = Price of inputsfactors
T = Technology of productionTr = Government policy or tax rateG = Goal or objective of the producer
Typically supply function shows the relationship between price and quantity supplied keeping all other determinants of supply as constant It shows the amount of a good that a seller supplies at different levels of price
LAW OF SUPPLYThe law of supply depicts the relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity when all other determinants of supply remain constant This law states that there is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity other factors determining supply remaining constant It means quantity supplied of a commodity increases with increase in price and decreases with decrease in price
Assumptions of the law of supplyThe phrase other determinants of supply remaining constant in the law of supply shows the assumptions of the law of supply The mains factors which influence the supply of a commodity one price of the commodity price of other related goods price of inputs technology of production taxation policy of the government and objective of the firm etc The law of supply is based on the assumptions that all these factors determining supply except price of the commodity should remain constant The following are the main assumptions of the law of supply(i) Price of other related goods should remain the same(ii) There should be no change in the price of inputs (factors)(iii) Technology of production should not change(iv) There is no change in the taxation policy of the government(v) Objective of the firm should not changeThe law of supply is based on the assumptions that the supply of commodity changes only due to change in price when all other determinant of supply remain constantClass XISubject Topic Summary Execution EVS Chapter-2
Ecology Answer the following questions briefly Q Draw a neat labeled diagram of carbon cycleAnsndash
Mathematics Principle of Mathematical Induction
1) What is statement Ans A sentence which may be true or false is called statement eg i) 5 is greater than 3 ii) New Delhi is the capital of India iii) 5 divides 7 These all are statements We see that statement (i) amp (ii) are true but (iii) is false 2 What is Mathematical StatementAns Statement involving mathematical relations are called mathematical statement We shall use mathematical statement in principle of
Example If n be a positive integer show that n(n+1) is an even positive integer Solution Let P(n) be the statement n(n+1) is an even positive integer Then (i) P(1) is the statement 1(1+1) ie 2 is an even positive integer Therefore P(1) is true (ii) If P(m) is true for some positive integer m then m(m+1) is an even integer Now (m+1) [(m+1)+1]=(m+1)sup2+ (m+1) =msup2+2m+1+m+1=msup2+m+2m+2=m(m+1) +2(m+1) = an even integer + an even positive integer [Since P(m) is true and 2(m+1) is an even
mathematical induction 3 What is the use of Principle of mathematical inductionAns Sometimes it is difficult to prove a statement theorem or a formula by direct method In this case we use an indirect method known as the Principle of mathematical induction There are two steps in this processSTEP 1 Varify that the statement or formula is true for one or two particular values of n say for n=1 2STEP 2 Assuming that the statement or formula is true for n=m where m is any positive integer show that it is true for n=m+1Conclusion Since the statement is true for n=2 it is true for n=2+1 that is 3 and since it is true for n=3 it is true for n=3 + 1 that is 4 and so on Hence the statement or formula is true for all positive integral values of n
positive integer]= an even positive integer Therefore P(m+1) is true when P(m) is true Therefore By the principle of Mathematical Induction P(n) is true for all positive integral values of n Hence n(n+1) is an even positive integer
Hindi 2ndlang एक फल की चाह 5 दख रहा था जस सो सथिर हो नही बठती थी कषण भर हाय ही चपचाप पडी थी अटल शागित शी धारण कर सनना यही चाहता था म उस सय ही
उकसा करमझको दी क परसाद का एक फल ही दो लाकर
शबदाथ ससथिर - परी तरह ठहरी हई अटल- पकका
उकसाकर - पररणा दकर
वयाखयाndash उपय[ पलि[यो म कगि सखिखया की ददशा का णन कर रहा ह जो उनक गिपता दवारा वय[ गिकया या ह अपनी बटी सखिखया कीददशा का
गितरण करत हए गिपता कहता ह गिक म अपनी आखो क सामन दख रहा था गिक मरी बटी जो पल भर क लिलए दिटककर नही बठती थी ह अब सथिर शात मरतित की तरह पढी थी अब म ह बार- बार इस बात क लिलए पररिरत कर रहा
था गिक ह मझ गिफर स ही शबद कह गिपताजी मझ दी क परसाद का एक फल लाकर दो
6 ऊच शल लिशखर क ऊपर मदिदर था गिसतीणर गिशाल सण कलशसरलिसज गिहलिसत थ पाकरसमदिदत रगि कर जाल दीप धल स अचछदिदत था मदिदर का
आन सारा ज रही थी भीतर बाहर मखरिरत उतस की धारा
शबदाथ - शल लिशखर- पहाड की ऊची चोटी
सतीणर - फला हआ
सण कलश - कमल क समान सदर सोन का कलश मखरिरत - परकट समदिदत - अचछी परकार खिखला हआ रगि कर जाल - सय की गिकरणो का समह
वयाखया- परसतत पलि[या म कगि न मदिदर की सदरता का णन गिकया ह कहत ह गिक मझ पहाड की चोटी पर एक गिलिशषट और गिशालमश था उसक
सोन क कलश सय की गिकरणो म चमकत हए ऐस परतीत हो रह थ जस सय की खिखली हईगिकरणो क ाा सपशपाकर सनहर कमल खिखल उठ हो मदिदर का
आन धप दीप की सध स भरा हआ था मदिदर क अदर और बाहर मनाए जा रह उसकी परसननता की ज सनाई द रही थी
Bengali (2nd language)
কোনি মনি নদী পরথম অধযোয়
হি_তীয় হিদরণে3র পাঠ-
হিবষটবাব গলাকটির কায় গররণে কা বলরণেত পাররণে0 3া শধ গচাখ হিদরণেয় রা পরকাশ করহি0ল কা বলরণেত বলরণেত গলাকটি পাঞজাহিব লহিn খরণেল জ কররণেত শর করল তাই গদরণেখ হিবষটবাব ত2মভ রণেয় গল চাটি ারার 2হিnরণেত গলাকটি হিবষটবাবর হিদরণেক এরণোরণেল হিতহি3 াা 3ীচ করণের 3াহিরণেয় গ33 হিদ গলাকটি হিবষটবাবরণেক চাটিরণেয় ায় তারণেল হিতহি3 তাাতাহিউরণেঠ গলাকটিরণেক ধররণেত পাররণেব3 3া কার তার শরীরণেরর ওজরণে3র জ3য এই শরণে3 হিবষটবাব বরণে3া গারণেষর ত গতরণেZরণে উরণেঠ দাাল তারণেত গলাকটি দাহিরণেয় শরীরটারণেক একট দহিলরণেয় হি3ল এই সব শরণে3 হিবষট ধর চপ করণের রইল শধ lsquoগঘাৎrsquo করণের একটা শবদ করল গলাকটি হিসহি হিদরণেয় ওঠা3াা কররণে0 গদরণেখ হিবষটবাব খাহি3কটা হিদরণেশারা রণেয় গলহিবষটবাবর গচারণেখ রারণের বদরণেল এখ3 গকৌতল হিতহি3 বরণেল3 ldquoখাওায় আার গলা2 গ3ই Uায়টিং কহিরrdquo হিকনত হিতহি3 কতটা Uায়টিং করণের তা তার শরীর আর খাবারণেরর তাহিলকা গদরণেখ গলাকটি বরণে= গল গলাকটি এহিরণেয় হিরণেয় হিবষটবাবর 2হিরণেত াত বহিলরণেয় হিদরণেল গস আরা অ32ব করণের3 এবং হিপহি0রণেয় া3 গলাকটি হিবষটবাবর সারণে3 তার শরীরণেরর কসরত পরদশ3 কররণেল হিবষটবাব রণে3 রণে3 হিব হিব করণের বরণেল3 হিতহি3ও গরাা রণেত চা3 গসই হরণেত nা গরণেক আবার হিচৎকার গ2রণেস আরণেস lsquoগকা হি3 গকা হি3rsquo
ldquoকী রক Uায়টিংrdquo-ক)বকতা গককারণেক বলরণে0খ)Uায়টিং কার অ কী ) Uায়টিং করা বযহিকতর গচারার ব3া দাও ঘ) তার Uায়টিং এর ব3া দাও
উঃ- ক) আরণেলাচয অংশটি হিত3ltীর গলখা lsquoগকাহি3rsquo উপ3যাস গরণেক গ3ওয়া রণেয়রণে0 আরণেলাচয কাটি বকতা রণেল3 সাদা লহিnপরা ারণেয় গরয়া পাঞজাহিব ও কারণেধ রহিn3 বযা ওয়ালা হিiহিতশ হিসং হিতহি3 কাটি বরণেলরণে03 হিবষট ধররণেকখ) Uারণেয়টিং কার অ ল পহিরহিত খাদয গর অাৎ খাদয তাহিলকায় সসত খারণেদযর গ3াগ3 বজায় গররণেখ খাদয গর) হিবষট ধরণেরর গচারা হিবশাল ওজ3 পরায় হিত3 গদখরণেত জলহিসতর রণেতা সারা শরীরণের চহিব ল ল কররণে0 বয়স পরায় চহিশ হিবশাল 2হি উপ রণেয় শরণেল হিচৎ রণেত পারণের3া গকউ গঠরণেল হিদরণেল হিচৎ রণেত পারণের তারণেক কায় নধ াদ3 পবরণেতর সরণেn তল3া করা য়ঘ) হিবষট ধর গকৌতলী রণেয় বরণেল তার খাওয়ার গকা3 গলা2 গ3ই গস Uায়টিং করণের আরণে গস আধ হিকরণেলা হিiর গখত এখ3 গস হিত3রণেশা গরা হিiর খায় জল খাবারণের কহিটা লহিচ গখত এখ3 পরণে3রণেরাটা লহিচ খায় আাইরণেশা গরা চারণেলর 2াত খায় হিঘ খাওয়া গ0রণে হিদরণেয়রণে0 রারণেত াতর বারণেরাটা রটি খায় হিবরণেকরণেল দ-গলাস হি0হিরর জল সরণেn চাররণেট কা পারণেকর সরণেltশ বাহিরণেত রাধাকষণ আরণে0 বরণেল হিবষট ধর া0 াংস খায়3া আর তারণেত তার গকা3 গলা2 লালসা গ3ই
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 276 to 313 (Sebastian helliphellipIt struck mine ear most terribly)[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]
Summary Questions amp AnswersConspiracy of Antonio and Sebastian
o Antonio further suggests murder of Alonso and eventually Sebastian agrees
o They draw their swords and proceed to murder Alonso and Gonzalo who are sleeping
(1) (Act II Sc 2 L 277-291)ANTONIO Ay sir where lies that If rsquotwere a kibe
rsquoTwould put me to my slipper but I feel notThis deity in my bosom Twenty consciencesThat stand rsquotwixt me and Milan candied be they And melt ere they molest Here lies your brotherNo better than the earth he lies uponIf he were that which now hes likemdashthats deadWhom I with this obedient steel three inches of itCan lay to bed for ever (whiles you doing thus
o As they approach Ariel appears again and wakes up Gonzalo by singing a tune in his ear Alonso also wakes up and they see both Sebastian and Antonio with drawn swords On being caught off guard they make up a story saying that they had heard a bellowing of bulls or lions
IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED
(Act II Sc 1 L 277-281)ANTONIOAy sir where lies that If rsquotwere a kibersquoTwould put me to my slipper but I feel notThis deity in my bosom Twenty consciencesThat stand rsquotwixt me and Milan candied be they And melt ere they molest
In these lines Antonio speaks how he is a conscienceless villain In inciting Sebastian to the kingship of Naples by murdering his brother he quotes his own example He too had banished his brother and made himself the Duke of Milan This kingship now sits upon him like a well fittinggarment So will be the case of Sebastian Sebastian then questions Antonio if this foul deed did not prick his conscience To this Antonio replies like a hardened villain He laughs at the word lsquoconsciencersquo and says that he has never heard of anything like conscience A guilty conscience gave him no more pain that is chilblain (M a painful itching and swelling on hand and foot caused by exposure to extreme cold) A man can get rid of the pain of chilblain by wearing slippers instead of shoes so does Antonio get rid of the qualms (M an uneasy feeling of doubt worry or fear especially about onersquos conduct) of conscience very easily Even if he were troubled by twenty consciences that barred his way to the throne of Milan however frozen they might be he would melt them into insensibility before they could cause him to twinge
To the perpetual wink of aye might putThis ancient morsel this Sir Prudence whoShould not upbraid our course) - for all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour
(i) To whom does Antonio speak these lines Who is referred to as lsquoyour brotherrsquo What does Antonio mean by saying lsquoNo better than the earth he lies uponrsquo
These lines are spoken by Antonio to Sebastian King Alonso is referred to as Sebastianrsquos brother Indicating towards Alonso who is lying asleep on the ground Antonio tells Sebastian that here sleeps his brother and at this time he is no better than a clod of the earth on which he lies asleep Antonio means to say that if he were actually to become what he looks like he would be a dead body(ii) According to Antonio what would he do if he were at the place of Sebastian
Antonio says that if he were in the position of Sebastian he would not care even for twenty consciences in order to win the kingship of Naples He would rather forget all his consciences if they happen to trouble him at all (iii) What does Antonio suggest to Sebastian What does Antonio assure him
Antonio suggests to Sebastian that in a moment Sebastian can put to death Gonzalo who pretends to be a very wise man and who on that account rebukes others (particularly Antonio and Sebastian) whereas he (Antonio) himself can put Alonso to death with only three inches of his willing sword Antonio further assures Sebastian that by killing both of them there will be none left to oppose him and in this way every obstacle in his way will be removed
(iv) Explain the lines lsquofor all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hourrsquo
In other words Antonio says that even if he were endowed with a stiff conscience he could easily relax or soften it for the execution of his purpose Then Antonio suggests that conscience should be no hindrance to a manrsquos future greatness
Comments These are terrible words coming from the mouth of a villain of the worst type He is utterly devoid of conscience or remorse He is an utter atheist of human virtue He speaks of conscience as a deity that he does not feel in his bosom
According to Antonio so far as the other lords (Adrian Francisco and others) are concerned they need not be murdered because they would obey the orders of Antonio and Sebastian as willingly and readily as cat licks milk These other lords would endorse and support everything that Sebastian and Antonio may say or suggest These other lords would adjust their views in accordance with the wishes of Antonio and Sebastian and they would regard all proposals made by Antonio and Sebastian as being opportune and also as being acceptable(v) What opinion do you form of Antonio from the above speech
The speech given above shows Antonio to be an absolutely unscrupulous man After saying that he does not believe in any such faculty as the conscience he suggests to Sebastian to
(Act II Sc 1 L 285-291)ANTONIOhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (whiles you doing thus To the perpetual wink of aye might putThis ancient morsel this Sir Prudence whoShould not upbraid our course) - for all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour
Antonio has convinced Sebastian that he has made himself Duke of Milan by a crime for which he has felt no pricks of conscience In these lines Antonio tells Sebastian that now that the chance has presented itself to him he should take it and be King of Naples So far as Alonso is concerned Antonio agrees to undertake the task of killing him by sticking only three inches of his sharp dagger Making a thrust in the air with his sword he tells Sebastian that by a similar method he can put to sleep forever Gonzalo ndash the old piece of flesh already rotten ndash this piece of antiquity ndash this ldquoSir Prudencerdquo who is never tired of reading his moral lectures to them If ldquoProfessor Wisdomrdquo is got rid of he will not be able to denounce their action as he would surely do if they did not dispatch him as well As for the rest of the kingrsquos counselors (Adrian and Francisco) it is their nature to adopt any statements and views which are placed before them just as it is the nature of a cat to lap milk Antonio assures Sebastian that ldquothese othersrdquo will back them up in whatever they say or do that they will count the strokes of the clock exactly as they bid them not according to the real time but according to the time that is right for their business Hence only two persons Alonso and Gonzalo are required to be removed to fulfill their ambition
murder Gonzalo at the very time when he (Antonio) stabs Alonso to death And yet this brutal man has a fertile wit also He can talk in a persuasive manner and also in a sarcastic and satirical manner He knows human nature thoroughly and he understands that Gonzalo is loyal to Alonso while the other lords are only sycophants who can easily be won over to Sebastianrsquos side after Alonso has been assassinated
(2) (Act II Sc 1 291-296)SEBASTIAN Thy case dear friend
Shall be my precedent as thou gotst MilanIll come by Naples Draw thy swordmdashone strokeShall free thee from the tribute which thou payest And I the King shall love thee
ANTONIO Draw together And when I rear my hand do you the likeTo fall it on Gonzalo
(i) Explain the situation and introduce the persons engaged in conversation
After the supposed shipwreck King Alonso with his lords his brother Sebastian and Antonio the Duke of Milan land on a strange island Prince Ferdinand is feared to be drowned While the King and others have fallen asleep after exertions of the day and Ariel with his sweet music acting as a catalyst Antonio and Sebastian are awake They have hatched a conspiracy to kill King Alonso and his loyal lord Gonzalo Then Sebastian will become King of NaplesIn these lines Antonio and Sebastian are engaged in conversation They are just ready to execute their plan to attack King Alonso and Gonzalo simultaneously(ii) Antoniorsquos case shall become Sebastianrsquos precedent What has been Antoniorsquos case
Antonio proved treacherous towards his brother Prospero who was the Duke of Milan Since Prospero spent his time in his scholarly pursuits he had delegated his powers to his younger brother Antonio to administer the dukedom Antonio grew ambitious He overthrew his brother and expelled him from his own dukedom In his place Antonio became the Duke of Milan which he continues to be now His case urges Sebastian to do the same(iii) How is Sebastian going to follow Antonio
Sebastian is going to take Antoniorsquos case as his precedent He is convinced that if Antonio could usurp the dukedom from his living brother Sebastian could become the King of Naples by killing his sleeping brother(iv) What will one stroke of Antoniorsquos sword do What will Sebastian do to reward Antonio
Sebastian asks Antonio to put an end to Alonsorsquos life with one stroke of his sword The same stroke will earn for him a reward Sebastian will become the King of Naples and he will exempt Antonio from paying the annual tribute to Naples The dukedom of Milan is a tributary to the kingdom of Naples Its Duke has to pay tribute to the King every year When Sebastian takes over as the King he will give a benefit to his friend who is helping him to realize his ambition
(v) What is Antoniorsquos suggestion
Antonio suggests that they may draw their swords together When he raises his hand to attack Alonso Sebastian should raise his sword to bring it down on Gonzalo
ACCOUNTS-11 25062020 Topic- depreciation ndashSTRAIGHT LINE METHOD
Illustration Salman and Usman Bros acquired a machine on July 1 2014 at a cost of Rs 70000 and spent Rs5000 on its installation The firm writes off depreciation 10 on straight line method The books are closed on December 31 every year Show the machinery and depreciation account for three years
Solution Machinery Account
Date Particulars LF amount Date Particulars LF` Amount ( Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014July 01 To Bank Ac 70000 Dec 31 Dec By Depreciation Ac 3750
(70000 x10x612)
July 01 To Bank Ac 5000 Dec31 By Balance cd 71250
75000 75000
2015 2015Jan 01 To Balance bd 71250 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 x10 ) Dec31 By Balance cd 63750
71250 71250
2016 2016Jan 01 To Balance bd 63750 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 (75000 x10 ) Dec 31 By Balance cd 56250
63750 63750
Depreciation Account
Date Particulars LF Amount Date Particulars LF Amount (Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 3750 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 3750
2015 2015
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
2016 2016
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
WORKING
Cost of Machine RS70000Cost of Installation Rs 5000
Total 75000
Rate of Depreciation 10
Then annual depreciation will be 10 of Rs 75000 = Rs 7500
Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution Geography DRIANAGE THE PENINSULAR RIVERS
1 The Mahanadi2 The Godavari3 The Krishna4 The Kaveri5 The Subarnarekha6 The Narmada7 The Tapi8 The Sabarmati and the Mahi9 The Chambal
The Mahanadi Basin The Mahanadi rises from Dandakaranya
Q1 Which is the largest river of peninsular plateau Write a brief note about its courseA1 The largest river of peninsular plateau is Godavari The river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has
near Sihawa in Raipur district in the highlands of Chhattisgarhand flows through Odisha to reach the Bay of BengalThe length of the river is about 857 kmIts drainagebasin is shared by Maharashtra Chhattisgarh Jharkhandand Odisha
THE MAHANADI RIVER SYSTEM
The GodavariThe river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
THE GODAVARI RIVER SYSTEM
many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
Q2 Which river is known as Dakshin GangaA2 The Godavari river is known as lsquoDakshin Gangarsquo It is also known as Vridha Ganga
Q3 Differentiate between east-flowing rivers and west-flowing riversA3
East-flowing rivers
West-flowing rivers
Godavari Krishna Kaveri Mahanadi are the east-flowing rivers
Narmada Tapiwest-flowing rivers
They fall into the Bay of Bengal
They fall into Arabian Sea
These rivers form big deltas
These rivers form comparativelysmall deltas
Catchment area of these river are larger
Catchment area of these river are smaller
The KrishnaThe Krishna river rises from the Western Ghatsnear Mahabaleshwar It flows into the Bay of Bengalbefore forming a large delta Its length is about1400 km The Tungabhadra Koyana Ghatprabha Musi and Bhima are some of its tributariesIt has covers parts of Maharashtra Karnataka and AndhraPradesh
THE KRISHNA RIVER SYSTEM
The KaveriIt rises in the Brahmagiri range of the Western Ghats and flows into the Bay ofBengal Southof Cuddalore in Tamil Nadu The length of the river is about 760 km Its main tributaries are the Amravati Bhavani Hemavati and Kabini The Kaveri drains inthe parts of Karnataka Kerala and drains in Tamil Nadu The river Kaveri makes the second biggest waterfall in India known as Sivasamudram
POLITICAL SCIENCE
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
MEANING OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS-Fundamental rights are those rights which are essential for intellectual moral and spiritual development of citizens of India As these rights are fundamental or essential for existence and all-round development of individuals hence they are called Fundamental rights These are enshrined in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India These include individual rights common to most such as equality before the law freedom of speech and freedom of expression religious and cultural freedom Freedom of assembly (peaceful assembly) freedom of religion (freedom to practice religion) right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writsThere are six fundamental rights recognized by the Indian constitution
1 Right to equality (Articles 14-18)2 Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22)3 Right Against exploitation (Articles 23-24)4 Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25- 28)5 Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29-30) and6 Right to Constitutional remedies (Articles 32-35)
1 The right to equality includes equality before the law the prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion race caste gender or place of birth equality of opportunity in matters of employment the abolition of untouchability and abolition of titles
2 The right to freedom includes freedom of speech and expression association or union or cooperatives movement residence and right to practice any profession or occupation
3 The right against exploitation prohibits all forms of forced labour child labour and trafficking of human beings
4 The right to freedom of religion includes freedom of conscience and free profession practice and propagation of religion freedom to manage religious affairs freedom from certain taxes and freedom from religious instructions in certain educational institutes
5 The Cultural and educational Rights preserve the right of any section of citizens to conserve their culture language or script and right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice
6 The right to constitutional remedies is present for enforcement of fundamental rightsThe right to privacy is an intrinsic part of Article 21 (the Right to Freedom) that protects the life and liberty of the citizens The right to privacy is the newest right assured by the Supreme court of India It assures the peoples data and personal security
Fundamental rights for Indians have also been aimed at overturning the inequalities of pre-independence social practices Specifically they have also been used to abolish untouchability and thus prohibit discrimination on the grounds of religion race caste sex or place of birth They also forbid trafficking of human beings and forced labour (a crime) They also protect cultural and educational rights of religious and linguistic minorities by allowing them to preserve their languages and also establish and administer their own education institutions They are covered in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India
Mathematics
Relation Study Item Types of RelationToday class xii students we will discuss about the types of RelationsFirst we discuss Void RelationWhat is Void RelationAns Let A be a non-empty set Then φ A A and so it is a relation R on set A Thissube ⨯ relation is called the void or empty relation on set ANow from the above definition we came to know that no element of A is related to any element of AHere A A is called Cartesian product⨯
is the symbol of subsetsubeAnd φ is called phi and refer to void or empty relationNow I give an example to understand the above said relationLet A = 1 2 3 4Here A A =(11)(12)(13)(14)(21)(22)(23)(24)(31)(32)(33)(34)(41)⨯(42)(43)(44)Now we consider R is a relation which is defined by R=(ab) a+b= 50We notice that a+b 50 for any two elements of AnotinTherefore (ab) R for any ab A is called belong to and is not belong tonotin isin isin notinTherefore we can say R does not contain any element of A A⨯Therefore R is empty set Therefore we can say that R is the void or empty relation on AWhat is universal RelationAns Let A is a set Then A A A A and so it is a relation on A This relation is called⨯ sube ⨯ the universal relation on ANow from the above definition we can say that each element of A is related to every element of ANow we consider the relation R on the set A =1 234 defined by R = (ab) R |a -b|isin
0≽We observe that|a - b | 0 for all ab A≽ isin
(ab) R for all (ab) A ArArr isin isin ⨯ Each element of set A is related to set A every element of set ArArr
Therefore we write R= AxATherefore we can say R is universal relation on set ANote we can say that void relation is smallest relation and the universal relation is largest relationSometime both void relation and universal relation is called trivial relationWhat is identity relationAns Let A is a non-empty set Then the relation R or IA = (aa) a A on A is called theisin identity relation on A Therefore from the above definition we can say that every element of A is related to itself only
Example Let A = 1234 then Ror IA = (11)(22)(33)(44) is the identity relation on set ANow I give you another example R1 = (11)(22)(33) and R2 = (11)(22)(33)(44)(24)From the above example we can say that R1 and R2 are not identify relation Because in the case of R1 (44)R1 and on the other hand R2 where element 2 is related to elements 2 and 4
Hindi 2ndlang
भलि[ (महादी मा)
भलि[ कहानी की लखिखका महादी मा न इस कहानी म यह दशान का परयास गिकया ह गिक आजकल क जमान म भी लो सक बन कर गिनसाथ सा करत ह ह
गिबना तन लिसा करत ह और उसक बदल ना कछ मात ह और ना ही कोई आशा करत ह नौकर सा करक तन चाहता ह और ह भी कई सगिधाओ की आशा करता ह पर सक सदा गिनजी साथ भा स सा म सलगन रह कर काम करता ह भलि[ कहानी की मखय पातर लकषमी ह जिजस भलि[ नाम लखिखका न दिदया ह ह गिकसी
ोपाल काकी कनया ह पाच रष की आय म उसकी गि माता न ौना ही कर दिदया कहानी म भलि[ क दखो का अत नही ह गिफर भी ह बडी साहसी धयान और परिरशरमी ह कदिठनाइयो स जझ ती ह पहल गिपता की मतय गिफर पगित की मतय और
गिफर घर जमाई की मतय होती ह उस साहसी मगिहला न साहस नही छोडा और तीनो पतरी ओक हाथ पील गिकए लाना द पान क कारण उसका जमीदार न अपमान गिकया गिफरकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहचीकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहची शहर पहच करा लखिखका की सगिका बनी ही पर उसका नाम भलि[ पडा ह एक भ[ की तरह अपन सामिमनी की इमानदारी स सा करती और तन का जिजकर भी नही करती ह लखिखका क घर पाठशाला आदिद को अचछी तरह स सभालती पढी-
लिलखी ना होकर भी ह लखिखका की बहत सा ए सहायता करती ह लखिखका का साया बनकर चलती लखिखका की सा करना उसक जीन का उददशय ह ह
लखिखका की खशी क लिलए ही काय करती ह ह लखिखका को दखी नही दख सकती लखिखका पर भलि[ का इतना परभा पडा गिक ह सय दहाती बन ई
यदध क दिदनो म ह अपन परिरार क साथ रहन की अपकषा लखिखका क साथ रहना पसद करती थी यदध क भत न जब ीटा क ान पर पलायन गित जा दी तो
भलि[ न न लखिखका को अपन ा ल जान का अनरोध करन ली लखिखका को डर ह गिक यदिद उसक गिदा होन क अगितम छठा ए तो ह दहातीन दधा कया कर ी
इस परकार हम दखत ह गिक लखिखका न सामिमनी और सगिका क ण बरसात हए सक धम पर परकाश डाला ह और लखिखका न एक आदश सगिका क रप को सदर
रप स परसतत गिकया हBengali আদাব পরশন) ldquoশরণের ১৪৪ ধারা আর কারহিZউ অU ার জারী রণেয়রণে0ldquo
ক) কার গলখা গকা3 রচ3ার অংশ খ)গকাায় গক3 ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়রণে0 )১৪৪ ধারা কী এর Zরণেল কী য়
উততর) ক)আরণেলাচ য অংশটি সরণেরশ বসর রহিচত lsquoআদাবlsquo গ0াট রণেলপর অংশ
খ) বাংলারণেদরণেশর ঢাকা শরণের ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়হি0ল সামপরদাহিয়ক াnাা ও দাnা পরহিতরণেরারণেধর জ3 য হিlt সলা3রণেদর গ3তারণেদর সামপরদাহিয়ক উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা বারণেধ উ2য় সমপরদায় 2ীত রণেয় ঘর বহিlt রণেয় পরণে পরসপর পরসপররণেক সরণেltরণের গচারণেখ গদরণেখ গকউ কাউরণেক আরণের রণেতা হিবশবাস কররণেত পারণের3া হিক0 া3রণেষর উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা য় ার পহির3া অরণেতক রকত iয় ও ত য
) ১৪৪ ধারা আইরণে3র এ3 একটা ধারা ার _ারা এলাকা হি3হিদ ষট করণের গদওয়া য় গসই এলাকার রণেধ য গবহিশ া3রণেষর জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় হিহি0ল জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় আই3 2nকারীরণেক গহিলর হি3রণেদশ জাহির করা য় তাই সাধার3 া3ষ আর বাইরণের গবর রণেত পারণের3া পরারণে3র 2রণেয় বহিlt রণেয় ারণেক এর Zল য় সাংঘাহিতক গদাকা3 পাট বনধ ারণেক
হিজহি3স পতর অহিল য় রাসতা ঘাট জ3 শ3 য রণেয় ায় লরণেঠরা তারণেদর লঠত রাজ চাহিলরণেয় হি3রণেজরণেদর আরণেখর গহি0রণেয় গ3য় া3ষরণেক 2ীহিতর হিব2ীহিষহিক গরাস করণের ঘরণেরর া3রণেষর ইkা াকরণেলও ঘরণের হিZররণেত পারণের3া হিZররণেত হিরণেয় বltরণেকর গহিলরণেত পরা3 ারায়
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today we will discuss about Types of Leaves
An organization provides several kinds of leaves to the employees These days employees working both in government and private sector are allowed several types of leaves Following are the leaves achieved by the employees from their organization
Casual LeaveChild care leave -HospitalLeaveSpecial disability leaveChild Adoption leaveEarned LeavesHalf pay leaveMaternity leavePaternityleaveStudy leave
1 Casual Leave- Casual leave is not a recognised form of leaves and is not subject to any rules made by the government of India And official on casual leave is not treated as Absent from duty and pay is not intimated Normally 8 days of casual leave is permissible in a calendar year
2 Child care leave - Women employees having minor children may be granted child care leave by an authority competent to grant leave for a maximum period of 730 days means two years during their entire service for taking care of up to two children weather for sharing or to look after any of their names like examination sickness it is a
3HospitalLeave - Hospital leave is admissible to group C employees whose duties involved handling of dangerous machinery explosive materials poisonous drugs and performance of hazardous task and to group D employees Medical certificate from an authorised medical attendant is necessary for the grant of these leave However total period of
leave does not exceed 28 months4Special disability leave- Special
disability leave admissible to all employees when disabled by injury intentionally or accidentally inflicted are caused in law in consequence of the due performance of official duties or in consequence of official position It also it is also add miscible when disabled by illness incurred in the performance of any particular duty which has the effect of increasing laboratory to illness or injury beyond the ordinary least attaching to the Civil post held and the same condition
5Child Adoption leave- This leave is granted to female Employees with fewer than two surviving children on valid adoption of a child below the age of one year for a period of 135 days immediately after the date of valid adoption Leave salary will be equal to the pain immediately before processing on leave
6Earned Leaves- This leave is earned by duty The credit for earned leave will be awarded at a rate of 15 days on the 1st of January and 1st of July every year It can be accumulated up to 300 days in addition to the number of days for which encashment has been allowed along with LTC
7 Half pay leave -All government servant are entitled to 20 days of HPL half pay leave for every completed year of service Half pay leave is calculated at 20 days for each completed year of service The service includes periods of duty and leave including extra ordinary leave with or without MC (medical certificate)
8 Maternity leave -Maternity leave is granted to women Government employees full stop it is as possible only to Employees with less than 2 surviving children The maternity leave is not debited to leave account and full pay is granted It cannot be combined with any other the leaves and count as service for increment and pension
9 PaternityleaveA male employee with less than 2 surviving children may be granted paternity leave for a period of 15 days during the confinement of
his wife During the period of such leaves he shall be paid leave salary equal to the pay drawn immediately before proceeding on leave
10 Study leave-Study leave may be granted to all Government Employees with not less than 5 years service for undergoing a special course consisting of higher studies are specialised training in a professional or technical subject having a direct and close connection with the sphere of his duties as a Civil Servant
Commerce
Chapter-5Management
Let us today discuss about the nature of Management
Nature of management Management is defined as
An art A science A profession
Management is defined as an art because of the following reasons
1 In art there is an existence of theoretical knowledge Similarly in management various theories are propounded by management thinkers in various areas of management like finance marketing human resources etc
2 Every manager apply his or her personal skills and knowledge in the day to day functioning of an enterprise
3 Like an art management is creative as it provides solutions to Complex problems making resources productive and profitable moulding the attitudes of people for the betterment of an organisation
Management is is considered as science because of the following reasons
1 Like science there is a systemised body of knowledge in management consisting of theories principles vocabulary and concept
2 Principles of management are evolved after continuous observations and experimentation
Management both as Science and ArtManagement is both a science and an art It is a science because it uses certain principles and is an art because it requires continuous practice and application of personal skillsManagement as a profession Following points highlight whether management is a profession or not1 Like profession management has well
defined body of knowledge It has its own principles which are based on experiments One can acquire such
knowledge by pursuing courses like MBA BBA etc and acquire managerial skills through instruction and training
2 In management no such restriction is there for managers to clear an examination for hold a degree However these days more and more people are appointed for managerial post who opposes management degrees
3 Membership to a professional Association like AIMA is not mandatory for managers All managers directly or indirectly work for the development of society
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Essay Questions (EQ-2)
Question No 2Sketch the character of Prospero Would you call him perfect
AnswerProspero in The Tempest appears to be an intensely human being with human failings and weaknesses With all his excellence Prospero is made to awaken our sympathy for a natural imperfection Prosperorsquos Previous HistoryIn his retrospective narration of his previous history to Miranda we get a glimpse into Prosperorsquos past life As the Duke of Milan Prospero buried himself in his magic books which he prized above his dukedom He was essentially a scholar with no practical wisdom He failed to perform his first duty by neglecting the governance of his state and gave an opportunity to his wicked brother to undermine his throne He was thus driven from his home and thrown in a leaky boat with his weeping daughter to drift in the perilous seas It is only the thought of his little child that kept him aliveThe Development of Prosperorsquos CharacterThe development of his character is evident from the contrast between what he was before his banishment and what he is now in the island Formerly when his ldquolibrary was dukedom enoughrdquo he was altogether too unsuspecting Now he is watchful as providence and takes care to guard himself against the possibility of evil He has learnt to know human nature in its worst forms even Caliban has taught him something He will no longer put his trust in appearance except as ldquostale to catch thievesrdquo nor in oaths of which the strongest he says ldquoare straw to the fire irsquo the bloodrdquo He who once neglected worldly ends now consistently asserts his dignity enforces obedience and deals out justice with impartial hand He who without a thought of evil gave his power and his revenues into his brotherrsquos hands now puts Ferdinand to the severest test as a trial of his love before entrusting his daughter to him He makes the most practical use imaginable of his magic art exacts prompt servitudefrom his attendants does not hesitate to punish them is resolved and firm and knows how to seize the proper moment for action He is a most careful father to his daughter a considerate master of Ariel severe against the brutal Caliban humane towards the repentant enemies full of experience and wisdomThe Exercise of his Power ndash his SternnessWhat appears to us at the first sight one of the least pleasing features of Prosperorsquos character is the sternness which he frequently displays more particularly in his dealings with Caliban His harshness towards Caliban resulted from the failure of gentler methods his severity towards Ferdinand was exercised in the interest of his daughter ldquolest too light winning make the prize lightrdquo and his punishment of Alonso Sebastian and Antonio is justified by the attainment of his objectiveProsperorsquos TendernessThe tender side of Prosperorsquos character is exhibited in his relation to Miranda Ariel Gonzalo and the repentant sinners His love for Miranda is unbounded She was almost life to him In his darkest hours of trial this love sustained him and gave him strength to put a bold front to suffering He addresses her always with tenderness She is to him a lsquoloved darlingrsquo lsquodear heartrsquo lsquoa rich giftrsquo lsquoa third of his own lifersquo The same affectionate nature is shown in his dealing with his brother Antonio He loved his brother Antonio only next to Miranda before Antonio conspired against him In the island when Antonio is brought before him he forgives him
readily To Gonzalo the good old councilor he is all affection He sheds tears of joy and gratitude when he meets him in the island To Ariel he is a loving and considerable master Ariel is always to him ldquomy brave spiritrdquo ldquofine spiritrdquo ldquodelicate Arielrdquo ldquomy Arielrdquo etc When he promises Ariel his freedom he says with real emotion ndash ldquoI shall miss theerdquoProsperorsquos Power as a MagicianThe practice of magic has placed wonderful powers in the hands of Prospero He uses his supernatural powers like a god only to bring about the happiest results He causes The Tempest and the shipwreck only to bring his enemies within his power and not to destroy them Not a soul perished in the storm He leads Ferdinand to Miranda his high charms work and as he wishes the two falls in love He frustrates the plots of the conspirators and makes them know that he was conscious of it He drives Sebastian and Alonso to sincere repentance and readily forgives them The drunken associates of Caliban are no doubt sternly treated but even then they are promised conditional pardon The whole play at last ends in reconciliation joy and peace The wrongs are set right the lovers are made happy Ariel is set free and thus the powerful magician retires into the solitude of his study at MilanProsperorsquos ForgivenessAllied to his wisdom is his forgiving nature Though deeply wronged he bears no spite against the wrong-doers Though his power is unlimited he uses it to noble purposes The lesson of adversity has taught him that ldquoThe rarer action is in virtue than in vengeancerdquoProspero does not debase his noble nature by revenge but forgives his enemies absolutely He drives his erstwhile enemies to a sincere penitence for their past misdeeds and when repentance has wrought its full effect on them he receives them into his arms and is reconciled to them Is Prospero perfectProspero creates a great impression upon our minds by his dignity his nobility the divine spirit of forgiveness in him his generous and sympathetic nature etc Even with all these virtues we cannot call him perfect We perceive certain faults in him He displays an occasional impatience irritability and even a certain harshness of feeling His severe treatment of Caliban might have been justified but the language in which he addresses the monster and the threats that he uses show him to be a kind of tyrant On learning of Calibanrsquos plot against his life he is as violently disturbed and agitated as any ordinary human being would be His manner towards Ariel when the latter demands his liberty also seems somewhat arbitrary and tyrannicalSubject ndashBiology Topic ndashChapter -5 Inheritance amp Variations Summary ExecutionToday we will discuss about NON-Mendelian Inheritance
NON_MENDELIAN INHERITANCE Incomplete Dominance It is an inheritance in which heterozygous offspring shows
intermediate character between two parental characteristics Eg Flower colour in snapdragon (dog flower or Antirrhinum sp) and
Mirabilis jalapa ( 4rsquoO clock plant) Here phenotypic and genotypic ratios are same Phenotypic Ratio 1Red 2 Pink 1 White Genotypic Ratio 1(RR) 2 (Rr) 1(rr) This means that R was not completely dominant over r Pea plants also show incomplete dominance in other traits
Co- dominance It is the inheritance in which both alleles of a gene are expressed in a
hybrid Eg ABO blood grouping in human ABO Blood groups are controlled by the gene I The plasma membrane of the RBC has sugar polymer that protrude
from its surface and is controlled By the gene The gene I has three alleles IA IB i The alleles IA and IB produce a slightly different form of the sugar
while allele i does not produce any sugar In AB blood group both IA and IB are present together This is co ndash
dominanceMultiple Alleles
Multiple alternatives of the same gene which influence the same character and produce different expressions in different individuals of a species or population same genes have more than two allelic
forms These different forms of a single gene are referred as multiple alleles Eg human Blood group
Ac-12 250620 Topic- retirement
Illustration Om Jai and Jagdish are partners sharing profit in the ratio of 3 2 l Their balance sheet as at December 31st 2014 is as under
Balance sheet as at December 31 2014
Liabilities Amount Assets Amount
(Rs`) (Rs`)
Creditors 80000 Building 180000 Bills Payable 26000 Plant 140000 General reserve 24000 Motor Car 40000 Capital Stock 100000 Om 160000 Debtors 63000 Jai 120000 Less Provision Jagdish 120000
400000 for Bad debts 3000
60000 Cash at Bank 10000
530000 530000
Jai retires on that date on the following terms(a) The Goodwill of the firm is valued at Rs 60000(b) Stock and Building to be appreciated by 10(c) Plant is depreciated by 10(d) Provision for Bad debts is increased upto Rs 5000(e) Jairsquos share of goodwill was adjusted through remaining partners capital accountThe amount due to Jai is paid out of the fund brought in by Om and Jagdish in theirnew profit sharing ratio Jai is paid full amountPrepare Revaluation Account and Partnerrsquos Capital account
Solution WorkingsIt is assumed that Om and Jagdish gaining ratio remains 3 lJairsquo Share of goodwill = Rs 60000 times 26 = Rs20000Adjusted through the remaining partners capital account in 3 1 ratio
Revaluation Account
Dr Cr
Particulars Amount Particulars Amount
(Rs`) (`Rs)
To Provision for Bad debts 2000 By Stock 10000TO Plant 14000 By Building 18000To Profit transferred toCapital Accounts Om 6000 Jai 4000 Jagdish 2000
12000
28000 28000
Capital AccountDr Cr Particulars Om Jai Jagdish Particulars Om Jai Jagdish
(Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (rs`) (`Rs)
To Capital 15000 mdash 5000 By Balance bd 160000 120000 120000 ToBank 152000 By General Reserve 12000 8000 4000To Balance cd 277000 mdash 159000 By Revaluation (Profit) 6000 4000 2000 By Om Capital mdash 15000 mdash ByJagdish Capital mdash 5000 By Bank 114000 38000
292000 152000 164000 292000 152000 164000
Ans Little birds piping a wind that is rushing water that is gushing and the cuckoorsquos Sovereign cry can all be heard
5 What fills the sky Ans The cuckoorsquos cry fills the sky
6Why do you think the stars appear in the way described in the poemAns They are appearing like this because although the Sun has set there is a little light in the sky As the sky gets darker more stars become visible
7 Why do you think the poet calls the cuckoorsquos cry lsquosovereignrsquoAns The cuckoorsquos cry is loud enough to fill the sky and so seems superior to the other sounds
Social studies Map reading MapA map is a flat drawing on a paper that indicates the location of an area It is drawn on a flat surface with a scale Different places can be located with the help of four Cardinal directions People who make maps are called cartographers Types of mapsPolitical mapPolitical maps focus on the territorial boundaries and location of countries capital cities states and union territoriesPhysical mapPhysical mapsshow the physical features of the EarthIt includes features like mountains plateaus plains and water bodiesThematic mapThematic maps are based on a particular theme or subject such as distribution of populations forests and rainfall
Draw a physical map of India(Take help from the book page 79)Science The Teeth
(Microbes) MicrobesMicrobes are bacteria virusesrsquo protozoa and fungi Bacteria cause diseases such as typhoid and tuberculosis Viruses are smaller than bacteria and cause diseases such as common cold and influenza Protozoa cause malariaFungi cause disease such as ringworm and athletersquos foot Fungi grow on dead plants and animalsSome microbes are also useful to us Such as
Bacteria change milk to cheese or curd and help in digestion
Some bacteria help in the decaying of dead plants and animals This is very important for cleaning up our surroundings
We eat mushrooms which are fungi
We get medicines from certain microbes such as Penicillium
Yeast help in making bread
Bookrsquos exerciseQuestion amp Answers2 Name three layers of a tooth and define each layerAns A tooth has three layers enamel dentine and pulp Enamel ndash The outer white layer of a tooth is called enamel Dentine ndash The middle layer of the tooth that is slightly yellow is called dentine Pulp ndash The innermost layer of a tooth is called pulp It is soft and has blood vessels and nerves
3 How do we take care of our teeth Write four points Ans Teeth are an important part of our body So we should take good care of our teeth
(a) We should brush our teeth twice a day once in the morning and once at night before going to bed
(b) We should eat foods rich in calcium and vitamin C and D as these foods keep our teeth strong
and cake fluffy (c) We should rinse our mouth after every meal
(d) We should use dental floss to clean between the teeth
4 How do microbes useful to us Write three points Ans Some microbes are useful to us
(a) Bacteria change milk to curd and help in our digestion
(b) We eat mushrooms which are fungi
(c) We get medicines from a fungus called Penicillium
Mathematics M Maths [Activity 1]
1 Write the numerals for the followinga) 4 ten thousandb) 8 ten thousandc) Twenty thousand five hundredd) Fifty thousand fiftyf) Ninety thousand four hundred forty eightSolution a) 40000b) 80000c) 20500d) 50050f) 904483 Put comma () to separate the numbers in two periodsa) 36452d) 10633e) 76001f) 85404Solution a) 36452 (d) 10633 (e) 76001 (f) 854044 Write the numbers in short formc) 60000+300+30+3d) 20000+5000+40e) 60000+7000+900+10+1Solution (c) 60333 (d) 25040 (e) 679115 Write the period and place value of the given numbersd) 3 in 57325e) 4 in 95483f) 0 in 88509Solution (d) ones 300(e) ones 400(f) ones 0
COMPUTER FORMATTING IN MS WORD
Q1) WRITE DOWN THE STEPS TO CHANGE THE FONT TYPEANS) THE STEPS ARE
SELECT THE TEXT THAT WE WANT TO FORMAT CLICK ON THE HOME TAB CLICK ON THE DROPDOWN ARROW NEXT TO THE FONT BOX IN THE
FONT GROUP SELECT THE RELEVANT FONT TYPE FROM THE FONT LIST BOX
Q2) HOW CAN WE CHANGE THE TEXT ALIGNMENTANS) WE CAN CHANGE THE TEXT ALIGNMENT BY FOLLOWING STEPS ARE
SELECT THE TEXT CLICK ON THE HOME TAB IN THE PARAGRAPH GROUP SELECT THE DESIRED ALIGNMENT
OPTION
Class VSubject Topic Summary Execution English language Sentences
phrases and clauses
The sentenceA sentence is a group of words that contains a subject a predicate and makes complete sense by itselfThe PhraseA phrase is a group of words which does not contain a subject and a verb and does not make complete sense by itselfThe ClauseA clause is a group of words which contains a subject and a predicate and is a part of a sentence
Example of a Phrase1 My best friend2 The sports car
The above sentences donrsquot have Subject or verb
Example of a Clause1 John is my best friend2 The man was carrying a bag
The above sentences have both Subject and verb
Social studies Indian Government
India is a very big country It is divided into 29 states and 7 union territories for effective governance and administrationThe Indian Government operates at three levelsCentral GovernmentState GovernmentLocal Government Central GovernmentThe Central Government rules over the entire country It operates from New Delhi It makes laws for the whole country and ensures that they are executed and followed The central government has three parts ndash thelegislative the executive and the judiciary1The LegislativeThe Parliament is the legislature at the Central level that makes the laws The Parliament of India is in New Delhi It is also called Sansad It has two houses Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha Their members are called MPs -Members of Parliament The citizens of the country elect them through elections
1Name the three levels of Government that the Indian Government operatesAns Central Government State Government and Local Government
2Name the three parts of Central GovernmentAns The legislative the executive and the judiciary
3What is the other name for SansadAns Parliament
Science Pollination(Agents of pollination)
Agents of Pollination
We all know that plants cannot move from one place to another but they reproduce They need help to transfer their pollen grains Wind insects water birds and other animals help in transferring their pollen grains So they are called agents of pollination
Q Define self-pollination Ans Self pollination ndash When the pollen grains get transferred from the anthers to the stigma of the same flower or another flower on the same plant it is known as self-pollination
Q Define cross-pollination Ans Cross-pollination ndash When the pollen grains get transferred from the
Pollination by wind ndash grasses such as rice wheat maize their pollen grains are very dry and light and easily blown by the wind Some plants have a feathery stigma to catch the pollen grains Pollination by insects ndashInsects such as butterflies bees help in cross pollination When insects visit flowers to collect nectar the pollen grains get stuck to their body and when they visit to another flower the pollen grains get transferred to the stigma of that flower This is how insects help in pollination Pollination by water ndashPollination by water occurs in aquatic plants Pollination occurs when the male flower moving with the flow of water comes in contact with the female flower
anthers of one flower to the stigma of a flower of another plant of the same type it is known as cross-pollination
Q How do insects help in pollination Ans Insects such as butterflies bees help in cross pollination When in sects visit flowers to collect nectar the pollen grains get stuck to their body and when they visit to another flower the pollen grains get transferred to the stigma of that flower This is how insects help in pollination
English literature
Sour grapes A fox was trotting on one day and he saw lovely grapes just above his head The grapes where rich ripe and purple- red He was impatient to grab the fruit but it was too high He gave it up by letting out a deep sighHe then said to himself that he has wasted his time upon such a common fruit and he is sure that those grapes were sour
The poet then concludes the poem by saying that we often say this in our real life When we fail to do or achieve something in our lives we often say like the fox that ldquowe re sure the grapes are sourrdquo
Write the synonyms of1 Trotting- Riding2 Eager- anxious3 Snatch- grab4 Heaving- to let out relief5 Sigh- deep breath6 Mean- miserable and poor
SUBJECT- FRENCH (3RD LANGUAGE)Les alphabets avec vocabulariesAlphabets with vocabularies
- Ananas- Ballon- Chat
- Dents - Escargot
HOMEWORK-LEARN THIS VOCABULARIES WITH PROPER PRONUNCIATION
MAT
HEM
ATIC
S
Ch 6
Com
mon
frac
tions Subtraction of fractions
(a) Subtraction of like fractions
(b) Subtraction of unlike fractions
(c) Subtraction of mixed fractions [To subtract mixed numbers we change them to improper fractions and then subtract]
Exercise ndash 28Subtract
2 712
minus 312
Solution 712
minus 312 =
7minus312 =
412 =
13
4 18minus 1
12
Solution The LCM of 8 and 12 = 24
there4 18=
1times 38times3 =
324 and
112
= 1 times212 times2
= 224
there4 18minus 1
12 = 3
24 - 2
24 = 3minus224 =
124
10 59minus 7
18
Solution The LCM of 9 and 18 = 18
there4 59=
5times 29 times2 =
1018 and
718=
7 times 118times 1 =
718
there4 59minus 7
18 = 1018 -
718 =
10minus718 =
318 =
16
11 34minus1
5
Solution The LCM of 4 and 5 = 4times5 = 20
there4 34 =
3 times54 times 5 =
1520 and
15=
1times 45times 4 =
420
there4 34 -
15 =
1520 -
420 =
15minus420 =
1120
19 6 - 159
Solution Now 6 = 61 and 1
59 =
149
The LCM of 1 and 9 = 9
there4 61=
6 times91times 9 =
549 and
149 =
14 times19times1 =
149
there4 6 - 159 =
61 -
149 =
549 -
149 =
54minus149 =
409 = 4
49
20 715 - 3
910
Solution Now 715 =
365 and 3
910 =
3910
The LCM of 5 and 10 = 10
there4 715 =
365 =
36 times25times 2 =
7210 and 3
910 =
3910
there4 715 - 3
910 =
7210 -
3910 =
72minus3910 =
3310 = 3
310
Practice at HomeExercise ndash 28
17 3712 - 2
56
18 5 - 278
Class VISubject Topic Summary Execution BIOLOGY Ch-8
AdaptationsPg-115
A Short answer questions
3 Write the characteristics of submerged plants Ans ndash
1 Submerged aquatic are present below the water surface
2 The roots of partly submerged plants are fixed in the soil below water at the bottom of pond lake or river
3 The stems of such plants grow up to the surface of water while the leaves and flowers float on the surface of water
4 Submerged plants donrsquot have thick waxy cuticle
5 Completely submerged water plants like sea grasses and pondweed lack stomata
6 The leaves are mostly thin
Class VIISubject Topic Summary Execution CHEMISTRY
Chapter ndashPhysical and Chemical Changes
Physical ChangeA physical change involves a change in physical propertiesPhysical change is a type of change where no new substance is formed Most physical changes are reversible
Characteristics of Physical changes 1 They are temporary changes2 They are reversible changes 3 No new substance formed4 A physical change involves a
change in physical properties not its chemical properties
Terms related to Physical ChangesDissolvingMeltingMelting pointFreezingFreezing pointBoiling Boiling pointEvaporationCondensationCondensation point
Pg-25Question 6State three differences between evaporation and boiling
Evaporation Boiling
1 Evaporation is a slow process
2 Evaporation takes place from the surface of the liquid
3 Evaporation takes place at all temperature
1 Boiling is a fast process
2 Boiling takes place from all parts of the liquid
3 Boiling takes place at a fixed temperature on heating
Question 7State four differences between physical and chemical changes
Physical change Chemical change
1 No new substances with new properties are formed
2 It can be reversed by simple physical methods
3 It is temporary change
4 Energy is neither needed nor produced
1 New substances with new properties are formed
2 Change cannot be reversed by simple physical methods
3 It is permanent change4 Energy is either needed
or evolved
GEOGRAPHY
ATMOSPHERE
GREENHOUSE EFFECT ANDGLOBAL WARMINGWe have already learned that therays of the Sun heat up the Earths surfaceduring the day and cools off at night byradiating out the heat in the form of terrestrialradiation Some of this heat is absorbed by thegreenhouse gases of the atmosphere and doesnot escape into outer space This preventsthe Earth from becoming excessively cold atnight This is known as Greenhouse EffectIt has led to a gradual rise in globaltemperatures which is referred to as globalwarmingCauses of Global Warming
Q1 What do you mean by Greenhouse EffectA1 Therays of the Sun heat up the Earths surfaceduring the day and cools off at night byradiating out the heat in the form of terrestrialradiation Some of this heat is absorbed by thegreenhouse gases of the atmosphere and doesnot escape into outer space This preventsthe Earth from becoming excessively cold atnight This is known as Greenhouse Effect
Q2 What are the greenhouse gases A2 The heat-trapping gases calledgreenhouse gas (GHGs)
Examples chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Carbon dioxide halons methane nitrous oxide and
GREENHOUSE GAS The heat-trapping gases calledgreenhouse gas (GHGs) Over the years these gases have releasedin the atmosphere and thus making the planetwarmerExamples Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Carbon dioxide halons methane nitrous oxide and ozone
GLOBAL WARMINGIncreasing of Earthrsquos temperature day by day by the increasing amount of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere is called as global warming
CAUSES OF GLOBAL WARMING 1 Burning of fossil fuel2 Harmful emission from industries
andvehicles3 Deforestation and mining4 Excessive rearing of farm animals5 Fertilisers
ozone
Q3 What do you mean by Global Warming Write any two causes of global warming
A3 Increasing of Earthrsquos temperature day by day by the increasing amount of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere is called as global warming The main causes of global warming are a Burning of fossil fuelb Harmful emission from industries
andvehicles
COMPUTER
ARRAYS ARRAY IS A VARIABLE WHICH STORES DIFFERENT VALUES OF THE SAME DATA TYPE IT IS USEFUL TO ORGANIZE MULTIPLE VARIABLES TO DECLARE AN ARRAY DIM (DIMENSION) STATEMENT IS USED LETS TAKE AN EXAMPLE TO DECLARE AN ARRAYDIM NUMBERS(10)10 INSIDE THE PARENTHESES MEANS THIS ARRAY CAN HOLD 11 ELEMENTSNUMBERS YES 11 NUMBERS THERE IS A FIRST INDEX ARRAY 0 ALSO (0 TO 10)EXAMPLES1)TAKE ANY 6 NUMBERS (SAY 2451069) IN AN ARRAY AND ADD NUMBERS INPOSITIONINDEX 3 AND 5 PRINT THE FINAL RESULT
READ THE SUMMARY PART AND TRY TO UNDERSTAND THE CONCEPT OF ARRAY IN QBASIC
SUBJECT- FRENCH (3RD LANGUAGE)Les alphabets avec vocabulariesAlphabets with vocabularies
- Ananas- Ballon- Chat - Dents - Escargot
HOMEWORK-LEARN THIS VOCABULARIES WITH PROPER PRONUNCIATION
Class VIIISubject Topic Summary Execution PHYSICS ENERGY Types of Energy
There are different forms of energy Today we will discuss some important
A Objective Questions
1 Write true or false for each
types of energy and their features ndash1 Mechanical energyMechanical energy is the sum of kinetic and potential energy in an object that is used to do work In other words it is energy in an object due to its motion or position or both
A Kinetic Energy The energy in motion is known as Kinetic Energy For example a moving ball flowing water etc
Kinetic Energy=12mv2
Wherem = Mass of the objectv = Velocity of the object
B Potential Energy This is the energy stored in an object and is measured by the amount of work done For example a pen on a table water in a lake etc
Potential Energy=mghWherem = Mass of the object (in kilograms)g = Acceleration due to gravityh = Height in metersMechanical EnergyIt is the sum of potential energy and kinetic energy that is the energy associated with the motion amp position of an object is known as Mechanical energy Thus we can derive the formula of mechanical energy as ndash
Mechanical Energy = Kinetic Energy + Potential Energy
MechanicalEnergy=12mv2+mgh
2 Solar EnergyThe light and heat from the sun harnessed using technologies like solar heating photovoltaics solar thermal energy solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis is known as solar energy It is the prime source of renewable energy
3 Wind EnergyIt is one of the various forms of energy The energy present in the flow of wind used by wind turbines is called wind energy This energy is a major cheap source to produce electricity In this phenomena the kinetic energy of the wind is converted into mechanical power
statement
(a) A coolie does no work against the force of gravity while carrying luggage on a road
Answer True
(b) The energy stored in water of a dam is the kinetic energy
Answer False
(c) The energy of a flying kite is kinetic energy
Answer True
(d) Work done by a boy depends on the time in which he does work
Answer False
(e) Power spent by a body depends on the time for which it does work
Answer True
4 Nuclear EnergyThe energy present in the nucleus of an atom is known as nuclear energy The particles of an atom are tiny and need the energy to hold themselves Nuclear energy is that enormous energy in the bonds of an atom which helps to hold the atom together Nuclear energy can be used to make electricity
5 Geothermal EnergyThe energy or heat present inside the Earth is known as geothermal energy It is a cheap amp convenient heat and power resource and use of this energy donrsquot have a side effect like greenhouse gas emission etc
6 Tidal Energy
Tidal energy or tidal power is a form of hydropower (energy present in water) which converts the energy present in the tides to produce electricity
7 Biomass Energy
Biomass is organic matter obtained from living organisms The energy produced from biomass is called biomass energy
8 Electrical Energy
The energy caused by moving electric charges is known as electrical energy Electric energy is a type of kinetic energy as the electrical charges moves
9 Thermal Energy
As the name suggests thermal energy is the energy obtained from heat It is a microscopic disordered equivalent of mechanical energyThere may be instances where an object posses more than one type of energy For example boiling water posses both kinetic and potential energy along with heat energy
MATHEMATICS Ch 9Interest
Execution ndash 9(B) 3 A sum of money lent out at simple interest doubles itself in 8 years Find (i) the rate of Interest (ii) In how many years will the sum become triple (three times) at itself at the same rate percent
Solution
(i) Let P = Rs100 there4 A = Rs200 So I = A ndash P = Rs(200-100) = Rs100 and T = 8years [ P= Principal A = Amount I = Interest and T = Time]
there4 The rate of interest (R) = 100times IP times T = ( 100 times100
100times 8 ) = 252
= 125
(ii) Again P = Rs100 A = Rs300 So I = Rs(300-100) = Rs200 and R = 125
there4 T = 100times IP times R = ( 100 times 200
100 times12 5 ) years = ( 1000times 200100times125 )years= 16 years
4 Rs4000 amount to Rs5000 in 8years in what time will Rs2100 amount to Rs2800 at the same rate
Solution
1 st part P = Rs4000 A = Rs5000 there4 I = Rs(5000-4000) = Rs1000And T = 8 years
there4 R = 100times IP times T = ( 100 times1000
4000 times8 ) = 258
2 nd part Now P = Rs2100 A = Rs2800 there4 I = Rs(2800-2100) =Rs700 and R
= 258
there4 T = 100times IP times R = ( 100 times 700
2100 times 258 ) years = ( 100 times8
3 times25 )years= 323 years = 10
23 years
= 10years( 23
times 12)months = 10 years 8 months
6 A certain sum amounts to Rs3825 in 4 years and to Rs4050 in 6 years Find the rate percent and the sum
Solution Amount in 6 years = Rs4050Amount in 4 years = Rs3825
there4 Interest in 2years = Rs(4050-3825) = Rs225
there4 Interest in 1year = Rs225divide2 = Rs2252
there4 Interest in 4years =Rs(225times2) = Rs450
Now P = A ndash I = Rs(3825 ndash 450) = Rs3375
there4 R = 100times IP times T = ( 100 times225
3375 times2 ) = 103
= 313
Practice at Home5 What sum of money lent at 65 per annum will produce the same interest in 4 years as Rs7500 produce in 6 years at 5 per annum
GEOGRAPHY MIGRATION CLIMATE REFUGEES
Climate refugees who are forced to move out when their homes when threatened by imminent climate catastrophes Example many people many people migrated from the sinking south pacific Islands to Australia and New Zealand
MISCELLANEOUS MIGRATION
Miscellaneous migration often takes place due to the governmentrsquos decisions or due to political unrest Example the Indonesian government moved the farming population from the overpopulated areas of Java to the islands of Borneo and Sumatra
FORCED MIGRATION
Forced migration happens during times of disaster of warfare Abduction and transfer of African slaves to America to serve as labour force is an example of forced migration Today climate change and rising sea levels have led to forced migration in many of the island nations of the world
VOLUNTARY MIGRATION
Voluntary migration is shifting to HDC(highly developed countries) from LDC(lowly developed countries) for better job or educational opportunities and better standards of living There is a current trend in which a large number of students are migrating from developing nations to European and American universities for higher studies This type of voluntary migration leads to depopulation in the country which people leave and adds to the volume of immigrants in the country that receives these people
Q1 What do you understand by climate refugees Where it can be found
A1 Climate refugees who are forced to move out when their homes when threatened by imminent climate catastrophes or disasters
Example many people migrated from the sinking south pacific Islands to Australia and New Zealand
Q2Give an example on miscellaneous migration
A2 An example on miscellaneous migration like the Indonesian government moved the farming population from the overpopulated areas of Java to the islands of Borneo and Sumatra
Q3 Give some examples of highly developed countries (HDC) and lowly developed countries (LDC)
A3 European and North American countries such as Britain Spain Canada and New York are good examples of highly developed countries (HDC) On the other hand South-East Asian countries such as India Pakistan and Bangladesh are examples lowly developed countries (LDC)
COMPUTER ALGORITHMS AND FLOW CHARTS
EXAMPLES1) WRITE AN ALGORITHM AND DRAW A FLOW CHART TO FIND THE AREA OF A RECTANGLESOLUTIONALGORITHM
STEP1 STARTSTEP2 ACCEPT THE LENGTH OF THE RECTANGLESTEP3 ACCEPT THE BREADTH OF THE RECTANGLESTEP4 USE THE FORMULA OF AREA=LENGTH times BREADTH AND STORE THE
FINAL RESULT IN THE VARIABLE AREASTEP5DISPLAY THE ARE OF THE RECTANGLESTEP6STOP
FLOWCHART
2)CALCULATE THE INTEREST OF A BANK DEPOSITALGORITHMSTEP 1 READ AMOUNTSTEP 2 READ YEARSSTEP 3 READ RATE
STEP 4 CALCULATE THE INTEREST WITH FORMULA INTEREST=AMOUNTYEARSRATE100STEP 5 PRINT INTERESTFLOWCHART
3)DETERMINE AND OUTPUT WHETHER NUMBER N IS EVEN OR ODDALGORITHMSTEP 1 READ NUMBER NSTEP 2 SET REMAINDER AS N MODULO 2STEP 3 IF REMAINDER IS EQUAL TO 0 THEN NUMBER N IS EVEN ELSE NUMBER N IS ODDSTEP 4 PRINT OUTPUTFLOWCHART
4)DETERMINE WHETHER A TEMPERATURE IS BELOW OR ABOVE THE FREEZING POINTALGORITHM
STEP 1 INPUT TEMPERATURESTEP 2 IF IT IS LESS THAN 32 THEN PRINT BELOW FREEZING POINT OTHERWISE PRINT ABOVE FREEZING POINTFLOWCHART
PRACTICE THE GIVEN FLOWCHARTS AND ALGORITHMS
Class IXSubject Topic Summary Execution Bengali (2nd
language) চারণেদর পাাহিব2হিত2ষ বরণেltযাপাধযায় হি_তীয় অধযায়
ldquoআহি`কার হিবখযাত া0 শঙকর কতবার 0হিবরণেত গদরণেখরণে0rdquo ক) আহি`কার হিবখযাত া0টির 3া হিক া0টির হিবরণেশষতব হিকখ)শঙকর গকাায় হিকরণেসর জ3য হিরণেয়হি0ল ) গস গসখারণে3 হিক খরণেজ পায়
উঃ- হিব2হিত2ষ বরণেltযাপাধযায় রহিচত lsquoচারণেদর পাাrsquo উপ3যারণেস আহি`কার হিবখযাত া0টির 3া ল বাওবাব া0টির হিবরণেশষতব ল া0টি গবশ গাটা গসাটা া0টির জার হিবষয় ল া0টি তার গহিরণেত ১৬ হিলটার জল ধরণের রাখরণেত পারণের তষণায় কাতর পচারীরা অরণে3ক সয় এই ারণে0র গহিরণেত 0হির গরণের Zরণেটা করণের জল পা3 করণের
খ) শঙকর আহি`কায় হিরণেয়হি0ল অযাUরণে2ঞচারণেরর গ3শায় অনধকারয় এই ারণেদরণেশর পরহিতটি সথারণে3 গ3 রসয লহিকরণেয় আরণে0 এই ররণেসযর অ3সনধা3 কররণেত হিরণেয় অরণে3ক পটক পরা3 াহিররণেয়রণে0 আবার অরণে3রণেক হিসংরণের গপরণেট গরণে0 তবও অহি2াতরী া3ষ অহি2া3 বনধ করণের হি3আহি`কার ইউানডা গরলওরণেয়র 3Uরবা গসটশ3 গরণেক বাাততর াইল দহিi3 পহিj গকারণে3 একটা শাখা লাই3 হৈতহির হিkল গরল গকামপাহি3র গসখারণে3 শঙকর ক3সটরাকস3 কযারণেমপর গকরাহি3 ও সরকাহির গসটারহিকপার রণেয় গা হিদরণেয়হি0লপরণের শঙকর একটা গরলরণেসটশরণে3র গসটশ3াসটার য় এরপরণের গস আল2ারণেররণেজর সরণেn ীরার পাা খজরণেত গবহিররণেয় পরণে
) গ0াটরণেবলা গরণেক শঙকর শরণে3 আসরণে0 আহি`কায় গসা3া রপা ীরার 0া0হি একট গচষটা কররণেল গসা3া রপা ীরা আহিবসকার করণের বরণোরণেলাক ওয়া ায় এই সব খজরণেত হিরণেয় শঙকর আহি`কার পরাকহিতক ররণেপর গ সনধা3 গপরণেয়হি0ল তার তল3া গ3ই ঘ3 অর3য পবতরাহিজ =র3া 3দী জীবজনত সবই তারণেক হিদরণেয়রণে0 আ3lt শঙকর ীরার গখারণেজ হিরণেয় ীরা 3া গপরণেলও পরাকহিতক ররণেপর গরণে3 শঙকরণেরর 3 ীরায় পহিরত রণেয়হি0ল
EVS Chapter 2 ndash Species interaction with each other Long Answer Question
Living Things in Ecosystems
bull ParasitismParasitism is a relationship between two different organisms where one of the organisms actually harms the other through the relationship The organism that is harming the other one is called a parasite Examples of Parasitism Fleas or ticks that live on dogs and cats are parasites
bull MutualismMutualisms are defined as interactions between organisms of two different species in which each organism benefits the other
bull CommensalismCommensalism is a relationship between individuals of two species in which one species obtains food or other benefits from the other without either harming or benefiting the latter
bull SynergismThe interaction of things resulting in the overall effect that is greater than the sum of individual effects of any of them
Q) How biotic and abiotic components are inter-related Ans - In an eco system biotic and abiotic components depend on each other The biotic and abiotic components are connected in ecosystem in different way The sun is the energy source Producersplants use this energy to synthesize food in the presence of carbon dioxide and chlorophyll The herbivores are dependent on plants for the energy requirements The carnivores in turn feed on the herbivores and other carnivores At any level microbes then decompose any dead and decaying organic matter These decomposers after various chemical reactions release molecules back to the environment in the form of chemicals The chemicals are again used by the producers and the cycle starts againIn conclusion ecosystems have a complex set of interactions that happen between the biotic and abiotic components The components of an ecosystem are linked to each other through the energy flows and nutrient cycles
Commercial Studies
Chapter-7Joint Stock Company
In previous class we have explained about the meaning of Joint Stock Company features of Joint Stock Company
Let us explain about
Merits of Joint Stock Company
Merits of Joint stock CompanyStabilityPublic confidenceProfessional managementTransferability of sharesLimited Liability
Merits of Joint Stock Company StabilityA company enjoys stable durable enduring and uninterrupted business life A company continues to exist even if all its members die or deserted Maintenance of continuity of policy of administration is very much ensured in the case of Joint Stock CompanyPublic confidenceA public company enjoys the confidence of the public as the same is guided and controlled by strict regulations Since the companies financial accounts are published and circulated the public has enough faith on the activities of the company Thus a company enjoys better prestige and regulation greater public confidence as a wholeEfficient professional managementDue to its large financial resources and continuity a company can avail of the services of highly qualified
persons who are experts in different fields of business management In this way the benefits of specialization and centralized management can be securedTransferability of sharesSince the shares of a joint stock company are freely transferable they provide necessary liquidity to the investment of the people Shares of public companies are generally listed on a stock exchange so that people can easily buy and sell themLimited LiabilityThe liability of shareholders is limited only to the extent of face value of share held by them Shareholders are not personally liable for the debts of the company Thus the risk is known and also limited
Economics Chapter4 Basic Problems of An Economy
Today let discuss about the Meaning of Efficiency use of ResourcesNeeds of efficient use of resources
Resource efficiency is the maximising of the supply of money materials staff and other assets that can be drawn on by a person or organization in order to function effectively with minimum wasted (natural) resource expenses It means using the Earths limited resources in a sustainable manner while minimising environmental impact
Necessity for efficient use resources Once the flow of resources through the economy has reached its maximum sustainable limit (and many would argue that wersquove already passed that point for some resources) the only way to maintain economic growth in the long run is to become more resource efficient ndash finding ways to generate greater returns from the same amount of resources
Resource efficiency isnrsquot only valuable because it is essential for sustained economic growth Promoting resource efficiency can increase the competitiveness of industry create jobs stimulate innovation boost sectors such as recycling and resource recovery and help ensure secure supplies of key
QuestionWhat do you mean by Efficient use of Resources
Answer) Resource efficiency is the maximising of the supply of money materials staff and other assets that can be drawn on by a person or organization in order to function effectively with minimum wasted (natural) resource expenses It means using the Earths limited resources in a sustainable manner while minimising environmental impact
Why do we need to use our resources efficientlyAnswer) Once the flow of resources through the economy has reached its maximum sustainable limit (and many would argue that wersquove already passed that point for some resources) the only way to maintain economic growth in the long run is to become more resource efficient ndash finding ways to generate greater returns from the same amount of resources
Resource efficiency isnrsquot only valuable because it is essential for sustained economic growth Promoting resource efficiency can increase the competitiveness of industry create jobs stimulate innovation boost sectors such as recycling and resource recovery and help ensure secure
resources supplies of key resources
Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)
Topic Act II Scene 7 Lines 1 to 35 (Morocco hellip What if I stray no further but choose here )
[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase provided]
Summary Questions amp Answers
Having disposed of the minor story of Jessicarsquos elopement we now return to the main plot We are now shown how affairs are progressing with Portia in her home in Belmont
This is the first of the three scenes where a suitor makes a choice between golden silver and leaden caskets It will be noted that while making the choice all the lovers soliloquize and reveal their personality and character We have already observed the manly soldierly but primitive personality of the Prince of Morocco His has a simple nature and does not look deeply into the inner meaning of things but is dazzled by the outward appearance of gold He is inclined to over-estimate his own value and does not realize that it is a duty to ldquogive and hazardrdquo So his feeling is only one of fascination and romantic attraction We cannot believe that he has a deep and lasting love for Portia
In this scene two characters appear ndash Portia and the Prince of Morocco Portia explains to the Prince that the correct casket shall be the one that contains her picture She will be the wife of the person who will choose the correct casket and in the process get whatever she has
The Prince examines the inscriptions on each of the caskets and interprets them
(1) (Act II Sc 7 L 1-5)
Portia Go draw aside the curtains and discover
The several caskets to this noble princeNow make your choice
Morocco The first of gold who this inscription bearsWho chooseth me shall gain what many men desire
(i) Who is Morocco How did he introduce himself to Portia when they first met in an earlier scene
Prince Morocco is a dark skinned boastful warrior of African origin who seeks the hand of Portia He introduces himself as a person who lives near the equator where the exposure to sun rays have to be blamed for his complexion He says that Portia should not dislike him for his dark skin
(ii) How would Morocco know that he had made the right choice What would his reward be
Morocco would know he has chosen the right casket if he finds Portiarsquos portrait in one of them His reward would be Portiarsquos hand in marriage
(iii) Which casket did Morocco finally choose What reasons did he give for rejecting the casket made of lead
Morocco chooses the golden casket He says that lead is of lowly origin and the portrait of a lady as great as Portia cannot be placed in it He reads the inscription ldquoWho chooseth me must give and hazard all he hathrdquo This makes the box too threatening He wonders why anyone should risk everything for lead He also feels that a golden mind like his should not bow down to choose something worthless So he will not risk anything for lead
(iv) What two objects did Morocco find in the casket of his
before choosing
The inscription on the leaden casket says ldquoWho chooseth me must give and hazard all he hathrdquo The Prince was shocked and says as to why anyone should risk for the sake of lead The leaden casket is a threat Nobody would risk all they have for lead He says that no noble person would stoop to choose such a worthless thing as lead So he will not give nor risk anything for lead
The Prince then examines the inscription on the silver casket which says ldquoWho chooseth me shall get as much as he deservesrdquo The Prince says that he deserves Portia more than anybody else because of his high rank his noble birth and his great wealth and power But then he argues that silver is ten times inferior to gold and therefore he cannot believe that the portrait of such a beautiful lady as Portia can be contained in the silver casket He decides to see the inscription on the golden casket before making his decision
choice What reason does he give to Portia for leaving in haste
The Prince of Morocco chooses the golden casket and on opening it finds a human skull within whose hollow eye-socket was a scroll or a roll of paper in which it is written that those who are attracted by the glittering outside of things are always deceived as Morocco has been deceived
Morocco says he is moved and that he does not want to make his departure a painstaking process and he wants to leave immediately without revealing his emotions He should also obey the rule of the game which states the one who loses the test should leave immediately
(v) How does Portia respond to Moroccorsquos parting words What does this reveal of her nature
Portia is relieved that Morocco has left without making any scene It was a gentle riddance and all like him should go in a similar manner This shows that Portia has a kind heart and does not want anyone to he hurt Her love for Bassanio over-rides her passion that makes her wish that only he should be able to make the right choice At the same time like a dutiful daughter she does not want to disrespect her fatherrsquos wishes Hence she is willing to go through the casket injunctions
(2) (Act II Sc 7 L 15-35)
MOROCCO helliphelliphelliphelliphellip
What says this leaden casket Who chooseth me must give and hazard all he hath Must givemdashFor what for lead hazard for leadThis casket threatens Men that hazard allDo it in hope of fair advantagesA golden mind stoops not to shows of drossIll then nor give nor hazard aught for leadWhat says the silver with her virgin hueWho chooseth me shall get as much as he deservesAs much as he deservesmdashPause there MoroccoAnd weigh thy value with an even handIf thou best rated by thy estimationThou dost deserve enough and yet enoughMay not extend so far as to the ladyAnd yet to be afeard of my deservingWere but a weak disabling of myselfAs much as I deservemdashWhy thats the ladyI do in birth deserve her and in fortunesIn graces and in qualities of breeding
But more than these in love I do deserveWhat if I strayed no further but chose here
(i) What does the Prince of Morocco do before making his selection What does his comment reflect How does he analyse the inscription of the leaden casket and what is his interpretation
The Prince of Morocco surveys the three caskets before making his selection His comments reflect his thinking and attitude on life and things He comes to the lead casket and reads the inscription on it His interpretation which reflects his own character is that the inscription threatens because no one will be prepared to risk or sacrifice all one has for such a base thing as lead
(ii) What does the Prince of Morocco think of the leaden casket and why does he decide to reject the leaden casket
The Prince of Morocco thinks that when people risk anything they do so in order to gain something precious A person of royal ways will not bend so low as to be impressed by such an ordinary thing as lead Therefore he decides that he will not take any risk for a worthless thing like lead and rejects the lead casket
(iii) What does the Prince think while analyzing and interpreting the inscription of the silver casket
The Prince of Morocco analyses the inscription on the silver casket which runs thus ldquoWho chooseth me shall get as much as he deservesrdquo When he reads the inscription he bids himself to stop and ponder over the interpretation He asks himself to evaluate his worth objectively and impartially He says that if he is assessed on the basis of the opinion of people he deserves much But even this may not be sufficient to deserve to win Portia who is so virtuous and worthy
(iv) What promise does the silver casket make What self-assessment does the Prince make
The silver casket promises the reward according to the worth of the chooser The Prince makes a self-assessment and concludes that in all fairness he deserves to get Portia He thinks that he is a royal Prince by birth and so he deserves her by the right of his birth
Portia is very rich and so the Prince deserves her by this also The Prince deserves because he is also extremely handsome as most of the beautiful maidens of his kingdom covet him He is valiant and virtuous also So in his opinion he is the most suitable and deserving candidate for Portiarsquos hand
(v) Over which casket does the Prince ponder a long time What intrigue him In what way does he deserve Portia
Morocco reviews the inscriptions again and rejects the lead casket as being not worth the high stakes for which he gambles He ponders a long time over the silver casket The words ldquoget as much as he deservesrdquo intrigue him He is quite sure that he deserves Portia He deserves her in birth fortune grace qualities of breeding and most of all love
Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution EVS Ch ndash4 Managing
soil and land
Today we will discuss about mechanical practices of soil conservation
A few mechanical measures of soil conservation arei) Basin leaching In this method a number of small basins (water reservoirs) are made These collect and retain rain water for a long period and also catch and stabilize downwardly moving soils of the slopes
ii) Pan breaking by breaking of pan ( a hard sheet of clay a few feet below the surface ) drainage and percolation of rain water is improved and soil is saved from residual run-off and erosion
iii) Sub-soiling Soil is broken into fine grains to increase its absorptive capacity
iv) Contour terracing terraces are labeled areas constructed at right angles to the slope to reduce soil erosion
v) Contour trenching This method involves making a series of deep pits or trenches across the slope at convenient distance The soil excavated from the trenches is deposited along the lower edge in the form of bund On the ridges tree seeds are shown
vi) Terrace outlets To conserve soil pipe outlets are made which are thickly covered by grasses
vii) Digging of ponds and reservoirs to store water
viii) Stream bank protection To protect banks of rivers and channels construction of stone or concrete protective walls or planting of trees should be undertaken
Commercial Studies
Chapter- Banking Let us today discuss about theMeaning of Commercial BankFunctions of Commercial Banks
Commercial Banks are those banks which perform all kinds of banking functions such as accepting deposits advancing loans credit creation and
Question1 What do you mean by
Commercial BankAnswer) Commercial Banks are those banks which perform all kinds of banking functions such as accepting deposits advancing loans credit creation and agency functions
agency functions
Functions of Commercial BanksCommercial banks perform a variety of functions which can be divided as (1) Accepting Deposits (2) Advancing Loans (3) Credit Creation (4) Financing Foreign Trade(5) Agency Services (6) Miscellaneous Services To Customers
2 Explain the various functions of Commercial Bank
Answer) Following are the various functions of Commercial Banks
1 Accepting Deposits This is the oldest function of a bank and the banker used to charge a commission for keeping the money in its custody when banking was developing as an institution Nowadays a bank accepts three kinds of deposits from its customers The first is the savings deposits on which the bank pays small interest to the depositors who are usually small savers
2 Advancing LoansOne of primary functions of commercial banks is to advance loans to its customers A bank lends a certain percentage of the cash lying in deposits on a higher interest rate than it pays on such deposits This is how it earns profits and carries on its business 3 Credit CreationCredit creation is one of the most important functions of the commercial banks Like other financial institutions they aim at earning profits For this purpose they accept deposits and advance loans by keeping small cash in reserve for day-to-day transactions When a bank advances a loan it opens and account in the name of the customer and does not pay him in cash but allows him to draw the money by cheque according to his needs By granting a loan the bank creates credit or deposit4 Financing ForeignTrade commercial bank finances foreign trade of its customers by accepting foreign bills of exchange and collecting them from foreign banks It also transacts other foreign exchange business and buys and sells foreign currency5 Agency ServicesA bank acts as an agent of its customers in collecting and paying cheques bills of exchange drafts dividends etc It also buys and sells
shares securities debentures etc for it customers Further it pays subscriptions insurance premium rent electric and water bills and other similar charges on behalf of its clients It also acts as a trustee and executor of the property and will of its customers Moreover the bank acts as an income tax consultant to its clients For some of these services the bank charges a normal fee while it renders others free of charge6 Miscellaneous ServicesBesides the above noted services the commercial bank performs a number of other services It acts as the custodian of the valuables of its customers by providing them lockers where they can keep their jewellery and valuable documents It issues various forms of credit instruments such as cheques drafts travellers cheques etc which facilitate transactions
Bengali হিবপরীতশবদ করণেয়কটি হিবপরীত শবদ গদওয়া ল1)সজীব = হি3জsব 2)শরদধা= ঘা 3)আকষ = হিবকষ4)সধবা = হিবধবা 5)উৎস = গা3া 6)অ = অ37)জয় = পরাজয় 8)তাপ = হৈশত যয 9)হি3ltা = পরশংসা10)াদা = অদা 11)রহিসক = গবরহিসক 12) অনতর = বাহির13)অহিতবষটি = অ3াবষটি 14)পরত যযi = পরণেরাi 15)3াবালক = সাবালক
Hindi 2nd lang नया रासता भा 5 अपन जीन की परिरसथिगितयो स गिश होकर मीन क हदय म कई बार हीन भाना
और जीन की कडाहट अनभ हईपरत ह दढता और साहस की मरतित थी ह
अपन जीन को वयथ नही होन दना चाहती थी बचपन स ही उसकी कील बनन की
इचछा थी आज मीन की लन उस और दखकर माता- गिपता न उस कालत करन की
आजञा द दी मीन न मरठ म दाखिखला ल लिलया उसक हरदय म कछ बनन और कछ
कर दिदखान की इचछा थी उसक गिचार स चारो और पस का ही बोलबाला हहॉसटल
की कलपना करत ही ह लिसहर उठती थी उसन अपन लिलए नए नए कपड बनाए पहली बार हॉसटल जान का चा थाआखिखर
ह दिदन आ ही या जब उस हॉसटल जाना था पहली बार ह अपन घर स अल हो
रही थी हॉसटल पहच कर कछ दिदनो तक उसका मन नही ला बचपन की घटनाए
एक- एक करक उसक समतपटल पर उतर ई ह अपनी ककषा म हमशा परथम आती
थी 2 दिदन बाद गिपताजी मीन स मिमलन आए मा न काफी चीज उसक लिलए बनाकर
भजी थी गिपताजी स मिमलकर ह बहत खश
1 ह सय की दढता साहस की मरतित थी
परशन1 लखिखका मीन को दढता साहस
की मरतित कयो कह रही ह 2 गिाह क अलाा मीन क जीन
का कया लकषय था 3 मीन समाज क झठ आरण को
हटाकर सतय दिदखाना चाहती ह सपषट कीजिजए
4 परसतत पलि[यो का भा सपषट अपन शबदो म लिलखिखए
उततरndash1 मीन म समाज स लडन की शलि[ ह
ह समाज म फली बराइयो क सामन ढढता स जमी हई ह ह साहस क साथ अपन उलिचत गिनणय
पर सथिर रहती ह जिजदी क उतार चढा सा घबरा टी नही ह बलकिलक साहस स काम लती ह इनही कारणो स लखिखका न उस ढढता
और साहस की मरतित कहा ह2 मरठ ालो न जब उसका रिरशता
ठकरा दिदया तो उसन गिनशचय कर लिलया गिक ह अपन परो पर खडी होी और समाज को दिदखा दी की नारी अबला नही ह उसन अपना
हई करीब 1 घटा रक कर गिपताजी चल ए लकषय बना लिलया गिक ह एलएलबी करक कील बनी
3 समाज म नारी क ऊपर अबला आशरीता का आरण पडा हआ ह
मीन समाज क दवारा होत हए इस आरण को हटाकर यह सतय परमाणिणत करना चाहती ह गिक आज
की नारी अबला नही ह और ना ही गिकसी क हाथ की कठपतली ह
4 लखिखका न मीन क बार म कहा गिक ह सय घटा और साहस की मरतित
ह ह अपन न हम ध और मसीबत म साहस का परिरचय दती हउतार
चढा को हर इसान क जीन म आत ही रहत ह उनको साधारण रप
स ही लना चागिहए अपन गिाह क मामल म उसन साहस स काम
लिलया और गिाह क बार म सोचना छोड दिदया मीन क सामन अभी बहत लबी जिजदी पडी ह इसलिलए उसन समय का महत समझा और
एक कषण भी वयथ ना करन का गिनशचय गिकया
Mathematics(x) Algebra Quadratic Equation in one variable
Study Item Some solved sums from exercise- 539)Solve for x 2(2x ndash 1 )(x+3) ndash 3 (x + 3)(2x ndash 1 ) = 5 x -3 frac12Solution Let (2x ndash 1)(x + 3) = y then we get2(y) ndash 3( 1y) = 50r 2y ndash 3y = 5Or 2y2 ndash 3 = 5y [multiplying both side by y we get]0r 2y2 ndash 5y ndash 3 = 0Now comparing the above equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0 we geta=2 b = - 5 and c = - 3Therefore y = -(- 5 )plusmnradic((-5)sup2-4(2)(-3))2(2) = 5 plusmnradic( 25 + 24)4 = 5plusmn radic(49)4 = (5 plusmn 7)4= (5+7)4 (5 ndash 7)4= 124 -24= 3 - 12Therefore y = 3 (2x ndash 1)( x + 3) = 3 2x ndash 1 = 3x + 9 3x - 2x = - 10 x= - 10Or y = - frac12 ( 2x ndash 1)(x + 3) = - frac124x ndash 2 = - x ndash 3 4x+x = - 3 + 2 5x = - 1 x= - 15Hence the roots of the given equation are - 10 and ndash 1510)(i) x2 - 5x ndash10 =0Solution x2 ndash 5x ndash 10 = 0Comparing the above equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0 we get a=1 b = - 5 and c = - 10Therefore x = - (- 5)plusmnradic( -5)sup2- 4(1)(- 10)2(1) = 5 plusmn radic( 25 +40)2 = 5 plusmn radic(65 )2
= (5 plusmn 8bull06)2 = (5 + 8bull06)2 (5 ndash 8bull06)2 = 13bull062 - 3bull062= 6bull53 - 1bull5312) Solve the equation x ndash 18x = 6 Given your answer correct to two significant figureSolution x ndash18x = 6Or (x2 ndash 18 )x = 6Or x2ndash 18 = 6xOr x2 ndash 6x ndash18 = 0Comparing the above equation with ax2 + bc + c = 0 we gera= 1 b = - 6 and c = -18Therefore x = -(-6) plusmnradic(- (- 6)2 ndash 4(1)(- 18)2(1) = 6 plusmn radic( 36 + 72)2 = (6 plusmnradic( 108)2 =(6 plusmn 10bull39)2= 16bull392 - 4bull392= 8bull195 - 2bull195 asymp 8bull2 - 2bull2
Chemistry Chapter-2L-1Chemical Bonding
1) Chemical Bonding-
It is basically the force of attraction which holds the different types of atoms in a molecule together
Cause of Chemical Combination-
The main cause is the tendency of elements to acquire eight electrons in its outermost shell like that of noble gases other than Helium(He) So the atoms combine to acheive the nearest noble gas configuration of 8 electrons( or 2 electrons) in their outermost orbit and become stable
2) Ion-
It is a charged particle made from an atom by the loss or gain of electrons
There are 2 types of Ions They are-
a) Cations- It is formed by the loss of electrons eg - K+ Ca2+
Na+ etc
b) Anions- It is formed by the gain of electrons eg- Cl- O2- F- etc
Q Why do elements form Ions
A Atoms of all elements except those of noble gases have one to seven valence electrons and are not in a state of minimum energy Thus to acquire a state of minimum energy elements lose or gain electrons and form ions so that they acquire stable configuration (Duplet or Octet)
Q What is the Electronic Theory of Valency
A In 1916 Kossel and Lewis on the basis of octet rule of electrons described simply the electronic structure of molecules of many chemical compounds and elements Kossel mainly described the structure of ionic compounds formed by loss and gain of electrons and Lewis mainly described the structure of Covalent Compounds formed by mutual sharing of electron pair This is known as ELECTRONIC THEORY OF VALENCY proposed by Kossel and Lewis
Q What do you mean by Electropositive and Electronegative Elements
3) Types of Chemical Bond-3 types
A)ElectrovalentIonic Bond
B) Covalent Bond
C) Co-ordinate Dative Bond4) ELECTROVALENT IONIC BOND-
It is the electrostatic force of attraction between the opposite charged ions which holds them together
The chemical compounds formed as a result of electron transfer from one atom of an element to another are called IONIC or ELECTROVALENT COMPOUND
The number of electrons which an element loses or gains during the formation of an ionic bond is called its ELECTROVALENCY
Conditions for the formation of Ionic Compounds-
i Large electronegativity difference between the combining atoms
ii Low IP for one of the atoms from which the cation can be easily formed
iii High electron affinity for one of the atoms from which the anions can be easily formed
iv High Lattice Energy
A
1) Electropositive Elements- have the tendency to lose the electrons and form Cations
eg- Na K Fe -mostly metals
2) Electronegative Elements- have the tendency to gain the electrons and form Anions
eg- Cl F O - mostly Non-metals
Q Give the brief description about the formation of NaCl
A See your Text Book
Q Practise the two types of diagram of the formation of different ionic compound
A See your Text Book
English All Summer in a Answer the following questions-
literature Day 3) Why did the children hate herAns- The children sensed that Margot was different from them She hated the continuous rain while they were used to it She spoke only about the sun and they had no memory of it They hated her pale snow face her waiting silence her thinness and her possible future of going back to the Earth4) What is the it referred to by WilliamAns- The it referred to by William is the Sun which the scientists had predicted would shine for a short while that day5) What was Margot waiting for Why did William say it was a jokeAns- Margot was waiting to see the sun predicted to shine that day for a short while William did not want her to have the joy of seeing the sun
Geography Water Resources SOURCES OF WATER SURFACE WATER AND GROUNDWATER Earth is known as the Blue Planet because 71 per cent of the Earths surface is covered with water Wateralso exists below land surface and as water vapour in the air Water is not added or removed from the environment it simply changes state and location This constant movement of water throughout our environment is called the hydrological cycle or water cycle Earth cleans and replenishes the water supply through the hydrologic cycle Groundwater exists in an aquifer or
underground layer of permeable rock sediment (usually sand or gravel) or soil that yields water
Aquifers are like underground reservoirs of water
SURFACE WATER The visible bodies of water are referred to as surface water Surface waters can be simply described as the water that is on the surface of the Earth This includes the oceans rivers and streams lakes and reservoirs Surface waters are very important Rivers and streams constitute the flowing surface waters Surface water canbe captured for a variety of biospheric and humanusesRunoff During heavy precipitation water cannot infiltrate into the ground It flows on the surface of the ground and called as runoff
GROUNDWATER Groundwater is detained as water that is found beneath the surface of the Earth in conditions of100 per
Q1 Why the Earth is called as Blue PlanetA1 Earth is known as the Blue Planet because 71 per cent of the Earths surface is covered with water
Q2 Define hydrological cycleA2 Water is not added or removed from the environment it simply changes state and location This constant movement of water throughout our environment is called the hydrological cycle or water cycle Earth cleans and replenishes the water supply through the hydrologic cycle
Q3 What is AquifersA3 Aquifers are like underground reservoirs of water
Q4 Why there is a shortage of fresh waterA4 Although the earth has an abundance of water but unfortunately there is a shortage of fresh water because 997 per cent of it occupied by oceans soils icecaps and floating in the atmosphere and rest 03 percent can use for daily uses
cent saturation (if it is less than100 per cent saturation then the water is considered as soil moisture) Ninety-eight per cent of Earths available fresh water is groundwater It is about60 times as plentiful as the fresh water found in lakes and streams Water in the ground travels through pores in soil and rock and in fractures and weathered areas of bed rockThe majority of fresh water is therefore found under ground as soil moisture and in aquifers
Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 88 to 126 (Portia helliphellip Such as the day is when the sun is hid) [Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]
Summary Questions amp Answerso Launcelot then arrives and informs
Lorenzo that Bassanio will also be arriving soon Both Lorenzo and Jessica return to the house and ask Stephano to order the family musicians to play music in order to extend a fitting welcome to Portia
o Portia and Nerissa dressed in their normal self return home and enter the building Lorenzo recognizes Portias voice and comes to greet her She orders the servants to pretend as if she had never left and asks Lorenzo and Jessica to do the same
o Soon thereafter Bassanio Gratiano and Antonio arrive
(1) PORTIA That light we see is burning in my hall (L 89-101)
How far that little candle throws his beams So shines a good deed in a
naughty worldNERISSA When the moon shone we did not see the candlePORTIA So doth the greater glory dim the less
A substitute shines brightly as a king
Unto the king be by and then his state
Empties itself as doth an inland brook
Into the main of waters Music hark
NERISSA It is your music madam of the housePORTIA Nothing is good I see without respect
Methinks it sounds much sweeter than by day
NERISSA Silence bestows that virtue on it madam
(i) Where are Lorenzo and Jessica sitting What message have they received What are they doing
Lorenzo and Jessica are sitting in Portiarsquos house in Belmont They have just received the message informing them of the arrival of Portia and Bassanio separately They are waiting for their arrivals and enjoying the beauty of the moonlight night(ii) In which mood is Lorenzo found after Stephanorsquos departure
After Stephanorsquos departure Lorenzo reverts to his romantic mood He is carried away by the magic of the loveliness of the moonlight He draws Jessicarsquos attention and says that the moonlight is sleeping beautifully on the raised ground He says that they will sit there and enjoy the sweetness of the gentle
music which will shortly creep into their ears very softly(iii) Why has Lorenzo sent Stephano What kind of man is he who does not appreciate the sweet harmony of sounds
Lorenzo has sent Stephano to instruct the musicians to play soft music to welcome Portia home Lorenzo tells that the
tranquility and the beautiful night suit the sweet music Praising the ennobling (M lend greater dignity) effect of music Lorenzo tells Jessica that the person who has no music in him and does not appreciate the sweet harmony of sounds is a dangerous person and so should be watched very carefully(iv) Who are returning to Belmont What does Nerissa remark on seeing the light of the house
Portia and Nerissa are returning to Belmont after successfully conducting Antoniorsquos trial in Venice as the lawyer and the clerk respectively When they are near their home Nerissa seeing the light of the house remarks that they did not see this light of this candle when the moon was shining(v) What does Portia comment on Nerissarsquos observation Commenting on Nerissarsquos observation Portia says that the lesser glory becomes insignificant before the greater glory She adds that the kingrsquos representative assumes great splendor and authority when the king himself is not near But before the real king the substitute becomes devoid of all splendor and
authority as the big rivers lose their identity after emptying into the vast sea
SUBJECT PHYSICS [TOPIC FORCE]Answer the following questions ( ICSE questions of previous years from chapter FORCE)
1 Write the position of centre of mass for the following bodies(i) A circular ring (ii) A cylinder(iii) A hollow sphere (iv) A triangular lamina
2 Explain why screw drivers are provided with longer handles3 Compare the magnitude and direction of centripetal force and centrifugal force4 How does uniform circular motion differ from uniform linear motion5 Why is the motion of a body moving with a constant speed around a circular path is said to be
accelerated6 A brass ball is hanging from a cotton thread Draw a neat labeled diagram showing the force acting
on the brass ball and the cotton thread 7 Define moment of force Write the relationship between the SI and CGS unit of moment of force8 Define couple State the SI unit of moment of couple9 A uniform half meter scale balanced horizontally on a knife edge at 29 cm mark when a weight of 20
gmf is suspended from one end(i) Draw the diagram of the arrangementWhat is the weight of the half meter rule
ECO-10 250620 Topic-Supply Analysis
MEANING OF SUPPLYSupply a commodity by a firm or seller may be defined as the quantity of a commodity that a firm or seller offers for sale at a given price during a given time period But the actual sale of the commodity may be different from its supply For example a farmer (produced of wheat) is willing to sell 50 quintals of wheat at a price of ` 15 per kg but he is able to sell only 30 quintals at this price So this case the supply of wheat is 50 quintals but the actual sale is 30 quintals So these two concepts should not be confused with each other Like demand supply also has three elements The definition of supply include (i) the quantity of the commodity that a firm is willing to supply (ii) the price at which it is willing to supply that quantity and (iii) the time period during which it is willing to supply that quantity
FACTORS DETERMINING SUPPLY OR DETERMINANTS OF SUPPLY OF A GOOD
The main determinant of supply is the price of the commodity But the cost of production of a commodity is an important factor in determining profit maximized on output of a firm The cost of production depends on the prices of various inputs like raw material wages of workers interest of capital rent of building etc The supply of a commodity also depends on the technology used in the production of the commodity and many other factors The main factors determining supply of a commodity are(i) Price of the commodity(ii) Price of other related good(iii) Price of inputsfactors(iv) Taxation policy of government(v) Objective of the firm(i) Price of the commodity Other factors determining supply remaining constant there is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity It means the quantity supplied of a commodity increases with rise in price and decreases with fall in price of the commodity More quantity of a commodity is supplied at a higher price and less quantity is supplied at a lower price For example a seller of tomatoes is willing to sell 100 kgs of tomatoes at a price of ` 40 per keg and only 50 kgs at a price of ` 20 per kg Due to this direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity the supply curve has a positive slope Supply curve is upward sloping to the right(ii) Price of other related goods Supply of a commodity is also influenced by the change in the price of other related goods With the help of given resources we can produce several goods by using the same technology This helps the firm to diversify and tide over fluctuations in demand For example a farmer can produce either pulses or food grains by using the resources If the price of pulses increases it becomes more profitable for him to make more production of pulses So he will divert some resources from the production of food grains to the production of pulses The production of pulses will increase and that of food grains will decrease So the supply of pulses will increase if the price of pulses increases and the supply of food grain will decrease at the same price reverse will happen if the price of food grains increases(iii) Price of inputsfactors Change in the price of inputs like raw material wage rent or interest also influences the supply of a commodity For example in the production of cloth cotton is the main raw material If the price of cotton increases the cost of production of cloth will increase At the same price the margin of profit will decrease So the producer will decrease the supply of cloth at the same price On the other hand if the price of cotton falls the cost of production per unit of cloth will decrease and hence the supply of cloth will increase The price of other inputs will also influence the supply of a good in the same manner(iv) Technology of production an improvement in the technology of production of a commodity decreases the per unit cost of the commodity The margin of profit will increase at the same price So the supply of a commodity will increase with improvement in technology of production at the same price On the other hand if a firm uses absolute technology of production the cost of production per unit of the commodity will increase The margin of profit will decrease so the firm will decrease its supply at the same price This is the main reason that the firms are trying to use better technology of production because it not only reduces the cost of production per unit but also improves the quality of the product(v) Taxation policy of government If the government reduces the excise duty or the production of a commodity the cost of production per unit of the commodity will decrease the margin of profit will increase at the same price so the producer of the commodity will increase its supply It happens when the government wants to increase the production of the commodity On the other hand to discourage the production of some harmful goods like cigarettes liquor etc the government increases the rate of excise duty on the production of such goods So the cost of production per unit of the commodity increases and the supply of such commodities decreases(vi) Objective of the firm The objective of the producer also influences the supply of a commodity Generally the objective of a producer is get maximize his profits Profits are maximized at a higher price So he increases the supply of a commodity at a higher price and decreases its supply at a lower price But sometimes the producer may be in maximizing his sales and not in maximizing his profits as he wants to capture the market In that case he goes on increasing the supply so long his target is not achieved can profit is not adversely affected He may increase the supply at the same price to any extent
SUPPLY FUNCTION
When the relationship between quantity supplied and the determinants of supplied is expressed mathematically in an equation it is called a supply function So a supply function can be expressed asSn = f(Pn Pr Pf T Tr G)where Sn = Supply of commodity nPn = Price of the commodity nPr = Price of other related goodsPf = Price of inputsfactors
T = Technology of productionTr = Government policy or tax rateG = Goal or objective of the producer
Typically supply function shows the relationship between price and quantity supplied keeping all other determinants of supply as constant It shows the amount of a good that a seller supplies at different levels of price
LAW OF SUPPLYThe law of supply depicts the relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity when all other determinants of supply remain constant This law states that there is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity other factors determining supply remaining constant It means quantity supplied of a commodity increases with increase in price and decreases with decrease in price
Assumptions of the law of supplyThe phrase other determinants of supply remaining constant in the law of supply shows the assumptions of the law of supply The mains factors which influence the supply of a commodity one price of the commodity price of other related goods price of inputs technology of production taxation policy of the government and objective of the firm etc The law of supply is based on the assumptions that all these factors determining supply except price of the commodity should remain constant The following are the main assumptions of the law of supply(i) Price of other related goods should remain the same(ii) There should be no change in the price of inputs (factors)(iii) Technology of production should not change(iv) There is no change in the taxation policy of the government(v) Objective of the firm should not changeThe law of supply is based on the assumptions that the supply of commodity changes only due to change in price when all other determinant of supply remain constantClass XISubject Topic Summary Execution EVS Chapter-2
Ecology Answer the following questions briefly Q Draw a neat labeled diagram of carbon cycleAnsndash
Mathematics Principle of Mathematical Induction
1) What is statement Ans A sentence which may be true or false is called statement eg i) 5 is greater than 3 ii) New Delhi is the capital of India iii) 5 divides 7 These all are statements We see that statement (i) amp (ii) are true but (iii) is false 2 What is Mathematical StatementAns Statement involving mathematical relations are called mathematical statement We shall use mathematical statement in principle of
Example If n be a positive integer show that n(n+1) is an even positive integer Solution Let P(n) be the statement n(n+1) is an even positive integer Then (i) P(1) is the statement 1(1+1) ie 2 is an even positive integer Therefore P(1) is true (ii) If P(m) is true for some positive integer m then m(m+1) is an even integer Now (m+1) [(m+1)+1]=(m+1)sup2+ (m+1) =msup2+2m+1+m+1=msup2+m+2m+2=m(m+1) +2(m+1) = an even integer + an even positive integer [Since P(m) is true and 2(m+1) is an even
mathematical induction 3 What is the use of Principle of mathematical inductionAns Sometimes it is difficult to prove a statement theorem or a formula by direct method In this case we use an indirect method known as the Principle of mathematical induction There are two steps in this processSTEP 1 Varify that the statement or formula is true for one or two particular values of n say for n=1 2STEP 2 Assuming that the statement or formula is true for n=m where m is any positive integer show that it is true for n=m+1Conclusion Since the statement is true for n=2 it is true for n=2+1 that is 3 and since it is true for n=3 it is true for n=3 + 1 that is 4 and so on Hence the statement or formula is true for all positive integral values of n
positive integer]= an even positive integer Therefore P(m+1) is true when P(m) is true Therefore By the principle of Mathematical Induction P(n) is true for all positive integral values of n Hence n(n+1) is an even positive integer
Hindi 2ndlang एक फल की चाह 5 दख रहा था जस सो सथिर हो नही बठती थी कषण भर हाय ही चपचाप पडी थी अटल शागित शी धारण कर सनना यही चाहता था म उस सय ही
उकसा करमझको दी क परसाद का एक फल ही दो लाकर
शबदाथ ससथिर - परी तरह ठहरी हई अटल- पकका
उकसाकर - पररणा दकर
वयाखयाndash उपय[ पलि[यो म कगि सखिखया की ददशा का णन कर रहा ह जो उनक गिपता दवारा वय[ गिकया या ह अपनी बटी सखिखया कीददशा का
गितरण करत हए गिपता कहता ह गिक म अपनी आखो क सामन दख रहा था गिक मरी बटी जो पल भर क लिलए दिटककर नही बठती थी ह अब सथिर शात मरतित की तरह पढी थी अब म ह बार- बार इस बात क लिलए पररिरत कर रहा
था गिक ह मझ गिफर स ही शबद कह गिपताजी मझ दी क परसाद का एक फल लाकर दो
6 ऊच शल लिशखर क ऊपर मदिदर था गिसतीणर गिशाल सण कलशसरलिसज गिहलिसत थ पाकरसमदिदत रगि कर जाल दीप धल स अचछदिदत था मदिदर का
आन सारा ज रही थी भीतर बाहर मखरिरत उतस की धारा
शबदाथ - शल लिशखर- पहाड की ऊची चोटी
सतीणर - फला हआ
सण कलश - कमल क समान सदर सोन का कलश मखरिरत - परकट समदिदत - अचछी परकार खिखला हआ रगि कर जाल - सय की गिकरणो का समह
वयाखया- परसतत पलि[या म कगि न मदिदर की सदरता का णन गिकया ह कहत ह गिक मझ पहाड की चोटी पर एक गिलिशषट और गिशालमश था उसक
सोन क कलश सय की गिकरणो म चमकत हए ऐस परतीत हो रह थ जस सय की खिखली हईगिकरणो क ाा सपशपाकर सनहर कमल खिखल उठ हो मदिदर का
आन धप दीप की सध स भरा हआ था मदिदर क अदर और बाहर मनाए जा रह उसकी परसननता की ज सनाई द रही थी
Bengali (2nd language)
কোনি মনি নদী পরথম অধযোয়
হি_তীয় হিদরণে3র পাঠ-
হিবষটবাব গলাকটির কায় গররণে কা বলরণেত পাররণে0 3া শধ গচাখ হিদরণেয় রা পরকাশ করহি0ল কা বলরণেত বলরণেত গলাকটি পাঞজাহিব লহিn খরণেল জ কররণেত শর করল তাই গদরণেখ হিবষটবাব ত2মভ রণেয় গল চাটি ারার 2হিnরণেত গলাকটি হিবষটবাবর হিদরণেক এরণোরণেল হিতহি3 াা 3ীচ করণের 3াহিরণেয় গ33 হিদ গলাকটি হিবষটবাবরণেক চাটিরণেয় ায় তারণেল হিতহি3 তাাতাহিউরণেঠ গলাকটিরণেক ধররণেত পাররণেব3 3া কার তার শরীরণেরর ওজরণে3র জ3য এই শরণে3 হিবষটবাব বরণে3া গারণেষর ত গতরণেZরণে উরণেঠ দাাল তারণেত গলাকটি দাহিরণেয় শরীরটারণেক একট দহিলরণেয় হি3ল এই সব শরণে3 হিবষট ধর চপ করণের রইল শধ lsquoগঘাৎrsquo করণের একটা শবদ করল গলাকটি হিসহি হিদরণেয় ওঠা3াা কররণে0 গদরণেখ হিবষটবাব খাহি3কটা হিদরণেশারা রণেয় গলহিবষটবাবর গচারণেখ রারণের বদরণেল এখ3 গকৌতল হিতহি3 বরণেল3 ldquoখাওায় আার গলা2 গ3ই Uায়টিং কহিরrdquo হিকনত হিতহি3 কতটা Uায়টিং করণের তা তার শরীর আর খাবারণেরর তাহিলকা গদরণেখ গলাকটি বরণে= গল গলাকটি এহিরণেয় হিরণেয় হিবষটবাবর 2হিরণেত াত বহিলরণেয় হিদরণেল গস আরা অ32ব করণের3 এবং হিপহি0রণেয় া3 গলাকটি হিবষটবাবর সারণে3 তার শরীরণেরর কসরত পরদশ3 কররণেল হিবষটবাব রণে3 রণে3 হিব হিব করণের বরণেল3 হিতহি3ও গরাা রণেত চা3 গসই হরণেত nা গরণেক আবার হিচৎকার গ2রণেস আরণেস lsquoগকা হি3 গকা হি3rsquo
ldquoকী রক Uায়টিংrdquo-ক)বকতা গককারণেক বলরণে0খ)Uায়টিং কার অ কী ) Uায়টিং করা বযহিকতর গচারার ব3া দাও ঘ) তার Uায়টিং এর ব3া দাও
উঃ- ক) আরণেলাচয অংশটি হিত3ltীর গলখা lsquoগকাহি3rsquo উপ3যাস গরণেক গ3ওয়া রণেয়রণে0 আরণেলাচয কাটি বকতা রণেল3 সাদা লহিnপরা ারণেয় গরয়া পাঞজাহিব ও কারণেধ রহিn3 বযা ওয়ালা হিiহিতশ হিসং হিতহি3 কাটি বরণেলরণে03 হিবষট ধররণেকখ) Uারণেয়টিং কার অ ল পহিরহিত খাদয গর অাৎ খাদয তাহিলকায় সসত খারণেদযর গ3াগ3 বজায় গররণেখ খাদয গর) হিবষট ধরণেরর গচারা হিবশাল ওজ3 পরায় হিত3 গদখরণেত জলহিসতর রণেতা সারা শরীরণের চহিব ল ল কররণে0 বয়স পরায় চহিশ হিবশাল 2হি উপ রণেয় শরণেল হিচৎ রণেত পারণের3া গকউ গঠরণেল হিদরণেল হিচৎ রণেত পারণের তারণেক কায় নধ াদ3 পবরণেতর সরণেn তল3া করা য়ঘ) হিবষট ধর গকৌতলী রণেয় বরণেল তার খাওয়ার গকা3 গলা2 গ3ই গস Uায়টিং করণের আরণে গস আধ হিকরণেলা হিiর গখত এখ3 গস হিত3রণেশা গরা হিiর খায় জল খাবারণের কহিটা লহিচ গখত এখ3 পরণে3রণেরাটা লহিচ খায় আাইরণেশা গরা চারণেলর 2াত খায় হিঘ খাওয়া গ0রণে হিদরণেয়রণে0 রারণেত াতর বারণেরাটা রটি খায় হিবরণেকরণেল দ-গলাস হি0হিরর জল সরণেn চাররণেট কা পারণেকর সরণেltশ বাহিরণেত রাধাকষণ আরণে0 বরণেল হিবষট ধর া0 াংস খায়3া আর তারণেত তার গকা3 গলা2 লালসা গ3ই
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 276 to 313 (Sebastian helliphellipIt struck mine ear most terribly)[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]
Summary Questions amp AnswersConspiracy of Antonio and Sebastian
o Antonio further suggests murder of Alonso and eventually Sebastian agrees
o They draw their swords and proceed to murder Alonso and Gonzalo who are sleeping
(1) (Act II Sc 2 L 277-291)ANTONIO Ay sir where lies that If rsquotwere a kibe
rsquoTwould put me to my slipper but I feel notThis deity in my bosom Twenty consciencesThat stand rsquotwixt me and Milan candied be they And melt ere they molest Here lies your brotherNo better than the earth he lies uponIf he were that which now hes likemdashthats deadWhom I with this obedient steel three inches of itCan lay to bed for ever (whiles you doing thus
o As they approach Ariel appears again and wakes up Gonzalo by singing a tune in his ear Alonso also wakes up and they see both Sebastian and Antonio with drawn swords On being caught off guard they make up a story saying that they had heard a bellowing of bulls or lions
IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED
(Act II Sc 1 L 277-281)ANTONIOAy sir where lies that If rsquotwere a kibersquoTwould put me to my slipper but I feel notThis deity in my bosom Twenty consciencesThat stand rsquotwixt me and Milan candied be they And melt ere they molest
In these lines Antonio speaks how he is a conscienceless villain In inciting Sebastian to the kingship of Naples by murdering his brother he quotes his own example He too had banished his brother and made himself the Duke of Milan This kingship now sits upon him like a well fittinggarment So will be the case of Sebastian Sebastian then questions Antonio if this foul deed did not prick his conscience To this Antonio replies like a hardened villain He laughs at the word lsquoconsciencersquo and says that he has never heard of anything like conscience A guilty conscience gave him no more pain that is chilblain (M a painful itching and swelling on hand and foot caused by exposure to extreme cold) A man can get rid of the pain of chilblain by wearing slippers instead of shoes so does Antonio get rid of the qualms (M an uneasy feeling of doubt worry or fear especially about onersquos conduct) of conscience very easily Even if he were troubled by twenty consciences that barred his way to the throne of Milan however frozen they might be he would melt them into insensibility before they could cause him to twinge
To the perpetual wink of aye might putThis ancient morsel this Sir Prudence whoShould not upbraid our course) - for all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour
(i) To whom does Antonio speak these lines Who is referred to as lsquoyour brotherrsquo What does Antonio mean by saying lsquoNo better than the earth he lies uponrsquo
These lines are spoken by Antonio to Sebastian King Alonso is referred to as Sebastianrsquos brother Indicating towards Alonso who is lying asleep on the ground Antonio tells Sebastian that here sleeps his brother and at this time he is no better than a clod of the earth on which he lies asleep Antonio means to say that if he were actually to become what he looks like he would be a dead body(ii) According to Antonio what would he do if he were at the place of Sebastian
Antonio says that if he were in the position of Sebastian he would not care even for twenty consciences in order to win the kingship of Naples He would rather forget all his consciences if they happen to trouble him at all (iii) What does Antonio suggest to Sebastian What does Antonio assure him
Antonio suggests to Sebastian that in a moment Sebastian can put to death Gonzalo who pretends to be a very wise man and who on that account rebukes others (particularly Antonio and Sebastian) whereas he (Antonio) himself can put Alonso to death with only three inches of his willing sword Antonio further assures Sebastian that by killing both of them there will be none left to oppose him and in this way every obstacle in his way will be removed
(iv) Explain the lines lsquofor all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hourrsquo
In other words Antonio says that even if he were endowed with a stiff conscience he could easily relax or soften it for the execution of his purpose Then Antonio suggests that conscience should be no hindrance to a manrsquos future greatness
Comments These are terrible words coming from the mouth of a villain of the worst type He is utterly devoid of conscience or remorse He is an utter atheist of human virtue He speaks of conscience as a deity that he does not feel in his bosom
According to Antonio so far as the other lords (Adrian Francisco and others) are concerned they need not be murdered because they would obey the orders of Antonio and Sebastian as willingly and readily as cat licks milk These other lords would endorse and support everything that Sebastian and Antonio may say or suggest These other lords would adjust their views in accordance with the wishes of Antonio and Sebastian and they would regard all proposals made by Antonio and Sebastian as being opportune and also as being acceptable(v) What opinion do you form of Antonio from the above speech
The speech given above shows Antonio to be an absolutely unscrupulous man After saying that he does not believe in any such faculty as the conscience he suggests to Sebastian to
(Act II Sc 1 L 285-291)ANTONIOhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (whiles you doing thus To the perpetual wink of aye might putThis ancient morsel this Sir Prudence whoShould not upbraid our course) - for all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour
Antonio has convinced Sebastian that he has made himself Duke of Milan by a crime for which he has felt no pricks of conscience In these lines Antonio tells Sebastian that now that the chance has presented itself to him he should take it and be King of Naples So far as Alonso is concerned Antonio agrees to undertake the task of killing him by sticking only three inches of his sharp dagger Making a thrust in the air with his sword he tells Sebastian that by a similar method he can put to sleep forever Gonzalo ndash the old piece of flesh already rotten ndash this piece of antiquity ndash this ldquoSir Prudencerdquo who is never tired of reading his moral lectures to them If ldquoProfessor Wisdomrdquo is got rid of he will not be able to denounce their action as he would surely do if they did not dispatch him as well As for the rest of the kingrsquos counselors (Adrian and Francisco) it is their nature to adopt any statements and views which are placed before them just as it is the nature of a cat to lap milk Antonio assures Sebastian that ldquothese othersrdquo will back them up in whatever they say or do that they will count the strokes of the clock exactly as they bid them not according to the real time but according to the time that is right for their business Hence only two persons Alonso and Gonzalo are required to be removed to fulfill their ambition
murder Gonzalo at the very time when he (Antonio) stabs Alonso to death And yet this brutal man has a fertile wit also He can talk in a persuasive manner and also in a sarcastic and satirical manner He knows human nature thoroughly and he understands that Gonzalo is loyal to Alonso while the other lords are only sycophants who can easily be won over to Sebastianrsquos side after Alonso has been assassinated
(2) (Act II Sc 1 291-296)SEBASTIAN Thy case dear friend
Shall be my precedent as thou gotst MilanIll come by Naples Draw thy swordmdashone strokeShall free thee from the tribute which thou payest And I the King shall love thee
ANTONIO Draw together And when I rear my hand do you the likeTo fall it on Gonzalo
(i) Explain the situation and introduce the persons engaged in conversation
After the supposed shipwreck King Alonso with his lords his brother Sebastian and Antonio the Duke of Milan land on a strange island Prince Ferdinand is feared to be drowned While the King and others have fallen asleep after exertions of the day and Ariel with his sweet music acting as a catalyst Antonio and Sebastian are awake They have hatched a conspiracy to kill King Alonso and his loyal lord Gonzalo Then Sebastian will become King of NaplesIn these lines Antonio and Sebastian are engaged in conversation They are just ready to execute their plan to attack King Alonso and Gonzalo simultaneously(ii) Antoniorsquos case shall become Sebastianrsquos precedent What has been Antoniorsquos case
Antonio proved treacherous towards his brother Prospero who was the Duke of Milan Since Prospero spent his time in his scholarly pursuits he had delegated his powers to his younger brother Antonio to administer the dukedom Antonio grew ambitious He overthrew his brother and expelled him from his own dukedom In his place Antonio became the Duke of Milan which he continues to be now His case urges Sebastian to do the same(iii) How is Sebastian going to follow Antonio
Sebastian is going to take Antoniorsquos case as his precedent He is convinced that if Antonio could usurp the dukedom from his living brother Sebastian could become the King of Naples by killing his sleeping brother(iv) What will one stroke of Antoniorsquos sword do What will Sebastian do to reward Antonio
Sebastian asks Antonio to put an end to Alonsorsquos life with one stroke of his sword The same stroke will earn for him a reward Sebastian will become the King of Naples and he will exempt Antonio from paying the annual tribute to Naples The dukedom of Milan is a tributary to the kingdom of Naples Its Duke has to pay tribute to the King every year When Sebastian takes over as the King he will give a benefit to his friend who is helping him to realize his ambition
(v) What is Antoniorsquos suggestion
Antonio suggests that they may draw their swords together When he raises his hand to attack Alonso Sebastian should raise his sword to bring it down on Gonzalo
ACCOUNTS-11 25062020 Topic- depreciation ndashSTRAIGHT LINE METHOD
Illustration Salman and Usman Bros acquired a machine on July 1 2014 at a cost of Rs 70000 and spent Rs5000 on its installation The firm writes off depreciation 10 on straight line method The books are closed on December 31 every year Show the machinery and depreciation account for three years
Solution Machinery Account
Date Particulars LF amount Date Particulars LF` Amount ( Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014July 01 To Bank Ac 70000 Dec 31 Dec By Depreciation Ac 3750
(70000 x10x612)
July 01 To Bank Ac 5000 Dec31 By Balance cd 71250
75000 75000
2015 2015Jan 01 To Balance bd 71250 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 x10 ) Dec31 By Balance cd 63750
71250 71250
2016 2016Jan 01 To Balance bd 63750 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 (75000 x10 ) Dec 31 By Balance cd 56250
63750 63750
Depreciation Account
Date Particulars LF Amount Date Particulars LF Amount (Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 3750 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 3750
2015 2015
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
2016 2016
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
WORKING
Cost of Machine RS70000Cost of Installation Rs 5000
Total 75000
Rate of Depreciation 10
Then annual depreciation will be 10 of Rs 75000 = Rs 7500
Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution Geography DRIANAGE THE PENINSULAR RIVERS
1 The Mahanadi2 The Godavari3 The Krishna4 The Kaveri5 The Subarnarekha6 The Narmada7 The Tapi8 The Sabarmati and the Mahi9 The Chambal
The Mahanadi Basin The Mahanadi rises from Dandakaranya
Q1 Which is the largest river of peninsular plateau Write a brief note about its courseA1 The largest river of peninsular plateau is Godavari The river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has
near Sihawa in Raipur district in the highlands of Chhattisgarhand flows through Odisha to reach the Bay of BengalThe length of the river is about 857 kmIts drainagebasin is shared by Maharashtra Chhattisgarh Jharkhandand Odisha
THE MAHANADI RIVER SYSTEM
The GodavariThe river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
THE GODAVARI RIVER SYSTEM
many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
Q2 Which river is known as Dakshin GangaA2 The Godavari river is known as lsquoDakshin Gangarsquo It is also known as Vridha Ganga
Q3 Differentiate between east-flowing rivers and west-flowing riversA3
East-flowing rivers
West-flowing rivers
Godavari Krishna Kaveri Mahanadi are the east-flowing rivers
Narmada Tapiwest-flowing rivers
They fall into the Bay of Bengal
They fall into Arabian Sea
These rivers form big deltas
These rivers form comparativelysmall deltas
Catchment area of these river are larger
Catchment area of these river are smaller
The KrishnaThe Krishna river rises from the Western Ghatsnear Mahabaleshwar It flows into the Bay of Bengalbefore forming a large delta Its length is about1400 km The Tungabhadra Koyana Ghatprabha Musi and Bhima are some of its tributariesIt has covers parts of Maharashtra Karnataka and AndhraPradesh
THE KRISHNA RIVER SYSTEM
The KaveriIt rises in the Brahmagiri range of the Western Ghats and flows into the Bay ofBengal Southof Cuddalore in Tamil Nadu The length of the river is about 760 km Its main tributaries are the Amravati Bhavani Hemavati and Kabini The Kaveri drains inthe parts of Karnataka Kerala and drains in Tamil Nadu The river Kaveri makes the second biggest waterfall in India known as Sivasamudram
POLITICAL SCIENCE
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
MEANING OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS-Fundamental rights are those rights which are essential for intellectual moral and spiritual development of citizens of India As these rights are fundamental or essential for existence and all-round development of individuals hence they are called Fundamental rights These are enshrined in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India These include individual rights common to most such as equality before the law freedom of speech and freedom of expression religious and cultural freedom Freedom of assembly (peaceful assembly) freedom of religion (freedom to practice religion) right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writsThere are six fundamental rights recognized by the Indian constitution
1 Right to equality (Articles 14-18)2 Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22)3 Right Against exploitation (Articles 23-24)4 Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25- 28)5 Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29-30) and6 Right to Constitutional remedies (Articles 32-35)
1 The right to equality includes equality before the law the prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion race caste gender or place of birth equality of opportunity in matters of employment the abolition of untouchability and abolition of titles
2 The right to freedom includes freedom of speech and expression association or union or cooperatives movement residence and right to practice any profession or occupation
3 The right against exploitation prohibits all forms of forced labour child labour and trafficking of human beings
4 The right to freedom of religion includes freedom of conscience and free profession practice and propagation of religion freedom to manage religious affairs freedom from certain taxes and freedom from religious instructions in certain educational institutes
5 The Cultural and educational Rights preserve the right of any section of citizens to conserve their culture language or script and right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice
6 The right to constitutional remedies is present for enforcement of fundamental rightsThe right to privacy is an intrinsic part of Article 21 (the Right to Freedom) that protects the life and liberty of the citizens The right to privacy is the newest right assured by the Supreme court of India It assures the peoples data and personal security
Fundamental rights for Indians have also been aimed at overturning the inequalities of pre-independence social practices Specifically they have also been used to abolish untouchability and thus prohibit discrimination on the grounds of religion race caste sex or place of birth They also forbid trafficking of human beings and forced labour (a crime) They also protect cultural and educational rights of religious and linguistic minorities by allowing them to preserve their languages and also establish and administer their own education institutions They are covered in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India
Mathematics
Relation Study Item Types of RelationToday class xii students we will discuss about the types of RelationsFirst we discuss Void RelationWhat is Void RelationAns Let A be a non-empty set Then φ A A and so it is a relation R on set A Thissube ⨯ relation is called the void or empty relation on set ANow from the above definition we came to know that no element of A is related to any element of AHere A A is called Cartesian product⨯
is the symbol of subsetsubeAnd φ is called phi and refer to void or empty relationNow I give an example to understand the above said relationLet A = 1 2 3 4Here A A =(11)(12)(13)(14)(21)(22)(23)(24)(31)(32)(33)(34)(41)⨯(42)(43)(44)Now we consider R is a relation which is defined by R=(ab) a+b= 50We notice that a+b 50 for any two elements of AnotinTherefore (ab) R for any ab A is called belong to and is not belong tonotin isin isin notinTherefore we can say R does not contain any element of A A⨯Therefore R is empty set Therefore we can say that R is the void or empty relation on AWhat is universal RelationAns Let A is a set Then A A A A and so it is a relation on A This relation is called⨯ sube ⨯ the universal relation on ANow from the above definition we can say that each element of A is related to every element of ANow we consider the relation R on the set A =1 234 defined by R = (ab) R |a -b|isin
0≽We observe that|a - b | 0 for all ab A≽ isin
(ab) R for all (ab) A ArArr isin isin ⨯ Each element of set A is related to set A every element of set ArArr
Therefore we write R= AxATherefore we can say R is universal relation on set ANote we can say that void relation is smallest relation and the universal relation is largest relationSometime both void relation and universal relation is called trivial relationWhat is identity relationAns Let A is a non-empty set Then the relation R or IA = (aa) a A on A is called theisin identity relation on A Therefore from the above definition we can say that every element of A is related to itself only
Example Let A = 1234 then Ror IA = (11)(22)(33)(44) is the identity relation on set ANow I give you another example R1 = (11)(22)(33) and R2 = (11)(22)(33)(44)(24)From the above example we can say that R1 and R2 are not identify relation Because in the case of R1 (44)R1 and on the other hand R2 where element 2 is related to elements 2 and 4
Hindi 2ndlang
भलि[ (महादी मा)
भलि[ कहानी की लखिखका महादी मा न इस कहानी म यह दशान का परयास गिकया ह गिक आजकल क जमान म भी लो सक बन कर गिनसाथ सा करत ह ह
गिबना तन लिसा करत ह और उसक बदल ना कछ मात ह और ना ही कोई आशा करत ह नौकर सा करक तन चाहता ह और ह भी कई सगिधाओ की आशा करता ह पर सक सदा गिनजी साथ भा स सा म सलगन रह कर काम करता ह भलि[ कहानी की मखय पातर लकषमी ह जिजस भलि[ नाम लखिखका न दिदया ह ह गिकसी
ोपाल काकी कनया ह पाच रष की आय म उसकी गि माता न ौना ही कर दिदया कहानी म भलि[ क दखो का अत नही ह गिफर भी ह बडी साहसी धयान और परिरशरमी ह कदिठनाइयो स जझ ती ह पहल गिपता की मतय गिफर पगित की मतय और
गिफर घर जमाई की मतय होती ह उस साहसी मगिहला न साहस नही छोडा और तीनो पतरी ओक हाथ पील गिकए लाना द पान क कारण उसका जमीदार न अपमान गिकया गिफरकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहचीकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहची शहर पहच करा लखिखका की सगिका बनी ही पर उसका नाम भलि[ पडा ह एक भ[ की तरह अपन सामिमनी की इमानदारी स सा करती और तन का जिजकर भी नही करती ह लखिखका क घर पाठशाला आदिद को अचछी तरह स सभालती पढी-
लिलखी ना होकर भी ह लखिखका की बहत सा ए सहायता करती ह लखिखका का साया बनकर चलती लखिखका की सा करना उसक जीन का उददशय ह ह
लखिखका की खशी क लिलए ही काय करती ह ह लखिखका को दखी नही दख सकती लखिखका पर भलि[ का इतना परभा पडा गिक ह सय दहाती बन ई
यदध क दिदनो म ह अपन परिरार क साथ रहन की अपकषा लखिखका क साथ रहना पसद करती थी यदध क भत न जब ीटा क ान पर पलायन गित जा दी तो
भलि[ न न लखिखका को अपन ा ल जान का अनरोध करन ली लखिखका को डर ह गिक यदिद उसक गिदा होन क अगितम छठा ए तो ह दहातीन दधा कया कर ी
इस परकार हम दखत ह गिक लखिखका न सामिमनी और सगिका क ण बरसात हए सक धम पर परकाश डाला ह और लखिखका न एक आदश सगिका क रप को सदर
रप स परसतत गिकया हBengali আদাব পরশন) ldquoশরণের ১৪৪ ধারা আর কারহিZউ অU ার জারী রণেয়রণে0ldquo
ক) কার গলখা গকা3 রচ3ার অংশ খ)গকাায় গক3 ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়রণে0 )১৪৪ ধারা কী এর Zরণেল কী য়
উততর) ক)আরণেলাচ য অংশটি সরণেরশ বসর রহিচত lsquoআদাবlsquo গ0াট রণেলপর অংশ
খ) বাংলারণেদরণেশর ঢাকা শরণের ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়হি0ল সামপরদাহিয়ক াnাা ও দাnা পরহিতরণেরারণেধর জ3 য হিlt সলা3রণেদর গ3তারণেদর সামপরদাহিয়ক উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা বারণেধ উ2য় সমপরদায় 2ীত রণেয় ঘর বহিlt রণেয় পরণে পরসপর পরসপররণেক সরণেltরণের গচারণেখ গদরণেখ গকউ কাউরণেক আরণের রণেতা হিবশবাস কররণেত পারণের3া হিক0 া3রণেষর উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা য় ার পহির3া অরণেতক রকত iয় ও ত য
) ১৪৪ ধারা আইরণে3র এ3 একটা ধারা ার _ারা এলাকা হি3হিদ ষট করণের গদওয়া য় গসই এলাকার রণেধ য গবহিশ া3রণেষর জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় হিহি0ল জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় আই3 2nকারীরণেক গহিলর হি3রণেদশ জাহির করা য় তাই সাধার3 া3ষ আর বাইরণের গবর রণেত পারণের3া পরারণে3র 2রণেয় বহিlt রণেয় ারণেক এর Zল য় সাংঘাহিতক গদাকা3 পাট বনধ ারণেক
হিজহি3স পতর অহিল য় রাসতা ঘাট জ3 শ3 য রণেয় ায় লরণেঠরা তারণেদর লঠত রাজ চাহিলরণেয় হি3রণেজরণেদর আরণেখর গহি0রণেয় গ3য় া3ষরণেক 2ীহিতর হিব2ীহিষহিক গরাস করণের ঘরণেরর া3রণেষর ইkা াকরণেলও ঘরণের হিZররণেত পারণের3া হিZররণেত হিরণেয় বltরণেকর গহিলরণেত পরা3 ারায়
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today we will discuss about Types of Leaves
An organization provides several kinds of leaves to the employees These days employees working both in government and private sector are allowed several types of leaves Following are the leaves achieved by the employees from their organization
Casual LeaveChild care leave -HospitalLeaveSpecial disability leaveChild Adoption leaveEarned LeavesHalf pay leaveMaternity leavePaternityleaveStudy leave
1 Casual Leave- Casual leave is not a recognised form of leaves and is not subject to any rules made by the government of India And official on casual leave is not treated as Absent from duty and pay is not intimated Normally 8 days of casual leave is permissible in a calendar year
2 Child care leave - Women employees having minor children may be granted child care leave by an authority competent to grant leave for a maximum period of 730 days means two years during their entire service for taking care of up to two children weather for sharing or to look after any of their names like examination sickness it is a
3HospitalLeave - Hospital leave is admissible to group C employees whose duties involved handling of dangerous machinery explosive materials poisonous drugs and performance of hazardous task and to group D employees Medical certificate from an authorised medical attendant is necessary for the grant of these leave However total period of
leave does not exceed 28 months4Special disability leave- Special
disability leave admissible to all employees when disabled by injury intentionally or accidentally inflicted are caused in law in consequence of the due performance of official duties or in consequence of official position It also it is also add miscible when disabled by illness incurred in the performance of any particular duty which has the effect of increasing laboratory to illness or injury beyond the ordinary least attaching to the Civil post held and the same condition
5Child Adoption leave- This leave is granted to female Employees with fewer than two surviving children on valid adoption of a child below the age of one year for a period of 135 days immediately after the date of valid adoption Leave salary will be equal to the pain immediately before processing on leave
6Earned Leaves- This leave is earned by duty The credit for earned leave will be awarded at a rate of 15 days on the 1st of January and 1st of July every year It can be accumulated up to 300 days in addition to the number of days for which encashment has been allowed along with LTC
7 Half pay leave -All government servant are entitled to 20 days of HPL half pay leave for every completed year of service Half pay leave is calculated at 20 days for each completed year of service The service includes periods of duty and leave including extra ordinary leave with or without MC (medical certificate)
8 Maternity leave -Maternity leave is granted to women Government employees full stop it is as possible only to Employees with less than 2 surviving children The maternity leave is not debited to leave account and full pay is granted It cannot be combined with any other the leaves and count as service for increment and pension
9 PaternityleaveA male employee with less than 2 surviving children may be granted paternity leave for a period of 15 days during the confinement of
his wife During the period of such leaves he shall be paid leave salary equal to the pay drawn immediately before proceeding on leave
10 Study leave-Study leave may be granted to all Government Employees with not less than 5 years service for undergoing a special course consisting of higher studies are specialised training in a professional or technical subject having a direct and close connection with the sphere of his duties as a Civil Servant
Commerce
Chapter-5Management
Let us today discuss about the nature of Management
Nature of management Management is defined as
An art A science A profession
Management is defined as an art because of the following reasons
1 In art there is an existence of theoretical knowledge Similarly in management various theories are propounded by management thinkers in various areas of management like finance marketing human resources etc
2 Every manager apply his or her personal skills and knowledge in the day to day functioning of an enterprise
3 Like an art management is creative as it provides solutions to Complex problems making resources productive and profitable moulding the attitudes of people for the betterment of an organisation
Management is is considered as science because of the following reasons
1 Like science there is a systemised body of knowledge in management consisting of theories principles vocabulary and concept
2 Principles of management are evolved after continuous observations and experimentation
Management both as Science and ArtManagement is both a science and an art It is a science because it uses certain principles and is an art because it requires continuous practice and application of personal skillsManagement as a profession Following points highlight whether management is a profession or not1 Like profession management has well
defined body of knowledge It has its own principles which are based on experiments One can acquire such
knowledge by pursuing courses like MBA BBA etc and acquire managerial skills through instruction and training
2 In management no such restriction is there for managers to clear an examination for hold a degree However these days more and more people are appointed for managerial post who opposes management degrees
3 Membership to a professional Association like AIMA is not mandatory for managers All managers directly or indirectly work for the development of society
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Essay Questions (EQ-2)
Question No 2Sketch the character of Prospero Would you call him perfect
AnswerProspero in The Tempest appears to be an intensely human being with human failings and weaknesses With all his excellence Prospero is made to awaken our sympathy for a natural imperfection Prosperorsquos Previous HistoryIn his retrospective narration of his previous history to Miranda we get a glimpse into Prosperorsquos past life As the Duke of Milan Prospero buried himself in his magic books which he prized above his dukedom He was essentially a scholar with no practical wisdom He failed to perform his first duty by neglecting the governance of his state and gave an opportunity to his wicked brother to undermine his throne He was thus driven from his home and thrown in a leaky boat with his weeping daughter to drift in the perilous seas It is only the thought of his little child that kept him aliveThe Development of Prosperorsquos CharacterThe development of his character is evident from the contrast between what he was before his banishment and what he is now in the island Formerly when his ldquolibrary was dukedom enoughrdquo he was altogether too unsuspecting Now he is watchful as providence and takes care to guard himself against the possibility of evil He has learnt to know human nature in its worst forms even Caliban has taught him something He will no longer put his trust in appearance except as ldquostale to catch thievesrdquo nor in oaths of which the strongest he says ldquoare straw to the fire irsquo the bloodrdquo He who once neglected worldly ends now consistently asserts his dignity enforces obedience and deals out justice with impartial hand He who without a thought of evil gave his power and his revenues into his brotherrsquos hands now puts Ferdinand to the severest test as a trial of his love before entrusting his daughter to him He makes the most practical use imaginable of his magic art exacts prompt servitudefrom his attendants does not hesitate to punish them is resolved and firm and knows how to seize the proper moment for action He is a most careful father to his daughter a considerate master of Ariel severe against the brutal Caliban humane towards the repentant enemies full of experience and wisdomThe Exercise of his Power ndash his SternnessWhat appears to us at the first sight one of the least pleasing features of Prosperorsquos character is the sternness which he frequently displays more particularly in his dealings with Caliban His harshness towards Caliban resulted from the failure of gentler methods his severity towards Ferdinand was exercised in the interest of his daughter ldquolest too light winning make the prize lightrdquo and his punishment of Alonso Sebastian and Antonio is justified by the attainment of his objectiveProsperorsquos TendernessThe tender side of Prosperorsquos character is exhibited in his relation to Miranda Ariel Gonzalo and the repentant sinners His love for Miranda is unbounded She was almost life to him In his darkest hours of trial this love sustained him and gave him strength to put a bold front to suffering He addresses her always with tenderness She is to him a lsquoloved darlingrsquo lsquodear heartrsquo lsquoa rich giftrsquo lsquoa third of his own lifersquo The same affectionate nature is shown in his dealing with his brother Antonio He loved his brother Antonio only next to Miranda before Antonio conspired against him In the island when Antonio is brought before him he forgives him
readily To Gonzalo the good old councilor he is all affection He sheds tears of joy and gratitude when he meets him in the island To Ariel he is a loving and considerable master Ariel is always to him ldquomy brave spiritrdquo ldquofine spiritrdquo ldquodelicate Arielrdquo ldquomy Arielrdquo etc When he promises Ariel his freedom he says with real emotion ndash ldquoI shall miss theerdquoProsperorsquos Power as a MagicianThe practice of magic has placed wonderful powers in the hands of Prospero He uses his supernatural powers like a god only to bring about the happiest results He causes The Tempest and the shipwreck only to bring his enemies within his power and not to destroy them Not a soul perished in the storm He leads Ferdinand to Miranda his high charms work and as he wishes the two falls in love He frustrates the plots of the conspirators and makes them know that he was conscious of it He drives Sebastian and Alonso to sincere repentance and readily forgives them The drunken associates of Caliban are no doubt sternly treated but even then they are promised conditional pardon The whole play at last ends in reconciliation joy and peace The wrongs are set right the lovers are made happy Ariel is set free and thus the powerful magician retires into the solitude of his study at MilanProsperorsquos ForgivenessAllied to his wisdom is his forgiving nature Though deeply wronged he bears no spite against the wrong-doers Though his power is unlimited he uses it to noble purposes The lesson of adversity has taught him that ldquoThe rarer action is in virtue than in vengeancerdquoProspero does not debase his noble nature by revenge but forgives his enemies absolutely He drives his erstwhile enemies to a sincere penitence for their past misdeeds and when repentance has wrought its full effect on them he receives them into his arms and is reconciled to them Is Prospero perfectProspero creates a great impression upon our minds by his dignity his nobility the divine spirit of forgiveness in him his generous and sympathetic nature etc Even with all these virtues we cannot call him perfect We perceive certain faults in him He displays an occasional impatience irritability and even a certain harshness of feeling His severe treatment of Caliban might have been justified but the language in which he addresses the monster and the threats that he uses show him to be a kind of tyrant On learning of Calibanrsquos plot against his life he is as violently disturbed and agitated as any ordinary human being would be His manner towards Ariel when the latter demands his liberty also seems somewhat arbitrary and tyrannicalSubject ndashBiology Topic ndashChapter -5 Inheritance amp Variations Summary ExecutionToday we will discuss about NON-Mendelian Inheritance
NON_MENDELIAN INHERITANCE Incomplete Dominance It is an inheritance in which heterozygous offspring shows
intermediate character between two parental characteristics Eg Flower colour in snapdragon (dog flower or Antirrhinum sp) and
Mirabilis jalapa ( 4rsquoO clock plant) Here phenotypic and genotypic ratios are same Phenotypic Ratio 1Red 2 Pink 1 White Genotypic Ratio 1(RR) 2 (Rr) 1(rr) This means that R was not completely dominant over r Pea plants also show incomplete dominance in other traits
Co- dominance It is the inheritance in which both alleles of a gene are expressed in a
hybrid Eg ABO blood grouping in human ABO Blood groups are controlled by the gene I The plasma membrane of the RBC has sugar polymer that protrude
from its surface and is controlled By the gene The gene I has three alleles IA IB i The alleles IA and IB produce a slightly different form of the sugar
while allele i does not produce any sugar In AB blood group both IA and IB are present together This is co ndash
dominanceMultiple Alleles
Multiple alternatives of the same gene which influence the same character and produce different expressions in different individuals of a species or population same genes have more than two allelic
forms These different forms of a single gene are referred as multiple alleles Eg human Blood group
Ac-12 250620 Topic- retirement
Illustration Om Jai and Jagdish are partners sharing profit in the ratio of 3 2 l Their balance sheet as at December 31st 2014 is as under
Balance sheet as at December 31 2014
Liabilities Amount Assets Amount
(Rs`) (Rs`)
Creditors 80000 Building 180000 Bills Payable 26000 Plant 140000 General reserve 24000 Motor Car 40000 Capital Stock 100000 Om 160000 Debtors 63000 Jai 120000 Less Provision Jagdish 120000
400000 for Bad debts 3000
60000 Cash at Bank 10000
530000 530000
Jai retires on that date on the following terms(a) The Goodwill of the firm is valued at Rs 60000(b) Stock and Building to be appreciated by 10(c) Plant is depreciated by 10(d) Provision for Bad debts is increased upto Rs 5000(e) Jairsquos share of goodwill was adjusted through remaining partners capital accountThe amount due to Jai is paid out of the fund brought in by Om and Jagdish in theirnew profit sharing ratio Jai is paid full amountPrepare Revaluation Account and Partnerrsquos Capital account
Solution WorkingsIt is assumed that Om and Jagdish gaining ratio remains 3 lJairsquo Share of goodwill = Rs 60000 times 26 = Rs20000Adjusted through the remaining partners capital account in 3 1 ratio
Revaluation Account
Dr Cr
Particulars Amount Particulars Amount
(Rs`) (`Rs)
To Provision for Bad debts 2000 By Stock 10000TO Plant 14000 By Building 18000To Profit transferred toCapital Accounts Om 6000 Jai 4000 Jagdish 2000
12000
28000 28000
Capital AccountDr Cr Particulars Om Jai Jagdish Particulars Om Jai Jagdish
(Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (rs`) (`Rs)
To Capital 15000 mdash 5000 By Balance bd 160000 120000 120000 ToBank 152000 By General Reserve 12000 8000 4000To Balance cd 277000 mdash 159000 By Revaluation (Profit) 6000 4000 2000 By Om Capital mdash 15000 mdash ByJagdish Capital mdash 5000 By Bank 114000 38000
292000 152000 164000 292000 152000 164000
and cake fluffy (c) We should rinse our mouth after every meal
(d) We should use dental floss to clean between the teeth
4 How do microbes useful to us Write three points Ans Some microbes are useful to us
(a) Bacteria change milk to curd and help in our digestion
(b) We eat mushrooms which are fungi
(c) We get medicines from a fungus called Penicillium
Mathematics M Maths [Activity 1]
1 Write the numerals for the followinga) 4 ten thousandb) 8 ten thousandc) Twenty thousand five hundredd) Fifty thousand fiftyf) Ninety thousand four hundred forty eightSolution a) 40000b) 80000c) 20500d) 50050f) 904483 Put comma () to separate the numbers in two periodsa) 36452d) 10633e) 76001f) 85404Solution a) 36452 (d) 10633 (e) 76001 (f) 854044 Write the numbers in short formc) 60000+300+30+3d) 20000+5000+40e) 60000+7000+900+10+1Solution (c) 60333 (d) 25040 (e) 679115 Write the period and place value of the given numbersd) 3 in 57325e) 4 in 95483f) 0 in 88509Solution (d) ones 300(e) ones 400(f) ones 0
COMPUTER FORMATTING IN MS WORD
Q1) WRITE DOWN THE STEPS TO CHANGE THE FONT TYPEANS) THE STEPS ARE
SELECT THE TEXT THAT WE WANT TO FORMAT CLICK ON THE HOME TAB CLICK ON THE DROPDOWN ARROW NEXT TO THE FONT BOX IN THE
FONT GROUP SELECT THE RELEVANT FONT TYPE FROM THE FONT LIST BOX
Q2) HOW CAN WE CHANGE THE TEXT ALIGNMENTANS) WE CAN CHANGE THE TEXT ALIGNMENT BY FOLLOWING STEPS ARE
SELECT THE TEXT CLICK ON THE HOME TAB IN THE PARAGRAPH GROUP SELECT THE DESIRED ALIGNMENT
OPTION
Class VSubject Topic Summary Execution English language Sentences
phrases and clauses
The sentenceA sentence is a group of words that contains a subject a predicate and makes complete sense by itselfThe PhraseA phrase is a group of words which does not contain a subject and a verb and does not make complete sense by itselfThe ClauseA clause is a group of words which contains a subject and a predicate and is a part of a sentence
Example of a Phrase1 My best friend2 The sports car
The above sentences donrsquot have Subject or verb
Example of a Clause1 John is my best friend2 The man was carrying a bag
The above sentences have both Subject and verb
Social studies Indian Government
India is a very big country It is divided into 29 states and 7 union territories for effective governance and administrationThe Indian Government operates at three levelsCentral GovernmentState GovernmentLocal Government Central GovernmentThe Central Government rules over the entire country It operates from New Delhi It makes laws for the whole country and ensures that they are executed and followed The central government has three parts ndash thelegislative the executive and the judiciary1The LegislativeThe Parliament is the legislature at the Central level that makes the laws The Parliament of India is in New Delhi It is also called Sansad It has two houses Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha Their members are called MPs -Members of Parliament The citizens of the country elect them through elections
1Name the three levels of Government that the Indian Government operatesAns Central Government State Government and Local Government
2Name the three parts of Central GovernmentAns The legislative the executive and the judiciary
3What is the other name for SansadAns Parliament
Science Pollination(Agents of pollination)
Agents of Pollination
We all know that plants cannot move from one place to another but they reproduce They need help to transfer their pollen grains Wind insects water birds and other animals help in transferring their pollen grains So they are called agents of pollination
Q Define self-pollination Ans Self pollination ndash When the pollen grains get transferred from the anthers to the stigma of the same flower or another flower on the same plant it is known as self-pollination
Q Define cross-pollination Ans Cross-pollination ndash When the pollen grains get transferred from the
Pollination by wind ndash grasses such as rice wheat maize their pollen grains are very dry and light and easily blown by the wind Some plants have a feathery stigma to catch the pollen grains Pollination by insects ndashInsects such as butterflies bees help in cross pollination When insects visit flowers to collect nectar the pollen grains get stuck to their body and when they visit to another flower the pollen grains get transferred to the stigma of that flower This is how insects help in pollination Pollination by water ndashPollination by water occurs in aquatic plants Pollination occurs when the male flower moving with the flow of water comes in contact with the female flower
anthers of one flower to the stigma of a flower of another plant of the same type it is known as cross-pollination
Q How do insects help in pollination Ans Insects such as butterflies bees help in cross pollination When in sects visit flowers to collect nectar the pollen grains get stuck to their body and when they visit to another flower the pollen grains get transferred to the stigma of that flower This is how insects help in pollination
English literature
Sour grapes A fox was trotting on one day and he saw lovely grapes just above his head The grapes where rich ripe and purple- red He was impatient to grab the fruit but it was too high He gave it up by letting out a deep sighHe then said to himself that he has wasted his time upon such a common fruit and he is sure that those grapes were sour
The poet then concludes the poem by saying that we often say this in our real life When we fail to do or achieve something in our lives we often say like the fox that ldquowe re sure the grapes are sourrdquo
Write the synonyms of1 Trotting- Riding2 Eager- anxious3 Snatch- grab4 Heaving- to let out relief5 Sigh- deep breath6 Mean- miserable and poor
SUBJECT- FRENCH (3RD LANGUAGE)Les alphabets avec vocabulariesAlphabets with vocabularies
- Ananas- Ballon- Chat
- Dents - Escargot
HOMEWORK-LEARN THIS VOCABULARIES WITH PROPER PRONUNCIATION
MAT
HEM
ATIC
S
Ch 6
Com
mon
frac
tions Subtraction of fractions
(a) Subtraction of like fractions
(b) Subtraction of unlike fractions
(c) Subtraction of mixed fractions [To subtract mixed numbers we change them to improper fractions and then subtract]
Exercise ndash 28Subtract
2 712
minus 312
Solution 712
minus 312 =
7minus312 =
412 =
13
4 18minus 1
12
Solution The LCM of 8 and 12 = 24
there4 18=
1times 38times3 =
324 and
112
= 1 times212 times2
= 224
there4 18minus 1
12 = 3
24 - 2
24 = 3minus224 =
124
10 59minus 7
18
Solution The LCM of 9 and 18 = 18
there4 59=
5times 29 times2 =
1018 and
718=
7 times 118times 1 =
718
there4 59minus 7
18 = 1018 -
718 =
10minus718 =
318 =
16
11 34minus1
5
Solution The LCM of 4 and 5 = 4times5 = 20
there4 34 =
3 times54 times 5 =
1520 and
15=
1times 45times 4 =
420
there4 34 -
15 =
1520 -
420 =
15minus420 =
1120
19 6 - 159
Solution Now 6 = 61 and 1
59 =
149
The LCM of 1 and 9 = 9
there4 61=
6 times91times 9 =
549 and
149 =
14 times19times1 =
149
there4 6 - 159 =
61 -
149 =
549 -
149 =
54minus149 =
409 = 4
49
20 715 - 3
910
Solution Now 715 =
365 and 3
910 =
3910
The LCM of 5 and 10 = 10
there4 715 =
365 =
36 times25times 2 =
7210 and 3
910 =
3910
there4 715 - 3
910 =
7210 -
3910 =
72minus3910 =
3310 = 3
310
Practice at HomeExercise ndash 28
17 3712 - 2
56
18 5 - 278
Class VISubject Topic Summary Execution BIOLOGY Ch-8
AdaptationsPg-115
A Short answer questions
3 Write the characteristics of submerged plants Ans ndash
1 Submerged aquatic are present below the water surface
2 The roots of partly submerged plants are fixed in the soil below water at the bottom of pond lake or river
3 The stems of such plants grow up to the surface of water while the leaves and flowers float on the surface of water
4 Submerged plants donrsquot have thick waxy cuticle
5 Completely submerged water plants like sea grasses and pondweed lack stomata
6 The leaves are mostly thin
Class VIISubject Topic Summary Execution CHEMISTRY
Chapter ndashPhysical and Chemical Changes
Physical ChangeA physical change involves a change in physical propertiesPhysical change is a type of change where no new substance is formed Most physical changes are reversible
Characteristics of Physical changes 1 They are temporary changes2 They are reversible changes 3 No new substance formed4 A physical change involves a
change in physical properties not its chemical properties
Terms related to Physical ChangesDissolvingMeltingMelting pointFreezingFreezing pointBoiling Boiling pointEvaporationCondensationCondensation point
Pg-25Question 6State three differences between evaporation and boiling
Evaporation Boiling
1 Evaporation is a slow process
2 Evaporation takes place from the surface of the liquid
3 Evaporation takes place at all temperature
1 Boiling is a fast process
2 Boiling takes place from all parts of the liquid
3 Boiling takes place at a fixed temperature on heating
Question 7State four differences between physical and chemical changes
Physical change Chemical change
1 No new substances with new properties are formed
2 It can be reversed by simple physical methods
3 It is temporary change
4 Energy is neither needed nor produced
1 New substances with new properties are formed
2 Change cannot be reversed by simple physical methods
3 It is permanent change4 Energy is either needed
or evolved
GEOGRAPHY
ATMOSPHERE
GREENHOUSE EFFECT ANDGLOBAL WARMINGWe have already learned that therays of the Sun heat up the Earths surfaceduring the day and cools off at night byradiating out the heat in the form of terrestrialradiation Some of this heat is absorbed by thegreenhouse gases of the atmosphere and doesnot escape into outer space This preventsthe Earth from becoming excessively cold atnight This is known as Greenhouse EffectIt has led to a gradual rise in globaltemperatures which is referred to as globalwarmingCauses of Global Warming
Q1 What do you mean by Greenhouse EffectA1 Therays of the Sun heat up the Earths surfaceduring the day and cools off at night byradiating out the heat in the form of terrestrialradiation Some of this heat is absorbed by thegreenhouse gases of the atmosphere and doesnot escape into outer space This preventsthe Earth from becoming excessively cold atnight This is known as Greenhouse Effect
Q2 What are the greenhouse gases A2 The heat-trapping gases calledgreenhouse gas (GHGs)
Examples chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Carbon dioxide halons methane nitrous oxide and
GREENHOUSE GAS The heat-trapping gases calledgreenhouse gas (GHGs) Over the years these gases have releasedin the atmosphere and thus making the planetwarmerExamples Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Carbon dioxide halons methane nitrous oxide and ozone
GLOBAL WARMINGIncreasing of Earthrsquos temperature day by day by the increasing amount of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere is called as global warming
CAUSES OF GLOBAL WARMING 1 Burning of fossil fuel2 Harmful emission from industries
andvehicles3 Deforestation and mining4 Excessive rearing of farm animals5 Fertilisers
ozone
Q3 What do you mean by Global Warming Write any two causes of global warming
A3 Increasing of Earthrsquos temperature day by day by the increasing amount of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere is called as global warming The main causes of global warming are a Burning of fossil fuelb Harmful emission from industries
andvehicles
COMPUTER
ARRAYS ARRAY IS A VARIABLE WHICH STORES DIFFERENT VALUES OF THE SAME DATA TYPE IT IS USEFUL TO ORGANIZE MULTIPLE VARIABLES TO DECLARE AN ARRAY DIM (DIMENSION) STATEMENT IS USED LETS TAKE AN EXAMPLE TO DECLARE AN ARRAYDIM NUMBERS(10)10 INSIDE THE PARENTHESES MEANS THIS ARRAY CAN HOLD 11 ELEMENTSNUMBERS YES 11 NUMBERS THERE IS A FIRST INDEX ARRAY 0 ALSO (0 TO 10)EXAMPLES1)TAKE ANY 6 NUMBERS (SAY 2451069) IN AN ARRAY AND ADD NUMBERS INPOSITIONINDEX 3 AND 5 PRINT THE FINAL RESULT
READ THE SUMMARY PART AND TRY TO UNDERSTAND THE CONCEPT OF ARRAY IN QBASIC
SUBJECT- FRENCH (3RD LANGUAGE)Les alphabets avec vocabulariesAlphabets with vocabularies
- Ananas- Ballon- Chat - Dents - Escargot
HOMEWORK-LEARN THIS VOCABULARIES WITH PROPER PRONUNCIATION
Class VIIISubject Topic Summary Execution PHYSICS ENERGY Types of Energy
There are different forms of energy Today we will discuss some important
A Objective Questions
1 Write true or false for each
types of energy and their features ndash1 Mechanical energyMechanical energy is the sum of kinetic and potential energy in an object that is used to do work In other words it is energy in an object due to its motion or position or both
A Kinetic Energy The energy in motion is known as Kinetic Energy For example a moving ball flowing water etc
Kinetic Energy=12mv2
Wherem = Mass of the objectv = Velocity of the object
B Potential Energy This is the energy stored in an object and is measured by the amount of work done For example a pen on a table water in a lake etc
Potential Energy=mghWherem = Mass of the object (in kilograms)g = Acceleration due to gravityh = Height in metersMechanical EnergyIt is the sum of potential energy and kinetic energy that is the energy associated with the motion amp position of an object is known as Mechanical energy Thus we can derive the formula of mechanical energy as ndash
Mechanical Energy = Kinetic Energy + Potential Energy
MechanicalEnergy=12mv2+mgh
2 Solar EnergyThe light and heat from the sun harnessed using technologies like solar heating photovoltaics solar thermal energy solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis is known as solar energy It is the prime source of renewable energy
3 Wind EnergyIt is one of the various forms of energy The energy present in the flow of wind used by wind turbines is called wind energy This energy is a major cheap source to produce electricity In this phenomena the kinetic energy of the wind is converted into mechanical power
statement
(a) A coolie does no work against the force of gravity while carrying luggage on a road
Answer True
(b) The energy stored in water of a dam is the kinetic energy
Answer False
(c) The energy of a flying kite is kinetic energy
Answer True
(d) Work done by a boy depends on the time in which he does work
Answer False
(e) Power spent by a body depends on the time for which it does work
Answer True
4 Nuclear EnergyThe energy present in the nucleus of an atom is known as nuclear energy The particles of an atom are tiny and need the energy to hold themselves Nuclear energy is that enormous energy in the bonds of an atom which helps to hold the atom together Nuclear energy can be used to make electricity
5 Geothermal EnergyThe energy or heat present inside the Earth is known as geothermal energy It is a cheap amp convenient heat and power resource and use of this energy donrsquot have a side effect like greenhouse gas emission etc
6 Tidal Energy
Tidal energy or tidal power is a form of hydropower (energy present in water) which converts the energy present in the tides to produce electricity
7 Biomass Energy
Biomass is organic matter obtained from living organisms The energy produced from biomass is called biomass energy
8 Electrical Energy
The energy caused by moving electric charges is known as electrical energy Electric energy is a type of kinetic energy as the electrical charges moves
9 Thermal Energy
As the name suggests thermal energy is the energy obtained from heat It is a microscopic disordered equivalent of mechanical energyThere may be instances where an object posses more than one type of energy For example boiling water posses both kinetic and potential energy along with heat energy
MATHEMATICS Ch 9Interest
Execution ndash 9(B) 3 A sum of money lent out at simple interest doubles itself in 8 years Find (i) the rate of Interest (ii) In how many years will the sum become triple (three times) at itself at the same rate percent
Solution
(i) Let P = Rs100 there4 A = Rs200 So I = A ndash P = Rs(200-100) = Rs100 and T = 8years [ P= Principal A = Amount I = Interest and T = Time]
there4 The rate of interest (R) = 100times IP times T = ( 100 times100
100times 8 ) = 252
= 125
(ii) Again P = Rs100 A = Rs300 So I = Rs(300-100) = Rs200 and R = 125
there4 T = 100times IP times R = ( 100 times 200
100 times12 5 ) years = ( 1000times 200100times125 )years= 16 years
4 Rs4000 amount to Rs5000 in 8years in what time will Rs2100 amount to Rs2800 at the same rate
Solution
1 st part P = Rs4000 A = Rs5000 there4 I = Rs(5000-4000) = Rs1000And T = 8 years
there4 R = 100times IP times T = ( 100 times1000
4000 times8 ) = 258
2 nd part Now P = Rs2100 A = Rs2800 there4 I = Rs(2800-2100) =Rs700 and R
= 258
there4 T = 100times IP times R = ( 100 times 700
2100 times 258 ) years = ( 100 times8
3 times25 )years= 323 years = 10
23 years
= 10years( 23
times 12)months = 10 years 8 months
6 A certain sum amounts to Rs3825 in 4 years and to Rs4050 in 6 years Find the rate percent and the sum
Solution Amount in 6 years = Rs4050Amount in 4 years = Rs3825
there4 Interest in 2years = Rs(4050-3825) = Rs225
there4 Interest in 1year = Rs225divide2 = Rs2252
there4 Interest in 4years =Rs(225times2) = Rs450
Now P = A ndash I = Rs(3825 ndash 450) = Rs3375
there4 R = 100times IP times T = ( 100 times225
3375 times2 ) = 103
= 313
Practice at Home5 What sum of money lent at 65 per annum will produce the same interest in 4 years as Rs7500 produce in 6 years at 5 per annum
GEOGRAPHY MIGRATION CLIMATE REFUGEES
Climate refugees who are forced to move out when their homes when threatened by imminent climate catastrophes Example many people many people migrated from the sinking south pacific Islands to Australia and New Zealand
MISCELLANEOUS MIGRATION
Miscellaneous migration often takes place due to the governmentrsquos decisions or due to political unrest Example the Indonesian government moved the farming population from the overpopulated areas of Java to the islands of Borneo and Sumatra
FORCED MIGRATION
Forced migration happens during times of disaster of warfare Abduction and transfer of African slaves to America to serve as labour force is an example of forced migration Today climate change and rising sea levels have led to forced migration in many of the island nations of the world
VOLUNTARY MIGRATION
Voluntary migration is shifting to HDC(highly developed countries) from LDC(lowly developed countries) for better job or educational opportunities and better standards of living There is a current trend in which a large number of students are migrating from developing nations to European and American universities for higher studies This type of voluntary migration leads to depopulation in the country which people leave and adds to the volume of immigrants in the country that receives these people
Q1 What do you understand by climate refugees Where it can be found
A1 Climate refugees who are forced to move out when their homes when threatened by imminent climate catastrophes or disasters
Example many people migrated from the sinking south pacific Islands to Australia and New Zealand
Q2Give an example on miscellaneous migration
A2 An example on miscellaneous migration like the Indonesian government moved the farming population from the overpopulated areas of Java to the islands of Borneo and Sumatra
Q3 Give some examples of highly developed countries (HDC) and lowly developed countries (LDC)
A3 European and North American countries such as Britain Spain Canada and New York are good examples of highly developed countries (HDC) On the other hand South-East Asian countries such as India Pakistan and Bangladesh are examples lowly developed countries (LDC)
COMPUTER ALGORITHMS AND FLOW CHARTS
EXAMPLES1) WRITE AN ALGORITHM AND DRAW A FLOW CHART TO FIND THE AREA OF A RECTANGLESOLUTIONALGORITHM
STEP1 STARTSTEP2 ACCEPT THE LENGTH OF THE RECTANGLESTEP3 ACCEPT THE BREADTH OF THE RECTANGLESTEP4 USE THE FORMULA OF AREA=LENGTH times BREADTH AND STORE THE
FINAL RESULT IN THE VARIABLE AREASTEP5DISPLAY THE ARE OF THE RECTANGLESTEP6STOP
FLOWCHART
2)CALCULATE THE INTEREST OF A BANK DEPOSITALGORITHMSTEP 1 READ AMOUNTSTEP 2 READ YEARSSTEP 3 READ RATE
STEP 4 CALCULATE THE INTEREST WITH FORMULA INTEREST=AMOUNTYEARSRATE100STEP 5 PRINT INTERESTFLOWCHART
3)DETERMINE AND OUTPUT WHETHER NUMBER N IS EVEN OR ODDALGORITHMSTEP 1 READ NUMBER NSTEP 2 SET REMAINDER AS N MODULO 2STEP 3 IF REMAINDER IS EQUAL TO 0 THEN NUMBER N IS EVEN ELSE NUMBER N IS ODDSTEP 4 PRINT OUTPUTFLOWCHART
4)DETERMINE WHETHER A TEMPERATURE IS BELOW OR ABOVE THE FREEZING POINTALGORITHM
STEP 1 INPUT TEMPERATURESTEP 2 IF IT IS LESS THAN 32 THEN PRINT BELOW FREEZING POINT OTHERWISE PRINT ABOVE FREEZING POINTFLOWCHART
PRACTICE THE GIVEN FLOWCHARTS AND ALGORITHMS
Class IXSubject Topic Summary Execution Bengali (2nd
language) চারণেদর পাাহিব2হিত2ষ বরণেltযাপাধযায় হি_তীয় অধযায়
ldquoআহি`কার হিবখযাত া0 শঙকর কতবার 0হিবরণেত গদরণেখরণে0rdquo ক) আহি`কার হিবখযাত া0টির 3া হিক া0টির হিবরণেশষতব হিকখ)শঙকর গকাায় হিকরণেসর জ3য হিরণেয়হি0ল ) গস গসখারণে3 হিক খরণেজ পায়
উঃ- হিব2হিত2ষ বরণেltযাপাধযায় রহিচত lsquoচারণেদর পাাrsquo উপ3যারণেস আহি`কার হিবখযাত া0টির 3া ল বাওবাব া0টির হিবরণেশষতব ল া0টি গবশ গাটা গসাটা া0টির জার হিবষয় ল া0টি তার গহিরণেত ১৬ হিলটার জল ধরণের রাখরণেত পারণের তষণায় কাতর পচারীরা অরণে3ক সয় এই ারণে0র গহিরণেত 0হির গরণের Zরণেটা করণের জল পা3 করণের
খ) শঙকর আহি`কায় হিরণেয়হি0ল অযাUরণে2ঞচারণেরর গ3শায় অনধকারয় এই ারণেদরণেশর পরহিতটি সথারণে3 গ3 রসয লহিকরণেয় আরণে0 এই ররণেসযর অ3সনধা3 কররণেত হিরণেয় অরণে3ক পটক পরা3 াহিররণেয়রণে0 আবার অরণে3রণেক হিসংরণের গপরণেট গরণে0 তবও অহি2াতরী া3ষ অহি2া3 বনধ করণের হি3আহি`কার ইউানডা গরলওরণেয়র 3Uরবা গসটশ3 গরণেক বাাততর াইল দহিi3 পহিj গকারণে3 একটা শাখা লাই3 হৈতহির হিkল গরল গকামপাহি3র গসখারণে3 শঙকর ক3সটরাকস3 কযারণেমপর গকরাহি3 ও সরকাহির গসটারহিকপার রণেয় গা হিদরণেয়হি0লপরণের শঙকর একটা গরলরণেসটশরণে3র গসটশ3াসটার য় এরপরণের গস আল2ারণেররণেজর সরণেn ীরার পাা খজরণেত গবহিররণেয় পরণে
) গ0াটরণেবলা গরণেক শঙকর শরণে3 আসরণে0 আহি`কায় গসা3া রপা ীরার 0া0হি একট গচষটা কররণেল গসা3া রপা ীরা আহিবসকার করণের বরণোরণেলাক ওয়া ায় এই সব খজরণেত হিরণেয় শঙকর আহি`কার পরাকহিতক ররণেপর গ সনধা3 গপরণেয়হি0ল তার তল3া গ3ই ঘ3 অর3য পবতরাহিজ =র3া 3দী জীবজনত সবই তারণেক হিদরণেয়রণে0 আ3lt শঙকর ীরার গখারণেজ হিরণেয় ীরা 3া গপরণেলও পরাকহিতক ররণেপর গরণে3 শঙকরণেরর 3 ীরায় পহিরত রণেয়হি0ল
EVS Chapter 2 ndash Species interaction with each other Long Answer Question
Living Things in Ecosystems
bull ParasitismParasitism is a relationship between two different organisms where one of the organisms actually harms the other through the relationship The organism that is harming the other one is called a parasite Examples of Parasitism Fleas or ticks that live on dogs and cats are parasites
bull MutualismMutualisms are defined as interactions between organisms of two different species in which each organism benefits the other
bull CommensalismCommensalism is a relationship between individuals of two species in which one species obtains food or other benefits from the other without either harming or benefiting the latter
bull SynergismThe interaction of things resulting in the overall effect that is greater than the sum of individual effects of any of them
Q) How biotic and abiotic components are inter-related Ans - In an eco system biotic and abiotic components depend on each other The biotic and abiotic components are connected in ecosystem in different way The sun is the energy source Producersplants use this energy to synthesize food in the presence of carbon dioxide and chlorophyll The herbivores are dependent on plants for the energy requirements The carnivores in turn feed on the herbivores and other carnivores At any level microbes then decompose any dead and decaying organic matter These decomposers after various chemical reactions release molecules back to the environment in the form of chemicals The chemicals are again used by the producers and the cycle starts againIn conclusion ecosystems have a complex set of interactions that happen between the biotic and abiotic components The components of an ecosystem are linked to each other through the energy flows and nutrient cycles
Commercial Studies
Chapter-7Joint Stock Company
In previous class we have explained about the meaning of Joint Stock Company features of Joint Stock Company
Let us explain about
Merits of Joint Stock Company
Merits of Joint stock CompanyStabilityPublic confidenceProfessional managementTransferability of sharesLimited Liability
Merits of Joint Stock Company StabilityA company enjoys stable durable enduring and uninterrupted business life A company continues to exist even if all its members die or deserted Maintenance of continuity of policy of administration is very much ensured in the case of Joint Stock CompanyPublic confidenceA public company enjoys the confidence of the public as the same is guided and controlled by strict regulations Since the companies financial accounts are published and circulated the public has enough faith on the activities of the company Thus a company enjoys better prestige and regulation greater public confidence as a wholeEfficient professional managementDue to its large financial resources and continuity a company can avail of the services of highly qualified
persons who are experts in different fields of business management In this way the benefits of specialization and centralized management can be securedTransferability of sharesSince the shares of a joint stock company are freely transferable they provide necessary liquidity to the investment of the people Shares of public companies are generally listed on a stock exchange so that people can easily buy and sell themLimited LiabilityThe liability of shareholders is limited only to the extent of face value of share held by them Shareholders are not personally liable for the debts of the company Thus the risk is known and also limited
Economics Chapter4 Basic Problems of An Economy
Today let discuss about the Meaning of Efficiency use of ResourcesNeeds of efficient use of resources
Resource efficiency is the maximising of the supply of money materials staff and other assets that can be drawn on by a person or organization in order to function effectively with minimum wasted (natural) resource expenses It means using the Earths limited resources in a sustainable manner while minimising environmental impact
Necessity for efficient use resources Once the flow of resources through the economy has reached its maximum sustainable limit (and many would argue that wersquove already passed that point for some resources) the only way to maintain economic growth in the long run is to become more resource efficient ndash finding ways to generate greater returns from the same amount of resources
Resource efficiency isnrsquot only valuable because it is essential for sustained economic growth Promoting resource efficiency can increase the competitiveness of industry create jobs stimulate innovation boost sectors such as recycling and resource recovery and help ensure secure supplies of key
QuestionWhat do you mean by Efficient use of Resources
Answer) Resource efficiency is the maximising of the supply of money materials staff and other assets that can be drawn on by a person or organization in order to function effectively with minimum wasted (natural) resource expenses It means using the Earths limited resources in a sustainable manner while minimising environmental impact
Why do we need to use our resources efficientlyAnswer) Once the flow of resources through the economy has reached its maximum sustainable limit (and many would argue that wersquove already passed that point for some resources) the only way to maintain economic growth in the long run is to become more resource efficient ndash finding ways to generate greater returns from the same amount of resources
Resource efficiency isnrsquot only valuable because it is essential for sustained economic growth Promoting resource efficiency can increase the competitiveness of industry create jobs stimulate innovation boost sectors such as recycling and resource recovery and help ensure secure
resources supplies of key resources
Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)
Topic Act II Scene 7 Lines 1 to 35 (Morocco hellip What if I stray no further but choose here )
[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase provided]
Summary Questions amp Answers
Having disposed of the minor story of Jessicarsquos elopement we now return to the main plot We are now shown how affairs are progressing with Portia in her home in Belmont
This is the first of the three scenes where a suitor makes a choice between golden silver and leaden caskets It will be noted that while making the choice all the lovers soliloquize and reveal their personality and character We have already observed the manly soldierly but primitive personality of the Prince of Morocco His has a simple nature and does not look deeply into the inner meaning of things but is dazzled by the outward appearance of gold He is inclined to over-estimate his own value and does not realize that it is a duty to ldquogive and hazardrdquo So his feeling is only one of fascination and romantic attraction We cannot believe that he has a deep and lasting love for Portia
In this scene two characters appear ndash Portia and the Prince of Morocco Portia explains to the Prince that the correct casket shall be the one that contains her picture She will be the wife of the person who will choose the correct casket and in the process get whatever she has
The Prince examines the inscriptions on each of the caskets and interprets them
(1) (Act II Sc 7 L 1-5)
Portia Go draw aside the curtains and discover
The several caskets to this noble princeNow make your choice
Morocco The first of gold who this inscription bearsWho chooseth me shall gain what many men desire
(i) Who is Morocco How did he introduce himself to Portia when they first met in an earlier scene
Prince Morocco is a dark skinned boastful warrior of African origin who seeks the hand of Portia He introduces himself as a person who lives near the equator where the exposure to sun rays have to be blamed for his complexion He says that Portia should not dislike him for his dark skin
(ii) How would Morocco know that he had made the right choice What would his reward be
Morocco would know he has chosen the right casket if he finds Portiarsquos portrait in one of them His reward would be Portiarsquos hand in marriage
(iii) Which casket did Morocco finally choose What reasons did he give for rejecting the casket made of lead
Morocco chooses the golden casket He says that lead is of lowly origin and the portrait of a lady as great as Portia cannot be placed in it He reads the inscription ldquoWho chooseth me must give and hazard all he hathrdquo This makes the box too threatening He wonders why anyone should risk everything for lead He also feels that a golden mind like his should not bow down to choose something worthless So he will not risk anything for lead
(iv) What two objects did Morocco find in the casket of his
before choosing
The inscription on the leaden casket says ldquoWho chooseth me must give and hazard all he hathrdquo The Prince was shocked and says as to why anyone should risk for the sake of lead The leaden casket is a threat Nobody would risk all they have for lead He says that no noble person would stoop to choose such a worthless thing as lead So he will not give nor risk anything for lead
The Prince then examines the inscription on the silver casket which says ldquoWho chooseth me shall get as much as he deservesrdquo The Prince says that he deserves Portia more than anybody else because of his high rank his noble birth and his great wealth and power But then he argues that silver is ten times inferior to gold and therefore he cannot believe that the portrait of such a beautiful lady as Portia can be contained in the silver casket He decides to see the inscription on the golden casket before making his decision
choice What reason does he give to Portia for leaving in haste
The Prince of Morocco chooses the golden casket and on opening it finds a human skull within whose hollow eye-socket was a scroll or a roll of paper in which it is written that those who are attracted by the glittering outside of things are always deceived as Morocco has been deceived
Morocco says he is moved and that he does not want to make his departure a painstaking process and he wants to leave immediately without revealing his emotions He should also obey the rule of the game which states the one who loses the test should leave immediately
(v) How does Portia respond to Moroccorsquos parting words What does this reveal of her nature
Portia is relieved that Morocco has left without making any scene It was a gentle riddance and all like him should go in a similar manner This shows that Portia has a kind heart and does not want anyone to he hurt Her love for Bassanio over-rides her passion that makes her wish that only he should be able to make the right choice At the same time like a dutiful daughter she does not want to disrespect her fatherrsquos wishes Hence she is willing to go through the casket injunctions
(2) (Act II Sc 7 L 15-35)
MOROCCO helliphelliphelliphelliphellip
What says this leaden casket Who chooseth me must give and hazard all he hath Must givemdashFor what for lead hazard for leadThis casket threatens Men that hazard allDo it in hope of fair advantagesA golden mind stoops not to shows of drossIll then nor give nor hazard aught for leadWhat says the silver with her virgin hueWho chooseth me shall get as much as he deservesAs much as he deservesmdashPause there MoroccoAnd weigh thy value with an even handIf thou best rated by thy estimationThou dost deserve enough and yet enoughMay not extend so far as to the ladyAnd yet to be afeard of my deservingWere but a weak disabling of myselfAs much as I deservemdashWhy thats the ladyI do in birth deserve her and in fortunesIn graces and in qualities of breeding
But more than these in love I do deserveWhat if I strayed no further but chose here
(i) What does the Prince of Morocco do before making his selection What does his comment reflect How does he analyse the inscription of the leaden casket and what is his interpretation
The Prince of Morocco surveys the three caskets before making his selection His comments reflect his thinking and attitude on life and things He comes to the lead casket and reads the inscription on it His interpretation which reflects his own character is that the inscription threatens because no one will be prepared to risk or sacrifice all one has for such a base thing as lead
(ii) What does the Prince of Morocco think of the leaden casket and why does he decide to reject the leaden casket
The Prince of Morocco thinks that when people risk anything they do so in order to gain something precious A person of royal ways will not bend so low as to be impressed by such an ordinary thing as lead Therefore he decides that he will not take any risk for a worthless thing like lead and rejects the lead casket
(iii) What does the Prince think while analyzing and interpreting the inscription of the silver casket
The Prince of Morocco analyses the inscription on the silver casket which runs thus ldquoWho chooseth me shall get as much as he deservesrdquo When he reads the inscription he bids himself to stop and ponder over the interpretation He asks himself to evaluate his worth objectively and impartially He says that if he is assessed on the basis of the opinion of people he deserves much But even this may not be sufficient to deserve to win Portia who is so virtuous and worthy
(iv) What promise does the silver casket make What self-assessment does the Prince make
The silver casket promises the reward according to the worth of the chooser The Prince makes a self-assessment and concludes that in all fairness he deserves to get Portia He thinks that he is a royal Prince by birth and so he deserves her by the right of his birth
Portia is very rich and so the Prince deserves her by this also The Prince deserves because he is also extremely handsome as most of the beautiful maidens of his kingdom covet him He is valiant and virtuous also So in his opinion he is the most suitable and deserving candidate for Portiarsquos hand
(v) Over which casket does the Prince ponder a long time What intrigue him In what way does he deserve Portia
Morocco reviews the inscriptions again and rejects the lead casket as being not worth the high stakes for which he gambles He ponders a long time over the silver casket The words ldquoget as much as he deservesrdquo intrigue him He is quite sure that he deserves Portia He deserves her in birth fortune grace qualities of breeding and most of all love
Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution EVS Ch ndash4 Managing
soil and land
Today we will discuss about mechanical practices of soil conservation
A few mechanical measures of soil conservation arei) Basin leaching In this method a number of small basins (water reservoirs) are made These collect and retain rain water for a long period and also catch and stabilize downwardly moving soils of the slopes
ii) Pan breaking by breaking of pan ( a hard sheet of clay a few feet below the surface ) drainage and percolation of rain water is improved and soil is saved from residual run-off and erosion
iii) Sub-soiling Soil is broken into fine grains to increase its absorptive capacity
iv) Contour terracing terraces are labeled areas constructed at right angles to the slope to reduce soil erosion
v) Contour trenching This method involves making a series of deep pits or trenches across the slope at convenient distance The soil excavated from the trenches is deposited along the lower edge in the form of bund On the ridges tree seeds are shown
vi) Terrace outlets To conserve soil pipe outlets are made which are thickly covered by grasses
vii) Digging of ponds and reservoirs to store water
viii) Stream bank protection To protect banks of rivers and channels construction of stone or concrete protective walls or planting of trees should be undertaken
Commercial Studies
Chapter- Banking Let us today discuss about theMeaning of Commercial BankFunctions of Commercial Banks
Commercial Banks are those banks which perform all kinds of banking functions such as accepting deposits advancing loans credit creation and
Question1 What do you mean by
Commercial BankAnswer) Commercial Banks are those banks which perform all kinds of banking functions such as accepting deposits advancing loans credit creation and agency functions
agency functions
Functions of Commercial BanksCommercial banks perform a variety of functions which can be divided as (1) Accepting Deposits (2) Advancing Loans (3) Credit Creation (4) Financing Foreign Trade(5) Agency Services (6) Miscellaneous Services To Customers
2 Explain the various functions of Commercial Bank
Answer) Following are the various functions of Commercial Banks
1 Accepting Deposits This is the oldest function of a bank and the banker used to charge a commission for keeping the money in its custody when banking was developing as an institution Nowadays a bank accepts three kinds of deposits from its customers The first is the savings deposits on which the bank pays small interest to the depositors who are usually small savers
2 Advancing LoansOne of primary functions of commercial banks is to advance loans to its customers A bank lends a certain percentage of the cash lying in deposits on a higher interest rate than it pays on such deposits This is how it earns profits and carries on its business 3 Credit CreationCredit creation is one of the most important functions of the commercial banks Like other financial institutions they aim at earning profits For this purpose they accept deposits and advance loans by keeping small cash in reserve for day-to-day transactions When a bank advances a loan it opens and account in the name of the customer and does not pay him in cash but allows him to draw the money by cheque according to his needs By granting a loan the bank creates credit or deposit4 Financing ForeignTrade commercial bank finances foreign trade of its customers by accepting foreign bills of exchange and collecting them from foreign banks It also transacts other foreign exchange business and buys and sells foreign currency5 Agency ServicesA bank acts as an agent of its customers in collecting and paying cheques bills of exchange drafts dividends etc It also buys and sells
shares securities debentures etc for it customers Further it pays subscriptions insurance premium rent electric and water bills and other similar charges on behalf of its clients It also acts as a trustee and executor of the property and will of its customers Moreover the bank acts as an income tax consultant to its clients For some of these services the bank charges a normal fee while it renders others free of charge6 Miscellaneous ServicesBesides the above noted services the commercial bank performs a number of other services It acts as the custodian of the valuables of its customers by providing them lockers where they can keep their jewellery and valuable documents It issues various forms of credit instruments such as cheques drafts travellers cheques etc which facilitate transactions
Bengali হিবপরীতশবদ করণেয়কটি হিবপরীত শবদ গদওয়া ল1)সজীব = হি3জsব 2)শরদধা= ঘা 3)আকষ = হিবকষ4)সধবা = হিবধবা 5)উৎস = গা3া 6)অ = অ37)জয় = পরাজয় 8)তাপ = হৈশত যয 9)হি3ltা = পরশংসা10)াদা = অদা 11)রহিসক = গবরহিসক 12) অনতর = বাহির13)অহিতবষটি = অ3াবষটি 14)পরত যযi = পরণেরাi 15)3াবালক = সাবালক
Hindi 2nd lang नया रासता भा 5 अपन जीन की परिरसथिगितयो स गिश होकर मीन क हदय म कई बार हीन भाना
और जीन की कडाहट अनभ हईपरत ह दढता और साहस की मरतित थी ह
अपन जीन को वयथ नही होन दना चाहती थी बचपन स ही उसकी कील बनन की
इचछा थी आज मीन की लन उस और दखकर माता- गिपता न उस कालत करन की
आजञा द दी मीन न मरठ म दाखिखला ल लिलया उसक हरदय म कछ बनन और कछ
कर दिदखान की इचछा थी उसक गिचार स चारो और पस का ही बोलबाला हहॉसटल
की कलपना करत ही ह लिसहर उठती थी उसन अपन लिलए नए नए कपड बनाए पहली बार हॉसटल जान का चा थाआखिखर
ह दिदन आ ही या जब उस हॉसटल जाना था पहली बार ह अपन घर स अल हो
रही थी हॉसटल पहच कर कछ दिदनो तक उसका मन नही ला बचपन की घटनाए
एक- एक करक उसक समतपटल पर उतर ई ह अपनी ककषा म हमशा परथम आती
थी 2 दिदन बाद गिपताजी मीन स मिमलन आए मा न काफी चीज उसक लिलए बनाकर
भजी थी गिपताजी स मिमलकर ह बहत खश
1 ह सय की दढता साहस की मरतित थी
परशन1 लखिखका मीन को दढता साहस
की मरतित कयो कह रही ह 2 गिाह क अलाा मीन क जीन
का कया लकषय था 3 मीन समाज क झठ आरण को
हटाकर सतय दिदखाना चाहती ह सपषट कीजिजए
4 परसतत पलि[यो का भा सपषट अपन शबदो म लिलखिखए
उततरndash1 मीन म समाज स लडन की शलि[ ह
ह समाज म फली बराइयो क सामन ढढता स जमी हई ह ह साहस क साथ अपन उलिचत गिनणय
पर सथिर रहती ह जिजदी क उतार चढा सा घबरा टी नही ह बलकिलक साहस स काम लती ह इनही कारणो स लखिखका न उस ढढता
और साहस की मरतित कहा ह2 मरठ ालो न जब उसका रिरशता
ठकरा दिदया तो उसन गिनशचय कर लिलया गिक ह अपन परो पर खडी होी और समाज को दिदखा दी की नारी अबला नही ह उसन अपना
हई करीब 1 घटा रक कर गिपताजी चल ए लकषय बना लिलया गिक ह एलएलबी करक कील बनी
3 समाज म नारी क ऊपर अबला आशरीता का आरण पडा हआ ह
मीन समाज क दवारा होत हए इस आरण को हटाकर यह सतय परमाणिणत करना चाहती ह गिक आज
की नारी अबला नही ह और ना ही गिकसी क हाथ की कठपतली ह
4 लखिखका न मीन क बार म कहा गिक ह सय घटा और साहस की मरतित
ह ह अपन न हम ध और मसीबत म साहस का परिरचय दती हउतार
चढा को हर इसान क जीन म आत ही रहत ह उनको साधारण रप
स ही लना चागिहए अपन गिाह क मामल म उसन साहस स काम
लिलया और गिाह क बार म सोचना छोड दिदया मीन क सामन अभी बहत लबी जिजदी पडी ह इसलिलए उसन समय का महत समझा और
एक कषण भी वयथ ना करन का गिनशचय गिकया
Mathematics(x) Algebra Quadratic Equation in one variable
Study Item Some solved sums from exercise- 539)Solve for x 2(2x ndash 1 )(x+3) ndash 3 (x + 3)(2x ndash 1 ) = 5 x -3 frac12Solution Let (2x ndash 1)(x + 3) = y then we get2(y) ndash 3( 1y) = 50r 2y ndash 3y = 5Or 2y2 ndash 3 = 5y [multiplying both side by y we get]0r 2y2 ndash 5y ndash 3 = 0Now comparing the above equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0 we geta=2 b = - 5 and c = - 3Therefore y = -(- 5 )plusmnradic((-5)sup2-4(2)(-3))2(2) = 5 plusmnradic( 25 + 24)4 = 5plusmn radic(49)4 = (5 plusmn 7)4= (5+7)4 (5 ndash 7)4= 124 -24= 3 - 12Therefore y = 3 (2x ndash 1)( x + 3) = 3 2x ndash 1 = 3x + 9 3x - 2x = - 10 x= - 10Or y = - frac12 ( 2x ndash 1)(x + 3) = - frac124x ndash 2 = - x ndash 3 4x+x = - 3 + 2 5x = - 1 x= - 15Hence the roots of the given equation are - 10 and ndash 1510)(i) x2 - 5x ndash10 =0Solution x2 ndash 5x ndash 10 = 0Comparing the above equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0 we get a=1 b = - 5 and c = - 10Therefore x = - (- 5)plusmnradic( -5)sup2- 4(1)(- 10)2(1) = 5 plusmn radic( 25 +40)2 = 5 plusmn radic(65 )2
= (5 plusmn 8bull06)2 = (5 + 8bull06)2 (5 ndash 8bull06)2 = 13bull062 - 3bull062= 6bull53 - 1bull5312) Solve the equation x ndash 18x = 6 Given your answer correct to two significant figureSolution x ndash18x = 6Or (x2 ndash 18 )x = 6Or x2ndash 18 = 6xOr x2 ndash 6x ndash18 = 0Comparing the above equation with ax2 + bc + c = 0 we gera= 1 b = - 6 and c = -18Therefore x = -(-6) plusmnradic(- (- 6)2 ndash 4(1)(- 18)2(1) = 6 plusmn radic( 36 + 72)2 = (6 plusmnradic( 108)2 =(6 plusmn 10bull39)2= 16bull392 - 4bull392= 8bull195 - 2bull195 asymp 8bull2 - 2bull2
Chemistry Chapter-2L-1Chemical Bonding
1) Chemical Bonding-
It is basically the force of attraction which holds the different types of atoms in a molecule together
Cause of Chemical Combination-
The main cause is the tendency of elements to acquire eight electrons in its outermost shell like that of noble gases other than Helium(He) So the atoms combine to acheive the nearest noble gas configuration of 8 electrons( or 2 electrons) in their outermost orbit and become stable
2) Ion-
It is a charged particle made from an atom by the loss or gain of electrons
There are 2 types of Ions They are-
a) Cations- It is formed by the loss of electrons eg - K+ Ca2+
Na+ etc
b) Anions- It is formed by the gain of electrons eg- Cl- O2- F- etc
Q Why do elements form Ions
A Atoms of all elements except those of noble gases have one to seven valence electrons and are not in a state of minimum energy Thus to acquire a state of minimum energy elements lose or gain electrons and form ions so that they acquire stable configuration (Duplet or Octet)
Q What is the Electronic Theory of Valency
A In 1916 Kossel and Lewis on the basis of octet rule of electrons described simply the electronic structure of molecules of many chemical compounds and elements Kossel mainly described the structure of ionic compounds formed by loss and gain of electrons and Lewis mainly described the structure of Covalent Compounds formed by mutual sharing of electron pair This is known as ELECTRONIC THEORY OF VALENCY proposed by Kossel and Lewis
Q What do you mean by Electropositive and Electronegative Elements
3) Types of Chemical Bond-3 types
A)ElectrovalentIonic Bond
B) Covalent Bond
C) Co-ordinate Dative Bond4) ELECTROVALENT IONIC BOND-
It is the electrostatic force of attraction between the opposite charged ions which holds them together
The chemical compounds formed as a result of electron transfer from one atom of an element to another are called IONIC or ELECTROVALENT COMPOUND
The number of electrons which an element loses or gains during the formation of an ionic bond is called its ELECTROVALENCY
Conditions for the formation of Ionic Compounds-
i Large electronegativity difference between the combining atoms
ii Low IP for one of the atoms from which the cation can be easily formed
iii High electron affinity for one of the atoms from which the anions can be easily formed
iv High Lattice Energy
A
1) Electropositive Elements- have the tendency to lose the electrons and form Cations
eg- Na K Fe -mostly metals
2) Electronegative Elements- have the tendency to gain the electrons and form Anions
eg- Cl F O - mostly Non-metals
Q Give the brief description about the formation of NaCl
A See your Text Book
Q Practise the two types of diagram of the formation of different ionic compound
A See your Text Book
English All Summer in a Answer the following questions-
literature Day 3) Why did the children hate herAns- The children sensed that Margot was different from them She hated the continuous rain while they were used to it She spoke only about the sun and they had no memory of it They hated her pale snow face her waiting silence her thinness and her possible future of going back to the Earth4) What is the it referred to by WilliamAns- The it referred to by William is the Sun which the scientists had predicted would shine for a short while that day5) What was Margot waiting for Why did William say it was a jokeAns- Margot was waiting to see the sun predicted to shine that day for a short while William did not want her to have the joy of seeing the sun
Geography Water Resources SOURCES OF WATER SURFACE WATER AND GROUNDWATER Earth is known as the Blue Planet because 71 per cent of the Earths surface is covered with water Wateralso exists below land surface and as water vapour in the air Water is not added or removed from the environment it simply changes state and location This constant movement of water throughout our environment is called the hydrological cycle or water cycle Earth cleans and replenishes the water supply through the hydrologic cycle Groundwater exists in an aquifer or
underground layer of permeable rock sediment (usually sand or gravel) or soil that yields water
Aquifers are like underground reservoirs of water
SURFACE WATER The visible bodies of water are referred to as surface water Surface waters can be simply described as the water that is on the surface of the Earth This includes the oceans rivers and streams lakes and reservoirs Surface waters are very important Rivers and streams constitute the flowing surface waters Surface water canbe captured for a variety of biospheric and humanusesRunoff During heavy precipitation water cannot infiltrate into the ground It flows on the surface of the ground and called as runoff
GROUNDWATER Groundwater is detained as water that is found beneath the surface of the Earth in conditions of100 per
Q1 Why the Earth is called as Blue PlanetA1 Earth is known as the Blue Planet because 71 per cent of the Earths surface is covered with water
Q2 Define hydrological cycleA2 Water is not added or removed from the environment it simply changes state and location This constant movement of water throughout our environment is called the hydrological cycle or water cycle Earth cleans and replenishes the water supply through the hydrologic cycle
Q3 What is AquifersA3 Aquifers are like underground reservoirs of water
Q4 Why there is a shortage of fresh waterA4 Although the earth has an abundance of water but unfortunately there is a shortage of fresh water because 997 per cent of it occupied by oceans soils icecaps and floating in the atmosphere and rest 03 percent can use for daily uses
cent saturation (if it is less than100 per cent saturation then the water is considered as soil moisture) Ninety-eight per cent of Earths available fresh water is groundwater It is about60 times as plentiful as the fresh water found in lakes and streams Water in the ground travels through pores in soil and rock and in fractures and weathered areas of bed rockThe majority of fresh water is therefore found under ground as soil moisture and in aquifers
Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 88 to 126 (Portia helliphellip Such as the day is when the sun is hid) [Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]
Summary Questions amp Answerso Launcelot then arrives and informs
Lorenzo that Bassanio will also be arriving soon Both Lorenzo and Jessica return to the house and ask Stephano to order the family musicians to play music in order to extend a fitting welcome to Portia
o Portia and Nerissa dressed in their normal self return home and enter the building Lorenzo recognizes Portias voice and comes to greet her She orders the servants to pretend as if she had never left and asks Lorenzo and Jessica to do the same
o Soon thereafter Bassanio Gratiano and Antonio arrive
(1) PORTIA That light we see is burning in my hall (L 89-101)
How far that little candle throws his beams So shines a good deed in a
naughty worldNERISSA When the moon shone we did not see the candlePORTIA So doth the greater glory dim the less
A substitute shines brightly as a king
Unto the king be by and then his state
Empties itself as doth an inland brook
Into the main of waters Music hark
NERISSA It is your music madam of the housePORTIA Nothing is good I see without respect
Methinks it sounds much sweeter than by day
NERISSA Silence bestows that virtue on it madam
(i) Where are Lorenzo and Jessica sitting What message have they received What are they doing
Lorenzo and Jessica are sitting in Portiarsquos house in Belmont They have just received the message informing them of the arrival of Portia and Bassanio separately They are waiting for their arrivals and enjoying the beauty of the moonlight night(ii) In which mood is Lorenzo found after Stephanorsquos departure
After Stephanorsquos departure Lorenzo reverts to his romantic mood He is carried away by the magic of the loveliness of the moonlight He draws Jessicarsquos attention and says that the moonlight is sleeping beautifully on the raised ground He says that they will sit there and enjoy the sweetness of the gentle
music which will shortly creep into their ears very softly(iii) Why has Lorenzo sent Stephano What kind of man is he who does not appreciate the sweet harmony of sounds
Lorenzo has sent Stephano to instruct the musicians to play soft music to welcome Portia home Lorenzo tells that the
tranquility and the beautiful night suit the sweet music Praising the ennobling (M lend greater dignity) effect of music Lorenzo tells Jessica that the person who has no music in him and does not appreciate the sweet harmony of sounds is a dangerous person and so should be watched very carefully(iv) Who are returning to Belmont What does Nerissa remark on seeing the light of the house
Portia and Nerissa are returning to Belmont after successfully conducting Antoniorsquos trial in Venice as the lawyer and the clerk respectively When they are near their home Nerissa seeing the light of the house remarks that they did not see this light of this candle when the moon was shining(v) What does Portia comment on Nerissarsquos observation Commenting on Nerissarsquos observation Portia says that the lesser glory becomes insignificant before the greater glory She adds that the kingrsquos representative assumes great splendor and authority when the king himself is not near But before the real king the substitute becomes devoid of all splendor and
authority as the big rivers lose their identity after emptying into the vast sea
SUBJECT PHYSICS [TOPIC FORCE]Answer the following questions ( ICSE questions of previous years from chapter FORCE)
1 Write the position of centre of mass for the following bodies(i) A circular ring (ii) A cylinder(iii) A hollow sphere (iv) A triangular lamina
2 Explain why screw drivers are provided with longer handles3 Compare the magnitude and direction of centripetal force and centrifugal force4 How does uniform circular motion differ from uniform linear motion5 Why is the motion of a body moving with a constant speed around a circular path is said to be
accelerated6 A brass ball is hanging from a cotton thread Draw a neat labeled diagram showing the force acting
on the brass ball and the cotton thread 7 Define moment of force Write the relationship between the SI and CGS unit of moment of force8 Define couple State the SI unit of moment of couple9 A uniform half meter scale balanced horizontally on a knife edge at 29 cm mark when a weight of 20
gmf is suspended from one end(i) Draw the diagram of the arrangementWhat is the weight of the half meter rule
ECO-10 250620 Topic-Supply Analysis
MEANING OF SUPPLYSupply a commodity by a firm or seller may be defined as the quantity of a commodity that a firm or seller offers for sale at a given price during a given time period But the actual sale of the commodity may be different from its supply For example a farmer (produced of wheat) is willing to sell 50 quintals of wheat at a price of ` 15 per kg but he is able to sell only 30 quintals at this price So this case the supply of wheat is 50 quintals but the actual sale is 30 quintals So these two concepts should not be confused with each other Like demand supply also has three elements The definition of supply include (i) the quantity of the commodity that a firm is willing to supply (ii) the price at which it is willing to supply that quantity and (iii) the time period during which it is willing to supply that quantity
FACTORS DETERMINING SUPPLY OR DETERMINANTS OF SUPPLY OF A GOOD
The main determinant of supply is the price of the commodity But the cost of production of a commodity is an important factor in determining profit maximized on output of a firm The cost of production depends on the prices of various inputs like raw material wages of workers interest of capital rent of building etc The supply of a commodity also depends on the technology used in the production of the commodity and many other factors The main factors determining supply of a commodity are(i) Price of the commodity(ii) Price of other related good(iii) Price of inputsfactors(iv) Taxation policy of government(v) Objective of the firm(i) Price of the commodity Other factors determining supply remaining constant there is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity It means the quantity supplied of a commodity increases with rise in price and decreases with fall in price of the commodity More quantity of a commodity is supplied at a higher price and less quantity is supplied at a lower price For example a seller of tomatoes is willing to sell 100 kgs of tomatoes at a price of ` 40 per keg and only 50 kgs at a price of ` 20 per kg Due to this direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity the supply curve has a positive slope Supply curve is upward sloping to the right(ii) Price of other related goods Supply of a commodity is also influenced by the change in the price of other related goods With the help of given resources we can produce several goods by using the same technology This helps the firm to diversify and tide over fluctuations in demand For example a farmer can produce either pulses or food grains by using the resources If the price of pulses increases it becomes more profitable for him to make more production of pulses So he will divert some resources from the production of food grains to the production of pulses The production of pulses will increase and that of food grains will decrease So the supply of pulses will increase if the price of pulses increases and the supply of food grain will decrease at the same price reverse will happen if the price of food grains increases(iii) Price of inputsfactors Change in the price of inputs like raw material wage rent or interest also influences the supply of a commodity For example in the production of cloth cotton is the main raw material If the price of cotton increases the cost of production of cloth will increase At the same price the margin of profit will decrease So the producer will decrease the supply of cloth at the same price On the other hand if the price of cotton falls the cost of production per unit of cloth will decrease and hence the supply of cloth will increase The price of other inputs will also influence the supply of a good in the same manner(iv) Technology of production an improvement in the technology of production of a commodity decreases the per unit cost of the commodity The margin of profit will increase at the same price So the supply of a commodity will increase with improvement in technology of production at the same price On the other hand if a firm uses absolute technology of production the cost of production per unit of the commodity will increase The margin of profit will decrease so the firm will decrease its supply at the same price This is the main reason that the firms are trying to use better technology of production because it not only reduces the cost of production per unit but also improves the quality of the product(v) Taxation policy of government If the government reduces the excise duty or the production of a commodity the cost of production per unit of the commodity will decrease the margin of profit will increase at the same price so the producer of the commodity will increase its supply It happens when the government wants to increase the production of the commodity On the other hand to discourage the production of some harmful goods like cigarettes liquor etc the government increases the rate of excise duty on the production of such goods So the cost of production per unit of the commodity increases and the supply of such commodities decreases(vi) Objective of the firm The objective of the producer also influences the supply of a commodity Generally the objective of a producer is get maximize his profits Profits are maximized at a higher price So he increases the supply of a commodity at a higher price and decreases its supply at a lower price But sometimes the producer may be in maximizing his sales and not in maximizing his profits as he wants to capture the market In that case he goes on increasing the supply so long his target is not achieved can profit is not adversely affected He may increase the supply at the same price to any extent
SUPPLY FUNCTION
When the relationship between quantity supplied and the determinants of supplied is expressed mathematically in an equation it is called a supply function So a supply function can be expressed asSn = f(Pn Pr Pf T Tr G)where Sn = Supply of commodity nPn = Price of the commodity nPr = Price of other related goodsPf = Price of inputsfactors
T = Technology of productionTr = Government policy or tax rateG = Goal or objective of the producer
Typically supply function shows the relationship between price and quantity supplied keeping all other determinants of supply as constant It shows the amount of a good that a seller supplies at different levels of price
LAW OF SUPPLYThe law of supply depicts the relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity when all other determinants of supply remain constant This law states that there is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity other factors determining supply remaining constant It means quantity supplied of a commodity increases with increase in price and decreases with decrease in price
Assumptions of the law of supplyThe phrase other determinants of supply remaining constant in the law of supply shows the assumptions of the law of supply The mains factors which influence the supply of a commodity one price of the commodity price of other related goods price of inputs technology of production taxation policy of the government and objective of the firm etc The law of supply is based on the assumptions that all these factors determining supply except price of the commodity should remain constant The following are the main assumptions of the law of supply(i) Price of other related goods should remain the same(ii) There should be no change in the price of inputs (factors)(iii) Technology of production should not change(iv) There is no change in the taxation policy of the government(v) Objective of the firm should not changeThe law of supply is based on the assumptions that the supply of commodity changes only due to change in price when all other determinant of supply remain constantClass XISubject Topic Summary Execution EVS Chapter-2
Ecology Answer the following questions briefly Q Draw a neat labeled diagram of carbon cycleAnsndash
Mathematics Principle of Mathematical Induction
1) What is statement Ans A sentence which may be true or false is called statement eg i) 5 is greater than 3 ii) New Delhi is the capital of India iii) 5 divides 7 These all are statements We see that statement (i) amp (ii) are true but (iii) is false 2 What is Mathematical StatementAns Statement involving mathematical relations are called mathematical statement We shall use mathematical statement in principle of
Example If n be a positive integer show that n(n+1) is an even positive integer Solution Let P(n) be the statement n(n+1) is an even positive integer Then (i) P(1) is the statement 1(1+1) ie 2 is an even positive integer Therefore P(1) is true (ii) If P(m) is true for some positive integer m then m(m+1) is an even integer Now (m+1) [(m+1)+1]=(m+1)sup2+ (m+1) =msup2+2m+1+m+1=msup2+m+2m+2=m(m+1) +2(m+1) = an even integer + an even positive integer [Since P(m) is true and 2(m+1) is an even
mathematical induction 3 What is the use of Principle of mathematical inductionAns Sometimes it is difficult to prove a statement theorem or a formula by direct method In this case we use an indirect method known as the Principle of mathematical induction There are two steps in this processSTEP 1 Varify that the statement or formula is true for one or two particular values of n say for n=1 2STEP 2 Assuming that the statement or formula is true for n=m where m is any positive integer show that it is true for n=m+1Conclusion Since the statement is true for n=2 it is true for n=2+1 that is 3 and since it is true for n=3 it is true for n=3 + 1 that is 4 and so on Hence the statement or formula is true for all positive integral values of n
positive integer]= an even positive integer Therefore P(m+1) is true when P(m) is true Therefore By the principle of Mathematical Induction P(n) is true for all positive integral values of n Hence n(n+1) is an even positive integer
Hindi 2ndlang एक फल की चाह 5 दख रहा था जस सो सथिर हो नही बठती थी कषण भर हाय ही चपचाप पडी थी अटल शागित शी धारण कर सनना यही चाहता था म उस सय ही
उकसा करमझको दी क परसाद का एक फल ही दो लाकर
शबदाथ ससथिर - परी तरह ठहरी हई अटल- पकका
उकसाकर - पररणा दकर
वयाखयाndash उपय[ पलि[यो म कगि सखिखया की ददशा का णन कर रहा ह जो उनक गिपता दवारा वय[ गिकया या ह अपनी बटी सखिखया कीददशा का
गितरण करत हए गिपता कहता ह गिक म अपनी आखो क सामन दख रहा था गिक मरी बटी जो पल भर क लिलए दिटककर नही बठती थी ह अब सथिर शात मरतित की तरह पढी थी अब म ह बार- बार इस बात क लिलए पररिरत कर रहा
था गिक ह मझ गिफर स ही शबद कह गिपताजी मझ दी क परसाद का एक फल लाकर दो
6 ऊच शल लिशखर क ऊपर मदिदर था गिसतीणर गिशाल सण कलशसरलिसज गिहलिसत थ पाकरसमदिदत रगि कर जाल दीप धल स अचछदिदत था मदिदर का
आन सारा ज रही थी भीतर बाहर मखरिरत उतस की धारा
शबदाथ - शल लिशखर- पहाड की ऊची चोटी
सतीणर - फला हआ
सण कलश - कमल क समान सदर सोन का कलश मखरिरत - परकट समदिदत - अचछी परकार खिखला हआ रगि कर जाल - सय की गिकरणो का समह
वयाखया- परसतत पलि[या म कगि न मदिदर की सदरता का णन गिकया ह कहत ह गिक मझ पहाड की चोटी पर एक गिलिशषट और गिशालमश था उसक
सोन क कलश सय की गिकरणो म चमकत हए ऐस परतीत हो रह थ जस सय की खिखली हईगिकरणो क ाा सपशपाकर सनहर कमल खिखल उठ हो मदिदर का
आन धप दीप की सध स भरा हआ था मदिदर क अदर और बाहर मनाए जा रह उसकी परसननता की ज सनाई द रही थी
Bengali (2nd language)
কোনি মনি নদী পরথম অধযোয়
হি_তীয় হিদরণে3র পাঠ-
হিবষটবাব গলাকটির কায় গররণে কা বলরণেত পাররণে0 3া শধ গচাখ হিদরণেয় রা পরকাশ করহি0ল কা বলরণেত বলরণেত গলাকটি পাঞজাহিব লহিn খরণেল জ কররণেত শর করল তাই গদরণেখ হিবষটবাব ত2মভ রণেয় গল চাটি ারার 2হিnরণেত গলাকটি হিবষটবাবর হিদরণেক এরণোরণেল হিতহি3 াা 3ীচ করণের 3াহিরণেয় গ33 হিদ গলাকটি হিবষটবাবরণেক চাটিরণেয় ায় তারণেল হিতহি3 তাাতাহিউরণেঠ গলাকটিরণেক ধররণেত পাররণেব3 3া কার তার শরীরণেরর ওজরণে3র জ3য এই শরণে3 হিবষটবাব বরণে3া গারণেষর ত গতরণেZরণে উরণেঠ দাাল তারণেত গলাকটি দাহিরণেয় শরীরটারণেক একট দহিলরণেয় হি3ল এই সব শরণে3 হিবষট ধর চপ করণের রইল শধ lsquoগঘাৎrsquo করণের একটা শবদ করল গলাকটি হিসহি হিদরণেয় ওঠা3াা কররণে0 গদরণেখ হিবষটবাব খাহি3কটা হিদরণেশারা রণেয় গলহিবষটবাবর গচারণেখ রারণের বদরণেল এখ3 গকৌতল হিতহি3 বরণেল3 ldquoখাওায় আার গলা2 গ3ই Uায়টিং কহিরrdquo হিকনত হিতহি3 কতটা Uায়টিং করণের তা তার শরীর আর খাবারণেরর তাহিলকা গদরণেখ গলাকটি বরণে= গল গলাকটি এহিরণেয় হিরণেয় হিবষটবাবর 2হিরণেত াত বহিলরণেয় হিদরণেল গস আরা অ32ব করণের3 এবং হিপহি0রণেয় া3 গলাকটি হিবষটবাবর সারণে3 তার শরীরণেরর কসরত পরদশ3 কররণেল হিবষটবাব রণে3 রণে3 হিব হিব করণের বরণেল3 হিতহি3ও গরাা রণেত চা3 গসই হরণেত nা গরণেক আবার হিচৎকার গ2রণেস আরণেস lsquoগকা হি3 গকা হি3rsquo
ldquoকী রক Uায়টিংrdquo-ক)বকতা গককারণেক বলরণে0খ)Uায়টিং কার অ কী ) Uায়টিং করা বযহিকতর গচারার ব3া দাও ঘ) তার Uায়টিং এর ব3া দাও
উঃ- ক) আরণেলাচয অংশটি হিত3ltীর গলখা lsquoগকাহি3rsquo উপ3যাস গরণেক গ3ওয়া রণেয়রণে0 আরণেলাচয কাটি বকতা রণেল3 সাদা লহিnপরা ারণেয় গরয়া পাঞজাহিব ও কারণেধ রহিn3 বযা ওয়ালা হিiহিতশ হিসং হিতহি3 কাটি বরণেলরণে03 হিবষট ধররণেকখ) Uারণেয়টিং কার অ ল পহিরহিত খাদয গর অাৎ খাদয তাহিলকায় সসত খারণেদযর গ3াগ3 বজায় গররণেখ খাদয গর) হিবষট ধরণেরর গচারা হিবশাল ওজ3 পরায় হিত3 গদখরণেত জলহিসতর রণেতা সারা শরীরণের চহিব ল ল কররণে0 বয়স পরায় চহিশ হিবশাল 2হি উপ রণেয় শরণেল হিচৎ রণেত পারণের3া গকউ গঠরণেল হিদরণেল হিচৎ রণেত পারণের তারণেক কায় নধ াদ3 পবরণেতর সরণেn তল3া করা য়ঘ) হিবষট ধর গকৌতলী রণেয় বরণেল তার খাওয়ার গকা3 গলা2 গ3ই গস Uায়টিং করণের আরণে গস আধ হিকরণেলা হিiর গখত এখ3 গস হিত3রণেশা গরা হিiর খায় জল খাবারণের কহিটা লহিচ গখত এখ3 পরণে3রণেরাটা লহিচ খায় আাইরণেশা গরা চারণেলর 2াত খায় হিঘ খাওয়া গ0রণে হিদরণেয়রণে0 রারণেত াতর বারণেরাটা রটি খায় হিবরণেকরণেল দ-গলাস হি0হিরর জল সরণেn চাররণেট কা পারণেকর সরণেltশ বাহিরণেত রাধাকষণ আরণে0 বরণেল হিবষট ধর া0 াংস খায়3া আর তারণেত তার গকা3 গলা2 লালসা গ3ই
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 276 to 313 (Sebastian helliphellipIt struck mine ear most terribly)[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]
Summary Questions amp AnswersConspiracy of Antonio and Sebastian
o Antonio further suggests murder of Alonso and eventually Sebastian agrees
o They draw their swords and proceed to murder Alonso and Gonzalo who are sleeping
(1) (Act II Sc 2 L 277-291)ANTONIO Ay sir where lies that If rsquotwere a kibe
rsquoTwould put me to my slipper but I feel notThis deity in my bosom Twenty consciencesThat stand rsquotwixt me and Milan candied be they And melt ere they molest Here lies your brotherNo better than the earth he lies uponIf he were that which now hes likemdashthats deadWhom I with this obedient steel three inches of itCan lay to bed for ever (whiles you doing thus
o As they approach Ariel appears again and wakes up Gonzalo by singing a tune in his ear Alonso also wakes up and they see both Sebastian and Antonio with drawn swords On being caught off guard they make up a story saying that they had heard a bellowing of bulls or lions
IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED
(Act II Sc 1 L 277-281)ANTONIOAy sir where lies that If rsquotwere a kibersquoTwould put me to my slipper but I feel notThis deity in my bosom Twenty consciencesThat stand rsquotwixt me and Milan candied be they And melt ere they molest
In these lines Antonio speaks how he is a conscienceless villain In inciting Sebastian to the kingship of Naples by murdering his brother he quotes his own example He too had banished his brother and made himself the Duke of Milan This kingship now sits upon him like a well fittinggarment So will be the case of Sebastian Sebastian then questions Antonio if this foul deed did not prick his conscience To this Antonio replies like a hardened villain He laughs at the word lsquoconsciencersquo and says that he has never heard of anything like conscience A guilty conscience gave him no more pain that is chilblain (M a painful itching and swelling on hand and foot caused by exposure to extreme cold) A man can get rid of the pain of chilblain by wearing slippers instead of shoes so does Antonio get rid of the qualms (M an uneasy feeling of doubt worry or fear especially about onersquos conduct) of conscience very easily Even if he were troubled by twenty consciences that barred his way to the throne of Milan however frozen they might be he would melt them into insensibility before they could cause him to twinge
To the perpetual wink of aye might putThis ancient morsel this Sir Prudence whoShould not upbraid our course) - for all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour
(i) To whom does Antonio speak these lines Who is referred to as lsquoyour brotherrsquo What does Antonio mean by saying lsquoNo better than the earth he lies uponrsquo
These lines are spoken by Antonio to Sebastian King Alonso is referred to as Sebastianrsquos brother Indicating towards Alonso who is lying asleep on the ground Antonio tells Sebastian that here sleeps his brother and at this time he is no better than a clod of the earth on which he lies asleep Antonio means to say that if he were actually to become what he looks like he would be a dead body(ii) According to Antonio what would he do if he were at the place of Sebastian
Antonio says that if he were in the position of Sebastian he would not care even for twenty consciences in order to win the kingship of Naples He would rather forget all his consciences if they happen to trouble him at all (iii) What does Antonio suggest to Sebastian What does Antonio assure him
Antonio suggests to Sebastian that in a moment Sebastian can put to death Gonzalo who pretends to be a very wise man and who on that account rebukes others (particularly Antonio and Sebastian) whereas he (Antonio) himself can put Alonso to death with only three inches of his willing sword Antonio further assures Sebastian that by killing both of them there will be none left to oppose him and in this way every obstacle in his way will be removed
(iv) Explain the lines lsquofor all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hourrsquo
In other words Antonio says that even if he were endowed with a stiff conscience he could easily relax or soften it for the execution of his purpose Then Antonio suggests that conscience should be no hindrance to a manrsquos future greatness
Comments These are terrible words coming from the mouth of a villain of the worst type He is utterly devoid of conscience or remorse He is an utter atheist of human virtue He speaks of conscience as a deity that he does not feel in his bosom
According to Antonio so far as the other lords (Adrian Francisco and others) are concerned they need not be murdered because they would obey the orders of Antonio and Sebastian as willingly and readily as cat licks milk These other lords would endorse and support everything that Sebastian and Antonio may say or suggest These other lords would adjust their views in accordance with the wishes of Antonio and Sebastian and they would regard all proposals made by Antonio and Sebastian as being opportune and also as being acceptable(v) What opinion do you form of Antonio from the above speech
The speech given above shows Antonio to be an absolutely unscrupulous man After saying that he does not believe in any such faculty as the conscience he suggests to Sebastian to
(Act II Sc 1 L 285-291)ANTONIOhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (whiles you doing thus To the perpetual wink of aye might putThis ancient morsel this Sir Prudence whoShould not upbraid our course) - for all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour
Antonio has convinced Sebastian that he has made himself Duke of Milan by a crime for which he has felt no pricks of conscience In these lines Antonio tells Sebastian that now that the chance has presented itself to him he should take it and be King of Naples So far as Alonso is concerned Antonio agrees to undertake the task of killing him by sticking only three inches of his sharp dagger Making a thrust in the air with his sword he tells Sebastian that by a similar method he can put to sleep forever Gonzalo ndash the old piece of flesh already rotten ndash this piece of antiquity ndash this ldquoSir Prudencerdquo who is never tired of reading his moral lectures to them If ldquoProfessor Wisdomrdquo is got rid of he will not be able to denounce their action as he would surely do if they did not dispatch him as well As for the rest of the kingrsquos counselors (Adrian and Francisco) it is their nature to adopt any statements and views which are placed before them just as it is the nature of a cat to lap milk Antonio assures Sebastian that ldquothese othersrdquo will back them up in whatever they say or do that they will count the strokes of the clock exactly as they bid them not according to the real time but according to the time that is right for their business Hence only two persons Alonso and Gonzalo are required to be removed to fulfill their ambition
murder Gonzalo at the very time when he (Antonio) stabs Alonso to death And yet this brutal man has a fertile wit also He can talk in a persuasive manner and also in a sarcastic and satirical manner He knows human nature thoroughly and he understands that Gonzalo is loyal to Alonso while the other lords are only sycophants who can easily be won over to Sebastianrsquos side after Alonso has been assassinated
(2) (Act II Sc 1 291-296)SEBASTIAN Thy case dear friend
Shall be my precedent as thou gotst MilanIll come by Naples Draw thy swordmdashone strokeShall free thee from the tribute which thou payest And I the King shall love thee
ANTONIO Draw together And when I rear my hand do you the likeTo fall it on Gonzalo
(i) Explain the situation and introduce the persons engaged in conversation
After the supposed shipwreck King Alonso with his lords his brother Sebastian and Antonio the Duke of Milan land on a strange island Prince Ferdinand is feared to be drowned While the King and others have fallen asleep after exertions of the day and Ariel with his sweet music acting as a catalyst Antonio and Sebastian are awake They have hatched a conspiracy to kill King Alonso and his loyal lord Gonzalo Then Sebastian will become King of NaplesIn these lines Antonio and Sebastian are engaged in conversation They are just ready to execute their plan to attack King Alonso and Gonzalo simultaneously(ii) Antoniorsquos case shall become Sebastianrsquos precedent What has been Antoniorsquos case
Antonio proved treacherous towards his brother Prospero who was the Duke of Milan Since Prospero spent his time in his scholarly pursuits he had delegated his powers to his younger brother Antonio to administer the dukedom Antonio grew ambitious He overthrew his brother and expelled him from his own dukedom In his place Antonio became the Duke of Milan which he continues to be now His case urges Sebastian to do the same(iii) How is Sebastian going to follow Antonio
Sebastian is going to take Antoniorsquos case as his precedent He is convinced that if Antonio could usurp the dukedom from his living brother Sebastian could become the King of Naples by killing his sleeping brother(iv) What will one stroke of Antoniorsquos sword do What will Sebastian do to reward Antonio
Sebastian asks Antonio to put an end to Alonsorsquos life with one stroke of his sword The same stroke will earn for him a reward Sebastian will become the King of Naples and he will exempt Antonio from paying the annual tribute to Naples The dukedom of Milan is a tributary to the kingdom of Naples Its Duke has to pay tribute to the King every year When Sebastian takes over as the King he will give a benefit to his friend who is helping him to realize his ambition
(v) What is Antoniorsquos suggestion
Antonio suggests that they may draw their swords together When he raises his hand to attack Alonso Sebastian should raise his sword to bring it down on Gonzalo
ACCOUNTS-11 25062020 Topic- depreciation ndashSTRAIGHT LINE METHOD
Illustration Salman and Usman Bros acquired a machine on July 1 2014 at a cost of Rs 70000 and spent Rs5000 on its installation The firm writes off depreciation 10 on straight line method The books are closed on December 31 every year Show the machinery and depreciation account for three years
Solution Machinery Account
Date Particulars LF amount Date Particulars LF` Amount ( Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014July 01 To Bank Ac 70000 Dec 31 Dec By Depreciation Ac 3750
(70000 x10x612)
July 01 To Bank Ac 5000 Dec31 By Balance cd 71250
75000 75000
2015 2015Jan 01 To Balance bd 71250 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 x10 ) Dec31 By Balance cd 63750
71250 71250
2016 2016Jan 01 To Balance bd 63750 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 (75000 x10 ) Dec 31 By Balance cd 56250
63750 63750
Depreciation Account
Date Particulars LF Amount Date Particulars LF Amount (Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 3750 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 3750
2015 2015
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
2016 2016
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
WORKING
Cost of Machine RS70000Cost of Installation Rs 5000
Total 75000
Rate of Depreciation 10
Then annual depreciation will be 10 of Rs 75000 = Rs 7500
Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution Geography DRIANAGE THE PENINSULAR RIVERS
1 The Mahanadi2 The Godavari3 The Krishna4 The Kaveri5 The Subarnarekha6 The Narmada7 The Tapi8 The Sabarmati and the Mahi9 The Chambal
The Mahanadi Basin The Mahanadi rises from Dandakaranya
Q1 Which is the largest river of peninsular plateau Write a brief note about its courseA1 The largest river of peninsular plateau is Godavari The river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has
near Sihawa in Raipur district in the highlands of Chhattisgarhand flows through Odisha to reach the Bay of BengalThe length of the river is about 857 kmIts drainagebasin is shared by Maharashtra Chhattisgarh Jharkhandand Odisha
THE MAHANADI RIVER SYSTEM
The GodavariThe river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
THE GODAVARI RIVER SYSTEM
many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
Q2 Which river is known as Dakshin GangaA2 The Godavari river is known as lsquoDakshin Gangarsquo It is also known as Vridha Ganga
Q3 Differentiate between east-flowing rivers and west-flowing riversA3
East-flowing rivers
West-flowing rivers
Godavari Krishna Kaveri Mahanadi are the east-flowing rivers
Narmada Tapiwest-flowing rivers
They fall into the Bay of Bengal
They fall into Arabian Sea
These rivers form big deltas
These rivers form comparativelysmall deltas
Catchment area of these river are larger
Catchment area of these river are smaller
The KrishnaThe Krishna river rises from the Western Ghatsnear Mahabaleshwar It flows into the Bay of Bengalbefore forming a large delta Its length is about1400 km The Tungabhadra Koyana Ghatprabha Musi and Bhima are some of its tributariesIt has covers parts of Maharashtra Karnataka and AndhraPradesh
THE KRISHNA RIVER SYSTEM
The KaveriIt rises in the Brahmagiri range of the Western Ghats and flows into the Bay ofBengal Southof Cuddalore in Tamil Nadu The length of the river is about 760 km Its main tributaries are the Amravati Bhavani Hemavati and Kabini The Kaveri drains inthe parts of Karnataka Kerala and drains in Tamil Nadu The river Kaveri makes the second biggest waterfall in India known as Sivasamudram
POLITICAL SCIENCE
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
MEANING OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS-Fundamental rights are those rights which are essential for intellectual moral and spiritual development of citizens of India As these rights are fundamental or essential for existence and all-round development of individuals hence they are called Fundamental rights These are enshrined in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India These include individual rights common to most such as equality before the law freedom of speech and freedom of expression religious and cultural freedom Freedom of assembly (peaceful assembly) freedom of religion (freedom to practice religion) right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writsThere are six fundamental rights recognized by the Indian constitution
1 Right to equality (Articles 14-18)2 Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22)3 Right Against exploitation (Articles 23-24)4 Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25- 28)5 Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29-30) and6 Right to Constitutional remedies (Articles 32-35)
1 The right to equality includes equality before the law the prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion race caste gender or place of birth equality of opportunity in matters of employment the abolition of untouchability and abolition of titles
2 The right to freedom includes freedom of speech and expression association or union or cooperatives movement residence and right to practice any profession or occupation
3 The right against exploitation prohibits all forms of forced labour child labour and trafficking of human beings
4 The right to freedom of religion includes freedom of conscience and free profession practice and propagation of religion freedom to manage religious affairs freedom from certain taxes and freedom from religious instructions in certain educational institutes
5 The Cultural and educational Rights preserve the right of any section of citizens to conserve their culture language or script and right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice
6 The right to constitutional remedies is present for enforcement of fundamental rightsThe right to privacy is an intrinsic part of Article 21 (the Right to Freedom) that protects the life and liberty of the citizens The right to privacy is the newest right assured by the Supreme court of India It assures the peoples data and personal security
Fundamental rights for Indians have also been aimed at overturning the inequalities of pre-independence social practices Specifically they have also been used to abolish untouchability and thus prohibit discrimination on the grounds of religion race caste sex or place of birth They also forbid trafficking of human beings and forced labour (a crime) They also protect cultural and educational rights of religious and linguistic minorities by allowing them to preserve their languages and also establish and administer their own education institutions They are covered in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India
Mathematics
Relation Study Item Types of RelationToday class xii students we will discuss about the types of RelationsFirst we discuss Void RelationWhat is Void RelationAns Let A be a non-empty set Then φ A A and so it is a relation R on set A Thissube ⨯ relation is called the void or empty relation on set ANow from the above definition we came to know that no element of A is related to any element of AHere A A is called Cartesian product⨯
is the symbol of subsetsubeAnd φ is called phi and refer to void or empty relationNow I give an example to understand the above said relationLet A = 1 2 3 4Here A A =(11)(12)(13)(14)(21)(22)(23)(24)(31)(32)(33)(34)(41)⨯(42)(43)(44)Now we consider R is a relation which is defined by R=(ab) a+b= 50We notice that a+b 50 for any two elements of AnotinTherefore (ab) R for any ab A is called belong to and is not belong tonotin isin isin notinTherefore we can say R does not contain any element of A A⨯Therefore R is empty set Therefore we can say that R is the void or empty relation on AWhat is universal RelationAns Let A is a set Then A A A A and so it is a relation on A This relation is called⨯ sube ⨯ the universal relation on ANow from the above definition we can say that each element of A is related to every element of ANow we consider the relation R on the set A =1 234 defined by R = (ab) R |a -b|isin
0≽We observe that|a - b | 0 for all ab A≽ isin
(ab) R for all (ab) A ArArr isin isin ⨯ Each element of set A is related to set A every element of set ArArr
Therefore we write R= AxATherefore we can say R is universal relation on set ANote we can say that void relation is smallest relation and the universal relation is largest relationSometime both void relation and universal relation is called trivial relationWhat is identity relationAns Let A is a non-empty set Then the relation R or IA = (aa) a A on A is called theisin identity relation on A Therefore from the above definition we can say that every element of A is related to itself only
Example Let A = 1234 then Ror IA = (11)(22)(33)(44) is the identity relation on set ANow I give you another example R1 = (11)(22)(33) and R2 = (11)(22)(33)(44)(24)From the above example we can say that R1 and R2 are not identify relation Because in the case of R1 (44)R1 and on the other hand R2 where element 2 is related to elements 2 and 4
Hindi 2ndlang
भलि[ (महादी मा)
भलि[ कहानी की लखिखका महादी मा न इस कहानी म यह दशान का परयास गिकया ह गिक आजकल क जमान म भी लो सक बन कर गिनसाथ सा करत ह ह
गिबना तन लिसा करत ह और उसक बदल ना कछ मात ह और ना ही कोई आशा करत ह नौकर सा करक तन चाहता ह और ह भी कई सगिधाओ की आशा करता ह पर सक सदा गिनजी साथ भा स सा म सलगन रह कर काम करता ह भलि[ कहानी की मखय पातर लकषमी ह जिजस भलि[ नाम लखिखका न दिदया ह ह गिकसी
ोपाल काकी कनया ह पाच रष की आय म उसकी गि माता न ौना ही कर दिदया कहानी म भलि[ क दखो का अत नही ह गिफर भी ह बडी साहसी धयान और परिरशरमी ह कदिठनाइयो स जझ ती ह पहल गिपता की मतय गिफर पगित की मतय और
गिफर घर जमाई की मतय होती ह उस साहसी मगिहला न साहस नही छोडा और तीनो पतरी ओक हाथ पील गिकए लाना द पान क कारण उसका जमीदार न अपमान गिकया गिफरकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहचीकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहची शहर पहच करा लखिखका की सगिका बनी ही पर उसका नाम भलि[ पडा ह एक भ[ की तरह अपन सामिमनी की इमानदारी स सा करती और तन का जिजकर भी नही करती ह लखिखका क घर पाठशाला आदिद को अचछी तरह स सभालती पढी-
लिलखी ना होकर भी ह लखिखका की बहत सा ए सहायता करती ह लखिखका का साया बनकर चलती लखिखका की सा करना उसक जीन का उददशय ह ह
लखिखका की खशी क लिलए ही काय करती ह ह लखिखका को दखी नही दख सकती लखिखका पर भलि[ का इतना परभा पडा गिक ह सय दहाती बन ई
यदध क दिदनो म ह अपन परिरार क साथ रहन की अपकषा लखिखका क साथ रहना पसद करती थी यदध क भत न जब ीटा क ान पर पलायन गित जा दी तो
भलि[ न न लखिखका को अपन ा ल जान का अनरोध करन ली लखिखका को डर ह गिक यदिद उसक गिदा होन क अगितम छठा ए तो ह दहातीन दधा कया कर ी
इस परकार हम दखत ह गिक लखिखका न सामिमनी और सगिका क ण बरसात हए सक धम पर परकाश डाला ह और लखिखका न एक आदश सगिका क रप को सदर
रप स परसतत गिकया हBengali আদাব পরশন) ldquoশরণের ১৪৪ ধারা আর কারহিZউ অU ার জারী রণেয়রণে0ldquo
ক) কার গলখা গকা3 রচ3ার অংশ খ)গকাায় গক3 ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়রণে0 )১৪৪ ধারা কী এর Zরণেল কী য়
উততর) ক)আরণেলাচ য অংশটি সরণেরশ বসর রহিচত lsquoআদাবlsquo গ0াট রণেলপর অংশ
খ) বাংলারণেদরণেশর ঢাকা শরণের ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়হি0ল সামপরদাহিয়ক াnাা ও দাnা পরহিতরণেরারণেধর জ3 য হিlt সলা3রণেদর গ3তারণেদর সামপরদাহিয়ক উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা বারণেধ উ2য় সমপরদায় 2ীত রণেয় ঘর বহিlt রণেয় পরণে পরসপর পরসপররণেক সরণেltরণের গচারণেখ গদরণেখ গকউ কাউরণেক আরণের রণেতা হিবশবাস কররণেত পারণের3া হিক0 া3রণেষর উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা য় ার পহির3া অরণেতক রকত iয় ও ত য
) ১৪৪ ধারা আইরণে3র এ3 একটা ধারা ার _ারা এলাকা হি3হিদ ষট করণের গদওয়া য় গসই এলাকার রণেধ য গবহিশ া3রণেষর জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় হিহি0ল জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় আই3 2nকারীরণেক গহিলর হি3রণেদশ জাহির করা য় তাই সাধার3 া3ষ আর বাইরণের গবর রণেত পারণের3া পরারণে3র 2রণেয় বহিlt রণেয় ারণেক এর Zল য় সাংঘাহিতক গদাকা3 পাট বনধ ারণেক
হিজহি3স পতর অহিল য় রাসতা ঘাট জ3 শ3 য রণেয় ায় লরণেঠরা তারণেদর লঠত রাজ চাহিলরণেয় হি3রণেজরণেদর আরণেখর গহি0রণেয় গ3য় া3ষরণেক 2ীহিতর হিব2ীহিষহিক গরাস করণের ঘরণেরর া3রণেষর ইkা াকরণেলও ঘরণের হিZররণেত পারণের3া হিZররণেত হিরণেয় বltরণেকর গহিলরণেত পরা3 ারায়
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today we will discuss about Types of Leaves
An organization provides several kinds of leaves to the employees These days employees working both in government and private sector are allowed several types of leaves Following are the leaves achieved by the employees from their organization
Casual LeaveChild care leave -HospitalLeaveSpecial disability leaveChild Adoption leaveEarned LeavesHalf pay leaveMaternity leavePaternityleaveStudy leave
1 Casual Leave- Casual leave is not a recognised form of leaves and is not subject to any rules made by the government of India And official on casual leave is not treated as Absent from duty and pay is not intimated Normally 8 days of casual leave is permissible in a calendar year
2 Child care leave - Women employees having minor children may be granted child care leave by an authority competent to grant leave for a maximum period of 730 days means two years during their entire service for taking care of up to two children weather for sharing or to look after any of their names like examination sickness it is a
3HospitalLeave - Hospital leave is admissible to group C employees whose duties involved handling of dangerous machinery explosive materials poisonous drugs and performance of hazardous task and to group D employees Medical certificate from an authorised medical attendant is necessary for the grant of these leave However total period of
leave does not exceed 28 months4Special disability leave- Special
disability leave admissible to all employees when disabled by injury intentionally or accidentally inflicted are caused in law in consequence of the due performance of official duties or in consequence of official position It also it is also add miscible when disabled by illness incurred in the performance of any particular duty which has the effect of increasing laboratory to illness or injury beyond the ordinary least attaching to the Civil post held and the same condition
5Child Adoption leave- This leave is granted to female Employees with fewer than two surviving children on valid adoption of a child below the age of one year for a period of 135 days immediately after the date of valid adoption Leave salary will be equal to the pain immediately before processing on leave
6Earned Leaves- This leave is earned by duty The credit for earned leave will be awarded at a rate of 15 days on the 1st of January and 1st of July every year It can be accumulated up to 300 days in addition to the number of days for which encashment has been allowed along with LTC
7 Half pay leave -All government servant are entitled to 20 days of HPL half pay leave for every completed year of service Half pay leave is calculated at 20 days for each completed year of service The service includes periods of duty and leave including extra ordinary leave with or without MC (medical certificate)
8 Maternity leave -Maternity leave is granted to women Government employees full stop it is as possible only to Employees with less than 2 surviving children The maternity leave is not debited to leave account and full pay is granted It cannot be combined with any other the leaves and count as service for increment and pension
9 PaternityleaveA male employee with less than 2 surviving children may be granted paternity leave for a period of 15 days during the confinement of
his wife During the period of such leaves he shall be paid leave salary equal to the pay drawn immediately before proceeding on leave
10 Study leave-Study leave may be granted to all Government Employees with not less than 5 years service for undergoing a special course consisting of higher studies are specialised training in a professional or technical subject having a direct and close connection with the sphere of his duties as a Civil Servant
Commerce
Chapter-5Management
Let us today discuss about the nature of Management
Nature of management Management is defined as
An art A science A profession
Management is defined as an art because of the following reasons
1 In art there is an existence of theoretical knowledge Similarly in management various theories are propounded by management thinkers in various areas of management like finance marketing human resources etc
2 Every manager apply his or her personal skills and knowledge in the day to day functioning of an enterprise
3 Like an art management is creative as it provides solutions to Complex problems making resources productive and profitable moulding the attitudes of people for the betterment of an organisation
Management is is considered as science because of the following reasons
1 Like science there is a systemised body of knowledge in management consisting of theories principles vocabulary and concept
2 Principles of management are evolved after continuous observations and experimentation
Management both as Science and ArtManagement is both a science and an art It is a science because it uses certain principles and is an art because it requires continuous practice and application of personal skillsManagement as a profession Following points highlight whether management is a profession or not1 Like profession management has well
defined body of knowledge It has its own principles which are based on experiments One can acquire such
knowledge by pursuing courses like MBA BBA etc and acquire managerial skills through instruction and training
2 In management no such restriction is there for managers to clear an examination for hold a degree However these days more and more people are appointed for managerial post who opposes management degrees
3 Membership to a professional Association like AIMA is not mandatory for managers All managers directly or indirectly work for the development of society
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Essay Questions (EQ-2)
Question No 2Sketch the character of Prospero Would you call him perfect
AnswerProspero in The Tempest appears to be an intensely human being with human failings and weaknesses With all his excellence Prospero is made to awaken our sympathy for a natural imperfection Prosperorsquos Previous HistoryIn his retrospective narration of his previous history to Miranda we get a glimpse into Prosperorsquos past life As the Duke of Milan Prospero buried himself in his magic books which he prized above his dukedom He was essentially a scholar with no practical wisdom He failed to perform his first duty by neglecting the governance of his state and gave an opportunity to his wicked brother to undermine his throne He was thus driven from his home and thrown in a leaky boat with his weeping daughter to drift in the perilous seas It is only the thought of his little child that kept him aliveThe Development of Prosperorsquos CharacterThe development of his character is evident from the contrast between what he was before his banishment and what he is now in the island Formerly when his ldquolibrary was dukedom enoughrdquo he was altogether too unsuspecting Now he is watchful as providence and takes care to guard himself against the possibility of evil He has learnt to know human nature in its worst forms even Caliban has taught him something He will no longer put his trust in appearance except as ldquostale to catch thievesrdquo nor in oaths of which the strongest he says ldquoare straw to the fire irsquo the bloodrdquo He who once neglected worldly ends now consistently asserts his dignity enforces obedience and deals out justice with impartial hand He who without a thought of evil gave his power and his revenues into his brotherrsquos hands now puts Ferdinand to the severest test as a trial of his love before entrusting his daughter to him He makes the most practical use imaginable of his magic art exacts prompt servitudefrom his attendants does not hesitate to punish them is resolved and firm and knows how to seize the proper moment for action He is a most careful father to his daughter a considerate master of Ariel severe against the brutal Caliban humane towards the repentant enemies full of experience and wisdomThe Exercise of his Power ndash his SternnessWhat appears to us at the first sight one of the least pleasing features of Prosperorsquos character is the sternness which he frequently displays more particularly in his dealings with Caliban His harshness towards Caliban resulted from the failure of gentler methods his severity towards Ferdinand was exercised in the interest of his daughter ldquolest too light winning make the prize lightrdquo and his punishment of Alonso Sebastian and Antonio is justified by the attainment of his objectiveProsperorsquos TendernessThe tender side of Prosperorsquos character is exhibited in his relation to Miranda Ariel Gonzalo and the repentant sinners His love for Miranda is unbounded She was almost life to him In his darkest hours of trial this love sustained him and gave him strength to put a bold front to suffering He addresses her always with tenderness She is to him a lsquoloved darlingrsquo lsquodear heartrsquo lsquoa rich giftrsquo lsquoa third of his own lifersquo The same affectionate nature is shown in his dealing with his brother Antonio He loved his brother Antonio only next to Miranda before Antonio conspired against him In the island when Antonio is brought before him he forgives him
readily To Gonzalo the good old councilor he is all affection He sheds tears of joy and gratitude when he meets him in the island To Ariel he is a loving and considerable master Ariel is always to him ldquomy brave spiritrdquo ldquofine spiritrdquo ldquodelicate Arielrdquo ldquomy Arielrdquo etc When he promises Ariel his freedom he says with real emotion ndash ldquoI shall miss theerdquoProsperorsquos Power as a MagicianThe practice of magic has placed wonderful powers in the hands of Prospero He uses his supernatural powers like a god only to bring about the happiest results He causes The Tempest and the shipwreck only to bring his enemies within his power and not to destroy them Not a soul perished in the storm He leads Ferdinand to Miranda his high charms work and as he wishes the two falls in love He frustrates the plots of the conspirators and makes them know that he was conscious of it He drives Sebastian and Alonso to sincere repentance and readily forgives them The drunken associates of Caliban are no doubt sternly treated but even then they are promised conditional pardon The whole play at last ends in reconciliation joy and peace The wrongs are set right the lovers are made happy Ariel is set free and thus the powerful magician retires into the solitude of his study at MilanProsperorsquos ForgivenessAllied to his wisdom is his forgiving nature Though deeply wronged he bears no spite against the wrong-doers Though his power is unlimited he uses it to noble purposes The lesson of adversity has taught him that ldquoThe rarer action is in virtue than in vengeancerdquoProspero does not debase his noble nature by revenge but forgives his enemies absolutely He drives his erstwhile enemies to a sincere penitence for their past misdeeds and when repentance has wrought its full effect on them he receives them into his arms and is reconciled to them Is Prospero perfectProspero creates a great impression upon our minds by his dignity his nobility the divine spirit of forgiveness in him his generous and sympathetic nature etc Even with all these virtues we cannot call him perfect We perceive certain faults in him He displays an occasional impatience irritability and even a certain harshness of feeling His severe treatment of Caliban might have been justified but the language in which he addresses the monster and the threats that he uses show him to be a kind of tyrant On learning of Calibanrsquos plot against his life he is as violently disturbed and agitated as any ordinary human being would be His manner towards Ariel when the latter demands his liberty also seems somewhat arbitrary and tyrannicalSubject ndashBiology Topic ndashChapter -5 Inheritance amp Variations Summary ExecutionToday we will discuss about NON-Mendelian Inheritance
NON_MENDELIAN INHERITANCE Incomplete Dominance It is an inheritance in which heterozygous offspring shows
intermediate character between two parental characteristics Eg Flower colour in snapdragon (dog flower or Antirrhinum sp) and
Mirabilis jalapa ( 4rsquoO clock plant) Here phenotypic and genotypic ratios are same Phenotypic Ratio 1Red 2 Pink 1 White Genotypic Ratio 1(RR) 2 (Rr) 1(rr) This means that R was not completely dominant over r Pea plants also show incomplete dominance in other traits
Co- dominance It is the inheritance in which both alleles of a gene are expressed in a
hybrid Eg ABO blood grouping in human ABO Blood groups are controlled by the gene I The plasma membrane of the RBC has sugar polymer that protrude
from its surface and is controlled By the gene The gene I has three alleles IA IB i The alleles IA and IB produce a slightly different form of the sugar
while allele i does not produce any sugar In AB blood group both IA and IB are present together This is co ndash
dominanceMultiple Alleles
Multiple alternatives of the same gene which influence the same character and produce different expressions in different individuals of a species or population same genes have more than two allelic
forms These different forms of a single gene are referred as multiple alleles Eg human Blood group
Ac-12 250620 Topic- retirement
Illustration Om Jai and Jagdish are partners sharing profit in the ratio of 3 2 l Their balance sheet as at December 31st 2014 is as under
Balance sheet as at December 31 2014
Liabilities Amount Assets Amount
(Rs`) (Rs`)
Creditors 80000 Building 180000 Bills Payable 26000 Plant 140000 General reserve 24000 Motor Car 40000 Capital Stock 100000 Om 160000 Debtors 63000 Jai 120000 Less Provision Jagdish 120000
400000 for Bad debts 3000
60000 Cash at Bank 10000
530000 530000
Jai retires on that date on the following terms(a) The Goodwill of the firm is valued at Rs 60000(b) Stock and Building to be appreciated by 10(c) Plant is depreciated by 10(d) Provision for Bad debts is increased upto Rs 5000(e) Jairsquos share of goodwill was adjusted through remaining partners capital accountThe amount due to Jai is paid out of the fund brought in by Om and Jagdish in theirnew profit sharing ratio Jai is paid full amountPrepare Revaluation Account and Partnerrsquos Capital account
Solution WorkingsIt is assumed that Om and Jagdish gaining ratio remains 3 lJairsquo Share of goodwill = Rs 60000 times 26 = Rs20000Adjusted through the remaining partners capital account in 3 1 ratio
Revaluation Account
Dr Cr
Particulars Amount Particulars Amount
(Rs`) (`Rs)
To Provision for Bad debts 2000 By Stock 10000TO Plant 14000 By Building 18000To Profit transferred toCapital Accounts Om 6000 Jai 4000 Jagdish 2000
12000
28000 28000
Capital AccountDr Cr Particulars Om Jai Jagdish Particulars Om Jai Jagdish
(Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (rs`) (`Rs)
To Capital 15000 mdash 5000 By Balance bd 160000 120000 120000 ToBank 152000 By General Reserve 12000 8000 4000To Balance cd 277000 mdash 159000 By Revaluation (Profit) 6000 4000 2000 By Om Capital mdash 15000 mdash ByJagdish Capital mdash 5000 By Bank 114000 38000
292000 152000 164000 292000 152000 164000
OPTION
Class VSubject Topic Summary Execution English language Sentences
phrases and clauses
The sentenceA sentence is a group of words that contains a subject a predicate and makes complete sense by itselfThe PhraseA phrase is a group of words which does not contain a subject and a verb and does not make complete sense by itselfThe ClauseA clause is a group of words which contains a subject and a predicate and is a part of a sentence
Example of a Phrase1 My best friend2 The sports car
The above sentences donrsquot have Subject or verb
Example of a Clause1 John is my best friend2 The man was carrying a bag
The above sentences have both Subject and verb
Social studies Indian Government
India is a very big country It is divided into 29 states and 7 union territories for effective governance and administrationThe Indian Government operates at three levelsCentral GovernmentState GovernmentLocal Government Central GovernmentThe Central Government rules over the entire country It operates from New Delhi It makes laws for the whole country and ensures that they are executed and followed The central government has three parts ndash thelegislative the executive and the judiciary1The LegislativeThe Parliament is the legislature at the Central level that makes the laws The Parliament of India is in New Delhi It is also called Sansad It has two houses Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha Their members are called MPs -Members of Parliament The citizens of the country elect them through elections
1Name the three levels of Government that the Indian Government operatesAns Central Government State Government and Local Government
2Name the three parts of Central GovernmentAns The legislative the executive and the judiciary
3What is the other name for SansadAns Parliament
Science Pollination(Agents of pollination)
Agents of Pollination
We all know that plants cannot move from one place to another but they reproduce They need help to transfer their pollen grains Wind insects water birds and other animals help in transferring their pollen grains So they are called agents of pollination
Q Define self-pollination Ans Self pollination ndash When the pollen grains get transferred from the anthers to the stigma of the same flower or another flower on the same plant it is known as self-pollination
Q Define cross-pollination Ans Cross-pollination ndash When the pollen grains get transferred from the
Pollination by wind ndash grasses such as rice wheat maize their pollen grains are very dry and light and easily blown by the wind Some plants have a feathery stigma to catch the pollen grains Pollination by insects ndashInsects such as butterflies bees help in cross pollination When insects visit flowers to collect nectar the pollen grains get stuck to their body and when they visit to another flower the pollen grains get transferred to the stigma of that flower This is how insects help in pollination Pollination by water ndashPollination by water occurs in aquatic plants Pollination occurs when the male flower moving with the flow of water comes in contact with the female flower
anthers of one flower to the stigma of a flower of another plant of the same type it is known as cross-pollination
Q How do insects help in pollination Ans Insects such as butterflies bees help in cross pollination When in sects visit flowers to collect nectar the pollen grains get stuck to their body and when they visit to another flower the pollen grains get transferred to the stigma of that flower This is how insects help in pollination
English literature
Sour grapes A fox was trotting on one day and he saw lovely grapes just above his head The grapes where rich ripe and purple- red He was impatient to grab the fruit but it was too high He gave it up by letting out a deep sighHe then said to himself that he has wasted his time upon such a common fruit and he is sure that those grapes were sour
The poet then concludes the poem by saying that we often say this in our real life When we fail to do or achieve something in our lives we often say like the fox that ldquowe re sure the grapes are sourrdquo
Write the synonyms of1 Trotting- Riding2 Eager- anxious3 Snatch- grab4 Heaving- to let out relief5 Sigh- deep breath6 Mean- miserable and poor
SUBJECT- FRENCH (3RD LANGUAGE)Les alphabets avec vocabulariesAlphabets with vocabularies
- Ananas- Ballon- Chat
- Dents - Escargot
HOMEWORK-LEARN THIS VOCABULARIES WITH PROPER PRONUNCIATION
MAT
HEM
ATIC
S
Ch 6
Com
mon
frac
tions Subtraction of fractions
(a) Subtraction of like fractions
(b) Subtraction of unlike fractions
(c) Subtraction of mixed fractions [To subtract mixed numbers we change them to improper fractions and then subtract]
Exercise ndash 28Subtract
2 712
minus 312
Solution 712
minus 312 =
7minus312 =
412 =
13
4 18minus 1
12
Solution The LCM of 8 and 12 = 24
there4 18=
1times 38times3 =
324 and
112
= 1 times212 times2
= 224
there4 18minus 1
12 = 3
24 - 2
24 = 3minus224 =
124
10 59minus 7
18
Solution The LCM of 9 and 18 = 18
there4 59=
5times 29 times2 =
1018 and
718=
7 times 118times 1 =
718
there4 59minus 7
18 = 1018 -
718 =
10minus718 =
318 =
16
11 34minus1
5
Solution The LCM of 4 and 5 = 4times5 = 20
there4 34 =
3 times54 times 5 =
1520 and
15=
1times 45times 4 =
420
there4 34 -
15 =
1520 -
420 =
15minus420 =
1120
19 6 - 159
Solution Now 6 = 61 and 1
59 =
149
The LCM of 1 and 9 = 9
there4 61=
6 times91times 9 =
549 and
149 =
14 times19times1 =
149
there4 6 - 159 =
61 -
149 =
549 -
149 =
54minus149 =
409 = 4
49
20 715 - 3
910
Solution Now 715 =
365 and 3
910 =
3910
The LCM of 5 and 10 = 10
there4 715 =
365 =
36 times25times 2 =
7210 and 3
910 =
3910
there4 715 - 3
910 =
7210 -
3910 =
72minus3910 =
3310 = 3
310
Practice at HomeExercise ndash 28
17 3712 - 2
56
18 5 - 278
Class VISubject Topic Summary Execution BIOLOGY Ch-8
AdaptationsPg-115
A Short answer questions
3 Write the characteristics of submerged plants Ans ndash
1 Submerged aquatic are present below the water surface
2 The roots of partly submerged plants are fixed in the soil below water at the bottom of pond lake or river
3 The stems of such plants grow up to the surface of water while the leaves and flowers float on the surface of water
4 Submerged plants donrsquot have thick waxy cuticle
5 Completely submerged water plants like sea grasses and pondweed lack stomata
6 The leaves are mostly thin
Class VIISubject Topic Summary Execution CHEMISTRY
Chapter ndashPhysical and Chemical Changes
Physical ChangeA physical change involves a change in physical propertiesPhysical change is a type of change where no new substance is formed Most physical changes are reversible
Characteristics of Physical changes 1 They are temporary changes2 They are reversible changes 3 No new substance formed4 A physical change involves a
change in physical properties not its chemical properties
Terms related to Physical ChangesDissolvingMeltingMelting pointFreezingFreezing pointBoiling Boiling pointEvaporationCondensationCondensation point
Pg-25Question 6State three differences between evaporation and boiling
Evaporation Boiling
1 Evaporation is a slow process
2 Evaporation takes place from the surface of the liquid
3 Evaporation takes place at all temperature
1 Boiling is a fast process
2 Boiling takes place from all parts of the liquid
3 Boiling takes place at a fixed temperature on heating
Question 7State four differences between physical and chemical changes
Physical change Chemical change
1 No new substances with new properties are formed
2 It can be reversed by simple physical methods
3 It is temporary change
4 Energy is neither needed nor produced
1 New substances with new properties are formed
2 Change cannot be reversed by simple physical methods
3 It is permanent change4 Energy is either needed
or evolved
GEOGRAPHY
ATMOSPHERE
GREENHOUSE EFFECT ANDGLOBAL WARMINGWe have already learned that therays of the Sun heat up the Earths surfaceduring the day and cools off at night byradiating out the heat in the form of terrestrialradiation Some of this heat is absorbed by thegreenhouse gases of the atmosphere and doesnot escape into outer space This preventsthe Earth from becoming excessively cold atnight This is known as Greenhouse EffectIt has led to a gradual rise in globaltemperatures which is referred to as globalwarmingCauses of Global Warming
Q1 What do you mean by Greenhouse EffectA1 Therays of the Sun heat up the Earths surfaceduring the day and cools off at night byradiating out the heat in the form of terrestrialradiation Some of this heat is absorbed by thegreenhouse gases of the atmosphere and doesnot escape into outer space This preventsthe Earth from becoming excessively cold atnight This is known as Greenhouse Effect
Q2 What are the greenhouse gases A2 The heat-trapping gases calledgreenhouse gas (GHGs)
Examples chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Carbon dioxide halons methane nitrous oxide and
GREENHOUSE GAS The heat-trapping gases calledgreenhouse gas (GHGs) Over the years these gases have releasedin the atmosphere and thus making the planetwarmerExamples Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Carbon dioxide halons methane nitrous oxide and ozone
GLOBAL WARMINGIncreasing of Earthrsquos temperature day by day by the increasing amount of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere is called as global warming
CAUSES OF GLOBAL WARMING 1 Burning of fossil fuel2 Harmful emission from industries
andvehicles3 Deforestation and mining4 Excessive rearing of farm animals5 Fertilisers
ozone
Q3 What do you mean by Global Warming Write any two causes of global warming
A3 Increasing of Earthrsquos temperature day by day by the increasing amount of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere is called as global warming The main causes of global warming are a Burning of fossil fuelb Harmful emission from industries
andvehicles
COMPUTER
ARRAYS ARRAY IS A VARIABLE WHICH STORES DIFFERENT VALUES OF THE SAME DATA TYPE IT IS USEFUL TO ORGANIZE MULTIPLE VARIABLES TO DECLARE AN ARRAY DIM (DIMENSION) STATEMENT IS USED LETS TAKE AN EXAMPLE TO DECLARE AN ARRAYDIM NUMBERS(10)10 INSIDE THE PARENTHESES MEANS THIS ARRAY CAN HOLD 11 ELEMENTSNUMBERS YES 11 NUMBERS THERE IS A FIRST INDEX ARRAY 0 ALSO (0 TO 10)EXAMPLES1)TAKE ANY 6 NUMBERS (SAY 2451069) IN AN ARRAY AND ADD NUMBERS INPOSITIONINDEX 3 AND 5 PRINT THE FINAL RESULT
READ THE SUMMARY PART AND TRY TO UNDERSTAND THE CONCEPT OF ARRAY IN QBASIC
SUBJECT- FRENCH (3RD LANGUAGE)Les alphabets avec vocabulariesAlphabets with vocabularies
- Ananas- Ballon- Chat - Dents - Escargot
HOMEWORK-LEARN THIS VOCABULARIES WITH PROPER PRONUNCIATION
Class VIIISubject Topic Summary Execution PHYSICS ENERGY Types of Energy
There are different forms of energy Today we will discuss some important
A Objective Questions
1 Write true or false for each
types of energy and their features ndash1 Mechanical energyMechanical energy is the sum of kinetic and potential energy in an object that is used to do work In other words it is energy in an object due to its motion or position or both
A Kinetic Energy The energy in motion is known as Kinetic Energy For example a moving ball flowing water etc
Kinetic Energy=12mv2
Wherem = Mass of the objectv = Velocity of the object
B Potential Energy This is the energy stored in an object and is measured by the amount of work done For example a pen on a table water in a lake etc
Potential Energy=mghWherem = Mass of the object (in kilograms)g = Acceleration due to gravityh = Height in metersMechanical EnergyIt is the sum of potential energy and kinetic energy that is the energy associated with the motion amp position of an object is known as Mechanical energy Thus we can derive the formula of mechanical energy as ndash
Mechanical Energy = Kinetic Energy + Potential Energy
MechanicalEnergy=12mv2+mgh
2 Solar EnergyThe light and heat from the sun harnessed using technologies like solar heating photovoltaics solar thermal energy solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis is known as solar energy It is the prime source of renewable energy
3 Wind EnergyIt is one of the various forms of energy The energy present in the flow of wind used by wind turbines is called wind energy This energy is a major cheap source to produce electricity In this phenomena the kinetic energy of the wind is converted into mechanical power
statement
(a) A coolie does no work against the force of gravity while carrying luggage on a road
Answer True
(b) The energy stored in water of a dam is the kinetic energy
Answer False
(c) The energy of a flying kite is kinetic energy
Answer True
(d) Work done by a boy depends on the time in which he does work
Answer False
(e) Power spent by a body depends on the time for which it does work
Answer True
4 Nuclear EnergyThe energy present in the nucleus of an atom is known as nuclear energy The particles of an atom are tiny and need the energy to hold themselves Nuclear energy is that enormous energy in the bonds of an atom which helps to hold the atom together Nuclear energy can be used to make electricity
5 Geothermal EnergyThe energy or heat present inside the Earth is known as geothermal energy It is a cheap amp convenient heat and power resource and use of this energy donrsquot have a side effect like greenhouse gas emission etc
6 Tidal Energy
Tidal energy or tidal power is a form of hydropower (energy present in water) which converts the energy present in the tides to produce electricity
7 Biomass Energy
Biomass is organic matter obtained from living organisms The energy produced from biomass is called biomass energy
8 Electrical Energy
The energy caused by moving electric charges is known as electrical energy Electric energy is a type of kinetic energy as the electrical charges moves
9 Thermal Energy
As the name suggests thermal energy is the energy obtained from heat It is a microscopic disordered equivalent of mechanical energyThere may be instances where an object posses more than one type of energy For example boiling water posses both kinetic and potential energy along with heat energy
MATHEMATICS Ch 9Interest
Execution ndash 9(B) 3 A sum of money lent out at simple interest doubles itself in 8 years Find (i) the rate of Interest (ii) In how many years will the sum become triple (three times) at itself at the same rate percent
Solution
(i) Let P = Rs100 there4 A = Rs200 So I = A ndash P = Rs(200-100) = Rs100 and T = 8years [ P= Principal A = Amount I = Interest and T = Time]
there4 The rate of interest (R) = 100times IP times T = ( 100 times100
100times 8 ) = 252
= 125
(ii) Again P = Rs100 A = Rs300 So I = Rs(300-100) = Rs200 and R = 125
there4 T = 100times IP times R = ( 100 times 200
100 times12 5 ) years = ( 1000times 200100times125 )years= 16 years
4 Rs4000 amount to Rs5000 in 8years in what time will Rs2100 amount to Rs2800 at the same rate
Solution
1 st part P = Rs4000 A = Rs5000 there4 I = Rs(5000-4000) = Rs1000And T = 8 years
there4 R = 100times IP times T = ( 100 times1000
4000 times8 ) = 258
2 nd part Now P = Rs2100 A = Rs2800 there4 I = Rs(2800-2100) =Rs700 and R
= 258
there4 T = 100times IP times R = ( 100 times 700
2100 times 258 ) years = ( 100 times8
3 times25 )years= 323 years = 10
23 years
= 10years( 23
times 12)months = 10 years 8 months
6 A certain sum amounts to Rs3825 in 4 years and to Rs4050 in 6 years Find the rate percent and the sum
Solution Amount in 6 years = Rs4050Amount in 4 years = Rs3825
there4 Interest in 2years = Rs(4050-3825) = Rs225
there4 Interest in 1year = Rs225divide2 = Rs2252
there4 Interest in 4years =Rs(225times2) = Rs450
Now P = A ndash I = Rs(3825 ndash 450) = Rs3375
there4 R = 100times IP times T = ( 100 times225
3375 times2 ) = 103
= 313
Practice at Home5 What sum of money lent at 65 per annum will produce the same interest in 4 years as Rs7500 produce in 6 years at 5 per annum
GEOGRAPHY MIGRATION CLIMATE REFUGEES
Climate refugees who are forced to move out when their homes when threatened by imminent climate catastrophes Example many people many people migrated from the sinking south pacific Islands to Australia and New Zealand
MISCELLANEOUS MIGRATION
Miscellaneous migration often takes place due to the governmentrsquos decisions or due to political unrest Example the Indonesian government moved the farming population from the overpopulated areas of Java to the islands of Borneo and Sumatra
FORCED MIGRATION
Forced migration happens during times of disaster of warfare Abduction and transfer of African slaves to America to serve as labour force is an example of forced migration Today climate change and rising sea levels have led to forced migration in many of the island nations of the world
VOLUNTARY MIGRATION
Voluntary migration is shifting to HDC(highly developed countries) from LDC(lowly developed countries) for better job or educational opportunities and better standards of living There is a current trend in which a large number of students are migrating from developing nations to European and American universities for higher studies This type of voluntary migration leads to depopulation in the country which people leave and adds to the volume of immigrants in the country that receives these people
Q1 What do you understand by climate refugees Where it can be found
A1 Climate refugees who are forced to move out when their homes when threatened by imminent climate catastrophes or disasters
Example many people migrated from the sinking south pacific Islands to Australia and New Zealand
Q2Give an example on miscellaneous migration
A2 An example on miscellaneous migration like the Indonesian government moved the farming population from the overpopulated areas of Java to the islands of Borneo and Sumatra
Q3 Give some examples of highly developed countries (HDC) and lowly developed countries (LDC)
A3 European and North American countries such as Britain Spain Canada and New York are good examples of highly developed countries (HDC) On the other hand South-East Asian countries such as India Pakistan and Bangladesh are examples lowly developed countries (LDC)
COMPUTER ALGORITHMS AND FLOW CHARTS
EXAMPLES1) WRITE AN ALGORITHM AND DRAW A FLOW CHART TO FIND THE AREA OF A RECTANGLESOLUTIONALGORITHM
STEP1 STARTSTEP2 ACCEPT THE LENGTH OF THE RECTANGLESTEP3 ACCEPT THE BREADTH OF THE RECTANGLESTEP4 USE THE FORMULA OF AREA=LENGTH times BREADTH AND STORE THE
FINAL RESULT IN THE VARIABLE AREASTEP5DISPLAY THE ARE OF THE RECTANGLESTEP6STOP
FLOWCHART
2)CALCULATE THE INTEREST OF A BANK DEPOSITALGORITHMSTEP 1 READ AMOUNTSTEP 2 READ YEARSSTEP 3 READ RATE
STEP 4 CALCULATE THE INTEREST WITH FORMULA INTEREST=AMOUNTYEARSRATE100STEP 5 PRINT INTERESTFLOWCHART
3)DETERMINE AND OUTPUT WHETHER NUMBER N IS EVEN OR ODDALGORITHMSTEP 1 READ NUMBER NSTEP 2 SET REMAINDER AS N MODULO 2STEP 3 IF REMAINDER IS EQUAL TO 0 THEN NUMBER N IS EVEN ELSE NUMBER N IS ODDSTEP 4 PRINT OUTPUTFLOWCHART
4)DETERMINE WHETHER A TEMPERATURE IS BELOW OR ABOVE THE FREEZING POINTALGORITHM
STEP 1 INPUT TEMPERATURESTEP 2 IF IT IS LESS THAN 32 THEN PRINT BELOW FREEZING POINT OTHERWISE PRINT ABOVE FREEZING POINTFLOWCHART
PRACTICE THE GIVEN FLOWCHARTS AND ALGORITHMS
Class IXSubject Topic Summary Execution Bengali (2nd
language) চারণেদর পাাহিব2হিত2ষ বরণেltযাপাধযায় হি_তীয় অধযায়
ldquoআহি`কার হিবখযাত া0 শঙকর কতবার 0হিবরণেত গদরণেখরণে0rdquo ক) আহি`কার হিবখযাত া0টির 3া হিক া0টির হিবরণেশষতব হিকখ)শঙকর গকাায় হিকরণেসর জ3য হিরণেয়হি0ল ) গস গসখারণে3 হিক খরণেজ পায়
উঃ- হিব2হিত2ষ বরণেltযাপাধযায় রহিচত lsquoচারণেদর পাাrsquo উপ3যারণেস আহি`কার হিবখযাত া0টির 3া ল বাওবাব া0টির হিবরণেশষতব ল া0টি গবশ গাটা গসাটা া0টির জার হিবষয় ল া0টি তার গহিরণেত ১৬ হিলটার জল ধরণের রাখরণেত পারণের তষণায় কাতর পচারীরা অরণে3ক সয় এই ারণে0র গহিরণেত 0হির গরণের Zরণেটা করণের জল পা3 করণের
খ) শঙকর আহি`কায় হিরণেয়হি0ল অযাUরণে2ঞচারণেরর গ3শায় অনধকারয় এই ারণেদরণেশর পরহিতটি সথারণে3 গ3 রসয লহিকরণেয় আরণে0 এই ররণেসযর অ3সনধা3 কররণেত হিরণেয় অরণে3ক পটক পরা3 াহিররণেয়রণে0 আবার অরণে3রণেক হিসংরণের গপরণেট গরণে0 তবও অহি2াতরী া3ষ অহি2া3 বনধ করণের হি3আহি`কার ইউানডা গরলওরণেয়র 3Uরবা গসটশ3 গরণেক বাাততর াইল দহিi3 পহিj গকারণে3 একটা শাখা লাই3 হৈতহির হিkল গরল গকামপাহি3র গসখারণে3 শঙকর ক3সটরাকস3 কযারণেমপর গকরাহি3 ও সরকাহির গসটারহিকপার রণেয় গা হিদরণেয়হি0লপরণের শঙকর একটা গরলরণেসটশরণে3র গসটশ3াসটার য় এরপরণের গস আল2ারণেররণেজর সরণেn ীরার পাা খজরণেত গবহিররণেয় পরণে
) গ0াটরণেবলা গরণেক শঙকর শরণে3 আসরণে0 আহি`কায় গসা3া রপা ীরার 0া0হি একট গচষটা কররণেল গসা3া রপা ীরা আহিবসকার করণের বরণোরণেলাক ওয়া ায় এই সব খজরণেত হিরণেয় শঙকর আহি`কার পরাকহিতক ররণেপর গ সনধা3 গপরণেয়হি0ল তার তল3া গ3ই ঘ3 অর3য পবতরাহিজ =র3া 3দী জীবজনত সবই তারণেক হিদরণেয়রণে0 আ3lt শঙকর ীরার গখারণেজ হিরণেয় ীরা 3া গপরণেলও পরাকহিতক ররণেপর গরণে3 শঙকরণেরর 3 ীরায় পহিরত রণেয়হি0ল
EVS Chapter 2 ndash Species interaction with each other Long Answer Question
Living Things in Ecosystems
bull ParasitismParasitism is a relationship between two different organisms where one of the organisms actually harms the other through the relationship The organism that is harming the other one is called a parasite Examples of Parasitism Fleas or ticks that live on dogs and cats are parasites
bull MutualismMutualisms are defined as interactions between organisms of two different species in which each organism benefits the other
bull CommensalismCommensalism is a relationship between individuals of two species in which one species obtains food or other benefits from the other without either harming or benefiting the latter
bull SynergismThe interaction of things resulting in the overall effect that is greater than the sum of individual effects of any of them
Q) How biotic and abiotic components are inter-related Ans - In an eco system biotic and abiotic components depend on each other The biotic and abiotic components are connected in ecosystem in different way The sun is the energy source Producersplants use this energy to synthesize food in the presence of carbon dioxide and chlorophyll The herbivores are dependent on plants for the energy requirements The carnivores in turn feed on the herbivores and other carnivores At any level microbes then decompose any dead and decaying organic matter These decomposers after various chemical reactions release molecules back to the environment in the form of chemicals The chemicals are again used by the producers and the cycle starts againIn conclusion ecosystems have a complex set of interactions that happen between the biotic and abiotic components The components of an ecosystem are linked to each other through the energy flows and nutrient cycles
Commercial Studies
Chapter-7Joint Stock Company
In previous class we have explained about the meaning of Joint Stock Company features of Joint Stock Company
Let us explain about
Merits of Joint Stock Company
Merits of Joint stock CompanyStabilityPublic confidenceProfessional managementTransferability of sharesLimited Liability
Merits of Joint Stock Company StabilityA company enjoys stable durable enduring and uninterrupted business life A company continues to exist even if all its members die or deserted Maintenance of continuity of policy of administration is very much ensured in the case of Joint Stock CompanyPublic confidenceA public company enjoys the confidence of the public as the same is guided and controlled by strict regulations Since the companies financial accounts are published and circulated the public has enough faith on the activities of the company Thus a company enjoys better prestige and regulation greater public confidence as a wholeEfficient professional managementDue to its large financial resources and continuity a company can avail of the services of highly qualified
persons who are experts in different fields of business management In this way the benefits of specialization and centralized management can be securedTransferability of sharesSince the shares of a joint stock company are freely transferable they provide necessary liquidity to the investment of the people Shares of public companies are generally listed on a stock exchange so that people can easily buy and sell themLimited LiabilityThe liability of shareholders is limited only to the extent of face value of share held by them Shareholders are not personally liable for the debts of the company Thus the risk is known and also limited
Economics Chapter4 Basic Problems of An Economy
Today let discuss about the Meaning of Efficiency use of ResourcesNeeds of efficient use of resources
Resource efficiency is the maximising of the supply of money materials staff and other assets that can be drawn on by a person or organization in order to function effectively with minimum wasted (natural) resource expenses It means using the Earths limited resources in a sustainable manner while minimising environmental impact
Necessity for efficient use resources Once the flow of resources through the economy has reached its maximum sustainable limit (and many would argue that wersquove already passed that point for some resources) the only way to maintain economic growth in the long run is to become more resource efficient ndash finding ways to generate greater returns from the same amount of resources
Resource efficiency isnrsquot only valuable because it is essential for sustained economic growth Promoting resource efficiency can increase the competitiveness of industry create jobs stimulate innovation boost sectors such as recycling and resource recovery and help ensure secure supplies of key
QuestionWhat do you mean by Efficient use of Resources
Answer) Resource efficiency is the maximising of the supply of money materials staff and other assets that can be drawn on by a person or organization in order to function effectively with minimum wasted (natural) resource expenses It means using the Earths limited resources in a sustainable manner while minimising environmental impact
Why do we need to use our resources efficientlyAnswer) Once the flow of resources through the economy has reached its maximum sustainable limit (and many would argue that wersquove already passed that point for some resources) the only way to maintain economic growth in the long run is to become more resource efficient ndash finding ways to generate greater returns from the same amount of resources
Resource efficiency isnrsquot only valuable because it is essential for sustained economic growth Promoting resource efficiency can increase the competitiveness of industry create jobs stimulate innovation boost sectors such as recycling and resource recovery and help ensure secure
resources supplies of key resources
Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)
Topic Act II Scene 7 Lines 1 to 35 (Morocco hellip What if I stray no further but choose here )
[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase provided]
Summary Questions amp Answers
Having disposed of the minor story of Jessicarsquos elopement we now return to the main plot We are now shown how affairs are progressing with Portia in her home in Belmont
This is the first of the three scenes where a suitor makes a choice between golden silver and leaden caskets It will be noted that while making the choice all the lovers soliloquize and reveal their personality and character We have already observed the manly soldierly but primitive personality of the Prince of Morocco His has a simple nature and does not look deeply into the inner meaning of things but is dazzled by the outward appearance of gold He is inclined to over-estimate his own value and does not realize that it is a duty to ldquogive and hazardrdquo So his feeling is only one of fascination and romantic attraction We cannot believe that he has a deep and lasting love for Portia
In this scene two characters appear ndash Portia and the Prince of Morocco Portia explains to the Prince that the correct casket shall be the one that contains her picture She will be the wife of the person who will choose the correct casket and in the process get whatever she has
The Prince examines the inscriptions on each of the caskets and interprets them
(1) (Act II Sc 7 L 1-5)
Portia Go draw aside the curtains and discover
The several caskets to this noble princeNow make your choice
Morocco The first of gold who this inscription bearsWho chooseth me shall gain what many men desire
(i) Who is Morocco How did he introduce himself to Portia when they first met in an earlier scene
Prince Morocco is a dark skinned boastful warrior of African origin who seeks the hand of Portia He introduces himself as a person who lives near the equator where the exposure to sun rays have to be blamed for his complexion He says that Portia should not dislike him for his dark skin
(ii) How would Morocco know that he had made the right choice What would his reward be
Morocco would know he has chosen the right casket if he finds Portiarsquos portrait in one of them His reward would be Portiarsquos hand in marriage
(iii) Which casket did Morocco finally choose What reasons did he give for rejecting the casket made of lead
Morocco chooses the golden casket He says that lead is of lowly origin and the portrait of a lady as great as Portia cannot be placed in it He reads the inscription ldquoWho chooseth me must give and hazard all he hathrdquo This makes the box too threatening He wonders why anyone should risk everything for lead He also feels that a golden mind like his should not bow down to choose something worthless So he will not risk anything for lead
(iv) What two objects did Morocco find in the casket of his
before choosing
The inscription on the leaden casket says ldquoWho chooseth me must give and hazard all he hathrdquo The Prince was shocked and says as to why anyone should risk for the sake of lead The leaden casket is a threat Nobody would risk all they have for lead He says that no noble person would stoop to choose such a worthless thing as lead So he will not give nor risk anything for lead
The Prince then examines the inscription on the silver casket which says ldquoWho chooseth me shall get as much as he deservesrdquo The Prince says that he deserves Portia more than anybody else because of his high rank his noble birth and his great wealth and power But then he argues that silver is ten times inferior to gold and therefore he cannot believe that the portrait of such a beautiful lady as Portia can be contained in the silver casket He decides to see the inscription on the golden casket before making his decision
choice What reason does he give to Portia for leaving in haste
The Prince of Morocco chooses the golden casket and on opening it finds a human skull within whose hollow eye-socket was a scroll or a roll of paper in which it is written that those who are attracted by the glittering outside of things are always deceived as Morocco has been deceived
Morocco says he is moved and that he does not want to make his departure a painstaking process and he wants to leave immediately without revealing his emotions He should also obey the rule of the game which states the one who loses the test should leave immediately
(v) How does Portia respond to Moroccorsquos parting words What does this reveal of her nature
Portia is relieved that Morocco has left without making any scene It was a gentle riddance and all like him should go in a similar manner This shows that Portia has a kind heart and does not want anyone to he hurt Her love for Bassanio over-rides her passion that makes her wish that only he should be able to make the right choice At the same time like a dutiful daughter she does not want to disrespect her fatherrsquos wishes Hence she is willing to go through the casket injunctions
(2) (Act II Sc 7 L 15-35)
MOROCCO helliphelliphelliphelliphellip
What says this leaden casket Who chooseth me must give and hazard all he hath Must givemdashFor what for lead hazard for leadThis casket threatens Men that hazard allDo it in hope of fair advantagesA golden mind stoops not to shows of drossIll then nor give nor hazard aught for leadWhat says the silver with her virgin hueWho chooseth me shall get as much as he deservesAs much as he deservesmdashPause there MoroccoAnd weigh thy value with an even handIf thou best rated by thy estimationThou dost deserve enough and yet enoughMay not extend so far as to the ladyAnd yet to be afeard of my deservingWere but a weak disabling of myselfAs much as I deservemdashWhy thats the ladyI do in birth deserve her and in fortunesIn graces and in qualities of breeding
But more than these in love I do deserveWhat if I strayed no further but chose here
(i) What does the Prince of Morocco do before making his selection What does his comment reflect How does he analyse the inscription of the leaden casket and what is his interpretation
The Prince of Morocco surveys the three caskets before making his selection His comments reflect his thinking and attitude on life and things He comes to the lead casket and reads the inscription on it His interpretation which reflects his own character is that the inscription threatens because no one will be prepared to risk or sacrifice all one has for such a base thing as lead
(ii) What does the Prince of Morocco think of the leaden casket and why does he decide to reject the leaden casket
The Prince of Morocco thinks that when people risk anything they do so in order to gain something precious A person of royal ways will not bend so low as to be impressed by such an ordinary thing as lead Therefore he decides that he will not take any risk for a worthless thing like lead and rejects the lead casket
(iii) What does the Prince think while analyzing and interpreting the inscription of the silver casket
The Prince of Morocco analyses the inscription on the silver casket which runs thus ldquoWho chooseth me shall get as much as he deservesrdquo When he reads the inscription he bids himself to stop and ponder over the interpretation He asks himself to evaluate his worth objectively and impartially He says that if he is assessed on the basis of the opinion of people he deserves much But even this may not be sufficient to deserve to win Portia who is so virtuous and worthy
(iv) What promise does the silver casket make What self-assessment does the Prince make
The silver casket promises the reward according to the worth of the chooser The Prince makes a self-assessment and concludes that in all fairness he deserves to get Portia He thinks that he is a royal Prince by birth and so he deserves her by the right of his birth
Portia is very rich and so the Prince deserves her by this also The Prince deserves because he is also extremely handsome as most of the beautiful maidens of his kingdom covet him He is valiant and virtuous also So in his opinion he is the most suitable and deserving candidate for Portiarsquos hand
(v) Over which casket does the Prince ponder a long time What intrigue him In what way does he deserve Portia
Morocco reviews the inscriptions again and rejects the lead casket as being not worth the high stakes for which he gambles He ponders a long time over the silver casket The words ldquoget as much as he deservesrdquo intrigue him He is quite sure that he deserves Portia He deserves her in birth fortune grace qualities of breeding and most of all love
Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution EVS Ch ndash4 Managing
soil and land
Today we will discuss about mechanical practices of soil conservation
A few mechanical measures of soil conservation arei) Basin leaching In this method a number of small basins (water reservoirs) are made These collect and retain rain water for a long period and also catch and stabilize downwardly moving soils of the slopes
ii) Pan breaking by breaking of pan ( a hard sheet of clay a few feet below the surface ) drainage and percolation of rain water is improved and soil is saved from residual run-off and erosion
iii) Sub-soiling Soil is broken into fine grains to increase its absorptive capacity
iv) Contour terracing terraces are labeled areas constructed at right angles to the slope to reduce soil erosion
v) Contour trenching This method involves making a series of deep pits or trenches across the slope at convenient distance The soil excavated from the trenches is deposited along the lower edge in the form of bund On the ridges tree seeds are shown
vi) Terrace outlets To conserve soil pipe outlets are made which are thickly covered by grasses
vii) Digging of ponds and reservoirs to store water
viii) Stream bank protection To protect banks of rivers and channels construction of stone or concrete protective walls or planting of trees should be undertaken
Commercial Studies
Chapter- Banking Let us today discuss about theMeaning of Commercial BankFunctions of Commercial Banks
Commercial Banks are those banks which perform all kinds of banking functions such as accepting deposits advancing loans credit creation and
Question1 What do you mean by
Commercial BankAnswer) Commercial Banks are those banks which perform all kinds of banking functions such as accepting deposits advancing loans credit creation and agency functions
agency functions
Functions of Commercial BanksCommercial banks perform a variety of functions which can be divided as (1) Accepting Deposits (2) Advancing Loans (3) Credit Creation (4) Financing Foreign Trade(5) Agency Services (6) Miscellaneous Services To Customers
2 Explain the various functions of Commercial Bank
Answer) Following are the various functions of Commercial Banks
1 Accepting Deposits This is the oldest function of a bank and the banker used to charge a commission for keeping the money in its custody when banking was developing as an institution Nowadays a bank accepts three kinds of deposits from its customers The first is the savings deposits on which the bank pays small interest to the depositors who are usually small savers
2 Advancing LoansOne of primary functions of commercial banks is to advance loans to its customers A bank lends a certain percentage of the cash lying in deposits on a higher interest rate than it pays on such deposits This is how it earns profits and carries on its business 3 Credit CreationCredit creation is one of the most important functions of the commercial banks Like other financial institutions they aim at earning profits For this purpose they accept deposits and advance loans by keeping small cash in reserve for day-to-day transactions When a bank advances a loan it opens and account in the name of the customer and does not pay him in cash but allows him to draw the money by cheque according to his needs By granting a loan the bank creates credit or deposit4 Financing ForeignTrade commercial bank finances foreign trade of its customers by accepting foreign bills of exchange and collecting them from foreign banks It also transacts other foreign exchange business and buys and sells foreign currency5 Agency ServicesA bank acts as an agent of its customers in collecting and paying cheques bills of exchange drafts dividends etc It also buys and sells
shares securities debentures etc for it customers Further it pays subscriptions insurance premium rent electric and water bills and other similar charges on behalf of its clients It also acts as a trustee and executor of the property and will of its customers Moreover the bank acts as an income tax consultant to its clients For some of these services the bank charges a normal fee while it renders others free of charge6 Miscellaneous ServicesBesides the above noted services the commercial bank performs a number of other services It acts as the custodian of the valuables of its customers by providing them lockers where they can keep their jewellery and valuable documents It issues various forms of credit instruments such as cheques drafts travellers cheques etc which facilitate transactions
Bengali হিবপরীতশবদ করণেয়কটি হিবপরীত শবদ গদওয়া ল1)সজীব = হি3জsব 2)শরদধা= ঘা 3)আকষ = হিবকষ4)সধবা = হিবধবা 5)উৎস = গা3া 6)অ = অ37)জয় = পরাজয় 8)তাপ = হৈশত যয 9)হি3ltা = পরশংসা10)াদা = অদা 11)রহিসক = গবরহিসক 12) অনতর = বাহির13)অহিতবষটি = অ3াবষটি 14)পরত যযi = পরণেরাi 15)3াবালক = সাবালক
Hindi 2nd lang नया रासता भा 5 अपन जीन की परिरसथिगितयो स गिश होकर मीन क हदय म कई बार हीन भाना
और जीन की कडाहट अनभ हईपरत ह दढता और साहस की मरतित थी ह
अपन जीन को वयथ नही होन दना चाहती थी बचपन स ही उसकी कील बनन की
इचछा थी आज मीन की लन उस और दखकर माता- गिपता न उस कालत करन की
आजञा द दी मीन न मरठ म दाखिखला ल लिलया उसक हरदय म कछ बनन और कछ
कर दिदखान की इचछा थी उसक गिचार स चारो और पस का ही बोलबाला हहॉसटल
की कलपना करत ही ह लिसहर उठती थी उसन अपन लिलए नए नए कपड बनाए पहली बार हॉसटल जान का चा थाआखिखर
ह दिदन आ ही या जब उस हॉसटल जाना था पहली बार ह अपन घर स अल हो
रही थी हॉसटल पहच कर कछ दिदनो तक उसका मन नही ला बचपन की घटनाए
एक- एक करक उसक समतपटल पर उतर ई ह अपनी ककषा म हमशा परथम आती
थी 2 दिदन बाद गिपताजी मीन स मिमलन आए मा न काफी चीज उसक लिलए बनाकर
भजी थी गिपताजी स मिमलकर ह बहत खश
1 ह सय की दढता साहस की मरतित थी
परशन1 लखिखका मीन को दढता साहस
की मरतित कयो कह रही ह 2 गिाह क अलाा मीन क जीन
का कया लकषय था 3 मीन समाज क झठ आरण को
हटाकर सतय दिदखाना चाहती ह सपषट कीजिजए
4 परसतत पलि[यो का भा सपषट अपन शबदो म लिलखिखए
उततरndash1 मीन म समाज स लडन की शलि[ ह
ह समाज म फली बराइयो क सामन ढढता स जमी हई ह ह साहस क साथ अपन उलिचत गिनणय
पर सथिर रहती ह जिजदी क उतार चढा सा घबरा टी नही ह बलकिलक साहस स काम लती ह इनही कारणो स लखिखका न उस ढढता
और साहस की मरतित कहा ह2 मरठ ालो न जब उसका रिरशता
ठकरा दिदया तो उसन गिनशचय कर लिलया गिक ह अपन परो पर खडी होी और समाज को दिदखा दी की नारी अबला नही ह उसन अपना
हई करीब 1 घटा रक कर गिपताजी चल ए लकषय बना लिलया गिक ह एलएलबी करक कील बनी
3 समाज म नारी क ऊपर अबला आशरीता का आरण पडा हआ ह
मीन समाज क दवारा होत हए इस आरण को हटाकर यह सतय परमाणिणत करना चाहती ह गिक आज
की नारी अबला नही ह और ना ही गिकसी क हाथ की कठपतली ह
4 लखिखका न मीन क बार म कहा गिक ह सय घटा और साहस की मरतित
ह ह अपन न हम ध और मसीबत म साहस का परिरचय दती हउतार
चढा को हर इसान क जीन म आत ही रहत ह उनको साधारण रप
स ही लना चागिहए अपन गिाह क मामल म उसन साहस स काम
लिलया और गिाह क बार म सोचना छोड दिदया मीन क सामन अभी बहत लबी जिजदी पडी ह इसलिलए उसन समय का महत समझा और
एक कषण भी वयथ ना करन का गिनशचय गिकया
Mathematics(x) Algebra Quadratic Equation in one variable
Study Item Some solved sums from exercise- 539)Solve for x 2(2x ndash 1 )(x+3) ndash 3 (x + 3)(2x ndash 1 ) = 5 x -3 frac12Solution Let (2x ndash 1)(x + 3) = y then we get2(y) ndash 3( 1y) = 50r 2y ndash 3y = 5Or 2y2 ndash 3 = 5y [multiplying both side by y we get]0r 2y2 ndash 5y ndash 3 = 0Now comparing the above equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0 we geta=2 b = - 5 and c = - 3Therefore y = -(- 5 )plusmnradic((-5)sup2-4(2)(-3))2(2) = 5 plusmnradic( 25 + 24)4 = 5plusmn radic(49)4 = (5 plusmn 7)4= (5+7)4 (5 ndash 7)4= 124 -24= 3 - 12Therefore y = 3 (2x ndash 1)( x + 3) = 3 2x ndash 1 = 3x + 9 3x - 2x = - 10 x= - 10Or y = - frac12 ( 2x ndash 1)(x + 3) = - frac124x ndash 2 = - x ndash 3 4x+x = - 3 + 2 5x = - 1 x= - 15Hence the roots of the given equation are - 10 and ndash 1510)(i) x2 - 5x ndash10 =0Solution x2 ndash 5x ndash 10 = 0Comparing the above equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0 we get a=1 b = - 5 and c = - 10Therefore x = - (- 5)plusmnradic( -5)sup2- 4(1)(- 10)2(1) = 5 plusmn radic( 25 +40)2 = 5 plusmn radic(65 )2
= (5 plusmn 8bull06)2 = (5 + 8bull06)2 (5 ndash 8bull06)2 = 13bull062 - 3bull062= 6bull53 - 1bull5312) Solve the equation x ndash 18x = 6 Given your answer correct to two significant figureSolution x ndash18x = 6Or (x2 ndash 18 )x = 6Or x2ndash 18 = 6xOr x2 ndash 6x ndash18 = 0Comparing the above equation with ax2 + bc + c = 0 we gera= 1 b = - 6 and c = -18Therefore x = -(-6) plusmnradic(- (- 6)2 ndash 4(1)(- 18)2(1) = 6 plusmn radic( 36 + 72)2 = (6 plusmnradic( 108)2 =(6 plusmn 10bull39)2= 16bull392 - 4bull392= 8bull195 - 2bull195 asymp 8bull2 - 2bull2
Chemistry Chapter-2L-1Chemical Bonding
1) Chemical Bonding-
It is basically the force of attraction which holds the different types of atoms in a molecule together
Cause of Chemical Combination-
The main cause is the tendency of elements to acquire eight electrons in its outermost shell like that of noble gases other than Helium(He) So the atoms combine to acheive the nearest noble gas configuration of 8 electrons( or 2 electrons) in their outermost orbit and become stable
2) Ion-
It is a charged particle made from an atom by the loss or gain of electrons
There are 2 types of Ions They are-
a) Cations- It is formed by the loss of electrons eg - K+ Ca2+
Na+ etc
b) Anions- It is formed by the gain of electrons eg- Cl- O2- F- etc
Q Why do elements form Ions
A Atoms of all elements except those of noble gases have one to seven valence electrons and are not in a state of minimum energy Thus to acquire a state of minimum energy elements lose or gain electrons and form ions so that they acquire stable configuration (Duplet or Octet)
Q What is the Electronic Theory of Valency
A In 1916 Kossel and Lewis on the basis of octet rule of electrons described simply the electronic structure of molecules of many chemical compounds and elements Kossel mainly described the structure of ionic compounds formed by loss and gain of electrons and Lewis mainly described the structure of Covalent Compounds formed by mutual sharing of electron pair This is known as ELECTRONIC THEORY OF VALENCY proposed by Kossel and Lewis
Q What do you mean by Electropositive and Electronegative Elements
3) Types of Chemical Bond-3 types
A)ElectrovalentIonic Bond
B) Covalent Bond
C) Co-ordinate Dative Bond4) ELECTROVALENT IONIC BOND-
It is the electrostatic force of attraction between the opposite charged ions which holds them together
The chemical compounds formed as a result of electron transfer from one atom of an element to another are called IONIC or ELECTROVALENT COMPOUND
The number of electrons which an element loses or gains during the formation of an ionic bond is called its ELECTROVALENCY
Conditions for the formation of Ionic Compounds-
i Large electronegativity difference between the combining atoms
ii Low IP for one of the atoms from which the cation can be easily formed
iii High electron affinity for one of the atoms from which the anions can be easily formed
iv High Lattice Energy
A
1) Electropositive Elements- have the tendency to lose the electrons and form Cations
eg- Na K Fe -mostly metals
2) Electronegative Elements- have the tendency to gain the electrons and form Anions
eg- Cl F O - mostly Non-metals
Q Give the brief description about the formation of NaCl
A See your Text Book
Q Practise the two types of diagram of the formation of different ionic compound
A See your Text Book
English All Summer in a Answer the following questions-
literature Day 3) Why did the children hate herAns- The children sensed that Margot was different from them She hated the continuous rain while they were used to it She spoke only about the sun and they had no memory of it They hated her pale snow face her waiting silence her thinness and her possible future of going back to the Earth4) What is the it referred to by WilliamAns- The it referred to by William is the Sun which the scientists had predicted would shine for a short while that day5) What was Margot waiting for Why did William say it was a jokeAns- Margot was waiting to see the sun predicted to shine that day for a short while William did not want her to have the joy of seeing the sun
Geography Water Resources SOURCES OF WATER SURFACE WATER AND GROUNDWATER Earth is known as the Blue Planet because 71 per cent of the Earths surface is covered with water Wateralso exists below land surface and as water vapour in the air Water is not added or removed from the environment it simply changes state and location This constant movement of water throughout our environment is called the hydrological cycle or water cycle Earth cleans and replenishes the water supply through the hydrologic cycle Groundwater exists in an aquifer or
underground layer of permeable rock sediment (usually sand or gravel) or soil that yields water
Aquifers are like underground reservoirs of water
SURFACE WATER The visible bodies of water are referred to as surface water Surface waters can be simply described as the water that is on the surface of the Earth This includes the oceans rivers and streams lakes and reservoirs Surface waters are very important Rivers and streams constitute the flowing surface waters Surface water canbe captured for a variety of biospheric and humanusesRunoff During heavy precipitation water cannot infiltrate into the ground It flows on the surface of the ground and called as runoff
GROUNDWATER Groundwater is detained as water that is found beneath the surface of the Earth in conditions of100 per
Q1 Why the Earth is called as Blue PlanetA1 Earth is known as the Blue Planet because 71 per cent of the Earths surface is covered with water
Q2 Define hydrological cycleA2 Water is not added or removed from the environment it simply changes state and location This constant movement of water throughout our environment is called the hydrological cycle or water cycle Earth cleans and replenishes the water supply through the hydrologic cycle
Q3 What is AquifersA3 Aquifers are like underground reservoirs of water
Q4 Why there is a shortage of fresh waterA4 Although the earth has an abundance of water but unfortunately there is a shortage of fresh water because 997 per cent of it occupied by oceans soils icecaps and floating in the atmosphere and rest 03 percent can use for daily uses
cent saturation (if it is less than100 per cent saturation then the water is considered as soil moisture) Ninety-eight per cent of Earths available fresh water is groundwater It is about60 times as plentiful as the fresh water found in lakes and streams Water in the ground travels through pores in soil and rock and in fractures and weathered areas of bed rockThe majority of fresh water is therefore found under ground as soil moisture and in aquifers
Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 88 to 126 (Portia helliphellip Such as the day is when the sun is hid) [Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]
Summary Questions amp Answerso Launcelot then arrives and informs
Lorenzo that Bassanio will also be arriving soon Both Lorenzo and Jessica return to the house and ask Stephano to order the family musicians to play music in order to extend a fitting welcome to Portia
o Portia and Nerissa dressed in their normal self return home and enter the building Lorenzo recognizes Portias voice and comes to greet her She orders the servants to pretend as if she had never left and asks Lorenzo and Jessica to do the same
o Soon thereafter Bassanio Gratiano and Antonio arrive
(1) PORTIA That light we see is burning in my hall (L 89-101)
How far that little candle throws his beams So shines a good deed in a
naughty worldNERISSA When the moon shone we did not see the candlePORTIA So doth the greater glory dim the less
A substitute shines brightly as a king
Unto the king be by and then his state
Empties itself as doth an inland brook
Into the main of waters Music hark
NERISSA It is your music madam of the housePORTIA Nothing is good I see without respect
Methinks it sounds much sweeter than by day
NERISSA Silence bestows that virtue on it madam
(i) Where are Lorenzo and Jessica sitting What message have they received What are they doing
Lorenzo and Jessica are sitting in Portiarsquos house in Belmont They have just received the message informing them of the arrival of Portia and Bassanio separately They are waiting for their arrivals and enjoying the beauty of the moonlight night(ii) In which mood is Lorenzo found after Stephanorsquos departure
After Stephanorsquos departure Lorenzo reverts to his romantic mood He is carried away by the magic of the loveliness of the moonlight He draws Jessicarsquos attention and says that the moonlight is sleeping beautifully on the raised ground He says that they will sit there and enjoy the sweetness of the gentle
music which will shortly creep into their ears very softly(iii) Why has Lorenzo sent Stephano What kind of man is he who does not appreciate the sweet harmony of sounds
Lorenzo has sent Stephano to instruct the musicians to play soft music to welcome Portia home Lorenzo tells that the
tranquility and the beautiful night suit the sweet music Praising the ennobling (M lend greater dignity) effect of music Lorenzo tells Jessica that the person who has no music in him and does not appreciate the sweet harmony of sounds is a dangerous person and so should be watched very carefully(iv) Who are returning to Belmont What does Nerissa remark on seeing the light of the house
Portia and Nerissa are returning to Belmont after successfully conducting Antoniorsquos trial in Venice as the lawyer and the clerk respectively When they are near their home Nerissa seeing the light of the house remarks that they did not see this light of this candle when the moon was shining(v) What does Portia comment on Nerissarsquos observation Commenting on Nerissarsquos observation Portia says that the lesser glory becomes insignificant before the greater glory She adds that the kingrsquos representative assumes great splendor and authority when the king himself is not near But before the real king the substitute becomes devoid of all splendor and
authority as the big rivers lose their identity after emptying into the vast sea
SUBJECT PHYSICS [TOPIC FORCE]Answer the following questions ( ICSE questions of previous years from chapter FORCE)
1 Write the position of centre of mass for the following bodies(i) A circular ring (ii) A cylinder(iii) A hollow sphere (iv) A triangular lamina
2 Explain why screw drivers are provided with longer handles3 Compare the magnitude and direction of centripetal force and centrifugal force4 How does uniform circular motion differ from uniform linear motion5 Why is the motion of a body moving with a constant speed around a circular path is said to be
accelerated6 A brass ball is hanging from a cotton thread Draw a neat labeled diagram showing the force acting
on the brass ball and the cotton thread 7 Define moment of force Write the relationship between the SI and CGS unit of moment of force8 Define couple State the SI unit of moment of couple9 A uniform half meter scale balanced horizontally on a knife edge at 29 cm mark when a weight of 20
gmf is suspended from one end(i) Draw the diagram of the arrangementWhat is the weight of the half meter rule
ECO-10 250620 Topic-Supply Analysis
MEANING OF SUPPLYSupply a commodity by a firm or seller may be defined as the quantity of a commodity that a firm or seller offers for sale at a given price during a given time period But the actual sale of the commodity may be different from its supply For example a farmer (produced of wheat) is willing to sell 50 quintals of wheat at a price of ` 15 per kg but he is able to sell only 30 quintals at this price So this case the supply of wheat is 50 quintals but the actual sale is 30 quintals So these two concepts should not be confused with each other Like demand supply also has three elements The definition of supply include (i) the quantity of the commodity that a firm is willing to supply (ii) the price at which it is willing to supply that quantity and (iii) the time period during which it is willing to supply that quantity
FACTORS DETERMINING SUPPLY OR DETERMINANTS OF SUPPLY OF A GOOD
The main determinant of supply is the price of the commodity But the cost of production of a commodity is an important factor in determining profit maximized on output of a firm The cost of production depends on the prices of various inputs like raw material wages of workers interest of capital rent of building etc The supply of a commodity also depends on the technology used in the production of the commodity and many other factors The main factors determining supply of a commodity are(i) Price of the commodity(ii) Price of other related good(iii) Price of inputsfactors(iv) Taxation policy of government(v) Objective of the firm(i) Price of the commodity Other factors determining supply remaining constant there is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity It means the quantity supplied of a commodity increases with rise in price and decreases with fall in price of the commodity More quantity of a commodity is supplied at a higher price and less quantity is supplied at a lower price For example a seller of tomatoes is willing to sell 100 kgs of tomatoes at a price of ` 40 per keg and only 50 kgs at a price of ` 20 per kg Due to this direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity the supply curve has a positive slope Supply curve is upward sloping to the right(ii) Price of other related goods Supply of a commodity is also influenced by the change in the price of other related goods With the help of given resources we can produce several goods by using the same technology This helps the firm to diversify and tide over fluctuations in demand For example a farmer can produce either pulses or food grains by using the resources If the price of pulses increases it becomes more profitable for him to make more production of pulses So he will divert some resources from the production of food grains to the production of pulses The production of pulses will increase and that of food grains will decrease So the supply of pulses will increase if the price of pulses increases and the supply of food grain will decrease at the same price reverse will happen if the price of food grains increases(iii) Price of inputsfactors Change in the price of inputs like raw material wage rent or interest also influences the supply of a commodity For example in the production of cloth cotton is the main raw material If the price of cotton increases the cost of production of cloth will increase At the same price the margin of profit will decrease So the producer will decrease the supply of cloth at the same price On the other hand if the price of cotton falls the cost of production per unit of cloth will decrease and hence the supply of cloth will increase The price of other inputs will also influence the supply of a good in the same manner(iv) Technology of production an improvement in the technology of production of a commodity decreases the per unit cost of the commodity The margin of profit will increase at the same price So the supply of a commodity will increase with improvement in technology of production at the same price On the other hand if a firm uses absolute technology of production the cost of production per unit of the commodity will increase The margin of profit will decrease so the firm will decrease its supply at the same price This is the main reason that the firms are trying to use better technology of production because it not only reduces the cost of production per unit but also improves the quality of the product(v) Taxation policy of government If the government reduces the excise duty or the production of a commodity the cost of production per unit of the commodity will decrease the margin of profit will increase at the same price so the producer of the commodity will increase its supply It happens when the government wants to increase the production of the commodity On the other hand to discourage the production of some harmful goods like cigarettes liquor etc the government increases the rate of excise duty on the production of such goods So the cost of production per unit of the commodity increases and the supply of such commodities decreases(vi) Objective of the firm The objective of the producer also influences the supply of a commodity Generally the objective of a producer is get maximize his profits Profits are maximized at a higher price So he increases the supply of a commodity at a higher price and decreases its supply at a lower price But sometimes the producer may be in maximizing his sales and not in maximizing his profits as he wants to capture the market In that case he goes on increasing the supply so long his target is not achieved can profit is not adversely affected He may increase the supply at the same price to any extent
SUPPLY FUNCTION
When the relationship between quantity supplied and the determinants of supplied is expressed mathematically in an equation it is called a supply function So a supply function can be expressed asSn = f(Pn Pr Pf T Tr G)where Sn = Supply of commodity nPn = Price of the commodity nPr = Price of other related goodsPf = Price of inputsfactors
T = Technology of productionTr = Government policy or tax rateG = Goal or objective of the producer
Typically supply function shows the relationship between price and quantity supplied keeping all other determinants of supply as constant It shows the amount of a good that a seller supplies at different levels of price
LAW OF SUPPLYThe law of supply depicts the relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity when all other determinants of supply remain constant This law states that there is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity other factors determining supply remaining constant It means quantity supplied of a commodity increases with increase in price and decreases with decrease in price
Assumptions of the law of supplyThe phrase other determinants of supply remaining constant in the law of supply shows the assumptions of the law of supply The mains factors which influence the supply of a commodity one price of the commodity price of other related goods price of inputs technology of production taxation policy of the government and objective of the firm etc The law of supply is based on the assumptions that all these factors determining supply except price of the commodity should remain constant The following are the main assumptions of the law of supply(i) Price of other related goods should remain the same(ii) There should be no change in the price of inputs (factors)(iii) Technology of production should not change(iv) There is no change in the taxation policy of the government(v) Objective of the firm should not changeThe law of supply is based on the assumptions that the supply of commodity changes only due to change in price when all other determinant of supply remain constantClass XISubject Topic Summary Execution EVS Chapter-2
Ecology Answer the following questions briefly Q Draw a neat labeled diagram of carbon cycleAnsndash
Mathematics Principle of Mathematical Induction
1) What is statement Ans A sentence which may be true or false is called statement eg i) 5 is greater than 3 ii) New Delhi is the capital of India iii) 5 divides 7 These all are statements We see that statement (i) amp (ii) are true but (iii) is false 2 What is Mathematical StatementAns Statement involving mathematical relations are called mathematical statement We shall use mathematical statement in principle of
Example If n be a positive integer show that n(n+1) is an even positive integer Solution Let P(n) be the statement n(n+1) is an even positive integer Then (i) P(1) is the statement 1(1+1) ie 2 is an even positive integer Therefore P(1) is true (ii) If P(m) is true for some positive integer m then m(m+1) is an even integer Now (m+1) [(m+1)+1]=(m+1)sup2+ (m+1) =msup2+2m+1+m+1=msup2+m+2m+2=m(m+1) +2(m+1) = an even integer + an even positive integer [Since P(m) is true and 2(m+1) is an even
mathematical induction 3 What is the use of Principle of mathematical inductionAns Sometimes it is difficult to prove a statement theorem or a formula by direct method In this case we use an indirect method known as the Principle of mathematical induction There are two steps in this processSTEP 1 Varify that the statement or formula is true for one or two particular values of n say for n=1 2STEP 2 Assuming that the statement or formula is true for n=m where m is any positive integer show that it is true for n=m+1Conclusion Since the statement is true for n=2 it is true for n=2+1 that is 3 and since it is true for n=3 it is true for n=3 + 1 that is 4 and so on Hence the statement or formula is true for all positive integral values of n
positive integer]= an even positive integer Therefore P(m+1) is true when P(m) is true Therefore By the principle of Mathematical Induction P(n) is true for all positive integral values of n Hence n(n+1) is an even positive integer
Hindi 2ndlang एक फल की चाह 5 दख रहा था जस सो सथिर हो नही बठती थी कषण भर हाय ही चपचाप पडी थी अटल शागित शी धारण कर सनना यही चाहता था म उस सय ही
उकसा करमझको दी क परसाद का एक फल ही दो लाकर
शबदाथ ससथिर - परी तरह ठहरी हई अटल- पकका
उकसाकर - पररणा दकर
वयाखयाndash उपय[ पलि[यो म कगि सखिखया की ददशा का णन कर रहा ह जो उनक गिपता दवारा वय[ गिकया या ह अपनी बटी सखिखया कीददशा का
गितरण करत हए गिपता कहता ह गिक म अपनी आखो क सामन दख रहा था गिक मरी बटी जो पल भर क लिलए दिटककर नही बठती थी ह अब सथिर शात मरतित की तरह पढी थी अब म ह बार- बार इस बात क लिलए पररिरत कर रहा
था गिक ह मझ गिफर स ही शबद कह गिपताजी मझ दी क परसाद का एक फल लाकर दो
6 ऊच शल लिशखर क ऊपर मदिदर था गिसतीणर गिशाल सण कलशसरलिसज गिहलिसत थ पाकरसमदिदत रगि कर जाल दीप धल स अचछदिदत था मदिदर का
आन सारा ज रही थी भीतर बाहर मखरिरत उतस की धारा
शबदाथ - शल लिशखर- पहाड की ऊची चोटी
सतीणर - फला हआ
सण कलश - कमल क समान सदर सोन का कलश मखरिरत - परकट समदिदत - अचछी परकार खिखला हआ रगि कर जाल - सय की गिकरणो का समह
वयाखया- परसतत पलि[या म कगि न मदिदर की सदरता का णन गिकया ह कहत ह गिक मझ पहाड की चोटी पर एक गिलिशषट और गिशालमश था उसक
सोन क कलश सय की गिकरणो म चमकत हए ऐस परतीत हो रह थ जस सय की खिखली हईगिकरणो क ाा सपशपाकर सनहर कमल खिखल उठ हो मदिदर का
आन धप दीप की सध स भरा हआ था मदिदर क अदर और बाहर मनाए जा रह उसकी परसननता की ज सनाई द रही थी
Bengali (2nd language)
কোনি মনি নদী পরথম অধযোয়
হি_তীয় হিদরণে3র পাঠ-
হিবষটবাব গলাকটির কায় গররণে কা বলরণেত পাররণে0 3া শধ গচাখ হিদরণেয় রা পরকাশ করহি0ল কা বলরণেত বলরণেত গলাকটি পাঞজাহিব লহিn খরণেল জ কররণেত শর করল তাই গদরণেখ হিবষটবাব ত2মভ রণেয় গল চাটি ারার 2হিnরণেত গলাকটি হিবষটবাবর হিদরণেক এরণোরণেল হিতহি3 াা 3ীচ করণের 3াহিরণেয় গ33 হিদ গলাকটি হিবষটবাবরণেক চাটিরণেয় ায় তারণেল হিতহি3 তাাতাহিউরণেঠ গলাকটিরণেক ধররণেত পাররণেব3 3া কার তার শরীরণেরর ওজরণে3র জ3য এই শরণে3 হিবষটবাব বরণে3া গারণেষর ত গতরণেZরণে উরণেঠ দাাল তারণেত গলাকটি দাহিরণেয় শরীরটারণেক একট দহিলরণেয় হি3ল এই সব শরণে3 হিবষট ধর চপ করণের রইল শধ lsquoগঘাৎrsquo করণের একটা শবদ করল গলাকটি হিসহি হিদরণেয় ওঠা3াা কররণে0 গদরণেখ হিবষটবাব খাহি3কটা হিদরণেশারা রণেয় গলহিবষটবাবর গচারণেখ রারণের বদরণেল এখ3 গকৌতল হিতহি3 বরণেল3 ldquoখাওায় আার গলা2 গ3ই Uায়টিং কহিরrdquo হিকনত হিতহি3 কতটা Uায়টিং করণের তা তার শরীর আর খাবারণেরর তাহিলকা গদরণেখ গলাকটি বরণে= গল গলাকটি এহিরণেয় হিরণেয় হিবষটবাবর 2হিরণেত াত বহিলরণেয় হিদরণেল গস আরা অ32ব করণের3 এবং হিপহি0রণেয় া3 গলাকটি হিবষটবাবর সারণে3 তার শরীরণেরর কসরত পরদশ3 কররণেল হিবষটবাব রণে3 রণে3 হিব হিব করণের বরণেল3 হিতহি3ও গরাা রণেত চা3 গসই হরণেত nা গরণেক আবার হিচৎকার গ2রণেস আরণেস lsquoগকা হি3 গকা হি3rsquo
ldquoকী রক Uায়টিংrdquo-ক)বকতা গককারণেক বলরণে0খ)Uায়টিং কার অ কী ) Uায়টিং করা বযহিকতর গচারার ব3া দাও ঘ) তার Uায়টিং এর ব3া দাও
উঃ- ক) আরণেলাচয অংশটি হিত3ltীর গলখা lsquoগকাহি3rsquo উপ3যাস গরণেক গ3ওয়া রণেয়রণে0 আরণেলাচয কাটি বকতা রণেল3 সাদা লহিnপরা ারণেয় গরয়া পাঞজাহিব ও কারণেধ রহিn3 বযা ওয়ালা হিiহিতশ হিসং হিতহি3 কাটি বরণেলরণে03 হিবষট ধররণেকখ) Uারণেয়টিং কার অ ল পহিরহিত খাদয গর অাৎ খাদয তাহিলকায় সসত খারণেদযর গ3াগ3 বজায় গররণেখ খাদয গর) হিবষট ধরণেরর গচারা হিবশাল ওজ3 পরায় হিত3 গদখরণেত জলহিসতর রণেতা সারা শরীরণের চহিব ল ল কররণে0 বয়স পরায় চহিশ হিবশাল 2হি উপ রণেয় শরণেল হিচৎ রণেত পারণের3া গকউ গঠরণেল হিদরণেল হিচৎ রণেত পারণের তারণেক কায় নধ াদ3 পবরণেতর সরণেn তল3া করা য়ঘ) হিবষট ধর গকৌতলী রণেয় বরণেল তার খাওয়ার গকা3 গলা2 গ3ই গস Uায়টিং করণের আরণে গস আধ হিকরণেলা হিiর গখত এখ3 গস হিত3রণেশা গরা হিiর খায় জল খাবারণের কহিটা লহিচ গখত এখ3 পরণে3রণেরাটা লহিচ খায় আাইরণেশা গরা চারণেলর 2াত খায় হিঘ খাওয়া গ0রণে হিদরণেয়রণে0 রারণেত াতর বারণেরাটা রটি খায় হিবরণেকরণেল দ-গলাস হি0হিরর জল সরণেn চাররণেট কা পারণেকর সরণেltশ বাহিরণেত রাধাকষণ আরণে0 বরণেল হিবষট ধর া0 াংস খায়3া আর তারণেত তার গকা3 গলা2 লালসা গ3ই
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 276 to 313 (Sebastian helliphellipIt struck mine ear most terribly)[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]
Summary Questions amp AnswersConspiracy of Antonio and Sebastian
o Antonio further suggests murder of Alonso and eventually Sebastian agrees
o They draw their swords and proceed to murder Alonso and Gonzalo who are sleeping
(1) (Act II Sc 2 L 277-291)ANTONIO Ay sir where lies that If rsquotwere a kibe
rsquoTwould put me to my slipper but I feel notThis deity in my bosom Twenty consciencesThat stand rsquotwixt me and Milan candied be they And melt ere they molest Here lies your brotherNo better than the earth he lies uponIf he were that which now hes likemdashthats deadWhom I with this obedient steel three inches of itCan lay to bed for ever (whiles you doing thus
o As they approach Ariel appears again and wakes up Gonzalo by singing a tune in his ear Alonso also wakes up and they see both Sebastian and Antonio with drawn swords On being caught off guard they make up a story saying that they had heard a bellowing of bulls or lions
IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED
(Act II Sc 1 L 277-281)ANTONIOAy sir where lies that If rsquotwere a kibersquoTwould put me to my slipper but I feel notThis deity in my bosom Twenty consciencesThat stand rsquotwixt me and Milan candied be they And melt ere they molest
In these lines Antonio speaks how he is a conscienceless villain In inciting Sebastian to the kingship of Naples by murdering his brother he quotes his own example He too had banished his brother and made himself the Duke of Milan This kingship now sits upon him like a well fittinggarment So will be the case of Sebastian Sebastian then questions Antonio if this foul deed did not prick his conscience To this Antonio replies like a hardened villain He laughs at the word lsquoconsciencersquo and says that he has never heard of anything like conscience A guilty conscience gave him no more pain that is chilblain (M a painful itching and swelling on hand and foot caused by exposure to extreme cold) A man can get rid of the pain of chilblain by wearing slippers instead of shoes so does Antonio get rid of the qualms (M an uneasy feeling of doubt worry or fear especially about onersquos conduct) of conscience very easily Even if he were troubled by twenty consciences that barred his way to the throne of Milan however frozen they might be he would melt them into insensibility before they could cause him to twinge
To the perpetual wink of aye might putThis ancient morsel this Sir Prudence whoShould not upbraid our course) - for all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour
(i) To whom does Antonio speak these lines Who is referred to as lsquoyour brotherrsquo What does Antonio mean by saying lsquoNo better than the earth he lies uponrsquo
These lines are spoken by Antonio to Sebastian King Alonso is referred to as Sebastianrsquos brother Indicating towards Alonso who is lying asleep on the ground Antonio tells Sebastian that here sleeps his brother and at this time he is no better than a clod of the earth on which he lies asleep Antonio means to say that if he were actually to become what he looks like he would be a dead body(ii) According to Antonio what would he do if he were at the place of Sebastian
Antonio says that if he were in the position of Sebastian he would not care even for twenty consciences in order to win the kingship of Naples He would rather forget all his consciences if they happen to trouble him at all (iii) What does Antonio suggest to Sebastian What does Antonio assure him
Antonio suggests to Sebastian that in a moment Sebastian can put to death Gonzalo who pretends to be a very wise man and who on that account rebukes others (particularly Antonio and Sebastian) whereas he (Antonio) himself can put Alonso to death with only three inches of his willing sword Antonio further assures Sebastian that by killing both of them there will be none left to oppose him and in this way every obstacle in his way will be removed
(iv) Explain the lines lsquofor all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hourrsquo
In other words Antonio says that even if he were endowed with a stiff conscience he could easily relax or soften it for the execution of his purpose Then Antonio suggests that conscience should be no hindrance to a manrsquos future greatness
Comments These are terrible words coming from the mouth of a villain of the worst type He is utterly devoid of conscience or remorse He is an utter atheist of human virtue He speaks of conscience as a deity that he does not feel in his bosom
According to Antonio so far as the other lords (Adrian Francisco and others) are concerned they need not be murdered because they would obey the orders of Antonio and Sebastian as willingly and readily as cat licks milk These other lords would endorse and support everything that Sebastian and Antonio may say or suggest These other lords would adjust their views in accordance with the wishes of Antonio and Sebastian and they would regard all proposals made by Antonio and Sebastian as being opportune and also as being acceptable(v) What opinion do you form of Antonio from the above speech
The speech given above shows Antonio to be an absolutely unscrupulous man After saying that he does not believe in any such faculty as the conscience he suggests to Sebastian to
(Act II Sc 1 L 285-291)ANTONIOhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (whiles you doing thus To the perpetual wink of aye might putThis ancient morsel this Sir Prudence whoShould not upbraid our course) - for all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour
Antonio has convinced Sebastian that he has made himself Duke of Milan by a crime for which he has felt no pricks of conscience In these lines Antonio tells Sebastian that now that the chance has presented itself to him he should take it and be King of Naples So far as Alonso is concerned Antonio agrees to undertake the task of killing him by sticking only three inches of his sharp dagger Making a thrust in the air with his sword he tells Sebastian that by a similar method he can put to sleep forever Gonzalo ndash the old piece of flesh already rotten ndash this piece of antiquity ndash this ldquoSir Prudencerdquo who is never tired of reading his moral lectures to them If ldquoProfessor Wisdomrdquo is got rid of he will not be able to denounce their action as he would surely do if they did not dispatch him as well As for the rest of the kingrsquos counselors (Adrian and Francisco) it is their nature to adopt any statements and views which are placed before them just as it is the nature of a cat to lap milk Antonio assures Sebastian that ldquothese othersrdquo will back them up in whatever they say or do that they will count the strokes of the clock exactly as they bid them not according to the real time but according to the time that is right for their business Hence only two persons Alonso and Gonzalo are required to be removed to fulfill their ambition
murder Gonzalo at the very time when he (Antonio) stabs Alonso to death And yet this brutal man has a fertile wit also He can talk in a persuasive manner and also in a sarcastic and satirical manner He knows human nature thoroughly and he understands that Gonzalo is loyal to Alonso while the other lords are only sycophants who can easily be won over to Sebastianrsquos side after Alonso has been assassinated
(2) (Act II Sc 1 291-296)SEBASTIAN Thy case dear friend
Shall be my precedent as thou gotst MilanIll come by Naples Draw thy swordmdashone strokeShall free thee from the tribute which thou payest And I the King shall love thee
ANTONIO Draw together And when I rear my hand do you the likeTo fall it on Gonzalo
(i) Explain the situation and introduce the persons engaged in conversation
After the supposed shipwreck King Alonso with his lords his brother Sebastian and Antonio the Duke of Milan land on a strange island Prince Ferdinand is feared to be drowned While the King and others have fallen asleep after exertions of the day and Ariel with his sweet music acting as a catalyst Antonio and Sebastian are awake They have hatched a conspiracy to kill King Alonso and his loyal lord Gonzalo Then Sebastian will become King of NaplesIn these lines Antonio and Sebastian are engaged in conversation They are just ready to execute their plan to attack King Alonso and Gonzalo simultaneously(ii) Antoniorsquos case shall become Sebastianrsquos precedent What has been Antoniorsquos case
Antonio proved treacherous towards his brother Prospero who was the Duke of Milan Since Prospero spent his time in his scholarly pursuits he had delegated his powers to his younger brother Antonio to administer the dukedom Antonio grew ambitious He overthrew his brother and expelled him from his own dukedom In his place Antonio became the Duke of Milan which he continues to be now His case urges Sebastian to do the same(iii) How is Sebastian going to follow Antonio
Sebastian is going to take Antoniorsquos case as his precedent He is convinced that if Antonio could usurp the dukedom from his living brother Sebastian could become the King of Naples by killing his sleeping brother(iv) What will one stroke of Antoniorsquos sword do What will Sebastian do to reward Antonio
Sebastian asks Antonio to put an end to Alonsorsquos life with one stroke of his sword The same stroke will earn for him a reward Sebastian will become the King of Naples and he will exempt Antonio from paying the annual tribute to Naples The dukedom of Milan is a tributary to the kingdom of Naples Its Duke has to pay tribute to the King every year When Sebastian takes over as the King he will give a benefit to his friend who is helping him to realize his ambition
(v) What is Antoniorsquos suggestion
Antonio suggests that they may draw their swords together When he raises his hand to attack Alonso Sebastian should raise his sword to bring it down on Gonzalo
ACCOUNTS-11 25062020 Topic- depreciation ndashSTRAIGHT LINE METHOD
Illustration Salman and Usman Bros acquired a machine on July 1 2014 at a cost of Rs 70000 and spent Rs5000 on its installation The firm writes off depreciation 10 on straight line method The books are closed on December 31 every year Show the machinery and depreciation account for three years
Solution Machinery Account
Date Particulars LF amount Date Particulars LF` Amount ( Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014July 01 To Bank Ac 70000 Dec 31 Dec By Depreciation Ac 3750
(70000 x10x612)
July 01 To Bank Ac 5000 Dec31 By Balance cd 71250
75000 75000
2015 2015Jan 01 To Balance bd 71250 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 x10 ) Dec31 By Balance cd 63750
71250 71250
2016 2016Jan 01 To Balance bd 63750 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 (75000 x10 ) Dec 31 By Balance cd 56250
63750 63750
Depreciation Account
Date Particulars LF Amount Date Particulars LF Amount (Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 3750 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 3750
2015 2015
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
2016 2016
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
WORKING
Cost of Machine RS70000Cost of Installation Rs 5000
Total 75000
Rate of Depreciation 10
Then annual depreciation will be 10 of Rs 75000 = Rs 7500
Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution Geography DRIANAGE THE PENINSULAR RIVERS
1 The Mahanadi2 The Godavari3 The Krishna4 The Kaveri5 The Subarnarekha6 The Narmada7 The Tapi8 The Sabarmati and the Mahi9 The Chambal
The Mahanadi Basin The Mahanadi rises from Dandakaranya
Q1 Which is the largest river of peninsular plateau Write a brief note about its courseA1 The largest river of peninsular plateau is Godavari The river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has
near Sihawa in Raipur district in the highlands of Chhattisgarhand flows through Odisha to reach the Bay of BengalThe length of the river is about 857 kmIts drainagebasin is shared by Maharashtra Chhattisgarh Jharkhandand Odisha
THE MAHANADI RIVER SYSTEM
The GodavariThe river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
THE GODAVARI RIVER SYSTEM
many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
Q2 Which river is known as Dakshin GangaA2 The Godavari river is known as lsquoDakshin Gangarsquo It is also known as Vridha Ganga
Q3 Differentiate between east-flowing rivers and west-flowing riversA3
East-flowing rivers
West-flowing rivers
Godavari Krishna Kaveri Mahanadi are the east-flowing rivers
Narmada Tapiwest-flowing rivers
They fall into the Bay of Bengal
They fall into Arabian Sea
These rivers form big deltas
These rivers form comparativelysmall deltas
Catchment area of these river are larger
Catchment area of these river are smaller
The KrishnaThe Krishna river rises from the Western Ghatsnear Mahabaleshwar It flows into the Bay of Bengalbefore forming a large delta Its length is about1400 km The Tungabhadra Koyana Ghatprabha Musi and Bhima are some of its tributariesIt has covers parts of Maharashtra Karnataka and AndhraPradesh
THE KRISHNA RIVER SYSTEM
The KaveriIt rises in the Brahmagiri range of the Western Ghats and flows into the Bay ofBengal Southof Cuddalore in Tamil Nadu The length of the river is about 760 km Its main tributaries are the Amravati Bhavani Hemavati and Kabini The Kaveri drains inthe parts of Karnataka Kerala and drains in Tamil Nadu The river Kaveri makes the second biggest waterfall in India known as Sivasamudram
POLITICAL SCIENCE
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
MEANING OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS-Fundamental rights are those rights which are essential for intellectual moral and spiritual development of citizens of India As these rights are fundamental or essential for existence and all-round development of individuals hence they are called Fundamental rights These are enshrined in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India These include individual rights common to most such as equality before the law freedom of speech and freedom of expression religious and cultural freedom Freedom of assembly (peaceful assembly) freedom of religion (freedom to practice religion) right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writsThere are six fundamental rights recognized by the Indian constitution
1 Right to equality (Articles 14-18)2 Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22)3 Right Against exploitation (Articles 23-24)4 Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25- 28)5 Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29-30) and6 Right to Constitutional remedies (Articles 32-35)
1 The right to equality includes equality before the law the prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion race caste gender or place of birth equality of opportunity in matters of employment the abolition of untouchability and abolition of titles
2 The right to freedom includes freedom of speech and expression association or union or cooperatives movement residence and right to practice any profession or occupation
3 The right against exploitation prohibits all forms of forced labour child labour and trafficking of human beings
4 The right to freedom of religion includes freedom of conscience and free profession practice and propagation of religion freedom to manage religious affairs freedom from certain taxes and freedom from religious instructions in certain educational institutes
5 The Cultural and educational Rights preserve the right of any section of citizens to conserve their culture language or script and right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice
6 The right to constitutional remedies is present for enforcement of fundamental rightsThe right to privacy is an intrinsic part of Article 21 (the Right to Freedom) that protects the life and liberty of the citizens The right to privacy is the newest right assured by the Supreme court of India It assures the peoples data and personal security
Fundamental rights for Indians have also been aimed at overturning the inequalities of pre-independence social practices Specifically they have also been used to abolish untouchability and thus prohibit discrimination on the grounds of religion race caste sex or place of birth They also forbid trafficking of human beings and forced labour (a crime) They also protect cultural and educational rights of religious and linguistic minorities by allowing them to preserve their languages and also establish and administer their own education institutions They are covered in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India
Mathematics
Relation Study Item Types of RelationToday class xii students we will discuss about the types of RelationsFirst we discuss Void RelationWhat is Void RelationAns Let A be a non-empty set Then φ A A and so it is a relation R on set A Thissube ⨯ relation is called the void or empty relation on set ANow from the above definition we came to know that no element of A is related to any element of AHere A A is called Cartesian product⨯
is the symbol of subsetsubeAnd φ is called phi and refer to void or empty relationNow I give an example to understand the above said relationLet A = 1 2 3 4Here A A =(11)(12)(13)(14)(21)(22)(23)(24)(31)(32)(33)(34)(41)⨯(42)(43)(44)Now we consider R is a relation which is defined by R=(ab) a+b= 50We notice that a+b 50 for any two elements of AnotinTherefore (ab) R for any ab A is called belong to and is not belong tonotin isin isin notinTherefore we can say R does not contain any element of A A⨯Therefore R is empty set Therefore we can say that R is the void or empty relation on AWhat is universal RelationAns Let A is a set Then A A A A and so it is a relation on A This relation is called⨯ sube ⨯ the universal relation on ANow from the above definition we can say that each element of A is related to every element of ANow we consider the relation R on the set A =1 234 defined by R = (ab) R |a -b|isin
0≽We observe that|a - b | 0 for all ab A≽ isin
(ab) R for all (ab) A ArArr isin isin ⨯ Each element of set A is related to set A every element of set ArArr
Therefore we write R= AxATherefore we can say R is universal relation on set ANote we can say that void relation is smallest relation and the universal relation is largest relationSometime both void relation and universal relation is called trivial relationWhat is identity relationAns Let A is a non-empty set Then the relation R or IA = (aa) a A on A is called theisin identity relation on A Therefore from the above definition we can say that every element of A is related to itself only
Example Let A = 1234 then Ror IA = (11)(22)(33)(44) is the identity relation on set ANow I give you another example R1 = (11)(22)(33) and R2 = (11)(22)(33)(44)(24)From the above example we can say that R1 and R2 are not identify relation Because in the case of R1 (44)R1 and on the other hand R2 where element 2 is related to elements 2 and 4
Hindi 2ndlang
भलि[ (महादी मा)
भलि[ कहानी की लखिखका महादी मा न इस कहानी म यह दशान का परयास गिकया ह गिक आजकल क जमान म भी लो सक बन कर गिनसाथ सा करत ह ह
गिबना तन लिसा करत ह और उसक बदल ना कछ मात ह और ना ही कोई आशा करत ह नौकर सा करक तन चाहता ह और ह भी कई सगिधाओ की आशा करता ह पर सक सदा गिनजी साथ भा स सा म सलगन रह कर काम करता ह भलि[ कहानी की मखय पातर लकषमी ह जिजस भलि[ नाम लखिखका न दिदया ह ह गिकसी
ोपाल काकी कनया ह पाच रष की आय म उसकी गि माता न ौना ही कर दिदया कहानी म भलि[ क दखो का अत नही ह गिफर भी ह बडी साहसी धयान और परिरशरमी ह कदिठनाइयो स जझ ती ह पहल गिपता की मतय गिफर पगित की मतय और
गिफर घर जमाई की मतय होती ह उस साहसी मगिहला न साहस नही छोडा और तीनो पतरी ओक हाथ पील गिकए लाना द पान क कारण उसका जमीदार न अपमान गिकया गिफरकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहचीकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहची शहर पहच करा लखिखका की सगिका बनी ही पर उसका नाम भलि[ पडा ह एक भ[ की तरह अपन सामिमनी की इमानदारी स सा करती और तन का जिजकर भी नही करती ह लखिखका क घर पाठशाला आदिद को अचछी तरह स सभालती पढी-
लिलखी ना होकर भी ह लखिखका की बहत सा ए सहायता करती ह लखिखका का साया बनकर चलती लखिखका की सा करना उसक जीन का उददशय ह ह
लखिखका की खशी क लिलए ही काय करती ह ह लखिखका को दखी नही दख सकती लखिखका पर भलि[ का इतना परभा पडा गिक ह सय दहाती बन ई
यदध क दिदनो म ह अपन परिरार क साथ रहन की अपकषा लखिखका क साथ रहना पसद करती थी यदध क भत न जब ीटा क ान पर पलायन गित जा दी तो
भलि[ न न लखिखका को अपन ा ल जान का अनरोध करन ली लखिखका को डर ह गिक यदिद उसक गिदा होन क अगितम छठा ए तो ह दहातीन दधा कया कर ी
इस परकार हम दखत ह गिक लखिखका न सामिमनी और सगिका क ण बरसात हए सक धम पर परकाश डाला ह और लखिखका न एक आदश सगिका क रप को सदर
रप स परसतत गिकया हBengali আদাব পরশন) ldquoশরণের ১৪৪ ধারা আর কারহিZউ অU ার জারী রণেয়রণে0ldquo
ক) কার গলখা গকা3 রচ3ার অংশ খ)গকাায় গক3 ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়রণে0 )১৪৪ ধারা কী এর Zরণেল কী য়
উততর) ক)আরণেলাচ য অংশটি সরণেরশ বসর রহিচত lsquoআদাবlsquo গ0াট রণেলপর অংশ
খ) বাংলারণেদরণেশর ঢাকা শরণের ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়হি0ল সামপরদাহিয়ক াnাা ও দাnা পরহিতরণেরারণেধর জ3 য হিlt সলা3রণেদর গ3তারণেদর সামপরদাহিয়ক উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা বারণেধ উ2য় সমপরদায় 2ীত রণেয় ঘর বহিlt রণেয় পরণে পরসপর পরসপররণেক সরণেltরণের গচারণেখ গদরণেখ গকউ কাউরণেক আরণের রণেতা হিবশবাস কররণেত পারণের3া হিক0 া3রণেষর উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা য় ার পহির3া অরণেতক রকত iয় ও ত য
) ১৪৪ ধারা আইরণে3র এ3 একটা ধারা ার _ারা এলাকা হি3হিদ ষট করণের গদওয়া য় গসই এলাকার রণেধ য গবহিশ া3রণেষর জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় হিহি0ল জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় আই3 2nকারীরণেক গহিলর হি3রণেদশ জাহির করা য় তাই সাধার3 া3ষ আর বাইরণের গবর রণেত পারণের3া পরারণে3র 2রণেয় বহিlt রণেয় ারণেক এর Zল য় সাংঘাহিতক গদাকা3 পাট বনধ ারণেক
হিজহি3স পতর অহিল য় রাসতা ঘাট জ3 শ3 য রণেয় ায় লরণেঠরা তারণেদর লঠত রাজ চাহিলরণেয় হি3রণেজরণেদর আরণেখর গহি0রণেয় গ3য় া3ষরণেক 2ীহিতর হিব2ীহিষহিক গরাস করণের ঘরণেরর া3রণেষর ইkা াকরণেলও ঘরণের হিZররণেত পারণের3া হিZররণেত হিরণেয় বltরণেকর গহিলরণেত পরা3 ারায়
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today we will discuss about Types of Leaves
An organization provides several kinds of leaves to the employees These days employees working both in government and private sector are allowed several types of leaves Following are the leaves achieved by the employees from their organization
Casual LeaveChild care leave -HospitalLeaveSpecial disability leaveChild Adoption leaveEarned LeavesHalf pay leaveMaternity leavePaternityleaveStudy leave
1 Casual Leave- Casual leave is not a recognised form of leaves and is not subject to any rules made by the government of India And official on casual leave is not treated as Absent from duty and pay is not intimated Normally 8 days of casual leave is permissible in a calendar year
2 Child care leave - Women employees having minor children may be granted child care leave by an authority competent to grant leave for a maximum period of 730 days means two years during their entire service for taking care of up to two children weather for sharing or to look after any of their names like examination sickness it is a
3HospitalLeave - Hospital leave is admissible to group C employees whose duties involved handling of dangerous machinery explosive materials poisonous drugs and performance of hazardous task and to group D employees Medical certificate from an authorised medical attendant is necessary for the grant of these leave However total period of
leave does not exceed 28 months4Special disability leave- Special
disability leave admissible to all employees when disabled by injury intentionally or accidentally inflicted are caused in law in consequence of the due performance of official duties or in consequence of official position It also it is also add miscible when disabled by illness incurred in the performance of any particular duty which has the effect of increasing laboratory to illness or injury beyond the ordinary least attaching to the Civil post held and the same condition
5Child Adoption leave- This leave is granted to female Employees with fewer than two surviving children on valid adoption of a child below the age of one year for a period of 135 days immediately after the date of valid adoption Leave salary will be equal to the pain immediately before processing on leave
6Earned Leaves- This leave is earned by duty The credit for earned leave will be awarded at a rate of 15 days on the 1st of January and 1st of July every year It can be accumulated up to 300 days in addition to the number of days for which encashment has been allowed along with LTC
7 Half pay leave -All government servant are entitled to 20 days of HPL half pay leave for every completed year of service Half pay leave is calculated at 20 days for each completed year of service The service includes periods of duty and leave including extra ordinary leave with or without MC (medical certificate)
8 Maternity leave -Maternity leave is granted to women Government employees full stop it is as possible only to Employees with less than 2 surviving children The maternity leave is not debited to leave account and full pay is granted It cannot be combined with any other the leaves and count as service for increment and pension
9 PaternityleaveA male employee with less than 2 surviving children may be granted paternity leave for a period of 15 days during the confinement of
his wife During the period of such leaves he shall be paid leave salary equal to the pay drawn immediately before proceeding on leave
10 Study leave-Study leave may be granted to all Government Employees with not less than 5 years service for undergoing a special course consisting of higher studies are specialised training in a professional or technical subject having a direct and close connection with the sphere of his duties as a Civil Servant
Commerce
Chapter-5Management
Let us today discuss about the nature of Management
Nature of management Management is defined as
An art A science A profession
Management is defined as an art because of the following reasons
1 In art there is an existence of theoretical knowledge Similarly in management various theories are propounded by management thinkers in various areas of management like finance marketing human resources etc
2 Every manager apply his or her personal skills and knowledge in the day to day functioning of an enterprise
3 Like an art management is creative as it provides solutions to Complex problems making resources productive and profitable moulding the attitudes of people for the betterment of an organisation
Management is is considered as science because of the following reasons
1 Like science there is a systemised body of knowledge in management consisting of theories principles vocabulary and concept
2 Principles of management are evolved after continuous observations and experimentation
Management both as Science and ArtManagement is both a science and an art It is a science because it uses certain principles and is an art because it requires continuous practice and application of personal skillsManagement as a profession Following points highlight whether management is a profession or not1 Like profession management has well
defined body of knowledge It has its own principles which are based on experiments One can acquire such
knowledge by pursuing courses like MBA BBA etc and acquire managerial skills through instruction and training
2 In management no such restriction is there for managers to clear an examination for hold a degree However these days more and more people are appointed for managerial post who opposes management degrees
3 Membership to a professional Association like AIMA is not mandatory for managers All managers directly or indirectly work for the development of society
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Essay Questions (EQ-2)
Question No 2Sketch the character of Prospero Would you call him perfect
AnswerProspero in The Tempest appears to be an intensely human being with human failings and weaknesses With all his excellence Prospero is made to awaken our sympathy for a natural imperfection Prosperorsquos Previous HistoryIn his retrospective narration of his previous history to Miranda we get a glimpse into Prosperorsquos past life As the Duke of Milan Prospero buried himself in his magic books which he prized above his dukedom He was essentially a scholar with no practical wisdom He failed to perform his first duty by neglecting the governance of his state and gave an opportunity to his wicked brother to undermine his throne He was thus driven from his home and thrown in a leaky boat with his weeping daughter to drift in the perilous seas It is only the thought of his little child that kept him aliveThe Development of Prosperorsquos CharacterThe development of his character is evident from the contrast between what he was before his banishment and what he is now in the island Formerly when his ldquolibrary was dukedom enoughrdquo he was altogether too unsuspecting Now he is watchful as providence and takes care to guard himself against the possibility of evil He has learnt to know human nature in its worst forms even Caliban has taught him something He will no longer put his trust in appearance except as ldquostale to catch thievesrdquo nor in oaths of which the strongest he says ldquoare straw to the fire irsquo the bloodrdquo He who once neglected worldly ends now consistently asserts his dignity enforces obedience and deals out justice with impartial hand He who without a thought of evil gave his power and his revenues into his brotherrsquos hands now puts Ferdinand to the severest test as a trial of his love before entrusting his daughter to him He makes the most practical use imaginable of his magic art exacts prompt servitudefrom his attendants does not hesitate to punish them is resolved and firm and knows how to seize the proper moment for action He is a most careful father to his daughter a considerate master of Ariel severe against the brutal Caliban humane towards the repentant enemies full of experience and wisdomThe Exercise of his Power ndash his SternnessWhat appears to us at the first sight one of the least pleasing features of Prosperorsquos character is the sternness which he frequently displays more particularly in his dealings with Caliban His harshness towards Caliban resulted from the failure of gentler methods his severity towards Ferdinand was exercised in the interest of his daughter ldquolest too light winning make the prize lightrdquo and his punishment of Alonso Sebastian and Antonio is justified by the attainment of his objectiveProsperorsquos TendernessThe tender side of Prosperorsquos character is exhibited in his relation to Miranda Ariel Gonzalo and the repentant sinners His love for Miranda is unbounded She was almost life to him In his darkest hours of trial this love sustained him and gave him strength to put a bold front to suffering He addresses her always with tenderness She is to him a lsquoloved darlingrsquo lsquodear heartrsquo lsquoa rich giftrsquo lsquoa third of his own lifersquo The same affectionate nature is shown in his dealing with his brother Antonio He loved his brother Antonio only next to Miranda before Antonio conspired against him In the island when Antonio is brought before him he forgives him
readily To Gonzalo the good old councilor he is all affection He sheds tears of joy and gratitude when he meets him in the island To Ariel he is a loving and considerable master Ariel is always to him ldquomy brave spiritrdquo ldquofine spiritrdquo ldquodelicate Arielrdquo ldquomy Arielrdquo etc When he promises Ariel his freedom he says with real emotion ndash ldquoI shall miss theerdquoProsperorsquos Power as a MagicianThe practice of magic has placed wonderful powers in the hands of Prospero He uses his supernatural powers like a god only to bring about the happiest results He causes The Tempest and the shipwreck only to bring his enemies within his power and not to destroy them Not a soul perished in the storm He leads Ferdinand to Miranda his high charms work and as he wishes the two falls in love He frustrates the plots of the conspirators and makes them know that he was conscious of it He drives Sebastian and Alonso to sincere repentance and readily forgives them The drunken associates of Caliban are no doubt sternly treated but even then they are promised conditional pardon The whole play at last ends in reconciliation joy and peace The wrongs are set right the lovers are made happy Ariel is set free and thus the powerful magician retires into the solitude of his study at MilanProsperorsquos ForgivenessAllied to his wisdom is his forgiving nature Though deeply wronged he bears no spite against the wrong-doers Though his power is unlimited he uses it to noble purposes The lesson of adversity has taught him that ldquoThe rarer action is in virtue than in vengeancerdquoProspero does not debase his noble nature by revenge but forgives his enemies absolutely He drives his erstwhile enemies to a sincere penitence for their past misdeeds and when repentance has wrought its full effect on them he receives them into his arms and is reconciled to them Is Prospero perfectProspero creates a great impression upon our minds by his dignity his nobility the divine spirit of forgiveness in him his generous and sympathetic nature etc Even with all these virtues we cannot call him perfect We perceive certain faults in him He displays an occasional impatience irritability and even a certain harshness of feeling His severe treatment of Caliban might have been justified but the language in which he addresses the monster and the threats that he uses show him to be a kind of tyrant On learning of Calibanrsquos plot against his life he is as violently disturbed and agitated as any ordinary human being would be His manner towards Ariel when the latter demands his liberty also seems somewhat arbitrary and tyrannicalSubject ndashBiology Topic ndashChapter -5 Inheritance amp Variations Summary ExecutionToday we will discuss about NON-Mendelian Inheritance
NON_MENDELIAN INHERITANCE Incomplete Dominance It is an inheritance in which heterozygous offspring shows
intermediate character between two parental characteristics Eg Flower colour in snapdragon (dog flower or Antirrhinum sp) and
Mirabilis jalapa ( 4rsquoO clock plant) Here phenotypic and genotypic ratios are same Phenotypic Ratio 1Red 2 Pink 1 White Genotypic Ratio 1(RR) 2 (Rr) 1(rr) This means that R was not completely dominant over r Pea plants also show incomplete dominance in other traits
Co- dominance It is the inheritance in which both alleles of a gene are expressed in a
hybrid Eg ABO blood grouping in human ABO Blood groups are controlled by the gene I The plasma membrane of the RBC has sugar polymer that protrude
from its surface and is controlled By the gene The gene I has three alleles IA IB i The alleles IA and IB produce a slightly different form of the sugar
while allele i does not produce any sugar In AB blood group both IA and IB are present together This is co ndash
dominanceMultiple Alleles
Multiple alternatives of the same gene which influence the same character and produce different expressions in different individuals of a species or population same genes have more than two allelic
forms These different forms of a single gene are referred as multiple alleles Eg human Blood group
Ac-12 250620 Topic- retirement
Illustration Om Jai and Jagdish are partners sharing profit in the ratio of 3 2 l Their balance sheet as at December 31st 2014 is as under
Balance sheet as at December 31 2014
Liabilities Amount Assets Amount
(Rs`) (Rs`)
Creditors 80000 Building 180000 Bills Payable 26000 Plant 140000 General reserve 24000 Motor Car 40000 Capital Stock 100000 Om 160000 Debtors 63000 Jai 120000 Less Provision Jagdish 120000
400000 for Bad debts 3000
60000 Cash at Bank 10000
530000 530000
Jai retires on that date on the following terms(a) The Goodwill of the firm is valued at Rs 60000(b) Stock and Building to be appreciated by 10(c) Plant is depreciated by 10(d) Provision for Bad debts is increased upto Rs 5000(e) Jairsquos share of goodwill was adjusted through remaining partners capital accountThe amount due to Jai is paid out of the fund brought in by Om and Jagdish in theirnew profit sharing ratio Jai is paid full amountPrepare Revaluation Account and Partnerrsquos Capital account
Solution WorkingsIt is assumed that Om and Jagdish gaining ratio remains 3 lJairsquo Share of goodwill = Rs 60000 times 26 = Rs20000Adjusted through the remaining partners capital account in 3 1 ratio
Revaluation Account
Dr Cr
Particulars Amount Particulars Amount
(Rs`) (`Rs)
To Provision for Bad debts 2000 By Stock 10000TO Plant 14000 By Building 18000To Profit transferred toCapital Accounts Om 6000 Jai 4000 Jagdish 2000
12000
28000 28000
Capital AccountDr Cr Particulars Om Jai Jagdish Particulars Om Jai Jagdish
(Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (rs`) (`Rs)
To Capital 15000 mdash 5000 By Balance bd 160000 120000 120000 ToBank 152000 By General Reserve 12000 8000 4000To Balance cd 277000 mdash 159000 By Revaluation (Profit) 6000 4000 2000 By Om Capital mdash 15000 mdash ByJagdish Capital mdash 5000 By Bank 114000 38000
292000 152000 164000 292000 152000 164000
Pollination by wind ndash grasses such as rice wheat maize their pollen grains are very dry and light and easily blown by the wind Some plants have a feathery stigma to catch the pollen grains Pollination by insects ndashInsects such as butterflies bees help in cross pollination When insects visit flowers to collect nectar the pollen grains get stuck to their body and when they visit to another flower the pollen grains get transferred to the stigma of that flower This is how insects help in pollination Pollination by water ndashPollination by water occurs in aquatic plants Pollination occurs when the male flower moving with the flow of water comes in contact with the female flower
anthers of one flower to the stigma of a flower of another plant of the same type it is known as cross-pollination
Q How do insects help in pollination Ans Insects such as butterflies bees help in cross pollination When in sects visit flowers to collect nectar the pollen grains get stuck to their body and when they visit to another flower the pollen grains get transferred to the stigma of that flower This is how insects help in pollination
English literature
Sour grapes A fox was trotting on one day and he saw lovely grapes just above his head The grapes where rich ripe and purple- red He was impatient to grab the fruit but it was too high He gave it up by letting out a deep sighHe then said to himself that he has wasted his time upon such a common fruit and he is sure that those grapes were sour
The poet then concludes the poem by saying that we often say this in our real life When we fail to do or achieve something in our lives we often say like the fox that ldquowe re sure the grapes are sourrdquo
Write the synonyms of1 Trotting- Riding2 Eager- anxious3 Snatch- grab4 Heaving- to let out relief5 Sigh- deep breath6 Mean- miserable and poor
SUBJECT- FRENCH (3RD LANGUAGE)Les alphabets avec vocabulariesAlphabets with vocabularies
- Ananas- Ballon- Chat
- Dents - Escargot
HOMEWORK-LEARN THIS VOCABULARIES WITH PROPER PRONUNCIATION
MAT
HEM
ATIC
S
Ch 6
Com
mon
frac
tions Subtraction of fractions
(a) Subtraction of like fractions
(b) Subtraction of unlike fractions
(c) Subtraction of mixed fractions [To subtract mixed numbers we change them to improper fractions and then subtract]
Exercise ndash 28Subtract
2 712
minus 312
Solution 712
minus 312 =
7minus312 =
412 =
13
4 18minus 1
12
Solution The LCM of 8 and 12 = 24
there4 18=
1times 38times3 =
324 and
112
= 1 times212 times2
= 224
there4 18minus 1
12 = 3
24 - 2
24 = 3minus224 =
124
10 59minus 7
18
Solution The LCM of 9 and 18 = 18
there4 59=
5times 29 times2 =
1018 and
718=
7 times 118times 1 =
718
there4 59minus 7
18 = 1018 -
718 =
10minus718 =
318 =
16
11 34minus1
5
Solution The LCM of 4 and 5 = 4times5 = 20
there4 34 =
3 times54 times 5 =
1520 and
15=
1times 45times 4 =
420
there4 34 -
15 =
1520 -
420 =
15minus420 =
1120
19 6 - 159
Solution Now 6 = 61 and 1
59 =
149
The LCM of 1 and 9 = 9
there4 61=
6 times91times 9 =
549 and
149 =
14 times19times1 =
149
there4 6 - 159 =
61 -
149 =
549 -
149 =
54minus149 =
409 = 4
49
20 715 - 3
910
Solution Now 715 =
365 and 3
910 =
3910
The LCM of 5 and 10 = 10
there4 715 =
365 =
36 times25times 2 =
7210 and 3
910 =
3910
there4 715 - 3
910 =
7210 -
3910 =
72minus3910 =
3310 = 3
310
Practice at HomeExercise ndash 28
17 3712 - 2
56
18 5 - 278
Class VISubject Topic Summary Execution BIOLOGY Ch-8
AdaptationsPg-115
A Short answer questions
3 Write the characteristics of submerged plants Ans ndash
1 Submerged aquatic are present below the water surface
2 The roots of partly submerged plants are fixed in the soil below water at the bottom of pond lake or river
3 The stems of such plants grow up to the surface of water while the leaves and flowers float on the surface of water
4 Submerged plants donrsquot have thick waxy cuticle
5 Completely submerged water plants like sea grasses and pondweed lack stomata
6 The leaves are mostly thin
Class VIISubject Topic Summary Execution CHEMISTRY
Chapter ndashPhysical and Chemical Changes
Physical ChangeA physical change involves a change in physical propertiesPhysical change is a type of change where no new substance is formed Most physical changes are reversible
Characteristics of Physical changes 1 They are temporary changes2 They are reversible changes 3 No new substance formed4 A physical change involves a
change in physical properties not its chemical properties
Terms related to Physical ChangesDissolvingMeltingMelting pointFreezingFreezing pointBoiling Boiling pointEvaporationCondensationCondensation point
Pg-25Question 6State three differences between evaporation and boiling
Evaporation Boiling
1 Evaporation is a slow process
2 Evaporation takes place from the surface of the liquid
3 Evaporation takes place at all temperature
1 Boiling is a fast process
2 Boiling takes place from all parts of the liquid
3 Boiling takes place at a fixed temperature on heating
Question 7State four differences between physical and chemical changes
Physical change Chemical change
1 No new substances with new properties are formed
2 It can be reversed by simple physical methods
3 It is temporary change
4 Energy is neither needed nor produced
1 New substances with new properties are formed
2 Change cannot be reversed by simple physical methods
3 It is permanent change4 Energy is either needed
or evolved
GEOGRAPHY
ATMOSPHERE
GREENHOUSE EFFECT ANDGLOBAL WARMINGWe have already learned that therays of the Sun heat up the Earths surfaceduring the day and cools off at night byradiating out the heat in the form of terrestrialradiation Some of this heat is absorbed by thegreenhouse gases of the atmosphere and doesnot escape into outer space This preventsthe Earth from becoming excessively cold atnight This is known as Greenhouse EffectIt has led to a gradual rise in globaltemperatures which is referred to as globalwarmingCauses of Global Warming
Q1 What do you mean by Greenhouse EffectA1 Therays of the Sun heat up the Earths surfaceduring the day and cools off at night byradiating out the heat in the form of terrestrialradiation Some of this heat is absorbed by thegreenhouse gases of the atmosphere and doesnot escape into outer space This preventsthe Earth from becoming excessively cold atnight This is known as Greenhouse Effect
Q2 What are the greenhouse gases A2 The heat-trapping gases calledgreenhouse gas (GHGs)
Examples chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Carbon dioxide halons methane nitrous oxide and
GREENHOUSE GAS The heat-trapping gases calledgreenhouse gas (GHGs) Over the years these gases have releasedin the atmosphere and thus making the planetwarmerExamples Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Carbon dioxide halons methane nitrous oxide and ozone
GLOBAL WARMINGIncreasing of Earthrsquos temperature day by day by the increasing amount of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere is called as global warming
CAUSES OF GLOBAL WARMING 1 Burning of fossil fuel2 Harmful emission from industries
andvehicles3 Deforestation and mining4 Excessive rearing of farm animals5 Fertilisers
ozone
Q3 What do you mean by Global Warming Write any two causes of global warming
A3 Increasing of Earthrsquos temperature day by day by the increasing amount of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere is called as global warming The main causes of global warming are a Burning of fossil fuelb Harmful emission from industries
andvehicles
COMPUTER
ARRAYS ARRAY IS A VARIABLE WHICH STORES DIFFERENT VALUES OF THE SAME DATA TYPE IT IS USEFUL TO ORGANIZE MULTIPLE VARIABLES TO DECLARE AN ARRAY DIM (DIMENSION) STATEMENT IS USED LETS TAKE AN EXAMPLE TO DECLARE AN ARRAYDIM NUMBERS(10)10 INSIDE THE PARENTHESES MEANS THIS ARRAY CAN HOLD 11 ELEMENTSNUMBERS YES 11 NUMBERS THERE IS A FIRST INDEX ARRAY 0 ALSO (0 TO 10)EXAMPLES1)TAKE ANY 6 NUMBERS (SAY 2451069) IN AN ARRAY AND ADD NUMBERS INPOSITIONINDEX 3 AND 5 PRINT THE FINAL RESULT
READ THE SUMMARY PART AND TRY TO UNDERSTAND THE CONCEPT OF ARRAY IN QBASIC
SUBJECT- FRENCH (3RD LANGUAGE)Les alphabets avec vocabulariesAlphabets with vocabularies
- Ananas- Ballon- Chat - Dents - Escargot
HOMEWORK-LEARN THIS VOCABULARIES WITH PROPER PRONUNCIATION
Class VIIISubject Topic Summary Execution PHYSICS ENERGY Types of Energy
There are different forms of energy Today we will discuss some important
A Objective Questions
1 Write true or false for each
types of energy and their features ndash1 Mechanical energyMechanical energy is the sum of kinetic and potential energy in an object that is used to do work In other words it is energy in an object due to its motion or position or both
A Kinetic Energy The energy in motion is known as Kinetic Energy For example a moving ball flowing water etc
Kinetic Energy=12mv2
Wherem = Mass of the objectv = Velocity of the object
B Potential Energy This is the energy stored in an object and is measured by the amount of work done For example a pen on a table water in a lake etc
Potential Energy=mghWherem = Mass of the object (in kilograms)g = Acceleration due to gravityh = Height in metersMechanical EnergyIt is the sum of potential energy and kinetic energy that is the energy associated with the motion amp position of an object is known as Mechanical energy Thus we can derive the formula of mechanical energy as ndash
Mechanical Energy = Kinetic Energy + Potential Energy
MechanicalEnergy=12mv2+mgh
2 Solar EnergyThe light and heat from the sun harnessed using technologies like solar heating photovoltaics solar thermal energy solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis is known as solar energy It is the prime source of renewable energy
3 Wind EnergyIt is one of the various forms of energy The energy present in the flow of wind used by wind turbines is called wind energy This energy is a major cheap source to produce electricity In this phenomena the kinetic energy of the wind is converted into mechanical power
statement
(a) A coolie does no work against the force of gravity while carrying luggage on a road
Answer True
(b) The energy stored in water of a dam is the kinetic energy
Answer False
(c) The energy of a flying kite is kinetic energy
Answer True
(d) Work done by a boy depends on the time in which he does work
Answer False
(e) Power spent by a body depends on the time for which it does work
Answer True
4 Nuclear EnergyThe energy present in the nucleus of an atom is known as nuclear energy The particles of an atom are tiny and need the energy to hold themselves Nuclear energy is that enormous energy in the bonds of an atom which helps to hold the atom together Nuclear energy can be used to make electricity
5 Geothermal EnergyThe energy or heat present inside the Earth is known as geothermal energy It is a cheap amp convenient heat and power resource and use of this energy donrsquot have a side effect like greenhouse gas emission etc
6 Tidal Energy
Tidal energy or tidal power is a form of hydropower (energy present in water) which converts the energy present in the tides to produce electricity
7 Biomass Energy
Biomass is organic matter obtained from living organisms The energy produced from biomass is called biomass energy
8 Electrical Energy
The energy caused by moving electric charges is known as electrical energy Electric energy is a type of kinetic energy as the electrical charges moves
9 Thermal Energy
As the name suggests thermal energy is the energy obtained from heat It is a microscopic disordered equivalent of mechanical energyThere may be instances where an object posses more than one type of energy For example boiling water posses both kinetic and potential energy along with heat energy
MATHEMATICS Ch 9Interest
Execution ndash 9(B) 3 A sum of money lent out at simple interest doubles itself in 8 years Find (i) the rate of Interest (ii) In how many years will the sum become triple (three times) at itself at the same rate percent
Solution
(i) Let P = Rs100 there4 A = Rs200 So I = A ndash P = Rs(200-100) = Rs100 and T = 8years [ P= Principal A = Amount I = Interest and T = Time]
there4 The rate of interest (R) = 100times IP times T = ( 100 times100
100times 8 ) = 252
= 125
(ii) Again P = Rs100 A = Rs300 So I = Rs(300-100) = Rs200 and R = 125
there4 T = 100times IP times R = ( 100 times 200
100 times12 5 ) years = ( 1000times 200100times125 )years= 16 years
4 Rs4000 amount to Rs5000 in 8years in what time will Rs2100 amount to Rs2800 at the same rate
Solution
1 st part P = Rs4000 A = Rs5000 there4 I = Rs(5000-4000) = Rs1000And T = 8 years
there4 R = 100times IP times T = ( 100 times1000
4000 times8 ) = 258
2 nd part Now P = Rs2100 A = Rs2800 there4 I = Rs(2800-2100) =Rs700 and R
= 258
there4 T = 100times IP times R = ( 100 times 700
2100 times 258 ) years = ( 100 times8
3 times25 )years= 323 years = 10
23 years
= 10years( 23
times 12)months = 10 years 8 months
6 A certain sum amounts to Rs3825 in 4 years and to Rs4050 in 6 years Find the rate percent and the sum
Solution Amount in 6 years = Rs4050Amount in 4 years = Rs3825
there4 Interest in 2years = Rs(4050-3825) = Rs225
there4 Interest in 1year = Rs225divide2 = Rs2252
there4 Interest in 4years =Rs(225times2) = Rs450
Now P = A ndash I = Rs(3825 ndash 450) = Rs3375
there4 R = 100times IP times T = ( 100 times225
3375 times2 ) = 103
= 313
Practice at Home5 What sum of money lent at 65 per annum will produce the same interest in 4 years as Rs7500 produce in 6 years at 5 per annum
GEOGRAPHY MIGRATION CLIMATE REFUGEES
Climate refugees who are forced to move out when their homes when threatened by imminent climate catastrophes Example many people many people migrated from the sinking south pacific Islands to Australia and New Zealand
MISCELLANEOUS MIGRATION
Miscellaneous migration often takes place due to the governmentrsquos decisions or due to political unrest Example the Indonesian government moved the farming population from the overpopulated areas of Java to the islands of Borneo and Sumatra
FORCED MIGRATION
Forced migration happens during times of disaster of warfare Abduction and transfer of African slaves to America to serve as labour force is an example of forced migration Today climate change and rising sea levels have led to forced migration in many of the island nations of the world
VOLUNTARY MIGRATION
Voluntary migration is shifting to HDC(highly developed countries) from LDC(lowly developed countries) for better job or educational opportunities and better standards of living There is a current trend in which a large number of students are migrating from developing nations to European and American universities for higher studies This type of voluntary migration leads to depopulation in the country which people leave and adds to the volume of immigrants in the country that receives these people
Q1 What do you understand by climate refugees Where it can be found
A1 Climate refugees who are forced to move out when their homes when threatened by imminent climate catastrophes or disasters
Example many people migrated from the sinking south pacific Islands to Australia and New Zealand
Q2Give an example on miscellaneous migration
A2 An example on miscellaneous migration like the Indonesian government moved the farming population from the overpopulated areas of Java to the islands of Borneo and Sumatra
Q3 Give some examples of highly developed countries (HDC) and lowly developed countries (LDC)
A3 European and North American countries such as Britain Spain Canada and New York are good examples of highly developed countries (HDC) On the other hand South-East Asian countries such as India Pakistan and Bangladesh are examples lowly developed countries (LDC)
COMPUTER ALGORITHMS AND FLOW CHARTS
EXAMPLES1) WRITE AN ALGORITHM AND DRAW A FLOW CHART TO FIND THE AREA OF A RECTANGLESOLUTIONALGORITHM
STEP1 STARTSTEP2 ACCEPT THE LENGTH OF THE RECTANGLESTEP3 ACCEPT THE BREADTH OF THE RECTANGLESTEP4 USE THE FORMULA OF AREA=LENGTH times BREADTH AND STORE THE
FINAL RESULT IN THE VARIABLE AREASTEP5DISPLAY THE ARE OF THE RECTANGLESTEP6STOP
FLOWCHART
2)CALCULATE THE INTEREST OF A BANK DEPOSITALGORITHMSTEP 1 READ AMOUNTSTEP 2 READ YEARSSTEP 3 READ RATE
STEP 4 CALCULATE THE INTEREST WITH FORMULA INTEREST=AMOUNTYEARSRATE100STEP 5 PRINT INTERESTFLOWCHART
3)DETERMINE AND OUTPUT WHETHER NUMBER N IS EVEN OR ODDALGORITHMSTEP 1 READ NUMBER NSTEP 2 SET REMAINDER AS N MODULO 2STEP 3 IF REMAINDER IS EQUAL TO 0 THEN NUMBER N IS EVEN ELSE NUMBER N IS ODDSTEP 4 PRINT OUTPUTFLOWCHART
4)DETERMINE WHETHER A TEMPERATURE IS BELOW OR ABOVE THE FREEZING POINTALGORITHM
STEP 1 INPUT TEMPERATURESTEP 2 IF IT IS LESS THAN 32 THEN PRINT BELOW FREEZING POINT OTHERWISE PRINT ABOVE FREEZING POINTFLOWCHART
PRACTICE THE GIVEN FLOWCHARTS AND ALGORITHMS
Class IXSubject Topic Summary Execution Bengali (2nd
language) চারণেদর পাাহিব2হিত2ষ বরণেltযাপাধযায় হি_তীয় অধযায়
ldquoআহি`কার হিবখযাত া0 শঙকর কতবার 0হিবরণেত গদরণেখরণে0rdquo ক) আহি`কার হিবখযাত া0টির 3া হিক া0টির হিবরণেশষতব হিকখ)শঙকর গকাায় হিকরণেসর জ3য হিরণেয়হি0ল ) গস গসখারণে3 হিক খরণেজ পায়
উঃ- হিব2হিত2ষ বরণেltযাপাধযায় রহিচত lsquoচারণেদর পাাrsquo উপ3যারণেস আহি`কার হিবখযাত া0টির 3া ল বাওবাব া0টির হিবরণেশষতব ল া0টি গবশ গাটা গসাটা া0টির জার হিবষয় ল া0টি তার গহিরণেত ১৬ হিলটার জল ধরণের রাখরণেত পারণের তষণায় কাতর পচারীরা অরণে3ক সয় এই ারণে0র গহিরণেত 0হির গরণের Zরণেটা করণের জল পা3 করণের
খ) শঙকর আহি`কায় হিরণেয়হি0ল অযাUরণে2ঞচারণেরর গ3শায় অনধকারয় এই ারণেদরণেশর পরহিতটি সথারণে3 গ3 রসয লহিকরণেয় আরণে0 এই ররণেসযর অ3সনধা3 কররণেত হিরণেয় অরণে3ক পটক পরা3 াহিররণেয়রণে0 আবার অরণে3রণেক হিসংরণের গপরণেট গরণে0 তবও অহি2াতরী া3ষ অহি2া3 বনধ করণের হি3আহি`কার ইউানডা গরলওরণেয়র 3Uরবা গসটশ3 গরণেক বাাততর াইল দহিi3 পহিj গকারণে3 একটা শাখা লাই3 হৈতহির হিkল গরল গকামপাহি3র গসখারণে3 শঙকর ক3সটরাকস3 কযারণেমপর গকরাহি3 ও সরকাহির গসটারহিকপার রণেয় গা হিদরণেয়হি0লপরণের শঙকর একটা গরলরণেসটশরণে3র গসটশ3াসটার য় এরপরণের গস আল2ারণেররণেজর সরণেn ীরার পাা খজরণেত গবহিররণেয় পরণে
) গ0াটরণেবলা গরণেক শঙকর শরণে3 আসরণে0 আহি`কায় গসা3া রপা ীরার 0া0হি একট গচষটা কররণেল গসা3া রপা ীরা আহিবসকার করণের বরণোরণেলাক ওয়া ায় এই সব খজরণেত হিরণেয় শঙকর আহি`কার পরাকহিতক ররণেপর গ সনধা3 গপরণেয়হি0ল তার তল3া গ3ই ঘ3 অর3য পবতরাহিজ =র3া 3দী জীবজনত সবই তারণেক হিদরণেয়রণে0 আ3lt শঙকর ীরার গখারণেজ হিরণেয় ীরা 3া গপরণেলও পরাকহিতক ররণেপর গরণে3 শঙকরণেরর 3 ীরায় পহিরত রণেয়হি0ল
EVS Chapter 2 ndash Species interaction with each other Long Answer Question
Living Things in Ecosystems
bull ParasitismParasitism is a relationship between two different organisms where one of the organisms actually harms the other through the relationship The organism that is harming the other one is called a parasite Examples of Parasitism Fleas or ticks that live on dogs and cats are parasites
bull MutualismMutualisms are defined as interactions between organisms of two different species in which each organism benefits the other
bull CommensalismCommensalism is a relationship between individuals of two species in which one species obtains food or other benefits from the other without either harming or benefiting the latter
bull SynergismThe interaction of things resulting in the overall effect that is greater than the sum of individual effects of any of them
Q) How biotic and abiotic components are inter-related Ans - In an eco system biotic and abiotic components depend on each other The biotic and abiotic components are connected in ecosystem in different way The sun is the energy source Producersplants use this energy to synthesize food in the presence of carbon dioxide and chlorophyll The herbivores are dependent on plants for the energy requirements The carnivores in turn feed on the herbivores and other carnivores At any level microbes then decompose any dead and decaying organic matter These decomposers after various chemical reactions release molecules back to the environment in the form of chemicals The chemicals are again used by the producers and the cycle starts againIn conclusion ecosystems have a complex set of interactions that happen between the biotic and abiotic components The components of an ecosystem are linked to each other through the energy flows and nutrient cycles
Commercial Studies
Chapter-7Joint Stock Company
In previous class we have explained about the meaning of Joint Stock Company features of Joint Stock Company
Let us explain about
Merits of Joint Stock Company
Merits of Joint stock CompanyStabilityPublic confidenceProfessional managementTransferability of sharesLimited Liability
Merits of Joint Stock Company StabilityA company enjoys stable durable enduring and uninterrupted business life A company continues to exist even if all its members die or deserted Maintenance of continuity of policy of administration is very much ensured in the case of Joint Stock CompanyPublic confidenceA public company enjoys the confidence of the public as the same is guided and controlled by strict regulations Since the companies financial accounts are published and circulated the public has enough faith on the activities of the company Thus a company enjoys better prestige and regulation greater public confidence as a wholeEfficient professional managementDue to its large financial resources and continuity a company can avail of the services of highly qualified
persons who are experts in different fields of business management In this way the benefits of specialization and centralized management can be securedTransferability of sharesSince the shares of a joint stock company are freely transferable they provide necessary liquidity to the investment of the people Shares of public companies are generally listed on a stock exchange so that people can easily buy and sell themLimited LiabilityThe liability of shareholders is limited only to the extent of face value of share held by them Shareholders are not personally liable for the debts of the company Thus the risk is known and also limited
Economics Chapter4 Basic Problems of An Economy
Today let discuss about the Meaning of Efficiency use of ResourcesNeeds of efficient use of resources
Resource efficiency is the maximising of the supply of money materials staff and other assets that can be drawn on by a person or organization in order to function effectively with minimum wasted (natural) resource expenses It means using the Earths limited resources in a sustainable manner while minimising environmental impact
Necessity for efficient use resources Once the flow of resources through the economy has reached its maximum sustainable limit (and many would argue that wersquove already passed that point for some resources) the only way to maintain economic growth in the long run is to become more resource efficient ndash finding ways to generate greater returns from the same amount of resources
Resource efficiency isnrsquot only valuable because it is essential for sustained economic growth Promoting resource efficiency can increase the competitiveness of industry create jobs stimulate innovation boost sectors such as recycling and resource recovery and help ensure secure supplies of key
QuestionWhat do you mean by Efficient use of Resources
Answer) Resource efficiency is the maximising of the supply of money materials staff and other assets that can be drawn on by a person or organization in order to function effectively with minimum wasted (natural) resource expenses It means using the Earths limited resources in a sustainable manner while minimising environmental impact
Why do we need to use our resources efficientlyAnswer) Once the flow of resources through the economy has reached its maximum sustainable limit (and many would argue that wersquove already passed that point for some resources) the only way to maintain economic growth in the long run is to become more resource efficient ndash finding ways to generate greater returns from the same amount of resources
Resource efficiency isnrsquot only valuable because it is essential for sustained economic growth Promoting resource efficiency can increase the competitiveness of industry create jobs stimulate innovation boost sectors such as recycling and resource recovery and help ensure secure
resources supplies of key resources
Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)
Topic Act II Scene 7 Lines 1 to 35 (Morocco hellip What if I stray no further but choose here )
[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase provided]
Summary Questions amp Answers
Having disposed of the minor story of Jessicarsquos elopement we now return to the main plot We are now shown how affairs are progressing with Portia in her home in Belmont
This is the first of the three scenes where a suitor makes a choice between golden silver and leaden caskets It will be noted that while making the choice all the lovers soliloquize and reveal their personality and character We have already observed the manly soldierly but primitive personality of the Prince of Morocco His has a simple nature and does not look deeply into the inner meaning of things but is dazzled by the outward appearance of gold He is inclined to over-estimate his own value and does not realize that it is a duty to ldquogive and hazardrdquo So his feeling is only one of fascination and romantic attraction We cannot believe that he has a deep and lasting love for Portia
In this scene two characters appear ndash Portia and the Prince of Morocco Portia explains to the Prince that the correct casket shall be the one that contains her picture She will be the wife of the person who will choose the correct casket and in the process get whatever she has
The Prince examines the inscriptions on each of the caskets and interprets them
(1) (Act II Sc 7 L 1-5)
Portia Go draw aside the curtains and discover
The several caskets to this noble princeNow make your choice
Morocco The first of gold who this inscription bearsWho chooseth me shall gain what many men desire
(i) Who is Morocco How did he introduce himself to Portia when they first met in an earlier scene
Prince Morocco is a dark skinned boastful warrior of African origin who seeks the hand of Portia He introduces himself as a person who lives near the equator where the exposure to sun rays have to be blamed for his complexion He says that Portia should not dislike him for his dark skin
(ii) How would Morocco know that he had made the right choice What would his reward be
Morocco would know he has chosen the right casket if he finds Portiarsquos portrait in one of them His reward would be Portiarsquos hand in marriage
(iii) Which casket did Morocco finally choose What reasons did he give for rejecting the casket made of lead
Morocco chooses the golden casket He says that lead is of lowly origin and the portrait of a lady as great as Portia cannot be placed in it He reads the inscription ldquoWho chooseth me must give and hazard all he hathrdquo This makes the box too threatening He wonders why anyone should risk everything for lead He also feels that a golden mind like his should not bow down to choose something worthless So he will not risk anything for lead
(iv) What two objects did Morocco find in the casket of his
before choosing
The inscription on the leaden casket says ldquoWho chooseth me must give and hazard all he hathrdquo The Prince was shocked and says as to why anyone should risk for the sake of lead The leaden casket is a threat Nobody would risk all they have for lead He says that no noble person would stoop to choose such a worthless thing as lead So he will not give nor risk anything for lead
The Prince then examines the inscription on the silver casket which says ldquoWho chooseth me shall get as much as he deservesrdquo The Prince says that he deserves Portia more than anybody else because of his high rank his noble birth and his great wealth and power But then he argues that silver is ten times inferior to gold and therefore he cannot believe that the portrait of such a beautiful lady as Portia can be contained in the silver casket He decides to see the inscription on the golden casket before making his decision
choice What reason does he give to Portia for leaving in haste
The Prince of Morocco chooses the golden casket and on opening it finds a human skull within whose hollow eye-socket was a scroll or a roll of paper in which it is written that those who are attracted by the glittering outside of things are always deceived as Morocco has been deceived
Morocco says he is moved and that he does not want to make his departure a painstaking process and he wants to leave immediately without revealing his emotions He should also obey the rule of the game which states the one who loses the test should leave immediately
(v) How does Portia respond to Moroccorsquos parting words What does this reveal of her nature
Portia is relieved that Morocco has left without making any scene It was a gentle riddance and all like him should go in a similar manner This shows that Portia has a kind heart and does not want anyone to he hurt Her love for Bassanio over-rides her passion that makes her wish that only he should be able to make the right choice At the same time like a dutiful daughter she does not want to disrespect her fatherrsquos wishes Hence she is willing to go through the casket injunctions
(2) (Act II Sc 7 L 15-35)
MOROCCO helliphelliphelliphelliphellip
What says this leaden casket Who chooseth me must give and hazard all he hath Must givemdashFor what for lead hazard for leadThis casket threatens Men that hazard allDo it in hope of fair advantagesA golden mind stoops not to shows of drossIll then nor give nor hazard aught for leadWhat says the silver with her virgin hueWho chooseth me shall get as much as he deservesAs much as he deservesmdashPause there MoroccoAnd weigh thy value with an even handIf thou best rated by thy estimationThou dost deserve enough and yet enoughMay not extend so far as to the ladyAnd yet to be afeard of my deservingWere but a weak disabling of myselfAs much as I deservemdashWhy thats the ladyI do in birth deserve her and in fortunesIn graces and in qualities of breeding
But more than these in love I do deserveWhat if I strayed no further but chose here
(i) What does the Prince of Morocco do before making his selection What does his comment reflect How does he analyse the inscription of the leaden casket and what is his interpretation
The Prince of Morocco surveys the three caskets before making his selection His comments reflect his thinking and attitude on life and things He comes to the lead casket and reads the inscription on it His interpretation which reflects his own character is that the inscription threatens because no one will be prepared to risk or sacrifice all one has for such a base thing as lead
(ii) What does the Prince of Morocco think of the leaden casket and why does he decide to reject the leaden casket
The Prince of Morocco thinks that when people risk anything they do so in order to gain something precious A person of royal ways will not bend so low as to be impressed by such an ordinary thing as lead Therefore he decides that he will not take any risk for a worthless thing like lead and rejects the lead casket
(iii) What does the Prince think while analyzing and interpreting the inscription of the silver casket
The Prince of Morocco analyses the inscription on the silver casket which runs thus ldquoWho chooseth me shall get as much as he deservesrdquo When he reads the inscription he bids himself to stop and ponder over the interpretation He asks himself to evaluate his worth objectively and impartially He says that if he is assessed on the basis of the opinion of people he deserves much But even this may not be sufficient to deserve to win Portia who is so virtuous and worthy
(iv) What promise does the silver casket make What self-assessment does the Prince make
The silver casket promises the reward according to the worth of the chooser The Prince makes a self-assessment and concludes that in all fairness he deserves to get Portia He thinks that he is a royal Prince by birth and so he deserves her by the right of his birth
Portia is very rich and so the Prince deserves her by this also The Prince deserves because he is also extremely handsome as most of the beautiful maidens of his kingdom covet him He is valiant and virtuous also So in his opinion he is the most suitable and deserving candidate for Portiarsquos hand
(v) Over which casket does the Prince ponder a long time What intrigue him In what way does he deserve Portia
Morocco reviews the inscriptions again and rejects the lead casket as being not worth the high stakes for which he gambles He ponders a long time over the silver casket The words ldquoget as much as he deservesrdquo intrigue him He is quite sure that he deserves Portia He deserves her in birth fortune grace qualities of breeding and most of all love
Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution EVS Ch ndash4 Managing
soil and land
Today we will discuss about mechanical practices of soil conservation
A few mechanical measures of soil conservation arei) Basin leaching In this method a number of small basins (water reservoirs) are made These collect and retain rain water for a long period and also catch and stabilize downwardly moving soils of the slopes
ii) Pan breaking by breaking of pan ( a hard sheet of clay a few feet below the surface ) drainage and percolation of rain water is improved and soil is saved from residual run-off and erosion
iii) Sub-soiling Soil is broken into fine grains to increase its absorptive capacity
iv) Contour terracing terraces are labeled areas constructed at right angles to the slope to reduce soil erosion
v) Contour trenching This method involves making a series of deep pits or trenches across the slope at convenient distance The soil excavated from the trenches is deposited along the lower edge in the form of bund On the ridges tree seeds are shown
vi) Terrace outlets To conserve soil pipe outlets are made which are thickly covered by grasses
vii) Digging of ponds and reservoirs to store water
viii) Stream bank protection To protect banks of rivers and channels construction of stone or concrete protective walls or planting of trees should be undertaken
Commercial Studies
Chapter- Banking Let us today discuss about theMeaning of Commercial BankFunctions of Commercial Banks
Commercial Banks are those banks which perform all kinds of banking functions such as accepting deposits advancing loans credit creation and
Question1 What do you mean by
Commercial BankAnswer) Commercial Banks are those banks which perform all kinds of banking functions such as accepting deposits advancing loans credit creation and agency functions
agency functions
Functions of Commercial BanksCommercial banks perform a variety of functions which can be divided as (1) Accepting Deposits (2) Advancing Loans (3) Credit Creation (4) Financing Foreign Trade(5) Agency Services (6) Miscellaneous Services To Customers
2 Explain the various functions of Commercial Bank
Answer) Following are the various functions of Commercial Banks
1 Accepting Deposits This is the oldest function of a bank and the banker used to charge a commission for keeping the money in its custody when banking was developing as an institution Nowadays a bank accepts three kinds of deposits from its customers The first is the savings deposits on which the bank pays small interest to the depositors who are usually small savers
2 Advancing LoansOne of primary functions of commercial banks is to advance loans to its customers A bank lends a certain percentage of the cash lying in deposits on a higher interest rate than it pays on such deposits This is how it earns profits and carries on its business 3 Credit CreationCredit creation is one of the most important functions of the commercial banks Like other financial institutions they aim at earning profits For this purpose they accept deposits and advance loans by keeping small cash in reserve for day-to-day transactions When a bank advances a loan it opens and account in the name of the customer and does not pay him in cash but allows him to draw the money by cheque according to his needs By granting a loan the bank creates credit or deposit4 Financing ForeignTrade commercial bank finances foreign trade of its customers by accepting foreign bills of exchange and collecting them from foreign banks It also transacts other foreign exchange business and buys and sells foreign currency5 Agency ServicesA bank acts as an agent of its customers in collecting and paying cheques bills of exchange drafts dividends etc It also buys and sells
shares securities debentures etc for it customers Further it pays subscriptions insurance premium rent electric and water bills and other similar charges on behalf of its clients It also acts as a trustee and executor of the property and will of its customers Moreover the bank acts as an income tax consultant to its clients For some of these services the bank charges a normal fee while it renders others free of charge6 Miscellaneous ServicesBesides the above noted services the commercial bank performs a number of other services It acts as the custodian of the valuables of its customers by providing them lockers where they can keep their jewellery and valuable documents It issues various forms of credit instruments such as cheques drafts travellers cheques etc which facilitate transactions
Bengali হিবপরীতশবদ করণেয়কটি হিবপরীত শবদ গদওয়া ল1)সজীব = হি3জsব 2)শরদধা= ঘা 3)আকষ = হিবকষ4)সধবা = হিবধবা 5)উৎস = গা3া 6)অ = অ37)জয় = পরাজয় 8)তাপ = হৈশত যয 9)হি3ltা = পরশংসা10)াদা = অদা 11)রহিসক = গবরহিসক 12) অনতর = বাহির13)অহিতবষটি = অ3াবষটি 14)পরত যযi = পরণেরাi 15)3াবালক = সাবালক
Hindi 2nd lang नया रासता भा 5 अपन जीन की परिरसथिगितयो स गिश होकर मीन क हदय म कई बार हीन भाना
और जीन की कडाहट अनभ हईपरत ह दढता और साहस की मरतित थी ह
अपन जीन को वयथ नही होन दना चाहती थी बचपन स ही उसकी कील बनन की
इचछा थी आज मीन की लन उस और दखकर माता- गिपता न उस कालत करन की
आजञा द दी मीन न मरठ म दाखिखला ल लिलया उसक हरदय म कछ बनन और कछ
कर दिदखान की इचछा थी उसक गिचार स चारो और पस का ही बोलबाला हहॉसटल
की कलपना करत ही ह लिसहर उठती थी उसन अपन लिलए नए नए कपड बनाए पहली बार हॉसटल जान का चा थाआखिखर
ह दिदन आ ही या जब उस हॉसटल जाना था पहली बार ह अपन घर स अल हो
रही थी हॉसटल पहच कर कछ दिदनो तक उसका मन नही ला बचपन की घटनाए
एक- एक करक उसक समतपटल पर उतर ई ह अपनी ककषा म हमशा परथम आती
थी 2 दिदन बाद गिपताजी मीन स मिमलन आए मा न काफी चीज उसक लिलए बनाकर
भजी थी गिपताजी स मिमलकर ह बहत खश
1 ह सय की दढता साहस की मरतित थी
परशन1 लखिखका मीन को दढता साहस
की मरतित कयो कह रही ह 2 गिाह क अलाा मीन क जीन
का कया लकषय था 3 मीन समाज क झठ आरण को
हटाकर सतय दिदखाना चाहती ह सपषट कीजिजए
4 परसतत पलि[यो का भा सपषट अपन शबदो म लिलखिखए
उततरndash1 मीन म समाज स लडन की शलि[ ह
ह समाज म फली बराइयो क सामन ढढता स जमी हई ह ह साहस क साथ अपन उलिचत गिनणय
पर सथिर रहती ह जिजदी क उतार चढा सा घबरा टी नही ह बलकिलक साहस स काम लती ह इनही कारणो स लखिखका न उस ढढता
और साहस की मरतित कहा ह2 मरठ ालो न जब उसका रिरशता
ठकरा दिदया तो उसन गिनशचय कर लिलया गिक ह अपन परो पर खडी होी और समाज को दिदखा दी की नारी अबला नही ह उसन अपना
हई करीब 1 घटा रक कर गिपताजी चल ए लकषय बना लिलया गिक ह एलएलबी करक कील बनी
3 समाज म नारी क ऊपर अबला आशरीता का आरण पडा हआ ह
मीन समाज क दवारा होत हए इस आरण को हटाकर यह सतय परमाणिणत करना चाहती ह गिक आज
की नारी अबला नही ह और ना ही गिकसी क हाथ की कठपतली ह
4 लखिखका न मीन क बार म कहा गिक ह सय घटा और साहस की मरतित
ह ह अपन न हम ध और मसीबत म साहस का परिरचय दती हउतार
चढा को हर इसान क जीन म आत ही रहत ह उनको साधारण रप
स ही लना चागिहए अपन गिाह क मामल म उसन साहस स काम
लिलया और गिाह क बार म सोचना छोड दिदया मीन क सामन अभी बहत लबी जिजदी पडी ह इसलिलए उसन समय का महत समझा और
एक कषण भी वयथ ना करन का गिनशचय गिकया
Mathematics(x) Algebra Quadratic Equation in one variable
Study Item Some solved sums from exercise- 539)Solve for x 2(2x ndash 1 )(x+3) ndash 3 (x + 3)(2x ndash 1 ) = 5 x -3 frac12Solution Let (2x ndash 1)(x + 3) = y then we get2(y) ndash 3( 1y) = 50r 2y ndash 3y = 5Or 2y2 ndash 3 = 5y [multiplying both side by y we get]0r 2y2 ndash 5y ndash 3 = 0Now comparing the above equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0 we geta=2 b = - 5 and c = - 3Therefore y = -(- 5 )plusmnradic((-5)sup2-4(2)(-3))2(2) = 5 plusmnradic( 25 + 24)4 = 5plusmn radic(49)4 = (5 plusmn 7)4= (5+7)4 (5 ndash 7)4= 124 -24= 3 - 12Therefore y = 3 (2x ndash 1)( x + 3) = 3 2x ndash 1 = 3x + 9 3x - 2x = - 10 x= - 10Or y = - frac12 ( 2x ndash 1)(x + 3) = - frac124x ndash 2 = - x ndash 3 4x+x = - 3 + 2 5x = - 1 x= - 15Hence the roots of the given equation are - 10 and ndash 1510)(i) x2 - 5x ndash10 =0Solution x2 ndash 5x ndash 10 = 0Comparing the above equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0 we get a=1 b = - 5 and c = - 10Therefore x = - (- 5)plusmnradic( -5)sup2- 4(1)(- 10)2(1) = 5 plusmn radic( 25 +40)2 = 5 plusmn radic(65 )2
= (5 plusmn 8bull06)2 = (5 + 8bull06)2 (5 ndash 8bull06)2 = 13bull062 - 3bull062= 6bull53 - 1bull5312) Solve the equation x ndash 18x = 6 Given your answer correct to two significant figureSolution x ndash18x = 6Or (x2 ndash 18 )x = 6Or x2ndash 18 = 6xOr x2 ndash 6x ndash18 = 0Comparing the above equation with ax2 + bc + c = 0 we gera= 1 b = - 6 and c = -18Therefore x = -(-6) plusmnradic(- (- 6)2 ndash 4(1)(- 18)2(1) = 6 plusmn radic( 36 + 72)2 = (6 plusmnradic( 108)2 =(6 plusmn 10bull39)2= 16bull392 - 4bull392= 8bull195 - 2bull195 asymp 8bull2 - 2bull2
Chemistry Chapter-2L-1Chemical Bonding
1) Chemical Bonding-
It is basically the force of attraction which holds the different types of atoms in a molecule together
Cause of Chemical Combination-
The main cause is the tendency of elements to acquire eight electrons in its outermost shell like that of noble gases other than Helium(He) So the atoms combine to acheive the nearest noble gas configuration of 8 electrons( or 2 electrons) in their outermost orbit and become stable
2) Ion-
It is a charged particle made from an atom by the loss or gain of electrons
There are 2 types of Ions They are-
a) Cations- It is formed by the loss of electrons eg - K+ Ca2+
Na+ etc
b) Anions- It is formed by the gain of electrons eg- Cl- O2- F- etc
Q Why do elements form Ions
A Atoms of all elements except those of noble gases have one to seven valence electrons and are not in a state of minimum energy Thus to acquire a state of minimum energy elements lose or gain electrons and form ions so that they acquire stable configuration (Duplet or Octet)
Q What is the Electronic Theory of Valency
A In 1916 Kossel and Lewis on the basis of octet rule of electrons described simply the electronic structure of molecules of many chemical compounds and elements Kossel mainly described the structure of ionic compounds formed by loss and gain of electrons and Lewis mainly described the structure of Covalent Compounds formed by mutual sharing of electron pair This is known as ELECTRONIC THEORY OF VALENCY proposed by Kossel and Lewis
Q What do you mean by Electropositive and Electronegative Elements
3) Types of Chemical Bond-3 types
A)ElectrovalentIonic Bond
B) Covalent Bond
C) Co-ordinate Dative Bond4) ELECTROVALENT IONIC BOND-
It is the electrostatic force of attraction between the opposite charged ions which holds them together
The chemical compounds formed as a result of electron transfer from one atom of an element to another are called IONIC or ELECTROVALENT COMPOUND
The number of electrons which an element loses or gains during the formation of an ionic bond is called its ELECTROVALENCY
Conditions for the formation of Ionic Compounds-
i Large electronegativity difference between the combining atoms
ii Low IP for one of the atoms from which the cation can be easily formed
iii High electron affinity for one of the atoms from which the anions can be easily formed
iv High Lattice Energy
A
1) Electropositive Elements- have the tendency to lose the electrons and form Cations
eg- Na K Fe -mostly metals
2) Electronegative Elements- have the tendency to gain the electrons and form Anions
eg- Cl F O - mostly Non-metals
Q Give the brief description about the formation of NaCl
A See your Text Book
Q Practise the two types of diagram of the formation of different ionic compound
A See your Text Book
English All Summer in a Answer the following questions-
literature Day 3) Why did the children hate herAns- The children sensed that Margot was different from them She hated the continuous rain while they were used to it She spoke only about the sun and they had no memory of it They hated her pale snow face her waiting silence her thinness and her possible future of going back to the Earth4) What is the it referred to by WilliamAns- The it referred to by William is the Sun which the scientists had predicted would shine for a short while that day5) What was Margot waiting for Why did William say it was a jokeAns- Margot was waiting to see the sun predicted to shine that day for a short while William did not want her to have the joy of seeing the sun
Geography Water Resources SOURCES OF WATER SURFACE WATER AND GROUNDWATER Earth is known as the Blue Planet because 71 per cent of the Earths surface is covered with water Wateralso exists below land surface and as water vapour in the air Water is not added or removed from the environment it simply changes state and location This constant movement of water throughout our environment is called the hydrological cycle or water cycle Earth cleans and replenishes the water supply through the hydrologic cycle Groundwater exists in an aquifer or
underground layer of permeable rock sediment (usually sand or gravel) or soil that yields water
Aquifers are like underground reservoirs of water
SURFACE WATER The visible bodies of water are referred to as surface water Surface waters can be simply described as the water that is on the surface of the Earth This includes the oceans rivers and streams lakes and reservoirs Surface waters are very important Rivers and streams constitute the flowing surface waters Surface water canbe captured for a variety of biospheric and humanusesRunoff During heavy precipitation water cannot infiltrate into the ground It flows on the surface of the ground and called as runoff
GROUNDWATER Groundwater is detained as water that is found beneath the surface of the Earth in conditions of100 per
Q1 Why the Earth is called as Blue PlanetA1 Earth is known as the Blue Planet because 71 per cent of the Earths surface is covered with water
Q2 Define hydrological cycleA2 Water is not added or removed from the environment it simply changes state and location This constant movement of water throughout our environment is called the hydrological cycle or water cycle Earth cleans and replenishes the water supply through the hydrologic cycle
Q3 What is AquifersA3 Aquifers are like underground reservoirs of water
Q4 Why there is a shortage of fresh waterA4 Although the earth has an abundance of water but unfortunately there is a shortage of fresh water because 997 per cent of it occupied by oceans soils icecaps and floating in the atmosphere and rest 03 percent can use for daily uses
cent saturation (if it is less than100 per cent saturation then the water is considered as soil moisture) Ninety-eight per cent of Earths available fresh water is groundwater It is about60 times as plentiful as the fresh water found in lakes and streams Water in the ground travels through pores in soil and rock and in fractures and weathered areas of bed rockThe majority of fresh water is therefore found under ground as soil moisture and in aquifers
Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 88 to 126 (Portia helliphellip Such as the day is when the sun is hid) [Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]
Summary Questions amp Answerso Launcelot then arrives and informs
Lorenzo that Bassanio will also be arriving soon Both Lorenzo and Jessica return to the house and ask Stephano to order the family musicians to play music in order to extend a fitting welcome to Portia
o Portia and Nerissa dressed in their normal self return home and enter the building Lorenzo recognizes Portias voice and comes to greet her She orders the servants to pretend as if she had never left and asks Lorenzo and Jessica to do the same
o Soon thereafter Bassanio Gratiano and Antonio arrive
(1) PORTIA That light we see is burning in my hall (L 89-101)
How far that little candle throws his beams So shines a good deed in a
naughty worldNERISSA When the moon shone we did not see the candlePORTIA So doth the greater glory dim the less
A substitute shines brightly as a king
Unto the king be by and then his state
Empties itself as doth an inland brook
Into the main of waters Music hark
NERISSA It is your music madam of the housePORTIA Nothing is good I see without respect
Methinks it sounds much sweeter than by day
NERISSA Silence bestows that virtue on it madam
(i) Where are Lorenzo and Jessica sitting What message have they received What are they doing
Lorenzo and Jessica are sitting in Portiarsquos house in Belmont They have just received the message informing them of the arrival of Portia and Bassanio separately They are waiting for their arrivals and enjoying the beauty of the moonlight night(ii) In which mood is Lorenzo found after Stephanorsquos departure
After Stephanorsquos departure Lorenzo reverts to his romantic mood He is carried away by the magic of the loveliness of the moonlight He draws Jessicarsquos attention and says that the moonlight is sleeping beautifully on the raised ground He says that they will sit there and enjoy the sweetness of the gentle
music which will shortly creep into their ears very softly(iii) Why has Lorenzo sent Stephano What kind of man is he who does not appreciate the sweet harmony of sounds
Lorenzo has sent Stephano to instruct the musicians to play soft music to welcome Portia home Lorenzo tells that the
tranquility and the beautiful night suit the sweet music Praising the ennobling (M lend greater dignity) effect of music Lorenzo tells Jessica that the person who has no music in him and does not appreciate the sweet harmony of sounds is a dangerous person and so should be watched very carefully(iv) Who are returning to Belmont What does Nerissa remark on seeing the light of the house
Portia and Nerissa are returning to Belmont after successfully conducting Antoniorsquos trial in Venice as the lawyer and the clerk respectively When they are near their home Nerissa seeing the light of the house remarks that they did not see this light of this candle when the moon was shining(v) What does Portia comment on Nerissarsquos observation Commenting on Nerissarsquos observation Portia says that the lesser glory becomes insignificant before the greater glory She adds that the kingrsquos representative assumes great splendor and authority when the king himself is not near But before the real king the substitute becomes devoid of all splendor and
authority as the big rivers lose their identity after emptying into the vast sea
SUBJECT PHYSICS [TOPIC FORCE]Answer the following questions ( ICSE questions of previous years from chapter FORCE)
1 Write the position of centre of mass for the following bodies(i) A circular ring (ii) A cylinder(iii) A hollow sphere (iv) A triangular lamina
2 Explain why screw drivers are provided with longer handles3 Compare the magnitude and direction of centripetal force and centrifugal force4 How does uniform circular motion differ from uniform linear motion5 Why is the motion of a body moving with a constant speed around a circular path is said to be
accelerated6 A brass ball is hanging from a cotton thread Draw a neat labeled diagram showing the force acting
on the brass ball and the cotton thread 7 Define moment of force Write the relationship between the SI and CGS unit of moment of force8 Define couple State the SI unit of moment of couple9 A uniform half meter scale balanced horizontally on a knife edge at 29 cm mark when a weight of 20
gmf is suspended from one end(i) Draw the diagram of the arrangementWhat is the weight of the half meter rule
ECO-10 250620 Topic-Supply Analysis
MEANING OF SUPPLYSupply a commodity by a firm or seller may be defined as the quantity of a commodity that a firm or seller offers for sale at a given price during a given time period But the actual sale of the commodity may be different from its supply For example a farmer (produced of wheat) is willing to sell 50 quintals of wheat at a price of ` 15 per kg but he is able to sell only 30 quintals at this price So this case the supply of wheat is 50 quintals but the actual sale is 30 quintals So these two concepts should not be confused with each other Like demand supply also has three elements The definition of supply include (i) the quantity of the commodity that a firm is willing to supply (ii) the price at which it is willing to supply that quantity and (iii) the time period during which it is willing to supply that quantity
FACTORS DETERMINING SUPPLY OR DETERMINANTS OF SUPPLY OF A GOOD
The main determinant of supply is the price of the commodity But the cost of production of a commodity is an important factor in determining profit maximized on output of a firm The cost of production depends on the prices of various inputs like raw material wages of workers interest of capital rent of building etc The supply of a commodity also depends on the technology used in the production of the commodity and many other factors The main factors determining supply of a commodity are(i) Price of the commodity(ii) Price of other related good(iii) Price of inputsfactors(iv) Taxation policy of government(v) Objective of the firm(i) Price of the commodity Other factors determining supply remaining constant there is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity It means the quantity supplied of a commodity increases with rise in price and decreases with fall in price of the commodity More quantity of a commodity is supplied at a higher price and less quantity is supplied at a lower price For example a seller of tomatoes is willing to sell 100 kgs of tomatoes at a price of ` 40 per keg and only 50 kgs at a price of ` 20 per kg Due to this direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity the supply curve has a positive slope Supply curve is upward sloping to the right(ii) Price of other related goods Supply of a commodity is also influenced by the change in the price of other related goods With the help of given resources we can produce several goods by using the same technology This helps the firm to diversify and tide over fluctuations in demand For example a farmer can produce either pulses or food grains by using the resources If the price of pulses increases it becomes more profitable for him to make more production of pulses So he will divert some resources from the production of food grains to the production of pulses The production of pulses will increase and that of food grains will decrease So the supply of pulses will increase if the price of pulses increases and the supply of food grain will decrease at the same price reverse will happen if the price of food grains increases(iii) Price of inputsfactors Change in the price of inputs like raw material wage rent or interest also influences the supply of a commodity For example in the production of cloth cotton is the main raw material If the price of cotton increases the cost of production of cloth will increase At the same price the margin of profit will decrease So the producer will decrease the supply of cloth at the same price On the other hand if the price of cotton falls the cost of production per unit of cloth will decrease and hence the supply of cloth will increase The price of other inputs will also influence the supply of a good in the same manner(iv) Technology of production an improvement in the technology of production of a commodity decreases the per unit cost of the commodity The margin of profit will increase at the same price So the supply of a commodity will increase with improvement in technology of production at the same price On the other hand if a firm uses absolute technology of production the cost of production per unit of the commodity will increase The margin of profit will decrease so the firm will decrease its supply at the same price This is the main reason that the firms are trying to use better technology of production because it not only reduces the cost of production per unit but also improves the quality of the product(v) Taxation policy of government If the government reduces the excise duty or the production of a commodity the cost of production per unit of the commodity will decrease the margin of profit will increase at the same price so the producer of the commodity will increase its supply It happens when the government wants to increase the production of the commodity On the other hand to discourage the production of some harmful goods like cigarettes liquor etc the government increases the rate of excise duty on the production of such goods So the cost of production per unit of the commodity increases and the supply of such commodities decreases(vi) Objective of the firm The objective of the producer also influences the supply of a commodity Generally the objective of a producer is get maximize his profits Profits are maximized at a higher price So he increases the supply of a commodity at a higher price and decreases its supply at a lower price But sometimes the producer may be in maximizing his sales and not in maximizing his profits as he wants to capture the market In that case he goes on increasing the supply so long his target is not achieved can profit is not adversely affected He may increase the supply at the same price to any extent
SUPPLY FUNCTION
When the relationship between quantity supplied and the determinants of supplied is expressed mathematically in an equation it is called a supply function So a supply function can be expressed asSn = f(Pn Pr Pf T Tr G)where Sn = Supply of commodity nPn = Price of the commodity nPr = Price of other related goodsPf = Price of inputsfactors
T = Technology of productionTr = Government policy or tax rateG = Goal or objective of the producer
Typically supply function shows the relationship between price and quantity supplied keeping all other determinants of supply as constant It shows the amount of a good that a seller supplies at different levels of price
LAW OF SUPPLYThe law of supply depicts the relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity when all other determinants of supply remain constant This law states that there is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity other factors determining supply remaining constant It means quantity supplied of a commodity increases with increase in price and decreases with decrease in price
Assumptions of the law of supplyThe phrase other determinants of supply remaining constant in the law of supply shows the assumptions of the law of supply The mains factors which influence the supply of a commodity one price of the commodity price of other related goods price of inputs technology of production taxation policy of the government and objective of the firm etc The law of supply is based on the assumptions that all these factors determining supply except price of the commodity should remain constant The following are the main assumptions of the law of supply(i) Price of other related goods should remain the same(ii) There should be no change in the price of inputs (factors)(iii) Technology of production should not change(iv) There is no change in the taxation policy of the government(v) Objective of the firm should not changeThe law of supply is based on the assumptions that the supply of commodity changes only due to change in price when all other determinant of supply remain constantClass XISubject Topic Summary Execution EVS Chapter-2
Ecology Answer the following questions briefly Q Draw a neat labeled diagram of carbon cycleAnsndash
Mathematics Principle of Mathematical Induction
1) What is statement Ans A sentence which may be true or false is called statement eg i) 5 is greater than 3 ii) New Delhi is the capital of India iii) 5 divides 7 These all are statements We see that statement (i) amp (ii) are true but (iii) is false 2 What is Mathematical StatementAns Statement involving mathematical relations are called mathematical statement We shall use mathematical statement in principle of
Example If n be a positive integer show that n(n+1) is an even positive integer Solution Let P(n) be the statement n(n+1) is an even positive integer Then (i) P(1) is the statement 1(1+1) ie 2 is an even positive integer Therefore P(1) is true (ii) If P(m) is true for some positive integer m then m(m+1) is an even integer Now (m+1) [(m+1)+1]=(m+1)sup2+ (m+1) =msup2+2m+1+m+1=msup2+m+2m+2=m(m+1) +2(m+1) = an even integer + an even positive integer [Since P(m) is true and 2(m+1) is an even
mathematical induction 3 What is the use of Principle of mathematical inductionAns Sometimes it is difficult to prove a statement theorem or a formula by direct method In this case we use an indirect method known as the Principle of mathematical induction There are two steps in this processSTEP 1 Varify that the statement or formula is true for one or two particular values of n say for n=1 2STEP 2 Assuming that the statement or formula is true for n=m where m is any positive integer show that it is true for n=m+1Conclusion Since the statement is true for n=2 it is true for n=2+1 that is 3 and since it is true for n=3 it is true for n=3 + 1 that is 4 and so on Hence the statement or formula is true for all positive integral values of n
positive integer]= an even positive integer Therefore P(m+1) is true when P(m) is true Therefore By the principle of Mathematical Induction P(n) is true for all positive integral values of n Hence n(n+1) is an even positive integer
Hindi 2ndlang एक फल की चाह 5 दख रहा था जस सो सथिर हो नही बठती थी कषण भर हाय ही चपचाप पडी थी अटल शागित शी धारण कर सनना यही चाहता था म उस सय ही
उकसा करमझको दी क परसाद का एक फल ही दो लाकर
शबदाथ ससथिर - परी तरह ठहरी हई अटल- पकका
उकसाकर - पररणा दकर
वयाखयाndash उपय[ पलि[यो म कगि सखिखया की ददशा का णन कर रहा ह जो उनक गिपता दवारा वय[ गिकया या ह अपनी बटी सखिखया कीददशा का
गितरण करत हए गिपता कहता ह गिक म अपनी आखो क सामन दख रहा था गिक मरी बटी जो पल भर क लिलए दिटककर नही बठती थी ह अब सथिर शात मरतित की तरह पढी थी अब म ह बार- बार इस बात क लिलए पररिरत कर रहा
था गिक ह मझ गिफर स ही शबद कह गिपताजी मझ दी क परसाद का एक फल लाकर दो
6 ऊच शल लिशखर क ऊपर मदिदर था गिसतीणर गिशाल सण कलशसरलिसज गिहलिसत थ पाकरसमदिदत रगि कर जाल दीप धल स अचछदिदत था मदिदर का
आन सारा ज रही थी भीतर बाहर मखरिरत उतस की धारा
शबदाथ - शल लिशखर- पहाड की ऊची चोटी
सतीणर - फला हआ
सण कलश - कमल क समान सदर सोन का कलश मखरिरत - परकट समदिदत - अचछी परकार खिखला हआ रगि कर जाल - सय की गिकरणो का समह
वयाखया- परसतत पलि[या म कगि न मदिदर की सदरता का णन गिकया ह कहत ह गिक मझ पहाड की चोटी पर एक गिलिशषट और गिशालमश था उसक
सोन क कलश सय की गिकरणो म चमकत हए ऐस परतीत हो रह थ जस सय की खिखली हईगिकरणो क ाा सपशपाकर सनहर कमल खिखल उठ हो मदिदर का
आन धप दीप की सध स भरा हआ था मदिदर क अदर और बाहर मनाए जा रह उसकी परसननता की ज सनाई द रही थी
Bengali (2nd language)
কোনি মনি নদী পরথম অধযোয়
হি_তীয় হিদরণে3র পাঠ-
হিবষটবাব গলাকটির কায় গররণে কা বলরণেত পাররণে0 3া শধ গচাখ হিদরণেয় রা পরকাশ করহি0ল কা বলরণেত বলরণেত গলাকটি পাঞজাহিব লহিn খরণেল জ কররণেত শর করল তাই গদরণেখ হিবষটবাব ত2মভ রণেয় গল চাটি ারার 2হিnরণেত গলাকটি হিবষটবাবর হিদরণেক এরণোরণেল হিতহি3 াা 3ীচ করণের 3াহিরণেয় গ33 হিদ গলাকটি হিবষটবাবরণেক চাটিরণেয় ায় তারণেল হিতহি3 তাাতাহিউরণেঠ গলাকটিরণেক ধররণেত পাররণেব3 3া কার তার শরীরণেরর ওজরণে3র জ3য এই শরণে3 হিবষটবাব বরণে3া গারণেষর ত গতরণেZরণে উরণেঠ দাাল তারণেত গলাকটি দাহিরণেয় শরীরটারণেক একট দহিলরণেয় হি3ল এই সব শরণে3 হিবষট ধর চপ করণের রইল শধ lsquoগঘাৎrsquo করণের একটা শবদ করল গলাকটি হিসহি হিদরণেয় ওঠা3াা কররণে0 গদরণেখ হিবষটবাব খাহি3কটা হিদরণেশারা রণেয় গলহিবষটবাবর গচারণেখ রারণের বদরণেল এখ3 গকৌতল হিতহি3 বরণেল3 ldquoখাওায় আার গলা2 গ3ই Uায়টিং কহিরrdquo হিকনত হিতহি3 কতটা Uায়টিং করণের তা তার শরীর আর খাবারণেরর তাহিলকা গদরণেখ গলাকটি বরণে= গল গলাকটি এহিরণেয় হিরণেয় হিবষটবাবর 2হিরণেত াত বহিলরণেয় হিদরণেল গস আরা অ32ব করণের3 এবং হিপহি0রণেয় া3 গলাকটি হিবষটবাবর সারণে3 তার শরীরণেরর কসরত পরদশ3 কররণেল হিবষটবাব রণে3 রণে3 হিব হিব করণের বরণেল3 হিতহি3ও গরাা রণেত চা3 গসই হরণেত nা গরণেক আবার হিচৎকার গ2রণেস আরণেস lsquoগকা হি3 গকা হি3rsquo
ldquoকী রক Uায়টিংrdquo-ক)বকতা গককারণেক বলরণে0খ)Uায়টিং কার অ কী ) Uায়টিং করা বযহিকতর গচারার ব3া দাও ঘ) তার Uায়টিং এর ব3া দাও
উঃ- ক) আরণেলাচয অংশটি হিত3ltীর গলখা lsquoগকাহি3rsquo উপ3যাস গরণেক গ3ওয়া রণেয়রণে0 আরণেলাচয কাটি বকতা রণেল3 সাদা লহিnপরা ারণেয় গরয়া পাঞজাহিব ও কারণেধ রহিn3 বযা ওয়ালা হিiহিতশ হিসং হিতহি3 কাটি বরণেলরণে03 হিবষট ধররণেকখ) Uারণেয়টিং কার অ ল পহিরহিত খাদয গর অাৎ খাদয তাহিলকায় সসত খারণেদযর গ3াগ3 বজায় গররণেখ খাদয গর) হিবষট ধরণেরর গচারা হিবশাল ওজ3 পরায় হিত3 গদখরণেত জলহিসতর রণেতা সারা শরীরণের চহিব ল ল কররণে0 বয়স পরায় চহিশ হিবশাল 2হি উপ রণেয় শরণেল হিচৎ রণেত পারণের3া গকউ গঠরণেল হিদরণেল হিচৎ রণেত পারণের তারণেক কায় নধ াদ3 পবরণেতর সরণেn তল3া করা য়ঘ) হিবষট ধর গকৌতলী রণেয় বরণেল তার খাওয়ার গকা3 গলা2 গ3ই গস Uায়টিং করণের আরণে গস আধ হিকরণেলা হিiর গখত এখ3 গস হিত3রণেশা গরা হিiর খায় জল খাবারণের কহিটা লহিচ গখত এখ3 পরণে3রণেরাটা লহিচ খায় আাইরণেশা গরা চারণেলর 2াত খায় হিঘ খাওয়া গ0রণে হিদরণেয়রণে0 রারণেত াতর বারণেরাটা রটি খায় হিবরণেকরণেল দ-গলাস হি0হিরর জল সরণেn চাররণেট কা পারণেকর সরণেltশ বাহিরণেত রাধাকষণ আরণে0 বরণেল হিবষট ধর া0 াংস খায়3া আর তারণেত তার গকা3 গলা2 লালসা গ3ই
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 276 to 313 (Sebastian helliphellipIt struck mine ear most terribly)[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]
Summary Questions amp AnswersConspiracy of Antonio and Sebastian
o Antonio further suggests murder of Alonso and eventually Sebastian agrees
o They draw their swords and proceed to murder Alonso and Gonzalo who are sleeping
(1) (Act II Sc 2 L 277-291)ANTONIO Ay sir where lies that If rsquotwere a kibe
rsquoTwould put me to my slipper but I feel notThis deity in my bosom Twenty consciencesThat stand rsquotwixt me and Milan candied be they And melt ere they molest Here lies your brotherNo better than the earth he lies uponIf he were that which now hes likemdashthats deadWhom I with this obedient steel three inches of itCan lay to bed for ever (whiles you doing thus
o As they approach Ariel appears again and wakes up Gonzalo by singing a tune in his ear Alonso also wakes up and they see both Sebastian and Antonio with drawn swords On being caught off guard they make up a story saying that they had heard a bellowing of bulls or lions
IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED
(Act II Sc 1 L 277-281)ANTONIOAy sir where lies that If rsquotwere a kibersquoTwould put me to my slipper but I feel notThis deity in my bosom Twenty consciencesThat stand rsquotwixt me and Milan candied be they And melt ere they molest
In these lines Antonio speaks how he is a conscienceless villain In inciting Sebastian to the kingship of Naples by murdering his brother he quotes his own example He too had banished his brother and made himself the Duke of Milan This kingship now sits upon him like a well fittinggarment So will be the case of Sebastian Sebastian then questions Antonio if this foul deed did not prick his conscience To this Antonio replies like a hardened villain He laughs at the word lsquoconsciencersquo and says that he has never heard of anything like conscience A guilty conscience gave him no more pain that is chilblain (M a painful itching and swelling on hand and foot caused by exposure to extreme cold) A man can get rid of the pain of chilblain by wearing slippers instead of shoes so does Antonio get rid of the qualms (M an uneasy feeling of doubt worry or fear especially about onersquos conduct) of conscience very easily Even if he were troubled by twenty consciences that barred his way to the throne of Milan however frozen they might be he would melt them into insensibility before they could cause him to twinge
To the perpetual wink of aye might putThis ancient morsel this Sir Prudence whoShould not upbraid our course) - for all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour
(i) To whom does Antonio speak these lines Who is referred to as lsquoyour brotherrsquo What does Antonio mean by saying lsquoNo better than the earth he lies uponrsquo
These lines are spoken by Antonio to Sebastian King Alonso is referred to as Sebastianrsquos brother Indicating towards Alonso who is lying asleep on the ground Antonio tells Sebastian that here sleeps his brother and at this time he is no better than a clod of the earth on which he lies asleep Antonio means to say that if he were actually to become what he looks like he would be a dead body(ii) According to Antonio what would he do if he were at the place of Sebastian
Antonio says that if he were in the position of Sebastian he would not care even for twenty consciences in order to win the kingship of Naples He would rather forget all his consciences if they happen to trouble him at all (iii) What does Antonio suggest to Sebastian What does Antonio assure him
Antonio suggests to Sebastian that in a moment Sebastian can put to death Gonzalo who pretends to be a very wise man and who on that account rebukes others (particularly Antonio and Sebastian) whereas he (Antonio) himself can put Alonso to death with only three inches of his willing sword Antonio further assures Sebastian that by killing both of them there will be none left to oppose him and in this way every obstacle in his way will be removed
(iv) Explain the lines lsquofor all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hourrsquo
In other words Antonio says that even if he were endowed with a stiff conscience he could easily relax or soften it for the execution of his purpose Then Antonio suggests that conscience should be no hindrance to a manrsquos future greatness
Comments These are terrible words coming from the mouth of a villain of the worst type He is utterly devoid of conscience or remorse He is an utter atheist of human virtue He speaks of conscience as a deity that he does not feel in his bosom
According to Antonio so far as the other lords (Adrian Francisco and others) are concerned they need not be murdered because they would obey the orders of Antonio and Sebastian as willingly and readily as cat licks milk These other lords would endorse and support everything that Sebastian and Antonio may say or suggest These other lords would adjust their views in accordance with the wishes of Antonio and Sebastian and they would regard all proposals made by Antonio and Sebastian as being opportune and also as being acceptable(v) What opinion do you form of Antonio from the above speech
The speech given above shows Antonio to be an absolutely unscrupulous man After saying that he does not believe in any such faculty as the conscience he suggests to Sebastian to
(Act II Sc 1 L 285-291)ANTONIOhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (whiles you doing thus To the perpetual wink of aye might putThis ancient morsel this Sir Prudence whoShould not upbraid our course) - for all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour
Antonio has convinced Sebastian that he has made himself Duke of Milan by a crime for which he has felt no pricks of conscience In these lines Antonio tells Sebastian that now that the chance has presented itself to him he should take it and be King of Naples So far as Alonso is concerned Antonio agrees to undertake the task of killing him by sticking only three inches of his sharp dagger Making a thrust in the air with his sword he tells Sebastian that by a similar method he can put to sleep forever Gonzalo ndash the old piece of flesh already rotten ndash this piece of antiquity ndash this ldquoSir Prudencerdquo who is never tired of reading his moral lectures to them If ldquoProfessor Wisdomrdquo is got rid of he will not be able to denounce their action as he would surely do if they did not dispatch him as well As for the rest of the kingrsquos counselors (Adrian and Francisco) it is their nature to adopt any statements and views which are placed before them just as it is the nature of a cat to lap milk Antonio assures Sebastian that ldquothese othersrdquo will back them up in whatever they say or do that they will count the strokes of the clock exactly as they bid them not according to the real time but according to the time that is right for their business Hence only two persons Alonso and Gonzalo are required to be removed to fulfill their ambition
murder Gonzalo at the very time when he (Antonio) stabs Alonso to death And yet this brutal man has a fertile wit also He can talk in a persuasive manner and also in a sarcastic and satirical manner He knows human nature thoroughly and he understands that Gonzalo is loyal to Alonso while the other lords are only sycophants who can easily be won over to Sebastianrsquos side after Alonso has been assassinated
(2) (Act II Sc 1 291-296)SEBASTIAN Thy case dear friend
Shall be my precedent as thou gotst MilanIll come by Naples Draw thy swordmdashone strokeShall free thee from the tribute which thou payest And I the King shall love thee
ANTONIO Draw together And when I rear my hand do you the likeTo fall it on Gonzalo
(i) Explain the situation and introduce the persons engaged in conversation
After the supposed shipwreck King Alonso with his lords his brother Sebastian and Antonio the Duke of Milan land on a strange island Prince Ferdinand is feared to be drowned While the King and others have fallen asleep after exertions of the day and Ariel with his sweet music acting as a catalyst Antonio and Sebastian are awake They have hatched a conspiracy to kill King Alonso and his loyal lord Gonzalo Then Sebastian will become King of NaplesIn these lines Antonio and Sebastian are engaged in conversation They are just ready to execute their plan to attack King Alonso and Gonzalo simultaneously(ii) Antoniorsquos case shall become Sebastianrsquos precedent What has been Antoniorsquos case
Antonio proved treacherous towards his brother Prospero who was the Duke of Milan Since Prospero spent his time in his scholarly pursuits he had delegated his powers to his younger brother Antonio to administer the dukedom Antonio grew ambitious He overthrew his brother and expelled him from his own dukedom In his place Antonio became the Duke of Milan which he continues to be now His case urges Sebastian to do the same(iii) How is Sebastian going to follow Antonio
Sebastian is going to take Antoniorsquos case as his precedent He is convinced that if Antonio could usurp the dukedom from his living brother Sebastian could become the King of Naples by killing his sleeping brother(iv) What will one stroke of Antoniorsquos sword do What will Sebastian do to reward Antonio
Sebastian asks Antonio to put an end to Alonsorsquos life with one stroke of his sword The same stroke will earn for him a reward Sebastian will become the King of Naples and he will exempt Antonio from paying the annual tribute to Naples The dukedom of Milan is a tributary to the kingdom of Naples Its Duke has to pay tribute to the King every year When Sebastian takes over as the King he will give a benefit to his friend who is helping him to realize his ambition
(v) What is Antoniorsquos suggestion
Antonio suggests that they may draw their swords together When he raises his hand to attack Alonso Sebastian should raise his sword to bring it down on Gonzalo
ACCOUNTS-11 25062020 Topic- depreciation ndashSTRAIGHT LINE METHOD
Illustration Salman and Usman Bros acquired a machine on July 1 2014 at a cost of Rs 70000 and spent Rs5000 on its installation The firm writes off depreciation 10 on straight line method The books are closed on December 31 every year Show the machinery and depreciation account for three years
Solution Machinery Account
Date Particulars LF amount Date Particulars LF` Amount ( Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014July 01 To Bank Ac 70000 Dec 31 Dec By Depreciation Ac 3750
(70000 x10x612)
July 01 To Bank Ac 5000 Dec31 By Balance cd 71250
75000 75000
2015 2015Jan 01 To Balance bd 71250 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 x10 ) Dec31 By Balance cd 63750
71250 71250
2016 2016Jan 01 To Balance bd 63750 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 (75000 x10 ) Dec 31 By Balance cd 56250
63750 63750
Depreciation Account
Date Particulars LF Amount Date Particulars LF Amount (Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 3750 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 3750
2015 2015
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
2016 2016
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
WORKING
Cost of Machine RS70000Cost of Installation Rs 5000
Total 75000
Rate of Depreciation 10
Then annual depreciation will be 10 of Rs 75000 = Rs 7500
Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution Geography DRIANAGE THE PENINSULAR RIVERS
1 The Mahanadi2 The Godavari3 The Krishna4 The Kaveri5 The Subarnarekha6 The Narmada7 The Tapi8 The Sabarmati and the Mahi9 The Chambal
The Mahanadi Basin The Mahanadi rises from Dandakaranya
Q1 Which is the largest river of peninsular plateau Write a brief note about its courseA1 The largest river of peninsular plateau is Godavari The river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has
near Sihawa in Raipur district in the highlands of Chhattisgarhand flows through Odisha to reach the Bay of BengalThe length of the river is about 857 kmIts drainagebasin is shared by Maharashtra Chhattisgarh Jharkhandand Odisha
THE MAHANADI RIVER SYSTEM
The GodavariThe river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
THE GODAVARI RIVER SYSTEM
many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
Q2 Which river is known as Dakshin GangaA2 The Godavari river is known as lsquoDakshin Gangarsquo It is also known as Vridha Ganga
Q3 Differentiate between east-flowing rivers and west-flowing riversA3
East-flowing rivers
West-flowing rivers
Godavari Krishna Kaveri Mahanadi are the east-flowing rivers
Narmada Tapiwest-flowing rivers
They fall into the Bay of Bengal
They fall into Arabian Sea
These rivers form big deltas
These rivers form comparativelysmall deltas
Catchment area of these river are larger
Catchment area of these river are smaller
The KrishnaThe Krishna river rises from the Western Ghatsnear Mahabaleshwar It flows into the Bay of Bengalbefore forming a large delta Its length is about1400 km The Tungabhadra Koyana Ghatprabha Musi and Bhima are some of its tributariesIt has covers parts of Maharashtra Karnataka and AndhraPradesh
THE KRISHNA RIVER SYSTEM
The KaveriIt rises in the Brahmagiri range of the Western Ghats and flows into the Bay ofBengal Southof Cuddalore in Tamil Nadu The length of the river is about 760 km Its main tributaries are the Amravati Bhavani Hemavati and Kabini The Kaveri drains inthe parts of Karnataka Kerala and drains in Tamil Nadu The river Kaveri makes the second biggest waterfall in India known as Sivasamudram
POLITICAL SCIENCE
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
MEANING OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS-Fundamental rights are those rights which are essential for intellectual moral and spiritual development of citizens of India As these rights are fundamental or essential for existence and all-round development of individuals hence they are called Fundamental rights These are enshrined in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India These include individual rights common to most such as equality before the law freedom of speech and freedom of expression religious and cultural freedom Freedom of assembly (peaceful assembly) freedom of religion (freedom to practice religion) right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writsThere are six fundamental rights recognized by the Indian constitution
1 Right to equality (Articles 14-18)2 Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22)3 Right Against exploitation (Articles 23-24)4 Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25- 28)5 Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29-30) and6 Right to Constitutional remedies (Articles 32-35)
1 The right to equality includes equality before the law the prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion race caste gender or place of birth equality of opportunity in matters of employment the abolition of untouchability and abolition of titles
2 The right to freedom includes freedom of speech and expression association or union or cooperatives movement residence and right to practice any profession or occupation
3 The right against exploitation prohibits all forms of forced labour child labour and trafficking of human beings
4 The right to freedom of religion includes freedom of conscience and free profession practice and propagation of religion freedom to manage religious affairs freedom from certain taxes and freedom from religious instructions in certain educational institutes
5 The Cultural and educational Rights preserve the right of any section of citizens to conserve their culture language or script and right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice
6 The right to constitutional remedies is present for enforcement of fundamental rightsThe right to privacy is an intrinsic part of Article 21 (the Right to Freedom) that protects the life and liberty of the citizens The right to privacy is the newest right assured by the Supreme court of India It assures the peoples data and personal security
Fundamental rights for Indians have also been aimed at overturning the inequalities of pre-independence social practices Specifically they have also been used to abolish untouchability and thus prohibit discrimination on the grounds of religion race caste sex or place of birth They also forbid trafficking of human beings and forced labour (a crime) They also protect cultural and educational rights of religious and linguistic minorities by allowing them to preserve their languages and also establish and administer their own education institutions They are covered in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India
Mathematics
Relation Study Item Types of RelationToday class xii students we will discuss about the types of RelationsFirst we discuss Void RelationWhat is Void RelationAns Let A be a non-empty set Then φ A A and so it is a relation R on set A Thissube ⨯ relation is called the void or empty relation on set ANow from the above definition we came to know that no element of A is related to any element of AHere A A is called Cartesian product⨯
is the symbol of subsetsubeAnd φ is called phi and refer to void or empty relationNow I give an example to understand the above said relationLet A = 1 2 3 4Here A A =(11)(12)(13)(14)(21)(22)(23)(24)(31)(32)(33)(34)(41)⨯(42)(43)(44)Now we consider R is a relation which is defined by R=(ab) a+b= 50We notice that a+b 50 for any two elements of AnotinTherefore (ab) R for any ab A is called belong to and is not belong tonotin isin isin notinTherefore we can say R does not contain any element of A A⨯Therefore R is empty set Therefore we can say that R is the void or empty relation on AWhat is universal RelationAns Let A is a set Then A A A A and so it is a relation on A This relation is called⨯ sube ⨯ the universal relation on ANow from the above definition we can say that each element of A is related to every element of ANow we consider the relation R on the set A =1 234 defined by R = (ab) R |a -b|isin
0≽We observe that|a - b | 0 for all ab A≽ isin
(ab) R for all (ab) A ArArr isin isin ⨯ Each element of set A is related to set A every element of set ArArr
Therefore we write R= AxATherefore we can say R is universal relation on set ANote we can say that void relation is smallest relation and the universal relation is largest relationSometime both void relation and universal relation is called trivial relationWhat is identity relationAns Let A is a non-empty set Then the relation R or IA = (aa) a A on A is called theisin identity relation on A Therefore from the above definition we can say that every element of A is related to itself only
Example Let A = 1234 then Ror IA = (11)(22)(33)(44) is the identity relation on set ANow I give you another example R1 = (11)(22)(33) and R2 = (11)(22)(33)(44)(24)From the above example we can say that R1 and R2 are not identify relation Because in the case of R1 (44)R1 and on the other hand R2 where element 2 is related to elements 2 and 4
Hindi 2ndlang
भलि[ (महादी मा)
भलि[ कहानी की लखिखका महादी मा न इस कहानी म यह दशान का परयास गिकया ह गिक आजकल क जमान म भी लो सक बन कर गिनसाथ सा करत ह ह
गिबना तन लिसा करत ह और उसक बदल ना कछ मात ह और ना ही कोई आशा करत ह नौकर सा करक तन चाहता ह और ह भी कई सगिधाओ की आशा करता ह पर सक सदा गिनजी साथ भा स सा म सलगन रह कर काम करता ह भलि[ कहानी की मखय पातर लकषमी ह जिजस भलि[ नाम लखिखका न दिदया ह ह गिकसी
ोपाल काकी कनया ह पाच रष की आय म उसकी गि माता न ौना ही कर दिदया कहानी म भलि[ क दखो का अत नही ह गिफर भी ह बडी साहसी धयान और परिरशरमी ह कदिठनाइयो स जझ ती ह पहल गिपता की मतय गिफर पगित की मतय और
गिफर घर जमाई की मतय होती ह उस साहसी मगिहला न साहस नही छोडा और तीनो पतरी ओक हाथ पील गिकए लाना द पान क कारण उसका जमीदार न अपमान गिकया गिफरकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहचीकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहची शहर पहच करा लखिखका की सगिका बनी ही पर उसका नाम भलि[ पडा ह एक भ[ की तरह अपन सामिमनी की इमानदारी स सा करती और तन का जिजकर भी नही करती ह लखिखका क घर पाठशाला आदिद को अचछी तरह स सभालती पढी-
लिलखी ना होकर भी ह लखिखका की बहत सा ए सहायता करती ह लखिखका का साया बनकर चलती लखिखका की सा करना उसक जीन का उददशय ह ह
लखिखका की खशी क लिलए ही काय करती ह ह लखिखका को दखी नही दख सकती लखिखका पर भलि[ का इतना परभा पडा गिक ह सय दहाती बन ई
यदध क दिदनो म ह अपन परिरार क साथ रहन की अपकषा लखिखका क साथ रहना पसद करती थी यदध क भत न जब ीटा क ान पर पलायन गित जा दी तो
भलि[ न न लखिखका को अपन ा ल जान का अनरोध करन ली लखिखका को डर ह गिक यदिद उसक गिदा होन क अगितम छठा ए तो ह दहातीन दधा कया कर ी
इस परकार हम दखत ह गिक लखिखका न सामिमनी और सगिका क ण बरसात हए सक धम पर परकाश डाला ह और लखिखका न एक आदश सगिका क रप को सदर
रप स परसतत गिकया हBengali আদাব পরশন) ldquoশরণের ১৪৪ ধারা আর কারহিZউ অU ার জারী রণেয়রণে0ldquo
ক) কার গলখা গকা3 রচ3ার অংশ খ)গকাায় গক3 ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়রণে0 )১৪৪ ধারা কী এর Zরণেল কী য়
উততর) ক)আরণেলাচ য অংশটি সরণেরশ বসর রহিচত lsquoআদাবlsquo গ0াট রণেলপর অংশ
খ) বাংলারণেদরণেশর ঢাকা শরণের ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়হি0ল সামপরদাহিয়ক াnাা ও দাnা পরহিতরণেরারণেধর জ3 য হিlt সলা3রণেদর গ3তারণেদর সামপরদাহিয়ক উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা বারণেধ উ2য় সমপরদায় 2ীত রণেয় ঘর বহিlt রণেয় পরণে পরসপর পরসপররণেক সরণেltরণের গচারণেখ গদরণেখ গকউ কাউরণেক আরণের রণেতা হিবশবাস কররণেত পারণের3া হিক0 া3রণেষর উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা য় ার পহির3া অরণেতক রকত iয় ও ত য
) ১৪৪ ধারা আইরণে3র এ3 একটা ধারা ার _ারা এলাকা হি3হিদ ষট করণের গদওয়া য় গসই এলাকার রণেধ য গবহিশ া3রণেষর জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় হিহি0ল জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় আই3 2nকারীরণেক গহিলর হি3রণেদশ জাহির করা য় তাই সাধার3 া3ষ আর বাইরণের গবর রণেত পারণের3া পরারণে3র 2রণেয় বহিlt রণেয় ারণেক এর Zল য় সাংঘাহিতক গদাকা3 পাট বনধ ারণেক
হিজহি3স পতর অহিল য় রাসতা ঘাট জ3 শ3 য রণেয় ায় লরণেঠরা তারণেদর লঠত রাজ চাহিলরণেয় হি3রণেজরণেদর আরণেখর গহি0রণেয় গ3য় া3ষরণেক 2ীহিতর হিব2ীহিষহিক গরাস করণের ঘরণেরর া3রণেষর ইkা াকরণেলও ঘরণের হিZররণেত পারণের3া হিZররণেত হিরণেয় বltরণেকর গহিলরণেত পরা3 ারায়
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today we will discuss about Types of Leaves
An organization provides several kinds of leaves to the employees These days employees working both in government and private sector are allowed several types of leaves Following are the leaves achieved by the employees from their organization
Casual LeaveChild care leave -HospitalLeaveSpecial disability leaveChild Adoption leaveEarned LeavesHalf pay leaveMaternity leavePaternityleaveStudy leave
1 Casual Leave- Casual leave is not a recognised form of leaves and is not subject to any rules made by the government of India And official on casual leave is not treated as Absent from duty and pay is not intimated Normally 8 days of casual leave is permissible in a calendar year
2 Child care leave - Women employees having minor children may be granted child care leave by an authority competent to grant leave for a maximum period of 730 days means two years during their entire service for taking care of up to two children weather for sharing or to look after any of their names like examination sickness it is a
3HospitalLeave - Hospital leave is admissible to group C employees whose duties involved handling of dangerous machinery explosive materials poisonous drugs and performance of hazardous task and to group D employees Medical certificate from an authorised medical attendant is necessary for the grant of these leave However total period of
leave does not exceed 28 months4Special disability leave- Special
disability leave admissible to all employees when disabled by injury intentionally or accidentally inflicted are caused in law in consequence of the due performance of official duties or in consequence of official position It also it is also add miscible when disabled by illness incurred in the performance of any particular duty which has the effect of increasing laboratory to illness or injury beyond the ordinary least attaching to the Civil post held and the same condition
5Child Adoption leave- This leave is granted to female Employees with fewer than two surviving children on valid adoption of a child below the age of one year for a period of 135 days immediately after the date of valid adoption Leave salary will be equal to the pain immediately before processing on leave
6Earned Leaves- This leave is earned by duty The credit for earned leave will be awarded at a rate of 15 days on the 1st of January and 1st of July every year It can be accumulated up to 300 days in addition to the number of days for which encashment has been allowed along with LTC
7 Half pay leave -All government servant are entitled to 20 days of HPL half pay leave for every completed year of service Half pay leave is calculated at 20 days for each completed year of service The service includes periods of duty and leave including extra ordinary leave with or without MC (medical certificate)
8 Maternity leave -Maternity leave is granted to women Government employees full stop it is as possible only to Employees with less than 2 surviving children The maternity leave is not debited to leave account and full pay is granted It cannot be combined with any other the leaves and count as service for increment and pension
9 PaternityleaveA male employee with less than 2 surviving children may be granted paternity leave for a period of 15 days during the confinement of
his wife During the period of such leaves he shall be paid leave salary equal to the pay drawn immediately before proceeding on leave
10 Study leave-Study leave may be granted to all Government Employees with not less than 5 years service for undergoing a special course consisting of higher studies are specialised training in a professional or technical subject having a direct and close connection with the sphere of his duties as a Civil Servant
Commerce
Chapter-5Management
Let us today discuss about the nature of Management
Nature of management Management is defined as
An art A science A profession
Management is defined as an art because of the following reasons
1 In art there is an existence of theoretical knowledge Similarly in management various theories are propounded by management thinkers in various areas of management like finance marketing human resources etc
2 Every manager apply his or her personal skills and knowledge in the day to day functioning of an enterprise
3 Like an art management is creative as it provides solutions to Complex problems making resources productive and profitable moulding the attitudes of people for the betterment of an organisation
Management is is considered as science because of the following reasons
1 Like science there is a systemised body of knowledge in management consisting of theories principles vocabulary and concept
2 Principles of management are evolved after continuous observations and experimentation
Management both as Science and ArtManagement is both a science and an art It is a science because it uses certain principles and is an art because it requires continuous practice and application of personal skillsManagement as a profession Following points highlight whether management is a profession or not1 Like profession management has well
defined body of knowledge It has its own principles which are based on experiments One can acquire such
knowledge by pursuing courses like MBA BBA etc and acquire managerial skills through instruction and training
2 In management no such restriction is there for managers to clear an examination for hold a degree However these days more and more people are appointed for managerial post who opposes management degrees
3 Membership to a professional Association like AIMA is not mandatory for managers All managers directly or indirectly work for the development of society
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Essay Questions (EQ-2)
Question No 2Sketch the character of Prospero Would you call him perfect
AnswerProspero in The Tempest appears to be an intensely human being with human failings and weaknesses With all his excellence Prospero is made to awaken our sympathy for a natural imperfection Prosperorsquos Previous HistoryIn his retrospective narration of his previous history to Miranda we get a glimpse into Prosperorsquos past life As the Duke of Milan Prospero buried himself in his magic books which he prized above his dukedom He was essentially a scholar with no practical wisdom He failed to perform his first duty by neglecting the governance of his state and gave an opportunity to his wicked brother to undermine his throne He was thus driven from his home and thrown in a leaky boat with his weeping daughter to drift in the perilous seas It is only the thought of his little child that kept him aliveThe Development of Prosperorsquos CharacterThe development of his character is evident from the contrast between what he was before his banishment and what he is now in the island Formerly when his ldquolibrary was dukedom enoughrdquo he was altogether too unsuspecting Now he is watchful as providence and takes care to guard himself against the possibility of evil He has learnt to know human nature in its worst forms even Caliban has taught him something He will no longer put his trust in appearance except as ldquostale to catch thievesrdquo nor in oaths of which the strongest he says ldquoare straw to the fire irsquo the bloodrdquo He who once neglected worldly ends now consistently asserts his dignity enforces obedience and deals out justice with impartial hand He who without a thought of evil gave his power and his revenues into his brotherrsquos hands now puts Ferdinand to the severest test as a trial of his love before entrusting his daughter to him He makes the most practical use imaginable of his magic art exacts prompt servitudefrom his attendants does not hesitate to punish them is resolved and firm and knows how to seize the proper moment for action He is a most careful father to his daughter a considerate master of Ariel severe against the brutal Caliban humane towards the repentant enemies full of experience and wisdomThe Exercise of his Power ndash his SternnessWhat appears to us at the first sight one of the least pleasing features of Prosperorsquos character is the sternness which he frequently displays more particularly in his dealings with Caliban His harshness towards Caliban resulted from the failure of gentler methods his severity towards Ferdinand was exercised in the interest of his daughter ldquolest too light winning make the prize lightrdquo and his punishment of Alonso Sebastian and Antonio is justified by the attainment of his objectiveProsperorsquos TendernessThe tender side of Prosperorsquos character is exhibited in his relation to Miranda Ariel Gonzalo and the repentant sinners His love for Miranda is unbounded She was almost life to him In his darkest hours of trial this love sustained him and gave him strength to put a bold front to suffering He addresses her always with tenderness She is to him a lsquoloved darlingrsquo lsquodear heartrsquo lsquoa rich giftrsquo lsquoa third of his own lifersquo The same affectionate nature is shown in his dealing with his brother Antonio He loved his brother Antonio only next to Miranda before Antonio conspired against him In the island when Antonio is brought before him he forgives him
readily To Gonzalo the good old councilor he is all affection He sheds tears of joy and gratitude when he meets him in the island To Ariel he is a loving and considerable master Ariel is always to him ldquomy brave spiritrdquo ldquofine spiritrdquo ldquodelicate Arielrdquo ldquomy Arielrdquo etc When he promises Ariel his freedom he says with real emotion ndash ldquoI shall miss theerdquoProsperorsquos Power as a MagicianThe practice of magic has placed wonderful powers in the hands of Prospero He uses his supernatural powers like a god only to bring about the happiest results He causes The Tempest and the shipwreck only to bring his enemies within his power and not to destroy them Not a soul perished in the storm He leads Ferdinand to Miranda his high charms work and as he wishes the two falls in love He frustrates the plots of the conspirators and makes them know that he was conscious of it He drives Sebastian and Alonso to sincere repentance and readily forgives them The drunken associates of Caliban are no doubt sternly treated but even then they are promised conditional pardon The whole play at last ends in reconciliation joy and peace The wrongs are set right the lovers are made happy Ariel is set free and thus the powerful magician retires into the solitude of his study at MilanProsperorsquos ForgivenessAllied to his wisdom is his forgiving nature Though deeply wronged he bears no spite against the wrong-doers Though his power is unlimited he uses it to noble purposes The lesson of adversity has taught him that ldquoThe rarer action is in virtue than in vengeancerdquoProspero does not debase his noble nature by revenge but forgives his enemies absolutely He drives his erstwhile enemies to a sincere penitence for their past misdeeds and when repentance has wrought its full effect on them he receives them into his arms and is reconciled to them Is Prospero perfectProspero creates a great impression upon our minds by his dignity his nobility the divine spirit of forgiveness in him his generous and sympathetic nature etc Even with all these virtues we cannot call him perfect We perceive certain faults in him He displays an occasional impatience irritability and even a certain harshness of feeling His severe treatment of Caliban might have been justified but the language in which he addresses the monster and the threats that he uses show him to be a kind of tyrant On learning of Calibanrsquos plot against his life he is as violently disturbed and agitated as any ordinary human being would be His manner towards Ariel when the latter demands his liberty also seems somewhat arbitrary and tyrannicalSubject ndashBiology Topic ndashChapter -5 Inheritance amp Variations Summary ExecutionToday we will discuss about NON-Mendelian Inheritance
NON_MENDELIAN INHERITANCE Incomplete Dominance It is an inheritance in which heterozygous offspring shows
intermediate character between two parental characteristics Eg Flower colour in snapdragon (dog flower or Antirrhinum sp) and
Mirabilis jalapa ( 4rsquoO clock plant) Here phenotypic and genotypic ratios are same Phenotypic Ratio 1Red 2 Pink 1 White Genotypic Ratio 1(RR) 2 (Rr) 1(rr) This means that R was not completely dominant over r Pea plants also show incomplete dominance in other traits
Co- dominance It is the inheritance in which both alleles of a gene are expressed in a
hybrid Eg ABO blood grouping in human ABO Blood groups are controlled by the gene I The plasma membrane of the RBC has sugar polymer that protrude
from its surface and is controlled By the gene The gene I has three alleles IA IB i The alleles IA and IB produce a slightly different form of the sugar
while allele i does not produce any sugar In AB blood group both IA and IB are present together This is co ndash
dominanceMultiple Alleles
Multiple alternatives of the same gene which influence the same character and produce different expressions in different individuals of a species or population same genes have more than two allelic
forms These different forms of a single gene are referred as multiple alleles Eg human Blood group
Ac-12 250620 Topic- retirement
Illustration Om Jai and Jagdish are partners sharing profit in the ratio of 3 2 l Their balance sheet as at December 31st 2014 is as under
Balance sheet as at December 31 2014
Liabilities Amount Assets Amount
(Rs`) (Rs`)
Creditors 80000 Building 180000 Bills Payable 26000 Plant 140000 General reserve 24000 Motor Car 40000 Capital Stock 100000 Om 160000 Debtors 63000 Jai 120000 Less Provision Jagdish 120000
400000 for Bad debts 3000
60000 Cash at Bank 10000
530000 530000
Jai retires on that date on the following terms(a) The Goodwill of the firm is valued at Rs 60000(b) Stock and Building to be appreciated by 10(c) Plant is depreciated by 10(d) Provision for Bad debts is increased upto Rs 5000(e) Jairsquos share of goodwill was adjusted through remaining partners capital accountThe amount due to Jai is paid out of the fund brought in by Om and Jagdish in theirnew profit sharing ratio Jai is paid full amountPrepare Revaluation Account and Partnerrsquos Capital account
Solution WorkingsIt is assumed that Om and Jagdish gaining ratio remains 3 lJairsquo Share of goodwill = Rs 60000 times 26 = Rs20000Adjusted through the remaining partners capital account in 3 1 ratio
Revaluation Account
Dr Cr
Particulars Amount Particulars Amount
(Rs`) (`Rs)
To Provision for Bad debts 2000 By Stock 10000TO Plant 14000 By Building 18000To Profit transferred toCapital Accounts Om 6000 Jai 4000 Jagdish 2000
12000
28000 28000
Capital AccountDr Cr Particulars Om Jai Jagdish Particulars Om Jai Jagdish
(Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (rs`) (`Rs)
To Capital 15000 mdash 5000 By Balance bd 160000 120000 120000 ToBank 152000 By General Reserve 12000 8000 4000To Balance cd 277000 mdash 159000 By Revaluation (Profit) 6000 4000 2000 By Om Capital mdash 15000 mdash ByJagdish Capital mdash 5000 By Bank 114000 38000
292000 152000 164000 292000 152000 164000
- Dents - Escargot
HOMEWORK-LEARN THIS VOCABULARIES WITH PROPER PRONUNCIATION
MAT
HEM
ATIC
S
Ch 6
Com
mon
frac
tions Subtraction of fractions
(a) Subtraction of like fractions
(b) Subtraction of unlike fractions
(c) Subtraction of mixed fractions [To subtract mixed numbers we change them to improper fractions and then subtract]
Exercise ndash 28Subtract
2 712
minus 312
Solution 712
minus 312 =
7minus312 =
412 =
13
4 18minus 1
12
Solution The LCM of 8 and 12 = 24
there4 18=
1times 38times3 =
324 and
112
= 1 times212 times2
= 224
there4 18minus 1
12 = 3
24 - 2
24 = 3minus224 =
124
10 59minus 7
18
Solution The LCM of 9 and 18 = 18
there4 59=
5times 29 times2 =
1018 and
718=
7 times 118times 1 =
718
there4 59minus 7
18 = 1018 -
718 =
10minus718 =
318 =
16
11 34minus1
5
Solution The LCM of 4 and 5 = 4times5 = 20
there4 34 =
3 times54 times 5 =
1520 and
15=
1times 45times 4 =
420
there4 34 -
15 =
1520 -
420 =
15minus420 =
1120
19 6 - 159
Solution Now 6 = 61 and 1
59 =
149
The LCM of 1 and 9 = 9
there4 61=
6 times91times 9 =
549 and
149 =
14 times19times1 =
149
there4 6 - 159 =
61 -
149 =
549 -
149 =
54minus149 =
409 = 4
49
20 715 - 3
910
Solution Now 715 =
365 and 3
910 =
3910
The LCM of 5 and 10 = 10
there4 715 =
365 =
36 times25times 2 =
7210 and 3
910 =
3910
there4 715 - 3
910 =
7210 -
3910 =
72minus3910 =
3310 = 3
310
Practice at HomeExercise ndash 28
17 3712 - 2
56
18 5 - 278
Class VISubject Topic Summary Execution BIOLOGY Ch-8
AdaptationsPg-115
A Short answer questions
3 Write the characteristics of submerged plants Ans ndash
1 Submerged aquatic are present below the water surface
2 The roots of partly submerged plants are fixed in the soil below water at the bottom of pond lake or river
3 The stems of such plants grow up to the surface of water while the leaves and flowers float on the surface of water
4 Submerged plants donrsquot have thick waxy cuticle
5 Completely submerged water plants like sea grasses and pondweed lack stomata
6 The leaves are mostly thin
Class VIISubject Topic Summary Execution CHEMISTRY
Chapter ndashPhysical and Chemical Changes
Physical ChangeA physical change involves a change in physical propertiesPhysical change is a type of change where no new substance is formed Most physical changes are reversible
Characteristics of Physical changes 1 They are temporary changes2 They are reversible changes 3 No new substance formed4 A physical change involves a
change in physical properties not its chemical properties
Terms related to Physical ChangesDissolvingMeltingMelting pointFreezingFreezing pointBoiling Boiling pointEvaporationCondensationCondensation point
Pg-25Question 6State three differences between evaporation and boiling
Evaporation Boiling
1 Evaporation is a slow process
2 Evaporation takes place from the surface of the liquid
3 Evaporation takes place at all temperature
1 Boiling is a fast process
2 Boiling takes place from all parts of the liquid
3 Boiling takes place at a fixed temperature on heating
Question 7State four differences between physical and chemical changes
Physical change Chemical change
1 No new substances with new properties are formed
2 It can be reversed by simple physical methods
3 It is temporary change
4 Energy is neither needed nor produced
1 New substances with new properties are formed
2 Change cannot be reversed by simple physical methods
3 It is permanent change4 Energy is either needed
or evolved
GEOGRAPHY
ATMOSPHERE
GREENHOUSE EFFECT ANDGLOBAL WARMINGWe have already learned that therays of the Sun heat up the Earths surfaceduring the day and cools off at night byradiating out the heat in the form of terrestrialradiation Some of this heat is absorbed by thegreenhouse gases of the atmosphere and doesnot escape into outer space This preventsthe Earth from becoming excessively cold atnight This is known as Greenhouse EffectIt has led to a gradual rise in globaltemperatures which is referred to as globalwarmingCauses of Global Warming
Q1 What do you mean by Greenhouse EffectA1 Therays of the Sun heat up the Earths surfaceduring the day and cools off at night byradiating out the heat in the form of terrestrialradiation Some of this heat is absorbed by thegreenhouse gases of the atmosphere and doesnot escape into outer space This preventsthe Earth from becoming excessively cold atnight This is known as Greenhouse Effect
Q2 What are the greenhouse gases A2 The heat-trapping gases calledgreenhouse gas (GHGs)
Examples chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Carbon dioxide halons methane nitrous oxide and
GREENHOUSE GAS The heat-trapping gases calledgreenhouse gas (GHGs) Over the years these gases have releasedin the atmosphere and thus making the planetwarmerExamples Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Carbon dioxide halons methane nitrous oxide and ozone
GLOBAL WARMINGIncreasing of Earthrsquos temperature day by day by the increasing amount of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere is called as global warming
CAUSES OF GLOBAL WARMING 1 Burning of fossil fuel2 Harmful emission from industries
andvehicles3 Deforestation and mining4 Excessive rearing of farm animals5 Fertilisers
ozone
Q3 What do you mean by Global Warming Write any two causes of global warming
A3 Increasing of Earthrsquos temperature day by day by the increasing amount of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere is called as global warming The main causes of global warming are a Burning of fossil fuelb Harmful emission from industries
andvehicles
COMPUTER
ARRAYS ARRAY IS A VARIABLE WHICH STORES DIFFERENT VALUES OF THE SAME DATA TYPE IT IS USEFUL TO ORGANIZE MULTIPLE VARIABLES TO DECLARE AN ARRAY DIM (DIMENSION) STATEMENT IS USED LETS TAKE AN EXAMPLE TO DECLARE AN ARRAYDIM NUMBERS(10)10 INSIDE THE PARENTHESES MEANS THIS ARRAY CAN HOLD 11 ELEMENTSNUMBERS YES 11 NUMBERS THERE IS A FIRST INDEX ARRAY 0 ALSO (0 TO 10)EXAMPLES1)TAKE ANY 6 NUMBERS (SAY 2451069) IN AN ARRAY AND ADD NUMBERS INPOSITIONINDEX 3 AND 5 PRINT THE FINAL RESULT
READ THE SUMMARY PART AND TRY TO UNDERSTAND THE CONCEPT OF ARRAY IN QBASIC
SUBJECT- FRENCH (3RD LANGUAGE)Les alphabets avec vocabulariesAlphabets with vocabularies
- Ananas- Ballon- Chat - Dents - Escargot
HOMEWORK-LEARN THIS VOCABULARIES WITH PROPER PRONUNCIATION
Class VIIISubject Topic Summary Execution PHYSICS ENERGY Types of Energy
There are different forms of energy Today we will discuss some important
A Objective Questions
1 Write true or false for each
types of energy and their features ndash1 Mechanical energyMechanical energy is the sum of kinetic and potential energy in an object that is used to do work In other words it is energy in an object due to its motion or position or both
A Kinetic Energy The energy in motion is known as Kinetic Energy For example a moving ball flowing water etc
Kinetic Energy=12mv2
Wherem = Mass of the objectv = Velocity of the object
B Potential Energy This is the energy stored in an object and is measured by the amount of work done For example a pen on a table water in a lake etc
Potential Energy=mghWherem = Mass of the object (in kilograms)g = Acceleration due to gravityh = Height in metersMechanical EnergyIt is the sum of potential energy and kinetic energy that is the energy associated with the motion amp position of an object is known as Mechanical energy Thus we can derive the formula of mechanical energy as ndash
Mechanical Energy = Kinetic Energy + Potential Energy
MechanicalEnergy=12mv2+mgh
2 Solar EnergyThe light and heat from the sun harnessed using technologies like solar heating photovoltaics solar thermal energy solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis is known as solar energy It is the prime source of renewable energy
3 Wind EnergyIt is one of the various forms of energy The energy present in the flow of wind used by wind turbines is called wind energy This energy is a major cheap source to produce electricity In this phenomena the kinetic energy of the wind is converted into mechanical power
statement
(a) A coolie does no work against the force of gravity while carrying luggage on a road
Answer True
(b) The energy stored in water of a dam is the kinetic energy
Answer False
(c) The energy of a flying kite is kinetic energy
Answer True
(d) Work done by a boy depends on the time in which he does work
Answer False
(e) Power spent by a body depends on the time for which it does work
Answer True
4 Nuclear EnergyThe energy present in the nucleus of an atom is known as nuclear energy The particles of an atom are tiny and need the energy to hold themselves Nuclear energy is that enormous energy in the bonds of an atom which helps to hold the atom together Nuclear energy can be used to make electricity
5 Geothermal EnergyThe energy or heat present inside the Earth is known as geothermal energy It is a cheap amp convenient heat and power resource and use of this energy donrsquot have a side effect like greenhouse gas emission etc
6 Tidal Energy
Tidal energy or tidal power is a form of hydropower (energy present in water) which converts the energy present in the tides to produce electricity
7 Biomass Energy
Biomass is organic matter obtained from living organisms The energy produced from biomass is called biomass energy
8 Electrical Energy
The energy caused by moving electric charges is known as electrical energy Electric energy is a type of kinetic energy as the electrical charges moves
9 Thermal Energy
As the name suggests thermal energy is the energy obtained from heat It is a microscopic disordered equivalent of mechanical energyThere may be instances where an object posses more than one type of energy For example boiling water posses both kinetic and potential energy along with heat energy
MATHEMATICS Ch 9Interest
Execution ndash 9(B) 3 A sum of money lent out at simple interest doubles itself in 8 years Find (i) the rate of Interest (ii) In how many years will the sum become triple (three times) at itself at the same rate percent
Solution
(i) Let P = Rs100 there4 A = Rs200 So I = A ndash P = Rs(200-100) = Rs100 and T = 8years [ P= Principal A = Amount I = Interest and T = Time]
there4 The rate of interest (R) = 100times IP times T = ( 100 times100
100times 8 ) = 252
= 125
(ii) Again P = Rs100 A = Rs300 So I = Rs(300-100) = Rs200 and R = 125
there4 T = 100times IP times R = ( 100 times 200
100 times12 5 ) years = ( 1000times 200100times125 )years= 16 years
4 Rs4000 amount to Rs5000 in 8years in what time will Rs2100 amount to Rs2800 at the same rate
Solution
1 st part P = Rs4000 A = Rs5000 there4 I = Rs(5000-4000) = Rs1000And T = 8 years
there4 R = 100times IP times T = ( 100 times1000
4000 times8 ) = 258
2 nd part Now P = Rs2100 A = Rs2800 there4 I = Rs(2800-2100) =Rs700 and R
= 258
there4 T = 100times IP times R = ( 100 times 700
2100 times 258 ) years = ( 100 times8
3 times25 )years= 323 years = 10
23 years
= 10years( 23
times 12)months = 10 years 8 months
6 A certain sum amounts to Rs3825 in 4 years and to Rs4050 in 6 years Find the rate percent and the sum
Solution Amount in 6 years = Rs4050Amount in 4 years = Rs3825
there4 Interest in 2years = Rs(4050-3825) = Rs225
there4 Interest in 1year = Rs225divide2 = Rs2252
there4 Interest in 4years =Rs(225times2) = Rs450
Now P = A ndash I = Rs(3825 ndash 450) = Rs3375
there4 R = 100times IP times T = ( 100 times225
3375 times2 ) = 103
= 313
Practice at Home5 What sum of money lent at 65 per annum will produce the same interest in 4 years as Rs7500 produce in 6 years at 5 per annum
GEOGRAPHY MIGRATION CLIMATE REFUGEES
Climate refugees who are forced to move out when their homes when threatened by imminent climate catastrophes Example many people many people migrated from the sinking south pacific Islands to Australia and New Zealand
MISCELLANEOUS MIGRATION
Miscellaneous migration often takes place due to the governmentrsquos decisions or due to political unrest Example the Indonesian government moved the farming population from the overpopulated areas of Java to the islands of Borneo and Sumatra
FORCED MIGRATION
Forced migration happens during times of disaster of warfare Abduction and transfer of African slaves to America to serve as labour force is an example of forced migration Today climate change and rising sea levels have led to forced migration in many of the island nations of the world
VOLUNTARY MIGRATION
Voluntary migration is shifting to HDC(highly developed countries) from LDC(lowly developed countries) for better job or educational opportunities and better standards of living There is a current trend in which a large number of students are migrating from developing nations to European and American universities for higher studies This type of voluntary migration leads to depopulation in the country which people leave and adds to the volume of immigrants in the country that receives these people
Q1 What do you understand by climate refugees Where it can be found
A1 Climate refugees who are forced to move out when their homes when threatened by imminent climate catastrophes or disasters
Example many people migrated from the sinking south pacific Islands to Australia and New Zealand
Q2Give an example on miscellaneous migration
A2 An example on miscellaneous migration like the Indonesian government moved the farming population from the overpopulated areas of Java to the islands of Borneo and Sumatra
Q3 Give some examples of highly developed countries (HDC) and lowly developed countries (LDC)
A3 European and North American countries such as Britain Spain Canada and New York are good examples of highly developed countries (HDC) On the other hand South-East Asian countries such as India Pakistan and Bangladesh are examples lowly developed countries (LDC)
COMPUTER ALGORITHMS AND FLOW CHARTS
EXAMPLES1) WRITE AN ALGORITHM AND DRAW A FLOW CHART TO FIND THE AREA OF A RECTANGLESOLUTIONALGORITHM
STEP1 STARTSTEP2 ACCEPT THE LENGTH OF THE RECTANGLESTEP3 ACCEPT THE BREADTH OF THE RECTANGLESTEP4 USE THE FORMULA OF AREA=LENGTH times BREADTH AND STORE THE
FINAL RESULT IN THE VARIABLE AREASTEP5DISPLAY THE ARE OF THE RECTANGLESTEP6STOP
FLOWCHART
2)CALCULATE THE INTEREST OF A BANK DEPOSITALGORITHMSTEP 1 READ AMOUNTSTEP 2 READ YEARSSTEP 3 READ RATE
STEP 4 CALCULATE THE INTEREST WITH FORMULA INTEREST=AMOUNTYEARSRATE100STEP 5 PRINT INTERESTFLOWCHART
3)DETERMINE AND OUTPUT WHETHER NUMBER N IS EVEN OR ODDALGORITHMSTEP 1 READ NUMBER NSTEP 2 SET REMAINDER AS N MODULO 2STEP 3 IF REMAINDER IS EQUAL TO 0 THEN NUMBER N IS EVEN ELSE NUMBER N IS ODDSTEP 4 PRINT OUTPUTFLOWCHART
4)DETERMINE WHETHER A TEMPERATURE IS BELOW OR ABOVE THE FREEZING POINTALGORITHM
STEP 1 INPUT TEMPERATURESTEP 2 IF IT IS LESS THAN 32 THEN PRINT BELOW FREEZING POINT OTHERWISE PRINT ABOVE FREEZING POINTFLOWCHART
PRACTICE THE GIVEN FLOWCHARTS AND ALGORITHMS
Class IXSubject Topic Summary Execution Bengali (2nd
language) চারণেদর পাাহিব2হিত2ষ বরণেltযাপাধযায় হি_তীয় অধযায়
ldquoআহি`কার হিবখযাত া0 শঙকর কতবার 0হিবরণেত গদরণেখরণে0rdquo ক) আহি`কার হিবখযাত া0টির 3া হিক া0টির হিবরণেশষতব হিকখ)শঙকর গকাায় হিকরণেসর জ3য হিরণেয়হি0ল ) গস গসখারণে3 হিক খরণেজ পায়
উঃ- হিব2হিত2ষ বরণেltযাপাধযায় রহিচত lsquoচারণেদর পাাrsquo উপ3যারণেস আহি`কার হিবখযাত া0টির 3া ল বাওবাব া0টির হিবরণেশষতব ল া0টি গবশ গাটা গসাটা া0টির জার হিবষয় ল া0টি তার গহিরণেত ১৬ হিলটার জল ধরণের রাখরণেত পারণের তষণায় কাতর পচারীরা অরণে3ক সয় এই ারণে0র গহিরণেত 0হির গরণের Zরণেটা করণের জল পা3 করণের
খ) শঙকর আহি`কায় হিরণেয়হি0ল অযাUরণে2ঞচারণেরর গ3শায় অনধকারয় এই ারণেদরণেশর পরহিতটি সথারণে3 গ3 রসয লহিকরণেয় আরণে0 এই ররণেসযর অ3সনধা3 কররণেত হিরণেয় অরণে3ক পটক পরা3 াহিররণেয়রণে0 আবার অরণে3রণেক হিসংরণের গপরণেট গরণে0 তবও অহি2াতরী া3ষ অহি2া3 বনধ করণের হি3আহি`কার ইউানডা গরলওরণেয়র 3Uরবা গসটশ3 গরণেক বাাততর াইল দহিi3 পহিj গকারণে3 একটা শাখা লাই3 হৈতহির হিkল গরল গকামপাহি3র গসখারণে3 শঙকর ক3সটরাকস3 কযারণেমপর গকরাহি3 ও সরকাহির গসটারহিকপার রণেয় গা হিদরণেয়হি0লপরণের শঙকর একটা গরলরণেসটশরণে3র গসটশ3াসটার য় এরপরণের গস আল2ারণেররণেজর সরণেn ীরার পাা খজরণেত গবহিররণেয় পরণে
) গ0াটরণেবলা গরণেক শঙকর শরণে3 আসরণে0 আহি`কায় গসা3া রপা ীরার 0া0হি একট গচষটা কররণেল গসা3া রপা ীরা আহিবসকার করণের বরণোরণেলাক ওয়া ায় এই সব খজরণেত হিরণেয় শঙকর আহি`কার পরাকহিতক ররণেপর গ সনধা3 গপরণেয়হি0ল তার তল3া গ3ই ঘ3 অর3য পবতরাহিজ =র3া 3দী জীবজনত সবই তারণেক হিদরণেয়রণে0 আ3lt শঙকর ীরার গখারণেজ হিরণেয় ীরা 3া গপরণেলও পরাকহিতক ররণেপর গরণে3 শঙকরণেরর 3 ীরায় পহিরত রণেয়হি0ল
EVS Chapter 2 ndash Species interaction with each other Long Answer Question
Living Things in Ecosystems
bull ParasitismParasitism is a relationship between two different organisms where one of the organisms actually harms the other through the relationship The organism that is harming the other one is called a parasite Examples of Parasitism Fleas or ticks that live on dogs and cats are parasites
bull MutualismMutualisms are defined as interactions between organisms of two different species in which each organism benefits the other
bull CommensalismCommensalism is a relationship between individuals of two species in which one species obtains food or other benefits from the other without either harming or benefiting the latter
bull SynergismThe interaction of things resulting in the overall effect that is greater than the sum of individual effects of any of them
Q) How biotic and abiotic components are inter-related Ans - In an eco system biotic and abiotic components depend on each other The biotic and abiotic components are connected in ecosystem in different way The sun is the energy source Producersplants use this energy to synthesize food in the presence of carbon dioxide and chlorophyll The herbivores are dependent on plants for the energy requirements The carnivores in turn feed on the herbivores and other carnivores At any level microbes then decompose any dead and decaying organic matter These decomposers after various chemical reactions release molecules back to the environment in the form of chemicals The chemicals are again used by the producers and the cycle starts againIn conclusion ecosystems have a complex set of interactions that happen between the biotic and abiotic components The components of an ecosystem are linked to each other through the energy flows and nutrient cycles
Commercial Studies
Chapter-7Joint Stock Company
In previous class we have explained about the meaning of Joint Stock Company features of Joint Stock Company
Let us explain about
Merits of Joint Stock Company
Merits of Joint stock CompanyStabilityPublic confidenceProfessional managementTransferability of sharesLimited Liability
Merits of Joint Stock Company StabilityA company enjoys stable durable enduring and uninterrupted business life A company continues to exist even if all its members die or deserted Maintenance of continuity of policy of administration is very much ensured in the case of Joint Stock CompanyPublic confidenceA public company enjoys the confidence of the public as the same is guided and controlled by strict regulations Since the companies financial accounts are published and circulated the public has enough faith on the activities of the company Thus a company enjoys better prestige and regulation greater public confidence as a wholeEfficient professional managementDue to its large financial resources and continuity a company can avail of the services of highly qualified
persons who are experts in different fields of business management In this way the benefits of specialization and centralized management can be securedTransferability of sharesSince the shares of a joint stock company are freely transferable they provide necessary liquidity to the investment of the people Shares of public companies are generally listed on a stock exchange so that people can easily buy and sell themLimited LiabilityThe liability of shareholders is limited only to the extent of face value of share held by them Shareholders are not personally liable for the debts of the company Thus the risk is known and also limited
Economics Chapter4 Basic Problems of An Economy
Today let discuss about the Meaning of Efficiency use of ResourcesNeeds of efficient use of resources
Resource efficiency is the maximising of the supply of money materials staff and other assets that can be drawn on by a person or organization in order to function effectively with minimum wasted (natural) resource expenses It means using the Earths limited resources in a sustainable manner while minimising environmental impact
Necessity for efficient use resources Once the flow of resources through the economy has reached its maximum sustainable limit (and many would argue that wersquove already passed that point for some resources) the only way to maintain economic growth in the long run is to become more resource efficient ndash finding ways to generate greater returns from the same amount of resources
Resource efficiency isnrsquot only valuable because it is essential for sustained economic growth Promoting resource efficiency can increase the competitiveness of industry create jobs stimulate innovation boost sectors such as recycling and resource recovery and help ensure secure supplies of key
QuestionWhat do you mean by Efficient use of Resources
Answer) Resource efficiency is the maximising of the supply of money materials staff and other assets that can be drawn on by a person or organization in order to function effectively with minimum wasted (natural) resource expenses It means using the Earths limited resources in a sustainable manner while minimising environmental impact
Why do we need to use our resources efficientlyAnswer) Once the flow of resources through the economy has reached its maximum sustainable limit (and many would argue that wersquove already passed that point for some resources) the only way to maintain economic growth in the long run is to become more resource efficient ndash finding ways to generate greater returns from the same amount of resources
Resource efficiency isnrsquot only valuable because it is essential for sustained economic growth Promoting resource efficiency can increase the competitiveness of industry create jobs stimulate innovation boost sectors such as recycling and resource recovery and help ensure secure
resources supplies of key resources
Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)
Topic Act II Scene 7 Lines 1 to 35 (Morocco hellip What if I stray no further but choose here )
[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase provided]
Summary Questions amp Answers
Having disposed of the minor story of Jessicarsquos elopement we now return to the main plot We are now shown how affairs are progressing with Portia in her home in Belmont
This is the first of the three scenes where a suitor makes a choice between golden silver and leaden caskets It will be noted that while making the choice all the lovers soliloquize and reveal their personality and character We have already observed the manly soldierly but primitive personality of the Prince of Morocco His has a simple nature and does not look deeply into the inner meaning of things but is dazzled by the outward appearance of gold He is inclined to over-estimate his own value and does not realize that it is a duty to ldquogive and hazardrdquo So his feeling is only one of fascination and romantic attraction We cannot believe that he has a deep and lasting love for Portia
In this scene two characters appear ndash Portia and the Prince of Morocco Portia explains to the Prince that the correct casket shall be the one that contains her picture She will be the wife of the person who will choose the correct casket and in the process get whatever she has
The Prince examines the inscriptions on each of the caskets and interprets them
(1) (Act II Sc 7 L 1-5)
Portia Go draw aside the curtains and discover
The several caskets to this noble princeNow make your choice
Morocco The first of gold who this inscription bearsWho chooseth me shall gain what many men desire
(i) Who is Morocco How did he introduce himself to Portia when they first met in an earlier scene
Prince Morocco is a dark skinned boastful warrior of African origin who seeks the hand of Portia He introduces himself as a person who lives near the equator where the exposure to sun rays have to be blamed for his complexion He says that Portia should not dislike him for his dark skin
(ii) How would Morocco know that he had made the right choice What would his reward be
Morocco would know he has chosen the right casket if he finds Portiarsquos portrait in one of them His reward would be Portiarsquos hand in marriage
(iii) Which casket did Morocco finally choose What reasons did he give for rejecting the casket made of lead
Morocco chooses the golden casket He says that lead is of lowly origin and the portrait of a lady as great as Portia cannot be placed in it He reads the inscription ldquoWho chooseth me must give and hazard all he hathrdquo This makes the box too threatening He wonders why anyone should risk everything for lead He also feels that a golden mind like his should not bow down to choose something worthless So he will not risk anything for lead
(iv) What two objects did Morocco find in the casket of his
before choosing
The inscription on the leaden casket says ldquoWho chooseth me must give and hazard all he hathrdquo The Prince was shocked and says as to why anyone should risk for the sake of lead The leaden casket is a threat Nobody would risk all they have for lead He says that no noble person would stoop to choose such a worthless thing as lead So he will not give nor risk anything for lead
The Prince then examines the inscription on the silver casket which says ldquoWho chooseth me shall get as much as he deservesrdquo The Prince says that he deserves Portia more than anybody else because of his high rank his noble birth and his great wealth and power But then he argues that silver is ten times inferior to gold and therefore he cannot believe that the portrait of such a beautiful lady as Portia can be contained in the silver casket He decides to see the inscription on the golden casket before making his decision
choice What reason does he give to Portia for leaving in haste
The Prince of Morocco chooses the golden casket and on opening it finds a human skull within whose hollow eye-socket was a scroll or a roll of paper in which it is written that those who are attracted by the glittering outside of things are always deceived as Morocco has been deceived
Morocco says he is moved and that he does not want to make his departure a painstaking process and he wants to leave immediately without revealing his emotions He should also obey the rule of the game which states the one who loses the test should leave immediately
(v) How does Portia respond to Moroccorsquos parting words What does this reveal of her nature
Portia is relieved that Morocco has left without making any scene It was a gentle riddance and all like him should go in a similar manner This shows that Portia has a kind heart and does not want anyone to he hurt Her love for Bassanio over-rides her passion that makes her wish that only he should be able to make the right choice At the same time like a dutiful daughter she does not want to disrespect her fatherrsquos wishes Hence she is willing to go through the casket injunctions
(2) (Act II Sc 7 L 15-35)
MOROCCO helliphelliphelliphelliphellip
What says this leaden casket Who chooseth me must give and hazard all he hath Must givemdashFor what for lead hazard for leadThis casket threatens Men that hazard allDo it in hope of fair advantagesA golden mind stoops not to shows of drossIll then nor give nor hazard aught for leadWhat says the silver with her virgin hueWho chooseth me shall get as much as he deservesAs much as he deservesmdashPause there MoroccoAnd weigh thy value with an even handIf thou best rated by thy estimationThou dost deserve enough and yet enoughMay not extend so far as to the ladyAnd yet to be afeard of my deservingWere but a weak disabling of myselfAs much as I deservemdashWhy thats the ladyI do in birth deserve her and in fortunesIn graces and in qualities of breeding
But more than these in love I do deserveWhat if I strayed no further but chose here
(i) What does the Prince of Morocco do before making his selection What does his comment reflect How does he analyse the inscription of the leaden casket and what is his interpretation
The Prince of Morocco surveys the three caskets before making his selection His comments reflect his thinking and attitude on life and things He comes to the lead casket and reads the inscription on it His interpretation which reflects his own character is that the inscription threatens because no one will be prepared to risk or sacrifice all one has for such a base thing as lead
(ii) What does the Prince of Morocco think of the leaden casket and why does he decide to reject the leaden casket
The Prince of Morocco thinks that when people risk anything they do so in order to gain something precious A person of royal ways will not bend so low as to be impressed by such an ordinary thing as lead Therefore he decides that he will not take any risk for a worthless thing like lead and rejects the lead casket
(iii) What does the Prince think while analyzing and interpreting the inscription of the silver casket
The Prince of Morocco analyses the inscription on the silver casket which runs thus ldquoWho chooseth me shall get as much as he deservesrdquo When he reads the inscription he bids himself to stop and ponder over the interpretation He asks himself to evaluate his worth objectively and impartially He says that if he is assessed on the basis of the opinion of people he deserves much But even this may not be sufficient to deserve to win Portia who is so virtuous and worthy
(iv) What promise does the silver casket make What self-assessment does the Prince make
The silver casket promises the reward according to the worth of the chooser The Prince makes a self-assessment and concludes that in all fairness he deserves to get Portia He thinks that he is a royal Prince by birth and so he deserves her by the right of his birth
Portia is very rich and so the Prince deserves her by this also The Prince deserves because he is also extremely handsome as most of the beautiful maidens of his kingdom covet him He is valiant and virtuous also So in his opinion he is the most suitable and deserving candidate for Portiarsquos hand
(v) Over which casket does the Prince ponder a long time What intrigue him In what way does he deserve Portia
Morocco reviews the inscriptions again and rejects the lead casket as being not worth the high stakes for which he gambles He ponders a long time over the silver casket The words ldquoget as much as he deservesrdquo intrigue him He is quite sure that he deserves Portia He deserves her in birth fortune grace qualities of breeding and most of all love
Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution EVS Ch ndash4 Managing
soil and land
Today we will discuss about mechanical practices of soil conservation
A few mechanical measures of soil conservation arei) Basin leaching In this method a number of small basins (water reservoirs) are made These collect and retain rain water for a long period and also catch and stabilize downwardly moving soils of the slopes
ii) Pan breaking by breaking of pan ( a hard sheet of clay a few feet below the surface ) drainage and percolation of rain water is improved and soil is saved from residual run-off and erosion
iii) Sub-soiling Soil is broken into fine grains to increase its absorptive capacity
iv) Contour terracing terraces are labeled areas constructed at right angles to the slope to reduce soil erosion
v) Contour trenching This method involves making a series of deep pits or trenches across the slope at convenient distance The soil excavated from the trenches is deposited along the lower edge in the form of bund On the ridges tree seeds are shown
vi) Terrace outlets To conserve soil pipe outlets are made which are thickly covered by grasses
vii) Digging of ponds and reservoirs to store water
viii) Stream bank protection To protect banks of rivers and channels construction of stone or concrete protective walls or planting of trees should be undertaken
Commercial Studies
Chapter- Banking Let us today discuss about theMeaning of Commercial BankFunctions of Commercial Banks
Commercial Banks are those banks which perform all kinds of banking functions such as accepting deposits advancing loans credit creation and
Question1 What do you mean by
Commercial BankAnswer) Commercial Banks are those banks which perform all kinds of banking functions such as accepting deposits advancing loans credit creation and agency functions
agency functions
Functions of Commercial BanksCommercial banks perform a variety of functions which can be divided as (1) Accepting Deposits (2) Advancing Loans (3) Credit Creation (4) Financing Foreign Trade(5) Agency Services (6) Miscellaneous Services To Customers
2 Explain the various functions of Commercial Bank
Answer) Following are the various functions of Commercial Banks
1 Accepting Deposits This is the oldest function of a bank and the banker used to charge a commission for keeping the money in its custody when banking was developing as an institution Nowadays a bank accepts three kinds of deposits from its customers The first is the savings deposits on which the bank pays small interest to the depositors who are usually small savers
2 Advancing LoansOne of primary functions of commercial banks is to advance loans to its customers A bank lends a certain percentage of the cash lying in deposits on a higher interest rate than it pays on such deposits This is how it earns profits and carries on its business 3 Credit CreationCredit creation is one of the most important functions of the commercial banks Like other financial institutions they aim at earning profits For this purpose they accept deposits and advance loans by keeping small cash in reserve for day-to-day transactions When a bank advances a loan it opens and account in the name of the customer and does not pay him in cash but allows him to draw the money by cheque according to his needs By granting a loan the bank creates credit or deposit4 Financing ForeignTrade commercial bank finances foreign trade of its customers by accepting foreign bills of exchange and collecting them from foreign banks It also transacts other foreign exchange business and buys and sells foreign currency5 Agency ServicesA bank acts as an agent of its customers in collecting and paying cheques bills of exchange drafts dividends etc It also buys and sells
shares securities debentures etc for it customers Further it pays subscriptions insurance premium rent electric and water bills and other similar charges on behalf of its clients It also acts as a trustee and executor of the property and will of its customers Moreover the bank acts as an income tax consultant to its clients For some of these services the bank charges a normal fee while it renders others free of charge6 Miscellaneous ServicesBesides the above noted services the commercial bank performs a number of other services It acts as the custodian of the valuables of its customers by providing them lockers where they can keep their jewellery and valuable documents It issues various forms of credit instruments such as cheques drafts travellers cheques etc which facilitate transactions
Bengali হিবপরীতশবদ করণেয়কটি হিবপরীত শবদ গদওয়া ল1)সজীব = হি3জsব 2)শরদধা= ঘা 3)আকষ = হিবকষ4)সধবা = হিবধবা 5)উৎস = গা3া 6)অ = অ37)জয় = পরাজয় 8)তাপ = হৈশত যয 9)হি3ltা = পরশংসা10)াদা = অদা 11)রহিসক = গবরহিসক 12) অনতর = বাহির13)অহিতবষটি = অ3াবষটি 14)পরত যযi = পরণেরাi 15)3াবালক = সাবালক
Hindi 2nd lang नया रासता भा 5 अपन जीन की परिरसथिगितयो स गिश होकर मीन क हदय म कई बार हीन भाना
और जीन की कडाहट अनभ हईपरत ह दढता और साहस की मरतित थी ह
अपन जीन को वयथ नही होन दना चाहती थी बचपन स ही उसकी कील बनन की
इचछा थी आज मीन की लन उस और दखकर माता- गिपता न उस कालत करन की
आजञा द दी मीन न मरठ म दाखिखला ल लिलया उसक हरदय म कछ बनन और कछ
कर दिदखान की इचछा थी उसक गिचार स चारो और पस का ही बोलबाला हहॉसटल
की कलपना करत ही ह लिसहर उठती थी उसन अपन लिलए नए नए कपड बनाए पहली बार हॉसटल जान का चा थाआखिखर
ह दिदन आ ही या जब उस हॉसटल जाना था पहली बार ह अपन घर स अल हो
रही थी हॉसटल पहच कर कछ दिदनो तक उसका मन नही ला बचपन की घटनाए
एक- एक करक उसक समतपटल पर उतर ई ह अपनी ककषा म हमशा परथम आती
थी 2 दिदन बाद गिपताजी मीन स मिमलन आए मा न काफी चीज उसक लिलए बनाकर
भजी थी गिपताजी स मिमलकर ह बहत खश
1 ह सय की दढता साहस की मरतित थी
परशन1 लखिखका मीन को दढता साहस
की मरतित कयो कह रही ह 2 गिाह क अलाा मीन क जीन
का कया लकषय था 3 मीन समाज क झठ आरण को
हटाकर सतय दिदखाना चाहती ह सपषट कीजिजए
4 परसतत पलि[यो का भा सपषट अपन शबदो म लिलखिखए
उततरndash1 मीन म समाज स लडन की शलि[ ह
ह समाज म फली बराइयो क सामन ढढता स जमी हई ह ह साहस क साथ अपन उलिचत गिनणय
पर सथिर रहती ह जिजदी क उतार चढा सा घबरा टी नही ह बलकिलक साहस स काम लती ह इनही कारणो स लखिखका न उस ढढता
और साहस की मरतित कहा ह2 मरठ ालो न जब उसका रिरशता
ठकरा दिदया तो उसन गिनशचय कर लिलया गिक ह अपन परो पर खडी होी और समाज को दिदखा दी की नारी अबला नही ह उसन अपना
हई करीब 1 घटा रक कर गिपताजी चल ए लकषय बना लिलया गिक ह एलएलबी करक कील बनी
3 समाज म नारी क ऊपर अबला आशरीता का आरण पडा हआ ह
मीन समाज क दवारा होत हए इस आरण को हटाकर यह सतय परमाणिणत करना चाहती ह गिक आज
की नारी अबला नही ह और ना ही गिकसी क हाथ की कठपतली ह
4 लखिखका न मीन क बार म कहा गिक ह सय घटा और साहस की मरतित
ह ह अपन न हम ध और मसीबत म साहस का परिरचय दती हउतार
चढा को हर इसान क जीन म आत ही रहत ह उनको साधारण रप
स ही लना चागिहए अपन गिाह क मामल म उसन साहस स काम
लिलया और गिाह क बार म सोचना छोड दिदया मीन क सामन अभी बहत लबी जिजदी पडी ह इसलिलए उसन समय का महत समझा और
एक कषण भी वयथ ना करन का गिनशचय गिकया
Mathematics(x) Algebra Quadratic Equation in one variable
Study Item Some solved sums from exercise- 539)Solve for x 2(2x ndash 1 )(x+3) ndash 3 (x + 3)(2x ndash 1 ) = 5 x -3 frac12Solution Let (2x ndash 1)(x + 3) = y then we get2(y) ndash 3( 1y) = 50r 2y ndash 3y = 5Or 2y2 ndash 3 = 5y [multiplying both side by y we get]0r 2y2 ndash 5y ndash 3 = 0Now comparing the above equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0 we geta=2 b = - 5 and c = - 3Therefore y = -(- 5 )plusmnradic((-5)sup2-4(2)(-3))2(2) = 5 plusmnradic( 25 + 24)4 = 5plusmn radic(49)4 = (5 plusmn 7)4= (5+7)4 (5 ndash 7)4= 124 -24= 3 - 12Therefore y = 3 (2x ndash 1)( x + 3) = 3 2x ndash 1 = 3x + 9 3x - 2x = - 10 x= - 10Or y = - frac12 ( 2x ndash 1)(x + 3) = - frac124x ndash 2 = - x ndash 3 4x+x = - 3 + 2 5x = - 1 x= - 15Hence the roots of the given equation are - 10 and ndash 1510)(i) x2 - 5x ndash10 =0Solution x2 ndash 5x ndash 10 = 0Comparing the above equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0 we get a=1 b = - 5 and c = - 10Therefore x = - (- 5)plusmnradic( -5)sup2- 4(1)(- 10)2(1) = 5 plusmn radic( 25 +40)2 = 5 plusmn radic(65 )2
= (5 plusmn 8bull06)2 = (5 + 8bull06)2 (5 ndash 8bull06)2 = 13bull062 - 3bull062= 6bull53 - 1bull5312) Solve the equation x ndash 18x = 6 Given your answer correct to two significant figureSolution x ndash18x = 6Or (x2 ndash 18 )x = 6Or x2ndash 18 = 6xOr x2 ndash 6x ndash18 = 0Comparing the above equation with ax2 + bc + c = 0 we gera= 1 b = - 6 and c = -18Therefore x = -(-6) plusmnradic(- (- 6)2 ndash 4(1)(- 18)2(1) = 6 plusmn radic( 36 + 72)2 = (6 plusmnradic( 108)2 =(6 plusmn 10bull39)2= 16bull392 - 4bull392= 8bull195 - 2bull195 asymp 8bull2 - 2bull2
Chemistry Chapter-2L-1Chemical Bonding
1) Chemical Bonding-
It is basically the force of attraction which holds the different types of atoms in a molecule together
Cause of Chemical Combination-
The main cause is the tendency of elements to acquire eight electrons in its outermost shell like that of noble gases other than Helium(He) So the atoms combine to acheive the nearest noble gas configuration of 8 electrons( or 2 electrons) in their outermost orbit and become stable
2) Ion-
It is a charged particle made from an atom by the loss or gain of electrons
There are 2 types of Ions They are-
a) Cations- It is formed by the loss of electrons eg - K+ Ca2+
Na+ etc
b) Anions- It is formed by the gain of electrons eg- Cl- O2- F- etc
Q Why do elements form Ions
A Atoms of all elements except those of noble gases have one to seven valence electrons and are not in a state of minimum energy Thus to acquire a state of minimum energy elements lose or gain electrons and form ions so that they acquire stable configuration (Duplet or Octet)
Q What is the Electronic Theory of Valency
A In 1916 Kossel and Lewis on the basis of octet rule of electrons described simply the electronic structure of molecules of many chemical compounds and elements Kossel mainly described the structure of ionic compounds formed by loss and gain of electrons and Lewis mainly described the structure of Covalent Compounds formed by mutual sharing of electron pair This is known as ELECTRONIC THEORY OF VALENCY proposed by Kossel and Lewis
Q What do you mean by Electropositive and Electronegative Elements
3) Types of Chemical Bond-3 types
A)ElectrovalentIonic Bond
B) Covalent Bond
C) Co-ordinate Dative Bond4) ELECTROVALENT IONIC BOND-
It is the electrostatic force of attraction between the opposite charged ions which holds them together
The chemical compounds formed as a result of electron transfer from one atom of an element to another are called IONIC or ELECTROVALENT COMPOUND
The number of electrons which an element loses or gains during the formation of an ionic bond is called its ELECTROVALENCY
Conditions for the formation of Ionic Compounds-
i Large electronegativity difference between the combining atoms
ii Low IP for one of the atoms from which the cation can be easily formed
iii High electron affinity for one of the atoms from which the anions can be easily formed
iv High Lattice Energy
A
1) Electropositive Elements- have the tendency to lose the electrons and form Cations
eg- Na K Fe -mostly metals
2) Electronegative Elements- have the tendency to gain the electrons and form Anions
eg- Cl F O - mostly Non-metals
Q Give the brief description about the formation of NaCl
A See your Text Book
Q Practise the two types of diagram of the formation of different ionic compound
A See your Text Book
English All Summer in a Answer the following questions-
literature Day 3) Why did the children hate herAns- The children sensed that Margot was different from them She hated the continuous rain while they were used to it She spoke only about the sun and they had no memory of it They hated her pale snow face her waiting silence her thinness and her possible future of going back to the Earth4) What is the it referred to by WilliamAns- The it referred to by William is the Sun which the scientists had predicted would shine for a short while that day5) What was Margot waiting for Why did William say it was a jokeAns- Margot was waiting to see the sun predicted to shine that day for a short while William did not want her to have the joy of seeing the sun
Geography Water Resources SOURCES OF WATER SURFACE WATER AND GROUNDWATER Earth is known as the Blue Planet because 71 per cent of the Earths surface is covered with water Wateralso exists below land surface and as water vapour in the air Water is not added or removed from the environment it simply changes state and location This constant movement of water throughout our environment is called the hydrological cycle or water cycle Earth cleans and replenishes the water supply through the hydrologic cycle Groundwater exists in an aquifer or
underground layer of permeable rock sediment (usually sand or gravel) or soil that yields water
Aquifers are like underground reservoirs of water
SURFACE WATER The visible bodies of water are referred to as surface water Surface waters can be simply described as the water that is on the surface of the Earth This includes the oceans rivers and streams lakes and reservoirs Surface waters are very important Rivers and streams constitute the flowing surface waters Surface water canbe captured for a variety of biospheric and humanusesRunoff During heavy precipitation water cannot infiltrate into the ground It flows on the surface of the ground and called as runoff
GROUNDWATER Groundwater is detained as water that is found beneath the surface of the Earth in conditions of100 per
Q1 Why the Earth is called as Blue PlanetA1 Earth is known as the Blue Planet because 71 per cent of the Earths surface is covered with water
Q2 Define hydrological cycleA2 Water is not added or removed from the environment it simply changes state and location This constant movement of water throughout our environment is called the hydrological cycle or water cycle Earth cleans and replenishes the water supply through the hydrologic cycle
Q3 What is AquifersA3 Aquifers are like underground reservoirs of water
Q4 Why there is a shortage of fresh waterA4 Although the earth has an abundance of water but unfortunately there is a shortage of fresh water because 997 per cent of it occupied by oceans soils icecaps and floating in the atmosphere and rest 03 percent can use for daily uses
cent saturation (if it is less than100 per cent saturation then the water is considered as soil moisture) Ninety-eight per cent of Earths available fresh water is groundwater It is about60 times as plentiful as the fresh water found in lakes and streams Water in the ground travels through pores in soil and rock and in fractures and weathered areas of bed rockThe majority of fresh water is therefore found under ground as soil moisture and in aquifers
Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 88 to 126 (Portia helliphellip Such as the day is when the sun is hid) [Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]
Summary Questions amp Answerso Launcelot then arrives and informs
Lorenzo that Bassanio will also be arriving soon Both Lorenzo and Jessica return to the house and ask Stephano to order the family musicians to play music in order to extend a fitting welcome to Portia
o Portia and Nerissa dressed in their normal self return home and enter the building Lorenzo recognizes Portias voice and comes to greet her She orders the servants to pretend as if she had never left and asks Lorenzo and Jessica to do the same
o Soon thereafter Bassanio Gratiano and Antonio arrive
(1) PORTIA That light we see is burning in my hall (L 89-101)
How far that little candle throws his beams So shines a good deed in a
naughty worldNERISSA When the moon shone we did not see the candlePORTIA So doth the greater glory dim the less
A substitute shines brightly as a king
Unto the king be by and then his state
Empties itself as doth an inland brook
Into the main of waters Music hark
NERISSA It is your music madam of the housePORTIA Nothing is good I see without respect
Methinks it sounds much sweeter than by day
NERISSA Silence bestows that virtue on it madam
(i) Where are Lorenzo and Jessica sitting What message have they received What are they doing
Lorenzo and Jessica are sitting in Portiarsquos house in Belmont They have just received the message informing them of the arrival of Portia and Bassanio separately They are waiting for their arrivals and enjoying the beauty of the moonlight night(ii) In which mood is Lorenzo found after Stephanorsquos departure
After Stephanorsquos departure Lorenzo reverts to his romantic mood He is carried away by the magic of the loveliness of the moonlight He draws Jessicarsquos attention and says that the moonlight is sleeping beautifully on the raised ground He says that they will sit there and enjoy the sweetness of the gentle
music which will shortly creep into their ears very softly(iii) Why has Lorenzo sent Stephano What kind of man is he who does not appreciate the sweet harmony of sounds
Lorenzo has sent Stephano to instruct the musicians to play soft music to welcome Portia home Lorenzo tells that the
tranquility and the beautiful night suit the sweet music Praising the ennobling (M lend greater dignity) effect of music Lorenzo tells Jessica that the person who has no music in him and does not appreciate the sweet harmony of sounds is a dangerous person and so should be watched very carefully(iv) Who are returning to Belmont What does Nerissa remark on seeing the light of the house
Portia and Nerissa are returning to Belmont after successfully conducting Antoniorsquos trial in Venice as the lawyer and the clerk respectively When they are near their home Nerissa seeing the light of the house remarks that they did not see this light of this candle when the moon was shining(v) What does Portia comment on Nerissarsquos observation Commenting on Nerissarsquos observation Portia says that the lesser glory becomes insignificant before the greater glory She adds that the kingrsquos representative assumes great splendor and authority when the king himself is not near But before the real king the substitute becomes devoid of all splendor and
authority as the big rivers lose their identity after emptying into the vast sea
SUBJECT PHYSICS [TOPIC FORCE]Answer the following questions ( ICSE questions of previous years from chapter FORCE)
1 Write the position of centre of mass for the following bodies(i) A circular ring (ii) A cylinder(iii) A hollow sphere (iv) A triangular lamina
2 Explain why screw drivers are provided with longer handles3 Compare the magnitude and direction of centripetal force and centrifugal force4 How does uniform circular motion differ from uniform linear motion5 Why is the motion of a body moving with a constant speed around a circular path is said to be
accelerated6 A brass ball is hanging from a cotton thread Draw a neat labeled diagram showing the force acting
on the brass ball and the cotton thread 7 Define moment of force Write the relationship between the SI and CGS unit of moment of force8 Define couple State the SI unit of moment of couple9 A uniform half meter scale balanced horizontally on a knife edge at 29 cm mark when a weight of 20
gmf is suspended from one end(i) Draw the diagram of the arrangementWhat is the weight of the half meter rule
ECO-10 250620 Topic-Supply Analysis
MEANING OF SUPPLYSupply a commodity by a firm or seller may be defined as the quantity of a commodity that a firm or seller offers for sale at a given price during a given time period But the actual sale of the commodity may be different from its supply For example a farmer (produced of wheat) is willing to sell 50 quintals of wheat at a price of ` 15 per kg but he is able to sell only 30 quintals at this price So this case the supply of wheat is 50 quintals but the actual sale is 30 quintals So these two concepts should not be confused with each other Like demand supply also has three elements The definition of supply include (i) the quantity of the commodity that a firm is willing to supply (ii) the price at which it is willing to supply that quantity and (iii) the time period during which it is willing to supply that quantity
FACTORS DETERMINING SUPPLY OR DETERMINANTS OF SUPPLY OF A GOOD
The main determinant of supply is the price of the commodity But the cost of production of a commodity is an important factor in determining profit maximized on output of a firm The cost of production depends on the prices of various inputs like raw material wages of workers interest of capital rent of building etc The supply of a commodity also depends on the technology used in the production of the commodity and many other factors The main factors determining supply of a commodity are(i) Price of the commodity(ii) Price of other related good(iii) Price of inputsfactors(iv) Taxation policy of government(v) Objective of the firm(i) Price of the commodity Other factors determining supply remaining constant there is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity It means the quantity supplied of a commodity increases with rise in price and decreases with fall in price of the commodity More quantity of a commodity is supplied at a higher price and less quantity is supplied at a lower price For example a seller of tomatoes is willing to sell 100 kgs of tomatoes at a price of ` 40 per keg and only 50 kgs at a price of ` 20 per kg Due to this direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity the supply curve has a positive slope Supply curve is upward sloping to the right(ii) Price of other related goods Supply of a commodity is also influenced by the change in the price of other related goods With the help of given resources we can produce several goods by using the same technology This helps the firm to diversify and tide over fluctuations in demand For example a farmer can produce either pulses or food grains by using the resources If the price of pulses increases it becomes more profitable for him to make more production of pulses So he will divert some resources from the production of food grains to the production of pulses The production of pulses will increase and that of food grains will decrease So the supply of pulses will increase if the price of pulses increases and the supply of food grain will decrease at the same price reverse will happen if the price of food grains increases(iii) Price of inputsfactors Change in the price of inputs like raw material wage rent or interest also influences the supply of a commodity For example in the production of cloth cotton is the main raw material If the price of cotton increases the cost of production of cloth will increase At the same price the margin of profit will decrease So the producer will decrease the supply of cloth at the same price On the other hand if the price of cotton falls the cost of production per unit of cloth will decrease and hence the supply of cloth will increase The price of other inputs will also influence the supply of a good in the same manner(iv) Technology of production an improvement in the technology of production of a commodity decreases the per unit cost of the commodity The margin of profit will increase at the same price So the supply of a commodity will increase with improvement in technology of production at the same price On the other hand if a firm uses absolute technology of production the cost of production per unit of the commodity will increase The margin of profit will decrease so the firm will decrease its supply at the same price This is the main reason that the firms are trying to use better technology of production because it not only reduces the cost of production per unit but also improves the quality of the product(v) Taxation policy of government If the government reduces the excise duty or the production of a commodity the cost of production per unit of the commodity will decrease the margin of profit will increase at the same price so the producer of the commodity will increase its supply It happens when the government wants to increase the production of the commodity On the other hand to discourage the production of some harmful goods like cigarettes liquor etc the government increases the rate of excise duty on the production of such goods So the cost of production per unit of the commodity increases and the supply of such commodities decreases(vi) Objective of the firm The objective of the producer also influences the supply of a commodity Generally the objective of a producer is get maximize his profits Profits are maximized at a higher price So he increases the supply of a commodity at a higher price and decreases its supply at a lower price But sometimes the producer may be in maximizing his sales and not in maximizing his profits as he wants to capture the market In that case he goes on increasing the supply so long his target is not achieved can profit is not adversely affected He may increase the supply at the same price to any extent
SUPPLY FUNCTION
When the relationship between quantity supplied and the determinants of supplied is expressed mathematically in an equation it is called a supply function So a supply function can be expressed asSn = f(Pn Pr Pf T Tr G)where Sn = Supply of commodity nPn = Price of the commodity nPr = Price of other related goodsPf = Price of inputsfactors
T = Technology of productionTr = Government policy or tax rateG = Goal or objective of the producer
Typically supply function shows the relationship between price and quantity supplied keeping all other determinants of supply as constant It shows the amount of a good that a seller supplies at different levels of price
LAW OF SUPPLYThe law of supply depicts the relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity when all other determinants of supply remain constant This law states that there is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity other factors determining supply remaining constant It means quantity supplied of a commodity increases with increase in price and decreases with decrease in price
Assumptions of the law of supplyThe phrase other determinants of supply remaining constant in the law of supply shows the assumptions of the law of supply The mains factors which influence the supply of a commodity one price of the commodity price of other related goods price of inputs technology of production taxation policy of the government and objective of the firm etc The law of supply is based on the assumptions that all these factors determining supply except price of the commodity should remain constant The following are the main assumptions of the law of supply(i) Price of other related goods should remain the same(ii) There should be no change in the price of inputs (factors)(iii) Technology of production should not change(iv) There is no change in the taxation policy of the government(v) Objective of the firm should not changeThe law of supply is based on the assumptions that the supply of commodity changes only due to change in price when all other determinant of supply remain constantClass XISubject Topic Summary Execution EVS Chapter-2
Ecology Answer the following questions briefly Q Draw a neat labeled diagram of carbon cycleAnsndash
Mathematics Principle of Mathematical Induction
1) What is statement Ans A sentence which may be true or false is called statement eg i) 5 is greater than 3 ii) New Delhi is the capital of India iii) 5 divides 7 These all are statements We see that statement (i) amp (ii) are true but (iii) is false 2 What is Mathematical StatementAns Statement involving mathematical relations are called mathematical statement We shall use mathematical statement in principle of
Example If n be a positive integer show that n(n+1) is an even positive integer Solution Let P(n) be the statement n(n+1) is an even positive integer Then (i) P(1) is the statement 1(1+1) ie 2 is an even positive integer Therefore P(1) is true (ii) If P(m) is true for some positive integer m then m(m+1) is an even integer Now (m+1) [(m+1)+1]=(m+1)sup2+ (m+1) =msup2+2m+1+m+1=msup2+m+2m+2=m(m+1) +2(m+1) = an even integer + an even positive integer [Since P(m) is true and 2(m+1) is an even
mathematical induction 3 What is the use of Principle of mathematical inductionAns Sometimes it is difficult to prove a statement theorem or a formula by direct method In this case we use an indirect method known as the Principle of mathematical induction There are two steps in this processSTEP 1 Varify that the statement or formula is true for one or two particular values of n say for n=1 2STEP 2 Assuming that the statement or formula is true for n=m where m is any positive integer show that it is true for n=m+1Conclusion Since the statement is true for n=2 it is true for n=2+1 that is 3 and since it is true for n=3 it is true for n=3 + 1 that is 4 and so on Hence the statement or formula is true for all positive integral values of n
positive integer]= an even positive integer Therefore P(m+1) is true when P(m) is true Therefore By the principle of Mathematical Induction P(n) is true for all positive integral values of n Hence n(n+1) is an even positive integer
Hindi 2ndlang एक फल की चाह 5 दख रहा था जस सो सथिर हो नही बठती थी कषण भर हाय ही चपचाप पडी थी अटल शागित शी धारण कर सनना यही चाहता था म उस सय ही
उकसा करमझको दी क परसाद का एक फल ही दो लाकर
शबदाथ ससथिर - परी तरह ठहरी हई अटल- पकका
उकसाकर - पररणा दकर
वयाखयाndash उपय[ पलि[यो म कगि सखिखया की ददशा का णन कर रहा ह जो उनक गिपता दवारा वय[ गिकया या ह अपनी बटी सखिखया कीददशा का
गितरण करत हए गिपता कहता ह गिक म अपनी आखो क सामन दख रहा था गिक मरी बटी जो पल भर क लिलए दिटककर नही बठती थी ह अब सथिर शात मरतित की तरह पढी थी अब म ह बार- बार इस बात क लिलए पररिरत कर रहा
था गिक ह मझ गिफर स ही शबद कह गिपताजी मझ दी क परसाद का एक फल लाकर दो
6 ऊच शल लिशखर क ऊपर मदिदर था गिसतीणर गिशाल सण कलशसरलिसज गिहलिसत थ पाकरसमदिदत रगि कर जाल दीप धल स अचछदिदत था मदिदर का
आन सारा ज रही थी भीतर बाहर मखरिरत उतस की धारा
शबदाथ - शल लिशखर- पहाड की ऊची चोटी
सतीणर - फला हआ
सण कलश - कमल क समान सदर सोन का कलश मखरिरत - परकट समदिदत - अचछी परकार खिखला हआ रगि कर जाल - सय की गिकरणो का समह
वयाखया- परसतत पलि[या म कगि न मदिदर की सदरता का णन गिकया ह कहत ह गिक मझ पहाड की चोटी पर एक गिलिशषट और गिशालमश था उसक
सोन क कलश सय की गिकरणो म चमकत हए ऐस परतीत हो रह थ जस सय की खिखली हईगिकरणो क ाा सपशपाकर सनहर कमल खिखल उठ हो मदिदर का
आन धप दीप की सध स भरा हआ था मदिदर क अदर और बाहर मनाए जा रह उसकी परसननता की ज सनाई द रही थी
Bengali (2nd language)
কোনি মনি নদী পরথম অধযোয়
হি_তীয় হিদরণে3র পাঠ-
হিবষটবাব গলাকটির কায় গররণে কা বলরণেত পাররণে0 3া শধ গচাখ হিদরণেয় রা পরকাশ করহি0ল কা বলরণেত বলরণেত গলাকটি পাঞজাহিব লহিn খরণেল জ কররণেত শর করল তাই গদরণেখ হিবষটবাব ত2মভ রণেয় গল চাটি ারার 2হিnরণেত গলাকটি হিবষটবাবর হিদরণেক এরণোরণেল হিতহি3 াা 3ীচ করণের 3াহিরণেয় গ33 হিদ গলাকটি হিবষটবাবরণেক চাটিরণেয় ায় তারণেল হিতহি3 তাাতাহিউরণেঠ গলাকটিরণেক ধররণেত পাররণেব3 3া কার তার শরীরণেরর ওজরণে3র জ3য এই শরণে3 হিবষটবাব বরণে3া গারণেষর ত গতরণেZরণে উরণেঠ দাাল তারণেত গলাকটি দাহিরণেয় শরীরটারণেক একট দহিলরণেয় হি3ল এই সব শরণে3 হিবষট ধর চপ করণের রইল শধ lsquoগঘাৎrsquo করণের একটা শবদ করল গলাকটি হিসহি হিদরণেয় ওঠা3াা কররণে0 গদরণেখ হিবষটবাব খাহি3কটা হিদরণেশারা রণেয় গলহিবষটবাবর গচারণেখ রারণের বদরণেল এখ3 গকৌতল হিতহি3 বরণেল3 ldquoখাওায় আার গলা2 গ3ই Uায়টিং কহিরrdquo হিকনত হিতহি3 কতটা Uায়টিং করণের তা তার শরীর আর খাবারণেরর তাহিলকা গদরণেখ গলাকটি বরণে= গল গলাকটি এহিরণেয় হিরণেয় হিবষটবাবর 2হিরণেত াত বহিলরণেয় হিদরণেল গস আরা অ32ব করণের3 এবং হিপহি0রণেয় া3 গলাকটি হিবষটবাবর সারণে3 তার শরীরণেরর কসরত পরদশ3 কররণেল হিবষটবাব রণে3 রণে3 হিব হিব করণের বরণেল3 হিতহি3ও গরাা রণেত চা3 গসই হরণেত nা গরণেক আবার হিচৎকার গ2রণেস আরণেস lsquoগকা হি3 গকা হি3rsquo
ldquoকী রক Uায়টিংrdquo-ক)বকতা গককারণেক বলরণে0খ)Uায়টিং কার অ কী ) Uায়টিং করা বযহিকতর গচারার ব3া দাও ঘ) তার Uায়টিং এর ব3া দাও
উঃ- ক) আরণেলাচয অংশটি হিত3ltীর গলখা lsquoগকাহি3rsquo উপ3যাস গরণেক গ3ওয়া রণেয়রণে0 আরণেলাচয কাটি বকতা রণেল3 সাদা লহিnপরা ারণেয় গরয়া পাঞজাহিব ও কারণেধ রহিn3 বযা ওয়ালা হিiহিতশ হিসং হিতহি3 কাটি বরণেলরণে03 হিবষট ধররণেকখ) Uারণেয়টিং কার অ ল পহিরহিত খাদয গর অাৎ খাদয তাহিলকায় সসত খারণেদযর গ3াগ3 বজায় গররণেখ খাদয গর) হিবষট ধরণেরর গচারা হিবশাল ওজ3 পরায় হিত3 গদখরণেত জলহিসতর রণেতা সারা শরীরণের চহিব ল ল কররণে0 বয়স পরায় চহিশ হিবশাল 2হি উপ রণেয় শরণেল হিচৎ রণেত পারণের3া গকউ গঠরণেল হিদরণেল হিচৎ রণেত পারণের তারণেক কায় নধ াদ3 পবরণেতর সরণেn তল3া করা য়ঘ) হিবষট ধর গকৌতলী রণেয় বরণেল তার খাওয়ার গকা3 গলা2 গ3ই গস Uায়টিং করণের আরণে গস আধ হিকরণেলা হিiর গখত এখ3 গস হিত3রণেশা গরা হিiর খায় জল খাবারণের কহিটা লহিচ গখত এখ3 পরণে3রণেরাটা লহিচ খায় আাইরণেশা গরা চারণেলর 2াত খায় হিঘ খাওয়া গ0রণে হিদরণেয়রণে0 রারণেত াতর বারণেরাটা রটি খায় হিবরণেকরণেল দ-গলাস হি0হিরর জল সরণেn চাররণেট কা পারণেকর সরণেltশ বাহিরণেত রাধাকষণ আরণে0 বরণেল হিবষট ধর া0 াংস খায়3া আর তারণেত তার গকা3 গলা2 লালসা গ3ই
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 276 to 313 (Sebastian helliphellipIt struck mine ear most terribly)[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]
Summary Questions amp AnswersConspiracy of Antonio and Sebastian
o Antonio further suggests murder of Alonso and eventually Sebastian agrees
o They draw their swords and proceed to murder Alonso and Gonzalo who are sleeping
(1) (Act II Sc 2 L 277-291)ANTONIO Ay sir where lies that If rsquotwere a kibe
rsquoTwould put me to my slipper but I feel notThis deity in my bosom Twenty consciencesThat stand rsquotwixt me and Milan candied be they And melt ere they molest Here lies your brotherNo better than the earth he lies uponIf he were that which now hes likemdashthats deadWhom I with this obedient steel three inches of itCan lay to bed for ever (whiles you doing thus
o As they approach Ariel appears again and wakes up Gonzalo by singing a tune in his ear Alonso also wakes up and they see both Sebastian and Antonio with drawn swords On being caught off guard they make up a story saying that they had heard a bellowing of bulls or lions
IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED
(Act II Sc 1 L 277-281)ANTONIOAy sir where lies that If rsquotwere a kibersquoTwould put me to my slipper but I feel notThis deity in my bosom Twenty consciencesThat stand rsquotwixt me and Milan candied be they And melt ere they molest
In these lines Antonio speaks how he is a conscienceless villain In inciting Sebastian to the kingship of Naples by murdering his brother he quotes his own example He too had banished his brother and made himself the Duke of Milan This kingship now sits upon him like a well fittinggarment So will be the case of Sebastian Sebastian then questions Antonio if this foul deed did not prick his conscience To this Antonio replies like a hardened villain He laughs at the word lsquoconsciencersquo and says that he has never heard of anything like conscience A guilty conscience gave him no more pain that is chilblain (M a painful itching and swelling on hand and foot caused by exposure to extreme cold) A man can get rid of the pain of chilblain by wearing slippers instead of shoes so does Antonio get rid of the qualms (M an uneasy feeling of doubt worry or fear especially about onersquos conduct) of conscience very easily Even if he were troubled by twenty consciences that barred his way to the throne of Milan however frozen they might be he would melt them into insensibility before they could cause him to twinge
To the perpetual wink of aye might putThis ancient morsel this Sir Prudence whoShould not upbraid our course) - for all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour
(i) To whom does Antonio speak these lines Who is referred to as lsquoyour brotherrsquo What does Antonio mean by saying lsquoNo better than the earth he lies uponrsquo
These lines are spoken by Antonio to Sebastian King Alonso is referred to as Sebastianrsquos brother Indicating towards Alonso who is lying asleep on the ground Antonio tells Sebastian that here sleeps his brother and at this time he is no better than a clod of the earth on which he lies asleep Antonio means to say that if he were actually to become what he looks like he would be a dead body(ii) According to Antonio what would he do if he were at the place of Sebastian
Antonio says that if he were in the position of Sebastian he would not care even for twenty consciences in order to win the kingship of Naples He would rather forget all his consciences if they happen to trouble him at all (iii) What does Antonio suggest to Sebastian What does Antonio assure him
Antonio suggests to Sebastian that in a moment Sebastian can put to death Gonzalo who pretends to be a very wise man and who on that account rebukes others (particularly Antonio and Sebastian) whereas he (Antonio) himself can put Alonso to death with only three inches of his willing sword Antonio further assures Sebastian that by killing both of them there will be none left to oppose him and in this way every obstacle in his way will be removed
(iv) Explain the lines lsquofor all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hourrsquo
In other words Antonio says that even if he were endowed with a stiff conscience he could easily relax or soften it for the execution of his purpose Then Antonio suggests that conscience should be no hindrance to a manrsquos future greatness
Comments These are terrible words coming from the mouth of a villain of the worst type He is utterly devoid of conscience or remorse He is an utter atheist of human virtue He speaks of conscience as a deity that he does not feel in his bosom
According to Antonio so far as the other lords (Adrian Francisco and others) are concerned they need not be murdered because they would obey the orders of Antonio and Sebastian as willingly and readily as cat licks milk These other lords would endorse and support everything that Sebastian and Antonio may say or suggest These other lords would adjust their views in accordance with the wishes of Antonio and Sebastian and they would regard all proposals made by Antonio and Sebastian as being opportune and also as being acceptable(v) What opinion do you form of Antonio from the above speech
The speech given above shows Antonio to be an absolutely unscrupulous man After saying that he does not believe in any such faculty as the conscience he suggests to Sebastian to
(Act II Sc 1 L 285-291)ANTONIOhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (whiles you doing thus To the perpetual wink of aye might putThis ancient morsel this Sir Prudence whoShould not upbraid our course) - for all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour
Antonio has convinced Sebastian that he has made himself Duke of Milan by a crime for which he has felt no pricks of conscience In these lines Antonio tells Sebastian that now that the chance has presented itself to him he should take it and be King of Naples So far as Alonso is concerned Antonio agrees to undertake the task of killing him by sticking only three inches of his sharp dagger Making a thrust in the air with his sword he tells Sebastian that by a similar method he can put to sleep forever Gonzalo ndash the old piece of flesh already rotten ndash this piece of antiquity ndash this ldquoSir Prudencerdquo who is never tired of reading his moral lectures to them If ldquoProfessor Wisdomrdquo is got rid of he will not be able to denounce their action as he would surely do if they did not dispatch him as well As for the rest of the kingrsquos counselors (Adrian and Francisco) it is their nature to adopt any statements and views which are placed before them just as it is the nature of a cat to lap milk Antonio assures Sebastian that ldquothese othersrdquo will back them up in whatever they say or do that they will count the strokes of the clock exactly as they bid them not according to the real time but according to the time that is right for their business Hence only two persons Alonso and Gonzalo are required to be removed to fulfill their ambition
murder Gonzalo at the very time when he (Antonio) stabs Alonso to death And yet this brutal man has a fertile wit also He can talk in a persuasive manner and also in a sarcastic and satirical manner He knows human nature thoroughly and he understands that Gonzalo is loyal to Alonso while the other lords are only sycophants who can easily be won over to Sebastianrsquos side after Alonso has been assassinated
(2) (Act II Sc 1 291-296)SEBASTIAN Thy case dear friend
Shall be my precedent as thou gotst MilanIll come by Naples Draw thy swordmdashone strokeShall free thee from the tribute which thou payest And I the King shall love thee
ANTONIO Draw together And when I rear my hand do you the likeTo fall it on Gonzalo
(i) Explain the situation and introduce the persons engaged in conversation
After the supposed shipwreck King Alonso with his lords his brother Sebastian and Antonio the Duke of Milan land on a strange island Prince Ferdinand is feared to be drowned While the King and others have fallen asleep after exertions of the day and Ariel with his sweet music acting as a catalyst Antonio and Sebastian are awake They have hatched a conspiracy to kill King Alonso and his loyal lord Gonzalo Then Sebastian will become King of NaplesIn these lines Antonio and Sebastian are engaged in conversation They are just ready to execute their plan to attack King Alonso and Gonzalo simultaneously(ii) Antoniorsquos case shall become Sebastianrsquos precedent What has been Antoniorsquos case
Antonio proved treacherous towards his brother Prospero who was the Duke of Milan Since Prospero spent his time in his scholarly pursuits he had delegated his powers to his younger brother Antonio to administer the dukedom Antonio grew ambitious He overthrew his brother and expelled him from his own dukedom In his place Antonio became the Duke of Milan which he continues to be now His case urges Sebastian to do the same(iii) How is Sebastian going to follow Antonio
Sebastian is going to take Antoniorsquos case as his precedent He is convinced that if Antonio could usurp the dukedom from his living brother Sebastian could become the King of Naples by killing his sleeping brother(iv) What will one stroke of Antoniorsquos sword do What will Sebastian do to reward Antonio
Sebastian asks Antonio to put an end to Alonsorsquos life with one stroke of his sword The same stroke will earn for him a reward Sebastian will become the King of Naples and he will exempt Antonio from paying the annual tribute to Naples The dukedom of Milan is a tributary to the kingdom of Naples Its Duke has to pay tribute to the King every year When Sebastian takes over as the King he will give a benefit to his friend who is helping him to realize his ambition
(v) What is Antoniorsquos suggestion
Antonio suggests that they may draw their swords together When he raises his hand to attack Alonso Sebastian should raise his sword to bring it down on Gonzalo
ACCOUNTS-11 25062020 Topic- depreciation ndashSTRAIGHT LINE METHOD
Illustration Salman and Usman Bros acquired a machine on July 1 2014 at a cost of Rs 70000 and spent Rs5000 on its installation The firm writes off depreciation 10 on straight line method The books are closed on December 31 every year Show the machinery and depreciation account for three years
Solution Machinery Account
Date Particulars LF amount Date Particulars LF` Amount ( Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014July 01 To Bank Ac 70000 Dec 31 Dec By Depreciation Ac 3750
(70000 x10x612)
July 01 To Bank Ac 5000 Dec31 By Balance cd 71250
75000 75000
2015 2015Jan 01 To Balance bd 71250 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 x10 ) Dec31 By Balance cd 63750
71250 71250
2016 2016Jan 01 To Balance bd 63750 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 (75000 x10 ) Dec 31 By Balance cd 56250
63750 63750
Depreciation Account
Date Particulars LF Amount Date Particulars LF Amount (Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 3750 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 3750
2015 2015
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
2016 2016
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
WORKING
Cost of Machine RS70000Cost of Installation Rs 5000
Total 75000
Rate of Depreciation 10
Then annual depreciation will be 10 of Rs 75000 = Rs 7500
Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution Geography DRIANAGE THE PENINSULAR RIVERS
1 The Mahanadi2 The Godavari3 The Krishna4 The Kaveri5 The Subarnarekha6 The Narmada7 The Tapi8 The Sabarmati and the Mahi9 The Chambal
The Mahanadi Basin The Mahanadi rises from Dandakaranya
Q1 Which is the largest river of peninsular plateau Write a brief note about its courseA1 The largest river of peninsular plateau is Godavari The river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has
near Sihawa in Raipur district in the highlands of Chhattisgarhand flows through Odisha to reach the Bay of BengalThe length of the river is about 857 kmIts drainagebasin is shared by Maharashtra Chhattisgarh Jharkhandand Odisha
THE MAHANADI RIVER SYSTEM
The GodavariThe river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
THE GODAVARI RIVER SYSTEM
many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
Q2 Which river is known as Dakshin GangaA2 The Godavari river is known as lsquoDakshin Gangarsquo It is also known as Vridha Ganga
Q3 Differentiate between east-flowing rivers and west-flowing riversA3
East-flowing rivers
West-flowing rivers
Godavari Krishna Kaveri Mahanadi are the east-flowing rivers
Narmada Tapiwest-flowing rivers
They fall into the Bay of Bengal
They fall into Arabian Sea
These rivers form big deltas
These rivers form comparativelysmall deltas
Catchment area of these river are larger
Catchment area of these river are smaller
The KrishnaThe Krishna river rises from the Western Ghatsnear Mahabaleshwar It flows into the Bay of Bengalbefore forming a large delta Its length is about1400 km The Tungabhadra Koyana Ghatprabha Musi and Bhima are some of its tributariesIt has covers parts of Maharashtra Karnataka and AndhraPradesh
THE KRISHNA RIVER SYSTEM
The KaveriIt rises in the Brahmagiri range of the Western Ghats and flows into the Bay ofBengal Southof Cuddalore in Tamil Nadu The length of the river is about 760 km Its main tributaries are the Amravati Bhavani Hemavati and Kabini The Kaveri drains inthe parts of Karnataka Kerala and drains in Tamil Nadu The river Kaveri makes the second biggest waterfall in India known as Sivasamudram
POLITICAL SCIENCE
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
MEANING OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS-Fundamental rights are those rights which are essential for intellectual moral and spiritual development of citizens of India As these rights are fundamental or essential for existence and all-round development of individuals hence they are called Fundamental rights These are enshrined in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India These include individual rights common to most such as equality before the law freedom of speech and freedom of expression religious and cultural freedom Freedom of assembly (peaceful assembly) freedom of religion (freedom to practice religion) right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writsThere are six fundamental rights recognized by the Indian constitution
1 Right to equality (Articles 14-18)2 Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22)3 Right Against exploitation (Articles 23-24)4 Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25- 28)5 Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29-30) and6 Right to Constitutional remedies (Articles 32-35)
1 The right to equality includes equality before the law the prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion race caste gender or place of birth equality of opportunity in matters of employment the abolition of untouchability and abolition of titles
2 The right to freedom includes freedom of speech and expression association or union or cooperatives movement residence and right to practice any profession or occupation
3 The right against exploitation prohibits all forms of forced labour child labour and trafficking of human beings
4 The right to freedom of religion includes freedom of conscience and free profession practice and propagation of religion freedom to manage religious affairs freedom from certain taxes and freedom from religious instructions in certain educational institutes
5 The Cultural and educational Rights preserve the right of any section of citizens to conserve their culture language or script and right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice
6 The right to constitutional remedies is present for enforcement of fundamental rightsThe right to privacy is an intrinsic part of Article 21 (the Right to Freedom) that protects the life and liberty of the citizens The right to privacy is the newest right assured by the Supreme court of India It assures the peoples data and personal security
Fundamental rights for Indians have also been aimed at overturning the inequalities of pre-independence social practices Specifically they have also been used to abolish untouchability and thus prohibit discrimination on the grounds of religion race caste sex or place of birth They also forbid trafficking of human beings and forced labour (a crime) They also protect cultural and educational rights of religious and linguistic minorities by allowing them to preserve their languages and also establish and administer their own education institutions They are covered in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India
Mathematics
Relation Study Item Types of RelationToday class xii students we will discuss about the types of RelationsFirst we discuss Void RelationWhat is Void RelationAns Let A be a non-empty set Then φ A A and so it is a relation R on set A Thissube ⨯ relation is called the void or empty relation on set ANow from the above definition we came to know that no element of A is related to any element of AHere A A is called Cartesian product⨯
is the symbol of subsetsubeAnd φ is called phi and refer to void or empty relationNow I give an example to understand the above said relationLet A = 1 2 3 4Here A A =(11)(12)(13)(14)(21)(22)(23)(24)(31)(32)(33)(34)(41)⨯(42)(43)(44)Now we consider R is a relation which is defined by R=(ab) a+b= 50We notice that a+b 50 for any two elements of AnotinTherefore (ab) R for any ab A is called belong to and is not belong tonotin isin isin notinTherefore we can say R does not contain any element of A A⨯Therefore R is empty set Therefore we can say that R is the void or empty relation on AWhat is universal RelationAns Let A is a set Then A A A A and so it is a relation on A This relation is called⨯ sube ⨯ the universal relation on ANow from the above definition we can say that each element of A is related to every element of ANow we consider the relation R on the set A =1 234 defined by R = (ab) R |a -b|isin
0≽We observe that|a - b | 0 for all ab A≽ isin
(ab) R for all (ab) A ArArr isin isin ⨯ Each element of set A is related to set A every element of set ArArr
Therefore we write R= AxATherefore we can say R is universal relation on set ANote we can say that void relation is smallest relation and the universal relation is largest relationSometime both void relation and universal relation is called trivial relationWhat is identity relationAns Let A is a non-empty set Then the relation R or IA = (aa) a A on A is called theisin identity relation on A Therefore from the above definition we can say that every element of A is related to itself only
Example Let A = 1234 then Ror IA = (11)(22)(33)(44) is the identity relation on set ANow I give you another example R1 = (11)(22)(33) and R2 = (11)(22)(33)(44)(24)From the above example we can say that R1 and R2 are not identify relation Because in the case of R1 (44)R1 and on the other hand R2 where element 2 is related to elements 2 and 4
Hindi 2ndlang
भलि[ (महादी मा)
भलि[ कहानी की लखिखका महादी मा न इस कहानी म यह दशान का परयास गिकया ह गिक आजकल क जमान म भी लो सक बन कर गिनसाथ सा करत ह ह
गिबना तन लिसा करत ह और उसक बदल ना कछ मात ह और ना ही कोई आशा करत ह नौकर सा करक तन चाहता ह और ह भी कई सगिधाओ की आशा करता ह पर सक सदा गिनजी साथ भा स सा म सलगन रह कर काम करता ह भलि[ कहानी की मखय पातर लकषमी ह जिजस भलि[ नाम लखिखका न दिदया ह ह गिकसी
ोपाल काकी कनया ह पाच रष की आय म उसकी गि माता न ौना ही कर दिदया कहानी म भलि[ क दखो का अत नही ह गिफर भी ह बडी साहसी धयान और परिरशरमी ह कदिठनाइयो स जझ ती ह पहल गिपता की मतय गिफर पगित की मतय और
गिफर घर जमाई की मतय होती ह उस साहसी मगिहला न साहस नही छोडा और तीनो पतरी ओक हाथ पील गिकए लाना द पान क कारण उसका जमीदार न अपमान गिकया गिफरकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहचीकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहची शहर पहच करा लखिखका की सगिका बनी ही पर उसका नाम भलि[ पडा ह एक भ[ की तरह अपन सामिमनी की इमानदारी स सा करती और तन का जिजकर भी नही करती ह लखिखका क घर पाठशाला आदिद को अचछी तरह स सभालती पढी-
लिलखी ना होकर भी ह लखिखका की बहत सा ए सहायता करती ह लखिखका का साया बनकर चलती लखिखका की सा करना उसक जीन का उददशय ह ह
लखिखका की खशी क लिलए ही काय करती ह ह लखिखका को दखी नही दख सकती लखिखका पर भलि[ का इतना परभा पडा गिक ह सय दहाती बन ई
यदध क दिदनो म ह अपन परिरार क साथ रहन की अपकषा लखिखका क साथ रहना पसद करती थी यदध क भत न जब ीटा क ान पर पलायन गित जा दी तो
भलि[ न न लखिखका को अपन ा ल जान का अनरोध करन ली लखिखका को डर ह गिक यदिद उसक गिदा होन क अगितम छठा ए तो ह दहातीन दधा कया कर ी
इस परकार हम दखत ह गिक लखिखका न सामिमनी और सगिका क ण बरसात हए सक धम पर परकाश डाला ह और लखिखका न एक आदश सगिका क रप को सदर
रप स परसतत गिकया हBengali আদাব পরশন) ldquoশরণের ১৪৪ ধারা আর কারহিZউ অU ার জারী রণেয়রণে0ldquo
ক) কার গলখা গকা3 রচ3ার অংশ খ)গকাায় গক3 ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়রণে0 )১৪৪ ধারা কী এর Zরণেল কী য়
উততর) ক)আরণেলাচ য অংশটি সরণেরশ বসর রহিচত lsquoআদাবlsquo গ0াট রণেলপর অংশ
খ) বাংলারণেদরণেশর ঢাকা শরণের ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়হি0ল সামপরদাহিয়ক াnাা ও দাnা পরহিতরণেরারণেধর জ3 য হিlt সলা3রণেদর গ3তারণেদর সামপরদাহিয়ক উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা বারণেধ উ2য় সমপরদায় 2ীত রণেয় ঘর বহিlt রণেয় পরণে পরসপর পরসপররণেক সরণেltরণের গচারণেখ গদরণেখ গকউ কাউরণেক আরণের রণেতা হিবশবাস কররণেত পারণের3া হিক0 া3রণেষর উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা য় ার পহির3া অরণেতক রকত iয় ও ত য
) ১৪৪ ধারা আইরণে3র এ3 একটা ধারা ার _ারা এলাকা হি3হিদ ষট করণের গদওয়া য় গসই এলাকার রণেধ য গবহিশ া3রণেষর জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় হিহি0ল জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় আই3 2nকারীরণেক গহিলর হি3রণেদশ জাহির করা য় তাই সাধার3 া3ষ আর বাইরণের গবর রণেত পারণের3া পরারণে3র 2রণেয় বহিlt রণেয় ারণেক এর Zল য় সাংঘাহিতক গদাকা3 পাট বনধ ারণেক
হিজহি3স পতর অহিল য় রাসতা ঘাট জ3 শ3 য রণেয় ায় লরণেঠরা তারণেদর লঠত রাজ চাহিলরণেয় হি3রণেজরণেদর আরণেখর গহি0রণেয় গ3য় া3ষরণেক 2ীহিতর হিব2ীহিষহিক গরাস করণের ঘরণেরর া3রণেষর ইkা াকরণেলও ঘরণের হিZররণেত পারণের3া হিZররণেত হিরণেয় বltরণেকর গহিলরণেত পরা3 ারায়
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today we will discuss about Types of Leaves
An organization provides several kinds of leaves to the employees These days employees working both in government and private sector are allowed several types of leaves Following are the leaves achieved by the employees from their organization
Casual LeaveChild care leave -HospitalLeaveSpecial disability leaveChild Adoption leaveEarned LeavesHalf pay leaveMaternity leavePaternityleaveStudy leave
1 Casual Leave- Casual leave is not a recognised form of leaves and is not subject to any rules made by the government of India And official on casual leave is not treated as Absent from duty and pay is not intimated Normally 8 days of casual leave is permissible in a calendar year
2 Child care leave - Women employees having minor children may be granted child care leave by an authority competent to grant leave for a maximum period of 730 days means two years during their entire service for taking care of up to two children weather for sharing or to look after any of their names like examination sickness it is a
3HospitalLeave - Hospital leave is admissible to group C employees whose duties involved handling of dangerous machinery explosive materials poisonous drugs and performance of hazardous task and to group D employees Medical certificate from an authorised medical attendant is necessary for the grant of these leave However total period of
leave does not exceed 28 months4Special disability leave- Special
disability leave admissible to all employees when disabled by injury intentionally or accidentally inflicted are caused in law in consequence of the due performance of official duties or in consequence of official position It also it is also add miscible when disabled by illness incurred in the performance of any particular duty which has the effect of increasing laboratory to illness or injury beyond the ordinary least attaching to the Civil post held and the same condition
5Child Adoption leave- This leave is granted to female Employees with fewer than two surviving children on valid adoption of a child below the age of one year for a period of 135 days immediately after the date of valid adoption Leave salary will be equal to the pain immediately before processing on leave
6Earned Leaves- This leave is earned by duty The credit for earned leave will be awarded at a rate of 15 days on the 1st of January and 1st of July every year It can be accumulated up to 300 days in addition to the number of days for which encashment has been allowed along with LTC
7 Half pay leave -All government servant are entitled to 20 days of HPL half pay leave for every completed year of service Half pay leave is calculated at 20 days for each completed year of service The service includes periods of duty and leave including extra ordinary leave with or without MC (medical certificate)
8 Maternity leave -Maternity leave is granted to women Government employees full stop it is as possible only to Employees with less than 2 surviving children The maternity leave is not debited to leave account and full pay is granted It cannot be combined with any other the leaves and count as service for increment and pension
9 PaternityleaveA male employee with less than 2 surviving children may be granted paternity leave for a period of 15 days during the confinement of
his wife During the period of such leaves he shall be paid leave salary equal to the pay drawn immediately before proceeding on leave
10 Study leave-Study leave may be granted to all Government Employees with not less than 5 years service for undergoing a special course consisting of higher studies are specialised training in a professional or technical subject having a direct and close connection with the sphere of his duties as a Civil Servant
Commerce
Chapter-5Management
Let us today discuss about the nature of Management
Nature of management Management is defined as
An art A science A profession
Management is defined as an art because of the following reasons
1 In art there is an existence of theoretical knowledge Similarly in management various theories are propounded by management thinkers in various areas of management like finance marketing human resources etc
2 Every manager apply his or her personal skills and knowledge in the day to day functioning of an enterprise
3 Like an art management is creative as it provides solutions to Complex problems making resources productive and profitable moulding the attitudes of people for the betterment of an organisation
Management is is considered as science because of the following reasons
1 Like science there is a systemised body of knowledge in management consisting of theories principles vocabulary and concept
2 Principles of management are evolved after continuous observations and experimentation
Management both as Science and ArtManagement is both a science and an art It is a science because it uses certain principles and is an art because it requires continuous practice and application of personal skillsManagement as a profession Following points highlight whether management is a profession or not1 Like profession management has well
defined body of knowledge It has its own principles which are based on experiments One can acquire such
knowledge by pursuing courses like MBA BBA etc and acquire managerial skills through instruction and training
2 In management no such restriction is there for managers to clear an examination for hold a degree However these days more and more people are appointed for managerial post who opposes management degrees
3 Membership to a professional Association like AIMA is not mandatory for managers All managers directly or indirectly work for the development of society
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Essay Questions (EQ-2)
Question No 2Sketch the character of Prospero Would you call him perfect
AnswerProspero in The Tempest appears to be an intensely human being with human failings and weaknesses With all his excellence Prospero is made to awaken our sympathy for a natural imperfection Prosperorsquos Previous HistoryIn his retrospective narration of his previous history to Miranda we get a glimpse into Prosperorsquos past life As the Duke of Milan Prospero buried himself in his magic books which he prized above his dukedom He was essentially a scholar with no practical wisdom He failed to perform his first duty by neglecting the governance of his state and gave an opportunity to his wicked brother to undermine his throne He was thus driven from his home and thrown in a leaky boat with his weeping daughter to drift in the perilous seas It is only the thought of his little child that kept him aliveThe Development of Prosperorsquos CharacterThe development of his character is evident from the contrast between what he was before his banishment and what he is now in the island Formerly when his ldquolibrary was dukedom enoughrdquo he was altogether too unsuspecting Now he is watchful as providence and takes care to guard himself against the possibility of evil He has learnt to know human nature in its worst forms even Caliban has taught him something He will no longer put his trust in appearance except as ldquostale to catch thievesrdquo nor in oaths of which the strongest he says ldquoare straw to the fire irsquo the bloodrdquo He who once neglected worldly ends now consistently asserts his dignity enforces obedience and deals out justice with impartial hand He who without a thought of evil gave his power and his revenues into his brotherrsquos hands now puts Ferdinand to the severest test as a trial of his love before entrusting his daughter to him He makes the most practical use imaginable of his magic art exacts prompt servitudefrom his attendants does not hesitate to punish them is resolved and firm and knows how to seize the proper moment for action He is a most careful father to his daughter a considerate master of Ariel severe against the brutal Caliban humane towards the repentant enemies full of experience and wisdomThe Exercise of his Power ndash his SternnessWhat appears to us at the first sight one of the least pleasing features of Prosperorsquos character is the sternness which he frequently displays more particularly in his dealings with Caliban His harshness towards Caliban resulted from the failure of gentler methods his severity towards Ferdinand was exercised in the interest of his daughter ldquolest too light winning make the prize lightrdquo and his punishment of Alonso Sebastian and Antonio is justified by the attainment of his objectiveProsperorsquos TendernessThe tender side of Prosperorsquos character is exhibited in his relation to Miranda Ariel Gonzalo and the repentant sinners His love for Miranda is unbounded She was almost life to him In his darkest hours of trial this love sustained him and gave him strength to put a bold front to suffering He addresses her always with tenderness She is to him a lsquoloved darlingrsquo lsquodear heartrsquo lsquoa rich giftrsquo lsquoa third of his own lifersquo The same affectionate nature is shown in his dealing with his brother Antonio He loved his brother Antonio only next to Miranda before Antonio conspired against him In the island when Antonio is brought before him he forgives him
readily To Gonzalo the good old councilor he is all affection He sheds tears of joy and gratitude when he meets him in the island To Ariel he is a loving and considerable master Ariel is always to him ldquomy brave spiritrdquo ldquofine spiritrdquo ldquodelicate Arielrdquo ldquomy Arielrdquo etc When he promises Ariel his freedom he says with real emotion ndash ldquoI shall miss theerdquoProsperorsquos Power as a MagicianThe practice of magic has placed wonderful powers in the hands of Prospero He uses his supernatural powers like a god only to bring about the happiest results He causes The Tempest and the shipwreck only to bring his enemies within his power and not to destroy them Not a soul perished in the storm He leads Ferdinand to Miranda his high charms work and as he wishes the two falls in love He frustrates the plots of the conspirators and makes them know that he was conscious of it He drives Sebastian and Alonso to sincere repentance and readily forgives them The drunken associates of Caliban are no doubt sternly treated but even then they are promised conditional pardon The whole play at last ends in reconciliation joy and peace The wrongs are set right the lovers are made happy Ariel is set free and thus the powerful magician retires into the solitude of his study at MilanProsperorsquos ForgivenessAllied to his wisdom is his forgiving nature Though deeply wronged he bears no spite against the wrong-doers Though his power is unlimited he uses it to noble purposes The lesson of adversity has taught him that ldquoThe rarer action is in virtue than in vengeancerdquoProspero does not debase his noble nature by revenge but forgives his enemies absolutely He drives his erstwhile enemies to a sincere penitence for their past misdeeds and when repentance has wrought its full effect on them he receives them into his arms and is reconciled to them Is Prospero perfectProspero creates a great impression upon our minds by his dignity his nobility the divine spirit of forgiveness in him his generous and sympathetic nature etc Even with all these virtues we cannot call him perfect We perceive certain faults in him He displays an occasional impatience irritability and even a certain harshness of feeling His severe treatment of Caliban might have been justified but the language in which he addresses the monster and the threats that he uses show him to be a kind of tyrant On learning of Calibanrsquos plot against his life he is as violently disturbed and agitated as any ordinary human being would be His manner towards Ariel when the latter demands his liberty also seems somewhat arbitrary and tyrannicalSubject ndashBiology Topic ndashChapter -5 Inheritance amp Variations Summary ExecutionToday we will discuss about NON-Mendelian Inheritance
NON_MENDELIAN INHERITANCE Incomplete Dominance It is an inheritance in which heterozygous offspring shows
intermediate character between two parental characteristics Eg Flower colour in snapdragon (dog flower or Antirrhinum sp) and
Mirabilis jalapa ( 4rsquoO clock plant) Here phenotypic and genotypic ratios are same Phenotypic Ratio 1Red 2 Pink 1 White Genotypic Ratio 1(RR) 2 (Rr) 1(rr) This means that R was not completely dominant over r Pea plants also show incomplete dominance in other traits
Co- dominance It is the inheritance in which both alleles of a gene are expressed in a
hybrid Eg ABO blood grouping in human ABO Blood groups are controlled by the gene I The plasma membrane of the RBC has sugar polymer that protrude
from its surface and is controlled By the gene The gene I has three alleles IA IB i The alleles IA and IB produce a slightly different form of the sugar
while allele i does not produce any sugar In AB blood group both IA and IB are present together This is co ndash
dominanceMultiple Alleles
Multiple alternatives of the same gene which influence the same character and produce different expressions in different individuals of a species or population same genes have more than two allelic
forms These different forms of a single gene are referred as multiple alleles Eg human Blood group
Ac-12 250620 Topic- retirement
Illustration Om Jai and Jagdish are partners sharing profit in the ratio of 3 2 l Their balance sheet as at December 31st 2014 is as under
Balance sheet as at December 31 2014
Liabilities Amount Assets Amount
(Rs`) (Rs`)
Creditors 80000 Building 180000 Bills Payable 26000 Plant 140000 General reserve 24000 Motor Car 40000 Capital Stock 100000 Om 160000 Debtors 63000 Jai 120000 Less Provision Jagdish 120000
400000 for Bad debts 3000
60000 Cash at Bank 10000
530000 530000
Jai retires on that date on the following terms(a) The Goodwill of the firm is valued at Rs 60000(b) Stock and Building to be appreciated by 10(c) Plant is depreciated by 10(d) Provision for Bad debts is increased upto Rs 5000(e) Jairsquos share of goodwill was adjusted through remaining partners capital accountThe amount due to Jai is paid out of the fund brought in by Om and Jagdish in theirnew profit sharing ratio Jai is paid full amountPrepare Revaluation Account and Partnerrsquos Capital account
Solution WorkingsIt is assumed that Om and Jagdish gaining ratio remains 3 lJairsquo Share of goodwill = Rs 60000 times 26 = Rs20000Adjusted through the remaining partners capital account in 3 1 ratio
Revaluation Account
Dr Cr
Particulars Amount Particulars Amount
(Rs`) (`Rs)
To Provision for Bad debts 2000 By Stock 10000TO Plant 14000 By Building 18000To Profit transferred toCapital Accounts Om 6000 Jai 4000 Jagdish 2000
12000
28000 28000
Capital AccountDr Cr Particulars Om Jai Jagdish Particulars Om Jai Jagdish
(Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (rs`) (`Rs)
To Capital 15000 mdash 5000 By Balance bd 160000 120000 120000 ToBank 152000 By General Reserve 12000 8000 4000To Balance cd 277000 mdash 159000 By Revaluation (Profit) 6000 4000 2000 By Om Capital mdash 15000 mdash ByJagdish Capital mdash 5000 By Bank 114000 38000
292000 152000 164000 292000 152000 164000
19 6 - 159
Solution Now 6 = 61 and 1
59 =
149
The LCM of 1 and 9 = 9
there4 61=
6 times91times 9 =
549 and
149 =
14 times19times1 =
149
there4 6 - 159 =
61 -
149 =
549 -
149 =
54minus149 =
409 = 4
49
20 715 - 3
910
Solution Now 715 =
365 and 3
910 =
3910
The LCM of 5 and 10 = 10
there4 715 =
365 =
36 times25times 2 =
7210 and 3
910 =
3910
there4 715 - 3
910 =
7210 -
3910 =
72minus3910 =
3310 = 3
310
Practice at HomeExercise ndash 28
17 3712 - 2
56
18 5 - 278
Class VISubject Topic Summary Execution BIOLOGY Ch-8
AdaptationsPg-115
A Short answer questions
3 Write the characteristics of submerged plants Ans ndash
1 Submerged aquatic are present below the water surface
2 The roots of partly submerged plants are fixed in the soil below water at the bottom of pond lake or river
3 The stems of such plants grow up to the surface of water while the leaves and flowers float on the surface of water
4 Submerged plants donrsquot have thick waxy cuticle
5 Completely submerged water plants like sea grasses and pondweed lack stomata
6 The leaves are mostly thin
Class VIISubject Topic Summary Execution CHEMISTRY
Chapter ndashPhysical and Chemical Changes
Physical ChangeA physical change involves a change in physical propertiesPhysical change is a type of change where no new substance is formed Most physical changes are reversible
Characteristics of Physical changes 1 They are temporary changes2 They are reversible changes 3 No new substance formed4 A physical change involves a
change in physical properties not its chemical properties
Terms related to Physical ChangesDissolvingMeltingMelting pointFreezingFreezing pointBoiling Boiling pointEvaporationCondensationCondensation point
Pg-25Question 6State three differences between evaporation and boiling
Evaporation Boiling
1 Evaporation is a slow process
2 Evaporation takes place from the surface of the liquid
3 Evaporation takes place at all temperature
1 Boiling is a fast process
2 Boiling takes place from all parts of the liquid
3 Boiling takes place at a fixed temperature on heating
Question 7State four differences between physical and chemical changes
Physical change Chemical change
1 No new substances with new properties are formed
2 It can be reversed by simple physical methods
3 It is temporary change
4 Energy is neither needed nor produced
1 New substances with new properties are formed
2 Change cannot be reversed by simple physical methods
3 It is permanent change4 Energy is either needed
or evolved
GEOGRAPHY
ATMOSPHERE
GREENHOUSE EFFECT ANDGLOBAL WARMINGWe have already learned that therays of the Sun heat up the Earths surfaceduring the day and cools off at night byradiating out the heat in the form of terrestrialradiation Some of this heat is absorbed by thegreenhouse gases of the atmosphere and doesnot escape into outer space This preventsthe Earth from becoming excessively cold atnight This is known as Greenhouse EffectIt has led to a gradual rise in globaltemperatures which is referred to as globalwarmingCauses of Global Warming
Q1 What do you mean by Greenhouse EffectA1 Therays of the Sun heat up the Earths surfaceduring the day and cools off at night byradiating out the heat in the form of terrestrialradiation Some of this heat is absorbed by thegreenhouse gases of the atmosphere and doesnot escape into outer space This preventsthe Earth from becoming excessively cold atnight This is known as Greenhouse Effect
Q2 What are the greenhouse gases A2 The heat-trapping gases calledgreenhouse gas (GHGs)
Examples chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Carbon dioxide halons methane nitrous oxide and
GREENHOUSE GAS The heat-trapping gases calledgreenhouse gas (GHGs) Over the years these gases have releasedin the atmosphere and thus making the planetwarmerExamples Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Carbon dioxide halons methane nitrous oxide and ozone
GLOBAL WARMINGIncreasing of Earthrsquos temperature day by day by the increasing amount of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere is called as global warming
CAUSES OF GLOBAL WARMING 1 Burning of fossil fuel2 Harmful emission from industries
andvehicles3 Deforestation and mining4 Excessive rearing of farm animals5 Fertilisers
ozone
Q3 What do you mean by Global Warming Write any two causes of global warming
A3 Increasing of Earthrsquos temperature day by day by the increasing amount of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere is called as global warming The main causes of global warming are a Burning of fossil fuelb Harmful emission from industries
andvehicles
COMPUTER
ARRAYS ARRAY IS A VARIABLE WHICH STORES DIFFERENT VALUES OF THE SAME DATA TYPE IT IS USEFUL TO ORGANIZE MULTIPLE VARIABLES TO DECLARE AN ARRAY DIM (DIMENSION) STATEMENT IS USED LETS TAKE AN EXAMPLE TO DECLARE AN ARRAYDIM NUMBERS(10)10 INSIDE THE PARENTHESES MEANS THIS ARRAY CAN HOLD 11 ELEMENTSNUMBERS YES 11 NUMBERS THERE IS A FIRST INDEX ARRAY 0 ALSO (0 TO 10)EXAMPLES1)TAKE ANY 6 NUMBERS (SAY 2451069) IN AN ARRAY AND ADD NUMBERS INPOSITIONINDEX 3 AND 5 PRINT THE FINAL RESULT
READ THE SUMMARY PART AND TRY TO UNDERSTAND THE CONCEPT OF ARRAY IN QBASIC
SUBJECT- FRENCH (3RD LANGUAGE)Les alphabets avec vocabulariesAlphabets with vocabularies
- Ananas- Ballon- Chat - Dents - Escargot
HOMEWORK-LEARN THIS VOCABULARIES WITH PROPER PRONUNCIATION
Class VIIISubject Topic Summary Execution PHYSICS ENERGY Types of Energy
There are different forms of energy Today we will discuss some important
A Objective Questions
1 Write true or false for each
types of energy and their features ndash1 Mechanical energyMechanical energy is the sum of kinetic and potential energy in an object that is used to do work In other words it is energy in an object due to its motion or position or both
A Kinetic Energy The energy in motion is known as Kinetic Energy For example a moving ball flowing water etc
Kinetic Energy=12mv2
Wherem = Mass of the objectv = Velocity of the object
B Potential Energy This is the energy stored in an object and is measured by the amount of work done For example a pen on a table water in a lake etc
Potential Energy=mghWherem = Mass of the object (in kilograms)g = Acceleration due to gravityh = Height in metersMechanical EnergyIt is the sum of potential energy and kinetic energy that is the energy associated with the motion amp position of an object is known as Mechanical energy Thus we can derive the formula of mechanical energy as ndash
Mechanical Energy = Kinetic Energy + Potential Energy
MechanicalEnergy=12mv2+mgh
2 Solar EnergyThe light and heat from the sun harnessed using technologies like solar heating photovoltaics solar thermal energy solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis is known as solar energy It is the prime source of renewable energy
3 Wind EnergyIt is one of the various forms of energy The energy present in the flow of wind used by wind turbines is called wind energy This energy is a major cheap source to produce electricity In this phenomena the kinetic energy of the wind is converted into mechanical power
statement
(a) A coolie does no work against the force of gravity while carrying luggage on a road
Answer True
(b) The energy stored in water of a dam is the kinetic energy
Answer False
(c) The energy of a flying kite is kinetic energy
Answer True
(d) Work done by a boy depends on the time in which he does work
Answer False
(e) Power spent by a body depends on the time for which it does work
Answer True
4 Nuclear EnergyThe energy present in the nucleus of an atom is known as nuclear energy The particles of an atom are tiny and need the energy to hold themselves Nuclear energy is that enormous energy in the bonds of an atom which helps to hold the atom together Nuclear energy can be used to make electricity
5 Geothermal EnergyThe energy or heat present inside the Earth is known as geothermal energy It is a cheap amp convenient heat and power resource and use of this energy donrsquot have a side effect like greenhouse gas emission etc
6 Tidal Energy
Tidal energy or tidal power is a form of hydropower (energy present in water) which converts the energy present in the tides to produce electricity
7 Biomass Energy
Biomass is organic matter obtained from living organisms The energy produced from biomass is called biomass energy
8 Electrical Energy
The energy caused by moving electric charges is known as electrical energy Electric energy is a type of kinetic energy as the electrical charges moves
9 Thermal Energy
As the name suggests thermal energy is the energy obtained from heat It is a microscopic disordered equivalent of mechanical energyThere may be instances where an object posses more than one type of energy For example boiling water posses both kinetic and potential energy along with heat energy
MATHEMATICS Ch 9Interest
Execution ndash 9(B) 3 A sum of money lent out at simple interest doubles itself in 8 years Find (i) the rate of Interest (ii) In how many years will the sum become triple (three times) at itself at the same rate percent
Solution
(i) Let P = Rs100 there4 A = Rs200 So I = A ndash P = Rs(200-100) = Rs100 and T = 8years [ P= Principal A = Amount I = Interest and T = Time]
there4 The rate of interest (R) = 100times IP times T = ( 100 times100
100times 8 ) = 252
= 125
(ii) Again P = Rs100 A = Rs300 So I = Rs(300-100) = Rs200 and R = 125
there4 T = 100times IP times R = ( 100 times 200
100 times12 5 ) years = ( 1000times 200100times125 )years= 16 years
4 Rs4000 amount to Rs5000 in 8years in what time will Rs2100 amount to Rs2800 at the same rate
Solution
1 st part P = Rs4000 A = Rs5000 there4 I = Rs(5000-4000) = Rs1000And T = 8 years
there4 R = 100times IP times T = ( 100 times1000
4000 times8 ) = 258
2 nd part Now P = Rs2100 A = Rs2800 there4 I = Rs(2800-2100) =Rs700 and R
= 258
there4 T = 100times IP times R = ( 100 times 700
2100 times 258 ) years = ( 100 times8
3 times25 )years= 323 years = 10
23 years
= 10years( 23
times 12)months = 10 years 8 months
6 A certain sum amounts to Rs3825 in 4 years and to Rs4050 in 6 years Find the rate percent and the sum
Solution Amount in 6 years = Rs4050Amount in 4 years = Rs3825
there4 Interest in 2years = Rs(4050-3825) = Rs225
there4 Interest in 1year = Rs225divide2 = Rs2252
there4 Interest in 4years =Rs(225times2) = Rs450
Now P = A ndash I = Rs(3825 ndash 450) = Rs3375
there4 R = 100times IP times T = ( 100 times225
3375 times2 ) = 103
= 313
Practice at Home5 What sum of money lent at 65 per annum will produce the same interest in 4 years as Rs7500 produce in 6 years at 5 per annum
GEOGRAPHY MIGRATION CLIMATE REFUGEES
Climate refugees who are forced to move out when their homes when threatened by imminent climate catastrophes Example many people many people migrated from the sinking south pacific Islands to Australia and New Zealand
MISCELLANEOUS MIGRATION
Miscellaneous migration often takes place due to the governmentrsquos decisions or due to political unrest Example the Indonesian government moved the farming population from the overpopulated areas of Java to the islands of Borneo and Sumatra
FORCED MIGRATION
Forced migration happens during times of disaster of warfare Abduction and transfer of African slaves to America to serve as labour force is an example of forced migration Today climate change and rising sea levels have led to forced migration in many of the island nations of the world
VOLUNTARY MIGRATION
Voluntary migration is shifting to HDC(highly developed countries) from LDC(lowly developed countries) for better job or educational opportunities and better standards of living There is a current trend in which a large number of students are migrating from developing nations to European and American universities for higher studies This type of voluntary migration leads to depopulation in the country which people leave and adds to the volume of immigrants in the country that receives these people
Q1 What do you understand by climate refugees Where it can be found
A1 Climate refugees who are forced to move out when their homes when threatened by imminent climate catastrophes or disasters
Example many people migrated from the sinking south pacific Islands to Australia and New Zealand
Q2Give an example on miscellaneous migration
A2 An example on miscellaneous migration like the Indonesian government moved the farming population from the overpopulated areas of Java to the islands of Borneo and Sumatra
Q3 Give some examples of highly developed countries (HDC) and lowly developed countries (LDC)
A3 European and North American countries such as Britain Spain Canada and New York are good examples of highly developed countries (HDC) On the other hand South-East Asian countries such as India Pakistan and Bangladesh are examples lowly developed countries (LDC)
COMPUTER ALGORITHMS AND FLOW CHARTS
EXAMPLES1) WRITE AN ALGORITHM AND DRAW A FLOW CHART TO FIND THE AREA OF A RECTANGLESOLUTIONALGORITHM
STEP1 STARTSTEP2 ACCEPT THE LENGTH OF THE RECTANGLESTEP3 ACCEPT THE BREADTH OF THE RECTANGLESTEP4 USE THE FORMULA OF AREA=LENGTH times BREADTH AND STORE THE
FINAL RESULT IN THE VARIABLE AREASTEP5DISPLAY THE ARE OF THE RECTANGLESTEP6STOP
FLOWCHART
2)CALCULATE THE INTEREST OF A BANK DEPOSITALGORITHMSTEP 1 READ AMOUNTSTEP 2 READ YEARSSTEP 3 READ RATE
STEP 4 CALCULATE THE INTEREST WITH FORMULA INTEREST=AMOUNTYEARSRATE100STEP 5 PRINT INTERESTFLOWCHART
3)DETERMINE AND OUTPUT WHETHER NUMBER N IS EVEN OR ODDALGORITHMSTEP 1 READ NUMBER NSTEP 2 SET REMAINDER AS N MODULO 2STEP 3 IF REMAINDER IS EQUAL TO 0 THEN NUMBER N IS EVEN ELSE NUMBER N IS ODDSTEP 4 PRINT OUTPUTFLOWCHART
4)DETERMINE WHETHER A TEMPERATURE IS BELOW OR ABOVE THE FREEZING POINTALGORITHM
STEP 1 INPUT TEMPERATURESTEP 2 IF IT IS LESS THAN 32 THEN PRINT BELOW FREEZING POINT OTHERWISE PRINT ABOVE FREEZING POINTFLOWCHART
PRACTICE THE GIVEN FLOWCHARTS AND ALGORITHMS
Class IXSubject Topic Summary Execution Bengali (2nd
language) চারণেদর পাাহিব2হিত2ষ বরণেltযাপাধযায় হি_তীয় অধযায়
ldquoআহি`কার হিবখযাত া0 শঙকর কতবার 0হিবরণেত গদরণেখরণে0rdquo ক) আহি`কার হিবখযাত া0টির 3া হিক া0টির হিবরণেশষতব হিকখ)শঙকর গকাায় হিকরণেসর জ3য হিরণেয়হি0ল ) গস গসখারণে3 হিক খরণেজ পায়
উঃ- হিব2হিত2ষ বরণেltযাপাধযায় রহিচত lsquoচারণেদর পাাrsquo উপ3যারণেস আহি`কার হিবখযাত া0টির 3া ল বাওবাব া0টির হিবরণেশষতব ল া0টি গবশ গাটা গসাটা া0টির জার হিবষয় ল া0টি তার গহিরণেত ১৬ হিলটার জল ধরণের রাখরণেত পারণের তষণায় কাতর পচারীরা অরণে3ক সয় এই ারণে0র গহিরণেত 0হির গরণের Zরণেটা করণের জল পা3 করণের
খ) শঙকর আহি`কায় হিরণেয়হি0ল অযাUরণে2ঞচারণেরর গ3শায় অনধকারয় এই ারণেদরণেশর পরহিতটি সথারণে3 গ3 রসয লহিকরণেয় আরণে0 এই ররণেসযর অ3সনধা3 কররণেত হিরণেয় অরণে3ক পটক পরা3 াহিররণেয়রণে0 আবার অরণে3রণেক হিসংরণের গপরণেট গরণে0 তবও অহি2াতরী া3ষ অহি2া3 বনধ করণের হি3আহি`কার ইউানডা গরলওরণেয়র 3Uরবা গসটশ3 গরণেক বাাততর াইল দহিi3 পহিj গকারণে3 একটা শাখা লাই3 হৈতহির হিkল গরল গকামপাহি3র গসখারণে3 শঙকর ক3সটরাকস3 কযারণেমপর গকরাহি3 ও সরকাহির গসটারহিকপার রণেয় গা হিদরণেয়হি0লপরণের শঙকর একটা গরলরণেসটশরণে3র গসটশ3াসটার য় এরপরণের গস আল2ারণেররণেজর সরণেn ীরার পাা খজরণেত গবহিররণেয় পরণে
) গ0াটরণেবলা গরণেক শঙকর শরণে3 আসরণে0 আহি`কায় গসা3া রপা ীরার 0া0হি একট গচষটা কররণেল গসা3া রপা ীরা আহিবসকার করণের বরণোরণেলাক ওয়া ায় এই সব খজরণেত হিরণেয় শঙকর আহি`কার পরাকহিতক ররণেপর গ সনধা3 গপরণেয়হি0ল তার তল3া গ3ই ঘ3 অর3য পবতরাহিজ =র3া 3দী জীবজনত সবই তারণেক হিদরণেয়রণে0 আ3lt শঙকর ীরার গখারণেজ হিরণেয় ীরা 3া গপরণেলও পরাকহিতক ররণেপর গরণে3 শঙকরণেরর 3 ীরায় পহিরত রণেয়হি0ল
EVS Chapter 2 ndash Species interaction with each other Long Answer Question
Living Things in Ecosystems
bull ParasitismParasitism is a relationship between two different organisms where one of the organisms actually harms the other through the relationship The organism that is harming the other one is called a parasite Examples of Parasitism Fleas or ticks that live on dogs and cats are parasites
bull MutualismMutualisms are defined as interactions between organisms of two different species in which each organism benefits the other
bull CommensalismCommensalism is a relationship between individuals of two species in which one species obtains food or other benefits from the other without either harming or benefiting the latter
bull SynergismThe interaction of things resulting in the overall effect that is greater than the sum of individual effects of any of them
Q) How biotic and abiotic components are inter-related Ans - In an eco system biotic and abiotic components depend on each other The biotic and abiotic components are connected in ecosystem in different way The sun is the energy source Producersplants use this energy to synthesize food in the presence of carbon dioxide and chlorophyll The herbivores are dependent on plants for the energy requirements The carnivores in turn feed on the herbivores and other carnivores At any level microbes then decompose any dead and decaying organic matter These decomposers after various chemical reactions release molecules back to the environment in the form of chemicals The chemicals are again used by the producers and the cycle starts againIn conclusion ecosystems have a complex set of interactions that happen between the biotic and abiotic components The components of an ecosystem are linked to each other through the energy flows and nutrient cycles
Commercial Studies
Chapter-7Joint Stock Company
In previous class we have explained about the meaning of Joint Stock Company features of Joint Stock Company
Let us explain about
Merits of Joint Stock Company
Merits of Joint stock CompanyStabilityPublic confidenceProfessional managementTransferability of sharesLimited Liability
Merits of Joint Stock Company StabilityA company enjoys stable durable enduring and uninterrupted business life A company continues to exist even if all its members die or deserted Maintenance of continuity of policy of administration is very much ensured in the case of Joint Stock CompanyPublic confidenceA public company enjoys the confidence of the public as the same is guided and controlled by strict regulations Since the companies financial accounts are published and circulated the public has enough faith on the activities of the company Thus a company enjoys better prestige and regulation greater public confidence as a wholeEfficient professional managementDue to its large financial resources and continuity a company can avail of the services of highly qualified
persons who are experts in different fields of business management In this way the benefits of specialization and centralized management can be securedTransferability of sharesSince the shares of a joint stock company are freely transferable they provide necessary liquidity to the investment of the people Shares of public companies are generally listed on a stock exchange so that people can easily buy and sell themLimited LiabilityThe liability of shareholders is limited only to the extent of face value of share held by them Shareholders are not personally liable for the debts of the company Thus the risk is known and also limited
Economics Chapter4 Basic Problems of An Economy
Today let discuss about the Meaning of Efficiency use of ResourcesNeeds of efficient use of resources
Resource efficiency is the maximising of the supply of money materials staff and other assets that can be drawn on by a person or organization in order to function effectively with minimum wasted (natural) resource expenses It means using the Earths limited resources in a sustainable manner while minimising environmental impact
Necessity for efficient use resources Once the flow of resources through the economy has reached its maximum sustainable limit (and many would argue that wersquove already passed that point for some resources) the only way to maintain economic growth in the long run is to become more resource efficient ndash finding ways to generate greater returns from the same amount of resources
Resource efficiency isnrsquot only valuable because it is essential for sustained economic growth Promoting resource efficiency can increase the competitiveness of industry create jobs stimulate innovation boost sectors such as recycling and resource recovery and help ensure secure supplies of key
QuestionWhat do you mean by Efficient use of Resources
Answer) Resource efficiency is the maximising of the supply of money materials staff and other assets that can be drawn on by a person or organization in order to function effectively with minimum wasted (natural) resource expenses It means using the Earths limited resources in a sustainable manner while minimising environmental impact
Why do we need to use our resources efficientlyAnswer) Once the flow of resources through the economy has reached its maximum sustainable limit (and many would argue that wersquove already passed that point for some resources) the only way to maintain economic growth in the long run is to become more resource efficient ndash finding ways to generate greater returns from the same amount of resources
Resource efficiency isnrsquot only valuable because it is essential for sustained economic growth Promoting resource efficiency can increase the competitiveness of industry create jobs stimulate innovation boost sectors such as recycling and resource recovery and help ensure secure
resources supplies of key resources
Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)
Topic Act II Scene 7 Lines 1 to 35 (Morocco hellip What if I stray no further but choose here )
[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase provided]
Summary Questions amp Answers
Having disposed of the minor story of Jessicarsquos elopement we now return to the main plot We are now shown how affairs are progressing with Portia in her home in Belmont
This is the first of the three scenes where a suitor makes a choice between golden silver and leaden caskets It will be noted that while making the choice all the lovers soliloquize and reveal their personality and character We have already observed the manly soldierly but primitive personality of the Prince of Morocco His has a simple nature and does not look deeply into the inner meaning of things but is dazzled by the outward appearance of gold He is inclined to over-estimate his own value and does not realize that it is a duty to ldquogive and hazardrdquo So his feeling is only one of fascination and romantic attraction We cannot believe that he has a deep and lasting love for Portia
In this scene two characters appear ndash Portia and the Prince of Morocco Portia explains to the Prince that the correct casket shall be the one that contains her picture She will be the wife of the person who will choose the correct casket and in the process get whatever she has
The Prince examines the inscriptions on each of the caskets and interprets them
(1) (Act II Sc 7 L 1-5)
Portia Go draw aside the curtains and discover
The several caskets to this noble princeNow make your choice
Morocco The first of gold who this inscription bearsWho chooseth me shall gain what many men desire
(i) Who is Morocco How did he introduce himself to Portia when they first met in an earlier scene
Prince Morocco is a dark skinned boastful warrior of African origin who seeks the hand of Portia He introduces himself as a person who lives near the equator where the exposure to sun rays have to be blamed for his complexion He says that Portia should not dislike him for his dark skin
(ii) How would Morocco know that he had made the right choice What would his reward be
Morocco would know he has chosen the right casket if he finds Portiarsquos portrait in one of them His reward would be Portiarsquos hand in marriage
(iii) Which casket did Morocco finally choose What reasons did he give for rejecting the casket made of lead
Morocco chooses the golden casket He says that lead is of lowly origin and the portrait of a lady as great as Portia cannot be placed in it He reads the inscription ldquoWho chooseth me must give and hazard all he hathrdquo This makes the box too threatening He wonders why anyone should risk everything for lead He also feels that a golden mind like his should not bow down to choose something worthless So he will not risk anything for lead
(iv) What two objects did Morocco find in the casket of his
before choosing
The inscription on the leaden casket says ldquoWho chooseth me must give and hazard all he hathrdquo The Prince was shocked and says as to why anyone should risk for the sake of lead The leaden casket is a threat Nobody would risk all they have for lead He says that no noble person would stoop to choose such a worthless thing as lead So he will not give nor risk anything for lead
The Prince then examines the inscription on the silver casket which says ldquoWho chooseth me shall get as much as he deservesrdquo The Prince says that he deserves Portia more than anybody else because of his high rank his noble birth and his great wealth and power But then he argues that silver is ten times inferior to gold and therefore he cannot believe that the portrait of such a beautiful lady as Portia can be contained in the silver casket He decides to see the inscription on the golden casket before making his decision
choice What reason does he give to Portia for leaving in haste
The Prince of Morocco chooses the golden casket and on opening it finds a human skull within whose hollow eye-socket was a scroll or a roll of paper in which it is written that those who are attracted by the glittering outside of things are always deceived as Morocco has been deceived
Morocco says he is moved and that he does not want to make his departure a painstaking process and he wants to leave immediately without revealing his emotions He should also obey the rule of the game which states the one who loses the test should leave immediately
(v) How does Portia respond to Moroccorsquos parting words What does this reveal of her nature
Portia is relieved that Morocco has left without making any scene It was a gentle riddance and all like him should go in a similar manner This shows that Portia has a kind heart and does not want anyone to he hurt Her love for Bassanio over-rides her passion that makes her wish that only he should be able to make the right choice At the same time like a dutiful daughter she does not want to disrespect her fatherrsquos wishes Hence she is willing to go through the casket injunctions
(2) (Act II Sc 7 L 15-35)
MOROCCO helliphelliphelliphelliphellip
What says this leaden casket Who chooseth me must give and hazard all he hath Must givemdashFor what for lead hazard for leadThis casket threatens Men that hazard allDo it in hope of fair advantagesA golden mind stoops not to shows of drossIll then nor give nor hazard aught for leadWhat says the silver with her virgin hueWho chooseth me shall get as much as he deservesAs much as he deservesmdashPause there MoroccoAnd weigh thy value with an even handIf thou best rated by thy estimationThou dost deserve enough and yet enoughMay not extend so far as to the ladyAnd yet to be afeard of my deservingWere but a weak disabling of myselfAs much as I deservemdashWhy thats the ladyI do in birth deserve her and in fortunesIn graces and in qualities of breeding
But more than these in love I do deserveWhat if I strayed no further but chose here
(i) What does the Prince of Morocco do before making his selection What does his comment reflect How does he analyse the inscription of the leaden casket and what is his interpretation
The Prince of Morocco surveys the three caskets before making his selection His comments reflect his thinking and attitude on life and things He comes to the lead casket and reads the inscription on it His interpretation which reflects his own character is that the inscription threatens because no one will be prepared to risk or sacrifice all one has for such a base thing as lead
(ii) What does the Prince of Morocco think of the leaden casket and why does he decide to reject the leaden casket
The Prince of Morocco thinks that when people risk anything they do so in order to gain something precious A person of royal ways will not bend so low as to be impressed by such an ordinary thing as lead Therefore he decides that he will not take any risk for a worthless thing like lead and rejects the lead casket
(iii) What does the Prince think while analyzing and interpreting the inscription of the silver casket
The Prince of Morocco analyses the inscription on the silver casket which runs thus ldquoWho chooseth me shall get as much as he deservesrdquo When he reads the inscription he bids himself to stop and ponder over the interpretation He asks himself to evaluate his worth objectively and impartially He says that if he is assessed on the basis of the opinion of people he deserves much But even this may not be sufficient to deserve to win Portia who is so virtuous and worthy
(iv) What promise does the silver casket make What self-assessment does the Prince make
The silver casket promises the reward according to the worth of the chooser The Prince makes a self-assessment and concludes that in all fairness he deserves to get Portia He thinks that he is a royal Prince by birth and so he deserves her by the right of his birth
Portia is very rich and so the Prince deserves her by this also The Prince deserves because he is also extremely handsome as most of the beautiful maidens of his kingdom covet him He is valiant and virtuous also So in his opinion he is the most suitable and deserving candidate for Portiarsquos hand
(v) Over which casket does the Prince ponder a long time What intrigue him In what way does he deserve Portia
Morocco reviews the inscriptions again and rejects the lead casket as being not worth the high stakes for which he gambles He ponders a long time over the silver casket The words ldquoget as much as he deservesrdquo intrigue him He is quite sure that he deserves Portia He deserves her in birth fortune grace qualities of breeding and most of all love
Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution EVS Ch ndash4 Managing
soil and land
Today we will discuss about mechanical practices of soil conservation
A few mechanical measures of soil conservation arei) Basin leaching In this method a number of small basins (water reservoirs) are made These collect and retain rain water for a long period and also catch and stabilize downwardly moving soils of the slopes
ii) Pan breaking by breaking of pan ( a hard sheet of clay a few feet below the surface ) drainage and percolation of rain water is improved and soil is saved from residual run-off and erosion
iii) Sub-soiling Soil is broken into fine grains to increase its absorptive capacity
iv) Contour terracing terraces are labeled areas constructed at right angles to the slope to reduce soil erosion
v) Contour trenching This method involves making a series of deep pits or trenches across the slope at convenient distance The soil excavated from the trenches is deposited along the lower edge in the form of bund On the ridges tree seeds are shown
vi) Terrace outlets To conserve soil pipe outlets are made which are thickly covered by grasses
vii) Digging of ponds and reservoirs to store water
viii) Stream bank protection To protect banks of rivers and channels construction of stone or concrete protective walls or planting of trees should be undertaken
Commercial Studies
Chapter- Banking Let us today discuss about theMeaning of Commercial BankFunctions of Commercial Banks
Commercial Banks are those banks which perform all kinds of banking functions such as accepting deposits advancing loans credit creation and
Question1 What do you mean by
Commercial BankAnswer) Commercial Banks are those banks which perform all kinds of banking functions such as accepting deposits advancing loans credit creation and agency functions
agency functions
Functions of Commercial BanksCommercial banks perform a variety of functions which can be divided as (1) Accepting Deposits (2) Advancing Loans (3) Credit Creation (4) Financing Foreign Trade(5) Agency Services (6) Miscellaneous Services To Customers
2 Explain the various functions of Commercial Bank
Answer) Following are the various functions of Commercial Banks
1 Accepting Deposits This is the oldest function of a bank and the banker used to charge a commission for keeping the money in its custody when banking was developing as an institution Nowadays a bank accepts three kinds of deposits from its customers The first is the savings deposits on which the bank pays small interest to the depositors who are usually small savers
2 Advancing LoansOne of primary functions of commercial banks is to advance loans to its customers A bank lends a certain percentage of the cash lying in deposits on a higher interest rate than it pays on such deposits This is how it earns profits and carries on its business 3 Credit CreationCredit creation is one of the most important functions of the commercial banks Like other financial institutions they aim at earning profits For this purpose they accept deposits and advance loans by keeping small cash in reserve for day-to-day transactions When a bank advances a loan it opens and account in the name of the customer and does not pay him in cash but allows him to draw the money by cheque according to his needs By granting a loan the bank creates credit or deposit4 Financing ForeignTrade commercial bank finances foreign trade of its customers by accepting foreign bills of exchange and collecting them from foreign banks It also transacts other foreign exchange business and buys and sells foreign currency5 Agency ServicesA bank acts as an agent of its customers in collecting and paying cheques bills of exchange drafts dividends etc It also buys and sells
shares securities debentures etc for it customers Further it pays subscriptions insurance premium rent electric and water bills and other similar charges on behalf of its clients It also acts as a trustee and executor of the property and will of its customers Moreover the bank acts as an income tax consultant to its clients For some of these services the bank charges a normal fee while it renders others free of charge6 Miscellaneous ServicesBesides the above noted services the commercial bank performs a number of other services It acts as the custodian of the valuables of its customers by providing them lockers where they can keep their jewellery and valuable documents It issues various forms of credit instruments such as cheques drafts travellers cheques etc which facilitate transactions
Bengali হিবপরীতশবদ করণেয়কটি হিবপরীত শবদ গদওয়া ল1)সজীব = হি3জsব 2)শরদধা= ঘা 3)আকষ = হিবকষ4)সধবা = হিবধবা 5)উৎস = গা3া 6)অ = অ37)জয় = পরাজয় 8)তাপ = হৈশত যয 9)হি3ltা = পরশংসা10)াদা = অদা 11)রহিসক = গবরহিসক 12) অনতর = বাহির13)অহিতবষটি = অ3াবষটি 14)পরত যযi = পরণেরাi 15)3াবালক = সাবালক
Hindi 2nd lang नया रासता भा 5 अपन जीन की परिरसथिगितयो स गिश होकर मीन क हदय म कई बार हीन भाना
और जीन की कडाहट अनभ हईपरत ह दढता और साहस की मरतित थी ह
अपन जीन को वयथ नही होन दना चाहती थी बचपन स ही उसकी कील बनन की
इचछा थी आज मीन की लन उस और दखकर माता- गिपता न उस कालत करन की
आजञा द दी मीन न मरठ म दाखिखला ल लिलया उसक हरदय म कछ बनन और कछ
कर दिदखान की इचछा थी उसक गिचार स चारो और पस का ही बोलबाला हहॉसटल
की कलपना करत ही ह लिसहर उठती थी उसन अपन लिलए नए नए कपड बनाए पहली बार हॉसटल जान का चा थाआखिखर
ह दिदन आ ही या जब उस हॉसटल जाना था पहली बार ह अपन घर स अल हो
रही थी हॉसटल पहच कर कछ दिदनो तक उसका मन नही ला बचपन की घटनाए
एक- एक करक उसक समतपटल पर उतर ई ह अपनी ककषा म हमशा परथम आती
थी 2 दिदन बाद गिपताजी मीन स मिमलन आए मा न काफी चीज उसक लिलए बनाकर
भजी थी गिपताजी स मिमलकर ह बहत खश
1 ह सय की दढता साहस की मरतित थी
परशन1 लखिखका मीन को दढता साहस
की मरतित कयो कह रही ह 2 गिाह क अलाा मीन क जीन
का कया लकषय था 3 मीन समाज क झठ आरण को
हटाकर सतय दिदखाना चाहती ह सपषट कीजिजए
4 परसतत पलि[यो का भा सपषट अपन शबदो म लिलखिखए
उततरndash1 मीन म समाज स लडन की शलि[ ह
ह समाज म फली बराइयो क सामन ढढता स जमी हई ह ह साहस क साथ अपन उलिचत गिनणय
पर सथिर रहती ह जिजदी क उतार चढा सा घबरा टी नही ह बलकिलक साहस स काम लती ह इनही कारणो स लखिखका न उस ढढता
और साहस की मरतित कहा ह2 मरठ ालो न जब उसका रिरशता
ठकरा दिदया तो उसन गिनशचय कर लिलया गिक ह अपन परो पर खडी होी और समाज को दिदखा दी की नारी अबला नही ह उसन अपना
हई करीब 1 घटा रक कर गिपताजी चल ए लकषय बना लिलया गिक ह एलएलबी करक कील बनी
3 समाज म नारी क ऊपर अबला आशरीता का आरण पडा हआ ह
मीन समाज क दवारा होत हए इस आरण को हटाकर यह सतय परमाणिणत करना चाहती ह गिक आज
की नारी अबला नही ह और ना ही गिकसी क हाथ की कठपतली ह
4 लखिखका न मीन क बार म कहा गिक ह सय घटा और साहस की मरतित
ह ह अपन न हम ध और मसीबत म साहस का परिरचय दती हउतार
चढा को हर इसान क जीन म आत ही रहत ह उनको साधारण रप
स ही लना चागिहए अपन गिाह क मामल म उसन साहस स काम
लिलया और गिाह क बार म सोचना छोड दिदया मीन क सामन अभी बहत लबी जिजदी पडी ह इसलिलए उसन समय का महत समझा और
एक कषण भी वयथ ना करन का गिनशचय गिकया
Mathematics(x) Algebra Quadratic Equation in one variable
Study Item Some solved sums from exercise- 539)Solve for x 2(2x ndash 1 )(x+3) ndash 3 (x + 3)(2x ndash 1 ) = 5 x -3 frac12Solution Let (2x ndash 1)(x + 3) = y then we get2(y) ndash 3( 1y) = 50r 2y ndash 3y = 5Or 2y2 ndash 3 = 5y [multiplying both side by y we get]0r 2y2 ndash 5y ndash 3 = 0Now comparing the above equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0 we geta=2 b = - 5 and c = - 3Therefore y = -(- 5 )plusmnradic((-5)sup2-4(2)(-3))2(2) = 5 plusmnradic( 25 + 24)4 = 5plusmn radic(49)4 = (5 plusmn 7)4= (5+7)4 (5 ndash 7)4= 124 -24= 3 - 12Therefore y = 3 (2x ndash 1)( x + 3) = 3 2x ndash 1 = 3x + 9 3x - 2x = - 10 x= - 10Or y = - frac12 ( 2x ndash 1)(x + 3) = - frac124x ndash 2 = - x ndash 3 4x+x = - 3 + 2 5x = - 1 x= - 15Hence the roots of the given equation are - 10 and ndash 1510)(i) x2 - 5x ndash10 =0Solution x2 ndash 5x ndash 10 = 0Comparing the above equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0 we get a=1 b = - 5 and c = - 10Therefore x = - (- 5)plusmnradic( -5)sup2- 4(1)(- 10)2(1) = 5 plusmn radic( 25 +40)2 = 5 plusmn radic(65 )2
= (5 plusmn 8bull06)2 = (5 + 8bull06)2 (5 ndash 8bull06)2 = 13bull062 - 3bull062= 6bull53 - 1bull5312) Solve the equation x ndash 18x = 6 Given your answer correct to two significant figureSolution x ndash18x = 6Or (x2 ndash 18 )x = 6Or x2ndash 18 = 6xOr x2 ndash 6x ndash18 = 0Comparing the above equation with ax2 + bc + c = 0 we gera= 1 b = - 6 and c = -18Therefore x = -(-6) plusmnradic(- (- 6)2 ndash 4(1)(- 18)2(1) = 6 plusmn radic( 36 + 72)2 = (6 plusmnradic( 108)2 =(6 plusmn 10bull39)2= 16bull392 - 4bull392= 8bull195 - 2bull195 asymp 8bull2 - 2bull2
Chemistry Chapter-2L-1Chemical Bonding
1) Chemical Bonding-
It is basically the force of attraction which holds the different types of atoms in a molecule together
Cause of Chemical Combination-
The main cause is the tendency of elements to acquire eight electrons in its outermost shell like that of noble gases other than Helium(He) So the atoms combine to acheive the nearest noble gas configuration of 8 electrons( or 2 electrons) in their outermost orbit and become stable
2) Ion-
It is a charged particle made from an atom by the loss or gain of electrons
There are 2 types of Ions They are-
a) Cations- It is formed by the loss of electrons eg - K+ Ca2+
Na+ etc
b) Anions- It is formed by the gain of electrons eg- Cl- O2- F- etc
Q Why do elements form Ions
A Atoms of all elements except those of noble gases have one to seven valence electrons and are not in a state of minimum energy Thus to acquire a state of minimum energy elements lose or gain electrons and form ions so that they acquire stable configuration (Duplet or Octet)
Q What is the Electronic Theory of Valency
A In 1916 Kossel and Lewis on the basis of octet rule of electrons described simply the electronic structure of molecules of many chemical compounds and elements Kossel mainly described the structure of ionic compounds formed by loss and gain of electrons and Lewis mainly described the structure of Covalent Compounds formed by mutual sharing of electron pair This is known as ELECTRONIC THEORY OF VALENCY proposed by Kossel and Lewis
Q What do you mean by Electropositive and Electronegative Elements
3) Types of Chemical Bond-3 types
A)ElectrovalentIonic Bond
B) Covalent Bond
C) Co-ordinate Dative Bond4) ELECTROVALENT IONIC BOND-
It is the electrostatic force of attraction between the opposite charged ions which holds them together
The chemical compounds formed as a result of electron transfer from one atom of an element to another are called IONIC or ELECTROVALENT COMPOUND
The number of electrons which an element loses or gains during the formation of an ionic bond is called its ELECTROVALENCY
Conditions for the formation of Ionic Compounds-
i Large electronegativity difference between the combining atoms
ii Low IP for one of the atoms from which the cation can be easily formed
iii High electron affinity for one of the atoms from which the anions can be easily formed
iv High Lattice Energy
A
1) Electropositive Elements- have the tendency to lose the electrons and form Cations
eg- Na K Fe -mostly metals
2) Electronegative Elements- have the tendency to gain the electrons and form Anions
eg- Cl F O - mostly Non-metals
Q Give the brief description about the formation of NaCl
A See your Text Book
Q Practise the two types of diagram of the formation of different ionic compound
A See your Text Book
English All Summer in a Answer the following questions-
literature Day 3) Why did the children hate herAns- The children sensed that Margot was different from them She hated the continuous rain while they were used to it She spoke only about the sun and they had no memory of it They hated her pale snow face her waiting silence her thinness and her possible future of going back to the Earth4) What is the it referred to by WilliamAns- The it referred to by William is the Sun which the scientists had predicted would shine for a short while that day5) What was Margot waiting for Why did William say it was a jokeAns- Margot was waiting to see the sun predicted to shine that day for a short while William did not want her to have the joy of seeing the sun
Geography Water Resources SOURCES OF WATER SURFACE WATER AND GROUNDWATER Earth is known as the Blue Planet because 71 per cent of the Earths surface is covered with water Wateralso exists below land surface and as water vapour in the air Water is not added or removed from the environment it simply changes state and location This constant movement of water throughout our environment is called the hydrological cycle or water cycle Earth cleans and replenishes the water supply through the hydrologic cycle Groundwater exists in an aquifer or
underground layer of permeable rock sediment (usually sand or gravel) or soil that yields water
Aquifers are like underground reservoirs of water
SURFACE WATER The visible bodies of water are referred to as surface water Surface waters can be simply described as the water that is on the surface of the Earth This includes the oceans rivers and streams lakes and reservoirs Surface waters are very important Rivers and streams constitute the flowing surface waters Surface water canbe captured for a variety of biospheric and humanusesRunoff During heavy precipitation water cannot infiltrate into the ground It flows on the surface of the ground and called as runoff
GROUNDWATER Groundwater is detained as water that is found beneath the surface of the Earth in conditions of100 per
Q1 Why the Earth is called as Blue PlanetA1 Earth is known as the Blue Planet because 71 per cent of the Earths surface is covered with water
Q2 Define hydrological cycleA2 Water is not added or removed from the environment it simply changes state and location This constant movement of water throughout our environment is called the hydrological cycle or water cycle Earth cleans and replenishes the water supply through the hydrologic cycle
Q3 What is AquifersA3 Aquifers are like underground reservoirs of water
Q4 Why there is a shortage of fresh waterA4 Although the earth has an abundance of water but unfortunately there is a shortage of fresh water because 997 per cent of it occupied by oceans soils icecaps and floating in the atmosphere and rest 03 percent can use for daily uses
cent saturation (if it is less than100 per cent saturation then the water is considered as soil moisture) Ninety-eight per cent of Earths available fresh water is groundwater It is about60 times as plentiful as the fresh water found in lakes and streams Water in the ground travels through pores in soil and rock and in fractures and weathered areas of bed rockThe majority of fresh water is therefore found under ground as soil moisture and in aquifers
Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 88 to 126 (Portia helliphellip Such as the day is when the sun is hid) [Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]
Summary Questions amp Answerso Launcelot then arrives and informs
Lorenzo that Bassanio will also be arriving soon Both Lorenzo and Jessica return to the house and ask Stephano to order the family musicians to play music in order to extend a fitting welcome to Portia
o Portia and Nerissa dressed in their normal self return home and enter the building Lorenzo recognizes Portias voice and comes to greet her She orders the servants to pretend as if she had never left and asks Lorenzo and Jessica to do the same
o Soon thereafter Bassanio Gratiano and Antonio arrive
(1) PORTIA That light we see is burning in my hall (L 89-101)
How far that little candle throws his beams So shines a good deed in a
naughty worldNERISSA When the moon shone we did not see the candlePORTIA So doth the greater glory dim the less
A substitute shines brightly as a king
Unto the king be by and then his state
Empties itself as doth an inland brook
Into the main of waters Music hark
NERISSA It is your music madam of the housePORTIA Nothing is good I see without respect
Methinks it sounds much sweeter than by day
NERISSA Silence bestows that virtue on it madam
(i) Where are Lorenzo and Jessica sitting What message have they received What are they doing
Lorenzo and Jessica are sitting in Portiarsquos house in Belmont They have just received the message informing them of the arrival of Portia and Bassanio separately They are waiting for their arrivals and enjoying the beauty of the moonlight night(ii) In which mood is Lorenzo found after Stephanorsquos departure
After Stephanorsquos departure Lorenzo reverts to his romantic mood He is carried away by the magic of the loveliness of the moonlight He draws Jessicarsquos attention and says that the moonlight is sleeping beautifully on the raised ground He says that they will sit there and enjoy the sweetness of the gentle
music which will shortly creep into their ears very softly(iii) Why has Lorenzo sent Stephano What kind of man is he who does not appreciate the sweet harmony of sounds
Lorenzo has sent Stephano to instruct the musicians to play soft music to welcome Portia home Lorenzo tells that the
tranquility and the beautiful night suit the sweet music Praising the ennobling (M lend greater dignity) effect of music Lorenzo tells Jessica that the person who has no music in him and does not appreciate the sweet harmony of sounds is a dangerous person and so should be watched very carefully(iv) Who are returning to Belmont What does Nerissa remark on seeing the light of the house
Portia and Nerissa are returning to Belmont after successfully conducting Antoniorsquos trial in Venice as the lawyer and the clerk respectively When they are near their home Nerissa seeing the light of the house remarks that they did not see this light of this candle when the moon was shining(v) What does Portia comment on Nerissarsquos observation Commenting on Nerissarsquos observation Portia says that the lesser glory becomes insignificant before the greater glory She adds that the kingrsquos representative assumes great splendor and authority when the king himself is not near But before the real king the substitute becomes devoid of all splendor and
authority as the big rivers lose their identity after emptying into the vast sea
SUBJECT PHYSICS [TOPIC FORCE]Answer the following questions ( ICSE questions of previous years from chapter FORCE)
1 Write the position of centre of mass for the following bodies(i) A circular ring (ii) A cylinder(iii) A hollow sphere (iv) A triangular lamina
2 Explain why screw drivers are provided with longer handles3 Compare the magnitude and direction of centripetal force and centrifugal force4 How does uniform circular motion differ from uniform linear motion5 Why is the motion of a body moving with a constant speed around a circular path is said to be
accelerated6 A brass ball is hanging from a cotton thread Draw a neat labeled diagram showing the force acting
on the brass ball and the cotton thread 7 Define moment of force Write the relationship between the SI and CGS unit of moment of force8 Define couple State the SI unit of moment of couple9 A uniform half meter scale balanced horizontally on a knife edge at 29 cm mark when a weight of 20
gmf is suspended from one end(i) Draw the diagram of the arrangementWhat is the weight of the half meter rule
ECO-10 250620 Topic-Supply Analysis
MEANING OF SUPPLYSupply a commodity by a firm or seller may be defined as the quantity of a commodity that a firm or seller offers for sale at a given price during a given time period But the actual sale of the commodity may be different from its supply For example a farmer (produced of wheat) is willing to sell 50 quintals of wheat at a price of ` 15 per kg but he is able to sell only 30 quintals at this price So this case the supply of wheat is 50 quintals but the actual sale is 30 quintals So these two concepts should not be confused with each other Like demand supply also has three elements The definition of supply include (i) the quantity of the commodity that a firm is willing to supply (ii) the price at which it is willing to supply that quantity and (iii) the time period during which it is willing to supply that quantity
FACTORS DETERMINING SUPPLY OR DETERMINANTS OF SUPPLY OF A GOOD
The main determinant of supply is the price of the commodity But the cost of production of a commodity is an important factor in determining profit maximized on output of a firm The cost of production depends on the prices of various inputs like raw material wages of workers interest of capital rent of building etc The supply of a commodity also depends on the technology used in the production of the commodity and many other factors The main factors determining supply of a commodity are(i) Price of the commodity(ii) Price of other related good(iii) Price of inputsfactors(iv) Taxation policy of government(v) Objective of the firm(i) Price of the commodity Other factors determining supply remaining constant there is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity It means the quantity supplied of a commodity increases with rise in price and decreases with fall in price of the commodity More quantity of a commodity is supplied at a higher price and less quantity is supplied at a lower price For example a seller of tomatoes is willing to sell 100 kgs of tomatoes at a price of ` 40 per keg and only 50 kgs at a price of ` 20 per kg Due to this direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity the supply curve has a positive slope Supply curve is upward sloping to the right(ii) Price of other related goods Supply of a commodity is also influenced by the change in the price of other related goods With the help of given resources we can produce several goods by using the same technology This helps the firm to diversify and tide over fluctuations in demand For example a farmer can produce either pulses or food grains by using the resources If the price of pulses increases it becomes more profitable for him to make more production of pulses So he will divert some resources from the production of food grains to the production of pulses The production of pulses will increase and that of food grains will decrease So the supply of pulses will increase if the price of pulses increases and the supply of food grain will decrease at the same price reverse will happen if the price of food grains increases(iii) Price of inputsfactors Change in the price of inputs like raw material wage rent or interest also influences the supply of a commodity For example in the production of cloth cotton is the main raw material If the price of cotton increases the cost of production of cloth will increase At the same price the margin of profit will decrease So the producer will decrease the supply of cloth at the same price On the other hand if the price of cotton falls the cost of production per unit of cloth will decrease and hence the supply of cloth will increase The price of other inputs will also influence the supply of a good in the same manner(iv) Technology of production an improvement in the technology of production of a commodity decreases the per unit cost of the commodity The margin of profit will increase at the same price So the supply of a commodity will increase with improvement in technology of production at the same price On the other hand if a firm uses absolute technology of production the cost of production per unit of the commodity will increase The margin of profit will decrease so the firm will decrease its supply at the same price This is the main reason that the firms are trying to use better technology of production because it not only reduces the cost of production per unit but also improves the quality of the product(v) Taxation policy of government If the government reduces the excise duty or the production of a commodity the cost of production per unit of the commodity will decrease the margin of profit will increase at the same price so the producer of the commodity will increase its supply It happens when the government wants to increase the production of the commodity On the other hand to discourage the production of some harmful goods like cigarettes liquor etc the government increases the rate of excise duty on the production of such goods So the cost of production per unit of the commodity increases and the supply of such commodities decreases(vi) Objective of the firm The objective of the producer also influences the supply of a commodity Generally the objective of a producer is get maximize his profits Profits are maximized at a higher price So he increases the supply of a commodity at a higher price and decreases its supply at a lower price But sometimes the producer may be in maximizing his sales and not in maximizing his profits as he wants to capture the market In that case he goes on increasing the supply so long his target is not achieved can profit is not adversely affected He may increase the supply at the same price to any extent
SUPPLY FUNCTION
When the relationship between quantity supplied and the determinants of supplied is expressed mathematically in an equation it is called a supply function So a supply function can be expressed asSn = f(Pn Pr Pf T Tr G)where Sn = Supply of commodity nPn = Price of the commodity nPr = Price of other related goodsPf = Price of inputsfactors
T = Technology of productionTr = Government policy or tax rateG = Goal or objective of the producer
Typically supply function shows the relationship between price and quantity supplied keeping all other determinants of supply as constant It shows the amount of a good that a seller supplies at different levels of price
LAW OF SUPPLYThe law of supply depicts the relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity when all other determinants of supply remain constant This law states that there is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity other factors determining supply remaining constant It means quantity supplied of a commodity increases with increase in price and decreases with decrease in price
Assumptions of the law of supplyThe phrase other determinants of supply remaining constant in the law of supply shows the assumptions of the law of supply The mains factors which influence the supply of a commodity one price of the commodity price of other related goods price of inputs technology of production taxation policy of the government and objective of the firm etc The law of supply is based on the assumptions that all these factors determining supply except price of the commodity should remain constant The following are the main assumptions of the law of supply(i) Price of other related goods should remain the same(ii) There should be no change in the price of inputs (factors)(iii) Technology of production should not change(iv) There is no change in the taxation policy of the government(v) Objective of the firm should not changeThe law of supply is based on the assumptions that the supply of commodity changes only due to change in price when all other determinant of supply remain constantClass XISubject Topic Summary Execution EVS Chapter-2
Ecology Answer the following questions briefly Q Draw a neat labeled diagram of carbon cycleAnsndash
Mathematics Principle of Mathematical Induction
1) What is statement Ans A sentence which may be true or false is called statement eg i) 5 is greater than 3 ii) New Delhi is the capital of India iii) 5 divides 7 These all are statements We see that statement (i) amp (ii) are true but (iii) is false 2 What is Mathematical StatementAns Statement involving mathematical relations are called mathematical statement We shall use mathematical statement in principle of
Example If n be a positive integer show that n(n+1) is an even positive integer Solution Let P(n) be the statement n(n+1) is an even positive integer Then (i) P(1) is the statement 1(1+1) ie 2 is an even positive integer Therefore P(1) is true (ii) If P(m) is true for some positive integer m then m(m+1) is an even integer Now (m+1) [(m+1)+1]=(m+1)sup2+ (m+1) =msup2+2m+1+m+1=msup2+m+2m+2=m(m+1) +2(m+1) = an even integer + an even positive integer [Since P(m) is true and 2(m+1) is an even
mathematical induction 3 What is the use of Principle of mathematical inductionAns Sometimes it is difficult to prove a statement theorem or a formula by direct method In this case we use an indirect method known as the Principle of mathematical induction There are two steps in this processSTEP 1 Varify that the statement or formula is true for one or two particular values of n say for n=1 2STEP 2 Assuming that the statement or formula is true for n=m where m is any positive integer show that it is true for n=m+1Conclusion Since the statement is true for n=2 it is true for n=2+1 that is 3 and since it is true for n=3 it is true for n=3 + 1 that is 4 and so on Hence the statement or formula is true for all positive integral values of n
positive integer]= an even positive integer Therefore P(m+1) is true when P(m) is true Therefore By the principle of Mathematical Induction P(n) is true for all positive integral values of n Hence n(n+1) is an even positive integer
Hindi 2ndlang एक फल की चाह 5 दख रहा था जस सो सथिर हो नही बठती थी कषण भर हाय ही चपचाप पडी थी अटल शागित शी धारण कर सनना यही चाहता था म उस सय ही
उकसा करमझको दी क परसाद का एक फल ही दो लाकर
शबदाथ ससथिर - परी तरह ठहरी हई अटल- पकका
उकसाकर - पररणा दकर
वयाखयाndash उपय[ पलि[यो म कगि सखिखया की ददशा का णन कर रहा ह जो उनक गिपता दवारा वय[ गिकया या ह अपनी बटी सखिखया कीददशा का
गितरण करत हए गिपता कहता ह गिक म अपनी आखो क सामन दख रहा था गिक मरी बटी जो पल भर क लिलए दिटककर नही बठती थी ह अब सथिर शात मरतित की तरह पढी थी अब म ह बार- बार इस बात क लिलए पररिरत कर रहा
था गिक ह मझ गिफर स ही शबद कह गिपताजी मझ दी क परसाद का एक फल लाकर दो
6 ऊच शल लिशखर क ऊपर मदिदर था गिसतीणर गिशाल सण कलशसरलिसज गिहलिसत थ पाकरसमदिदत रगि कर जाल दीप धल स अचछदिदत था मदिदर का
आन सारा ज रही थी भीतर बाहर मखरिरत उतस की धारा
शबदाथ - शल लिशखर- पहाड की ऊची चोटी
सतीणर - फला हआ
सण कलश - कमल क समान सदर सोन का कलश मखरिरत - परकट समदिदत - अचछी परकार खिखला हआ रगि कर जाल - सय की गिकरणो का समह
वयाखया- परसतत पलि[या म कगि न मदिदर की सदरता का णन गिकया ह कहत ह गिक मझ पहाड की चोटी पर एक गिलिशषट और गिशालमश था उसक
सोन क कलश सय की गिकरणो म चमकत हए ऐस परतीत हो रह थ जस सय की खिखली हईगिकरणो क ाा सपशपाकर सनहर कमल खिखल उठ हो मदिदर का
आन धप दीप की सध स भरा हआ था मदिदर क अदर और बाहर मनाए जा रह उसकी परसननता की ज सनाई द रही थी
Bengali (2nd language)
কোনি মনি নদী পরথম অধযোয়
হি_তীয় হিদরণে3র পাঠ-
হিবষটবাব গলাকটির কায় গররণে কা বলরণেত পাররণে0 3া শধ গচাখ হিদরণেয় রা পরকাশ করহি0ল কা বলরণেত বলরণেত গলাকটি পাঞজাহিব লহিn খরণেল জ কররণেত শর করল তাই গদরণেখ হিবষটবাব ত2মভ রণেয় গল চাটি ারার 2হিnরণেত গলাকটি হিবষটবাবর হিদরণেক এরণোরণেল হিতহি3 াা 3ীচ করণের 3াহিরণেয় গ33 হিদ গলাকটি হিবষটবাবরণেক চাটিরণেয় ায় তারণেল হিতহি3 তাাতাহিউরণেঠ গলাকটিরণেক ধররণেত পাররণেব3 3া কার তার শরীরণেরর ওজরণে3র জ3য এই শরণে3 হিবষটবাব বরণে3া গারণেষর ত গতরণেZরণে উরণেঠ দাাল তারণেত গলাকটি দাহিরণেয় শরীরটারণেক একট দহিলরণেয় হি3ল এই সব শরণে3 হিবষট ধর চপ করণের রইল শধ lsquoগঘাৎrsquo করণের একটা শবদ করল গলাকটি হিসহি হিদরণেয় ওঠা3াা কররণে0 গদরণেখ হিবষটবাব খাহি3কটা হিদরণেশারা রণেয় গলহিবষটবাবর গচারণেখ রারণের বদরণেল এখ3 গকৌতল হিতহি3 বরণেল3 ldquoখাওায় আার গলা2 গ3ই Uায়টিং কহিরrdquo হিকনত হিতহি3 কতটা Uায়টিং করণের তা তার শরীর আর খাবারণেরর তাহিলকা গদরণেখ গলাকটি বরণে= গল গলাকটি এহিরণেয় হিরণেয় হিবষটবাবর 2হিরণেত াত বহিলরণেয় হিদরণেল গস আরা অ32ব করণের3 এবং হিপহি0রণেয় া3 গলাকটি হিবষটবাবর সারণে3 তার শরীরণেরর কসরত পরদশ3 কররণেল হিবষটবাব রণে3 রণে3 হিব হিব করণের বরণেল3 হিতহি3ও গরাা রণেত চা3 গসই হরণেত nা গরণেক আবার হিচৎকার গ2রণেস আরণেস lsquoগকা হি3 গকা হি3rsquo
ldquoকী রক Uায়টিংrdquo-ক)বকতা গককারণেক বলরণে0খ)Uায়টিং কার অ কী ) Uায়টিং করা বযহিকতর গচারার ব3া দাও ঘ) তার Uায়টিং এর ব3া দাও
উঃ- ক) আরণেলাচয অংশটি হিত3ltীর গলখা lsquoগকাহি3rsquo উপ3যাস গরণেক গ3ওয়া রণেয়রণে0 আরণেলাচয কাটি বকতা রণেল3 সাদা লহিnপরা ারণেয় গরয়া পাঞজাহিব ও কারণেধ রহিn3 বযা ওয়ালা হিiহিতশ হিসং হিতহি3 কাটি বরণেলরণে03 হিবষট ধররণেকখ) Uারণেয়টিং কার অ ল পহিরহিত খাদয গর অাৎ খাদয তাহিলকায় সসত খারণেদযর গ3াগ3 বজায় গররণেখ খাদয গর) হিবষট ধরণেরর গচারা হিবশাল ওজ3 পরায় হিত3 গদখরণেত জলহিসতর রণেতা সারা শরীরণের চহিব ল ল কররণে0 বয়স পরায় চহিশ হিবশাল 2হি উপ রণেয় শরণেল হিচৎ রণেত পারণের3া গকউ গঠরণেল হিদরণেল হিচৎ রণেত পারণের তারণেক কায় নধ াদ3 পবরণেতর সরণেn তল3া করা য়ঘ) হিবষট ধর গকৌতলী রণেয় বরণেল তার খাওয়ার গকা3 গলা2 গ3ই গস Uায়টিং করণের আরণে গস আধ হিকরণেলা হিiর গখত এখ3 গস হিত3রণেশা গরা হিiর খায় জল খাবারণের কহিটা লহিচ গখত এখ3 পরণে3রণেরাটা লহিচ খায় আাইরণেশা গরা চারণেলর 2াত খায় হিঘ খাওয়া গ0রণে হিদরণেয়রণে0 রারণেত াতর বারণেরাটা রটি খায় হিবরণেকরণেল দ-গলাস হি0হিরর জল সরণেn চাররণেট কা পারণেকর সরণেltশ বাহিরণেত রাধাকষণ আরণে0 বরণেল হিবষট ধর া0 াংস খায়3া আর তারণেত তার গকা3 গলা2 লালসা গ3ই
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 276 to 313 (Sebastian helliphellipIt struck mine ear most terribly)[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]
Summary Questions amp AnswersConspiracy of Antonio and Sebastian
o Antonio further suggests murder of Alonso and eventually Sebastian agrees
o They draw their swords and proceed to murder Alonso and Gonzalo who are sleeping
(1) (Act II Sc 2 L 277-291)ANTONIO Ay sir where lies that If rsquotwere a kibe
rsquoTwould put me to my slipper but I feel notThis deity in my bosom Twenty consciencesThat stand rsquotwixt me and Milan candied be they And melt ere they molest Here lies your brotherNo better than the earth he lies uponIf he were that which now hes likemdashthats deadWhom I with this obedient steel three inches of itCan lay to bed for ever (whiles you doing thus
o As they approach Ariel appears again and wakes up Gonzalo by singing a tune in his ear Alonso also wakes up and they see both Sebastian and Antonio with drawn swords On being caught off guard they make up a story saying that they had heard a bellowing of bulls or lions
IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED
(Act II Sc 1 L 277-281)ANTONIOAy sir where lies that If rsquotwere a kibersquoTwould put me to my slipper but I feel notThis deity in my bosom Twenty consciencesThat stand rsquotwixt me and Milan candied be they And melt ere they molest
In these lines Antonio speaks how he is a conscienceless villain In inciting Sebastian to the kingship of Naples by murdering his brother he quotes his own example He too had banished his brother and made himself the Duke of Milan This kingship now sits upon him like a well fittinggarment So will be the case of Sebastian Sebastian then questions Antonio if this foul deed did not prick his conscience To this Antonio replies like a hardened villain He laughs at the word lsquoconsciencersquo and says that he has never heard of anything like conscience A guilty conscience gave him no more pain that is chilblain (M a painful itching and swelling on hand and foot caused by exposure to extreme cold) A man can get rid of the pain of chilblain by wearing slippers instead of shoes so does Antonio get rid of the qualms (M an uneasy feeling of doubt worry or fear especially about onersquos conduct) of conscience very easily Even if he were troubled by twenty consciences that barred his way to the throne of Milan however frozen they might be he would melt them into insensibility before they could cause him to twinge
To the perpetual wink of aye might putThis ancient morsel this Sir Prudence whoShould not upbraid our course) - for all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour
(i) To whom does Antonio speak these lines Who is referred to as lsquoyour brotherrsquo What does Antonio mean by saying lsquoNo better than the earth he lies uponrsquo
These lines are spoken by Antonio to Sebastian King Alonso is referred to as Sebastianrsquos brother Indicating towards Alonso who is lying asleep on the ground Antonio tells Sebastian that here sleeps his brother and at this time he is no better than a clod of the earth on which he lies asleep Antonio means to say that if he were actually to become what he looks like he would be a dead body(ii) According to Antonio what would he do if he were at the place of Sebastian
Antonio says that if he were in the position of Sebastian he would not care even for twenty consciences in order to win the kingship of Naples He would rather forget all his consciences if they happen to trouble him at all (iii) What does Antonio suggest to Sebastian What does Antonio assure him
Antonio suggests to Sebastian that in a moment Sebastian can put to death Gonzalo who pretends to be a very wise man and who on that account rebukes others (particularly Antonio and Sebastian) whereas he (Antonio) himself can put Alonso to death with only three inches of his willing sword Antonio further assures Sebastian that by killing both of them there will be none left to oppose him and in this way every obstacle in his way will be removed
(iv) Explain the lines lsquofor all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hourrsquo
In other words Antonio says that even if he were endowed with a stiff conscience he could easily relax or soften it for the execution of his purpose Then Antonio suggests that conscience should be no hindrance to a manrsquos future greatness
Comments These are terrible words coming from the mouth of a villain of the worst type He is utterly devoid of conscience or remorse He is an utter atheist of human virtue He speaks of conscience as a deity that he does not feel in his bosom
According to Antonio so far as the other lords (Adrian Francisco and others) are concerned they need not be murdered because they would obey the orders of Antonio and Sebastian as willingly and readily as cat licks milk These other lords would endorse and support everything that Sebastian and Antonio may say or suggest These other lords would adjust their views in accordance with the wishes of Antonio and Sebastian and they would regard all proposals made by Antonio and Sebastian as being opportune and also as being acceptable(v) What opinion do you form of Antonio from the above speech
The speech given above shows Antonio to be an absolutely unscrupulous man After saying that he does not believe in any such faculty as the conscience he suggests to Sebastian to
(Act II Sc 1 L 285-291)ANTONIOhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (whiles you doing thus To the perpetual wink of aye might putThis ancient morsel this Sir Prudence whoShould not upbraid our course) - for all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour
Antonio has convinced Sebastian that he has made himself Duke of Milan by a crime for which he has felt no pricks of conscience In these lines Antonio tells Sebastian that now that the chance has presented itself to him he should take it and be King of Naples So far as Alonso is concerned Antonio agrees to undertake the task of killing him by sticking only three inches of his sharp dagger Making a thrust in the air with his sword he tells Sebastian that by a similar method he can put to sleep forever Gonzalo ndash the old piece of flesh already rotten ndash this piece of antiquity ndash this ldquoSir Prudencerdquo who is never tired of reading his moral lectures to them If ldquoProfessor Wisdomrdquo is got rid of he will not be able to denounce their action as he would surely do if they did not dispatch him as well As for the rest of the kingrsquos counselors (Adrian and Francisco) it is their nature to adopt any statements and views which are placed before them just as it is the nature of a cat to lap milk Antonio assures Sebastian that ldquothese othersrdquo will back them up in whatever they say or do that they will count the strokes of the clock exactly as they bid them not according to the real time but according to the time that is right for their business Hence only two persons Alonso and Gonzalo are required to be removed to fulfill their ambition
murder Gonzalo at the very time when he (Antonio) stabs Alonso to death And yet this brutal man has a fertile wit also He can talk in a persuasive manner and also in a sarcastic and satirical manner He knows human nature thoroughly and he understands that Gonzalo is loyal to Alonso while the other lords are only sycophants who can easily be won over to Sebastianrsquos side after Alonso has been assassinated
(2) (Act II Sc 1 291-296)SEBASTIAN Thy case dear friend
Shall be my precedent as thou gotst MilanIll come by Naples Draw thy swordmdashone strokeShall free thee from the tribute which thou payest And I the King shall love thee
ANTONIO Draw together And when I rear my hand do you the likeTo fall it on Gonzalo
(i) Explain the situation and introduce the persons engaged in conversation
After the supposed shipwreck King Alonso with his lords his brother Sebastian and Antonio the Duke of Milan land on a strange island Prince Ferdinand is feared to be drowned While the King and others have fallen asleep after exertions of the day and Ariel with his sweet music acting as a catalyst Antonio and Sebastian are awake They have hatched a conspiracy to kill King Alonso and his loyal lord Gonzalo Then Sebastian will become King of NaplesIn these lines Antonio and Sebastian are engaged in conversation They are just ready to execute their plan to attack King Alonso and Gonzalo simultaneously(ii) Antoniorsquos case shall become Sebastianrsquos precedent What has been Antoniorsquos case
Antonio proved treacherous towards his brother Prospero who was the Duke of Milan Since Prospero spent his time in his scholarly pursuits he had delegated his powers to his younger brother Antonio to administer the dukedom Antonio grew ambitious He overthrew his brother and expelled him from his own dukedom In his place Antonio became the Duke of Milan which he continues to be now His case urges Sebastian to do the same(iii) How is Sebastian going to follow Antonio
Sebastian is going to take Antoniorsquos case as his precedent He is convinced that if Antonio could usurp the dukedom from his living brother Sebastian could become the King of Naples by killing his sleeping brother(iv) What will one stroke of Antoniorsquos sword do What will Sebastian do to reward Antonio
Sebastian asks Antonio to put an end to Alonsorsquos life with one stroke of his sword The same stroke will earn for him a reward Sebastian will become the King of Naples and he will exempt Antonio from paying the annual tribute to Naples The dukedom of Milan is a tributary to the kingdom of Naples Its Duke has to pay tribute to the King every year When Sebastian takes over as the King he will give a benefit to his friend who is helping him to realize his ambition
(v) What is Antoniorsquos suggestion
Antonio suggests that they may draw their swords together When he raises his hand to attack Alonso Sebastian should raise his sword to bring it down on Gonzalo
ACCOUNTS-11 25062020 Topic- depreciation ndashSTRAIGHT LINE METHOD
Illustration Salman and Usman Bros acquired a machine on July 1 2014 at a cost of Rs 70000 and spent Rs5000 on its installation The firm writes off depreciation 10 on straight line method The books are closed on December 31 every year Show the machinery and depreciation account for three years
Solution Machinery Account
Date Particulars LF amount Date Particulars LF` Amount ( Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014July 01 To Bank Ac 70000 Dec 31 Dec By Depreciation Ac 3750
(70000 x10x612)
July 01 To Bank Ac 5000 Dec31 By Balance cd 71250
75000 75000
2015 2015Jan 01 To Balance bd 71250 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 x10 ) Dec31 By Balance cd 63750
71250 71250
2016 2016Jan 01 To Balance bd 63750 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 (75000 x10 ) Dec 31 By Balance cd 56250
63750 63750
Depreciation Account
Date Particulars LF Amount Date Particulars LF Amount (Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 3750 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 3750
2015 2015
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
2016 2016
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
WORKING
Cost of Machine RS70000Cost of Installation Rs 5000
Total 75000
Rate of Depreciation 10
Then annual depreciation will be 10 of Rs 75000 = Rs 7500
Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution Geography DRIANAGE THE PENINSULAR RIVERS
1 The Mahanadi2 The Godavari3 The Krishna4 The Kaveri5 The Subarnarekha6 The Narmada7 The Tapi8 The Sabarmati and the Mahi9 The Chambal
The Mahanadi Basin The Mahanadi rises from Dandakaranya
Q1 Which is the largest river of peninsular plateau Write a brief note about its courseA1 The largest river of peninsular plateau is Godavari The river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has
near Sihawa in Raipur district in the highlands of Chhattisgarhand flows through Odisha to reach the Bay of BengalThe length of the river is about 857 kmIts drainagebasin is shared by Maharashtra Chhattisgarh Jharkhandand Odisha
THE MAHANADI RIVER SYSTEM
The GodavariThe river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
THE GODAVARI RIVER SYSTEM
many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
Q2 Which river is known as Dakshin GangaA2 The Godavari river is known as lsquoDakshin Gangarsquo It is also known as Vridha Ganga
Q3 Differentiate between east-flowing rivers and west-flowing riversA3
East-flowing rivers
West-flowing rivers
Godavari Krishna Kaveri Mahanadi are the east-flowing rivers
Narmada Tapiwest-flowing rivers
They fall into the Bay of Bengal
They fall into Arabian Sea
These rivers form big deltas
These rivers form comparativelysmall deltas
Catchment area of these river are larger
Catchment area of these river are smaller
The KrishnaThe Krishna river rises from the Western Ghatsnear Mahabaleshwar It flows into the Bay of Bengalbefore forming a large delta Its length is about1400 km The Tungabhadra Koyana Ghatprabha Musi and Bhima are some of its tributariesIt has covers parts of Maharashtra Karnataka and AndhraPradesh
THE KRISHNA RIVER SYSTEM
The KaveriIt rises in the Brahmagiri range of the Western Ghats and flows into the Bay ofBengal Southof Cuddalore in Tamil Nadu The length of the river is about 760 km Its main tributaries are the Amravati Bhavani Hemavati and Kabini The Kaveri drains inthe parts of Karnataka Kerala and drains in Tamil Nadu The river Kaveri makes the second biggest waterfall in India known as Sivasamudram
POLITICAL SCIENCE
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
MEANING OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS-Fundamental rights are those rights which are essential for intellectual moral and spiritual development of citizens of India As these rights are fundamental or essential for existence and all-round development of individuals hence they are called Fundamental rights These are enshrined in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India These include individual rights common to most such as equality before the law freedom of speech and freedom of expression religious and cultural freedom Freedom of assembly (peaceful assembly) freedom of religion (freedom to practice religion) right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writsThere are six fundamental rights recognized by the Indian constitution
1 Right to equality (Articles 14-18)2 Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22)3 Right Against exploitation (Articles 23-24)4 Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25- 28)5 Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29-30) and6 Right to Constitutional remedies (Articles 32-35)
1 The right to equality includes equality before the law the prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion race caste gender or place of birth equality of opportunity in matters of employment the abolition of untouchability and abolition of titles
2 The right to freedom includes freedom of speech and expression association or union or cooperatives movement residence and right to practice any profession or occupation
3 The right against exploitation prohibits all forms of forced labour child labour and trafficking of human beings
4 The right to freedom of religion includes freedom of conscience and free profession practice and propagation of religion freedom to manage religious affairs freedom from certain taxes and freedom from religious instructions in certain educational institutes
5 The Cultural and educational Rights preserve the right of any section of citizens to conserve their culture language or script and right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice
6 The right to constitutional remedies is present for enforcement of fundamental rightsThe right to privacy is an intrinsic part of Article 21 (the Right to Freedom) that protects the life and liberty of the citizens The right to privacy is the newest right assured by the Supreme court of India It assures the peoples data and personal security
Fundamental rights for Indians have also been aimed at overturning the inequalities of pre-independence social practices Specifically they have also been used to abolish untouchability and thus prohibit discrimination on the grounds of religion race caste sex or place of birth They also forbid trafficking of human beings and forced labour (a crime) They also protect cultural and educational rights of religious and linguistic minorities by allowing them to preserve their languages and also establish and administer their own education institutions They are covered in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India
Mathematics
Relation Study Item Types of RelationToday class xii students we will discuss about the types of RelationsFirst we discuss Void RelationWhat is Void RelationAns Let A be a non-empty set Then φ A A and so it is a relation R on set A Thissube ⨯ relation is called the void or empty relation on set ANow from the above definition we came to know that no element of A is related to any element of AHere A A is called Cartesian product⨯
is the symbol of subsetsubeAnd φ is called phi and refer to void or empty relationNow I give an example to understand the above said relationLet A = 1 2 3 4Here A A =(11)(12)(13)(14)(21)(22)(23)(24)(31)(32)(33)(34)(41)⨯(42)(43)(44)Now we consider R is a relation which is defined by R=(ab) a+b= 50We notice that a+b 50 for any two elements of AnotinTherefore (ab) R for any ab A is called belong to and is not belong tonotin isin isin notinTherefore we can say R does not contain any element of A A⨯Therefore R is empty set Therefore we can say that R is the void or empty relation on AWhat is universal RelationAns Let A is a set Then A A A A and so it is a relation on A This relation is called⨯ sube ⨯ the universal relation on ANow from the above definition we can say that each element of A is related to every element of ANow we consider the relation R on the set A =1 234 defined by R = (ab) R |a -b|isin
0≽We observe that|a - b | 0 for all ab A≽ isin
(ab) R for all (ab) A ArArr isin isin ⨯ Each element of set A is related to set A every element of set ArArr
Therefore we write R= AxATherefore we can say R is universal relation on set ANote we can say that void relation is smallest relation and the universal relation is largest relationSometime both void relation and universal relation is called trivial relationWhat is identity relationAns Let A is a non-empty set Then the relation R or IA = (aa) a A on A is called theisin identity relation on A Therefore from the above definition we can say that every element of A is related to itself only
Example Let A = 1234 then Ror IA = (11)(22)(33)(44) is the identity relation on set ANow I give you another example R1 = (11)(22)(33) and R2 = (11)(22)(33)(44)(24)From the above example we can say that R1 and R2 are not identify relation Because in the case of R1 (44)R1 and on the other hand R2 where element 2 is related to elements 2 and 4
Hindi 2ndlang
भलि[ (महादी मा)
भलि[ कहानी की लखिखका महादी मा न इस कहानी म यह दशान का परयास गिकया ह गिक आजकल क जमान म भी लो सक बन कर गिनसाथ सा करत ह ह
गिबना तन लिसा करत ह और उसक बदल ना कछ मात ह और ना ही कोई आशा करत ह नौकर सा करक तन चाहता ह और ह भी कई सगिधाओ की आशा करता ह पर सक सदा गिनजी साथ भा स सा म सलगन रह कर काम करता ह भलि[ कहानी की मखय पातर लकषमी ह जिजस भलि[ नाम लखिखका न दिदया ह ह गिकसी
ोपाल काकी कनया ह पाच रष की आय म उसकी गि माता न ौना ही कर दिदया कहानी म भलि[ क दखो का अत नही ह गिफर भी ह बडी साहसी धयान और परिरशरमी ह कदिठनाइयो स जझ ती ह पहल गिपता की मतय गिफर पगित की मतय और
गिफर घर जमाई की मतय होती ह उस साहसी मगिहला न साहस नही छोडा और तीनो पतरी ओक हाथ पील गिकए लाना द पान क कारण उसका जमीदार न अपमान गिकया गिफरकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहचीकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहची शहर पहच करा लखिखका की सगिका बनी ही पर उसका नाम भलि[ पडा ह एक भ[ की तरह अपन सामिमनी की इमानदारी स सा करती और तन का जिजकर भी नही करती ह लखिखका क घर पाठशाला आदिद को अचछी तरह स सभालती पढी-
लिलखी ना होकर भी ह लखिखका की बहत सा ए सहायता करती ह लखिखका का साया बनकर चलती लखिखका की सा करना उसक जीन का उददशय ह ह
लखिखका की खशी क लिलए ही काय करती ह ह लखिखका को दखी नही दख सकती लखिखका पर भलि[ का इतना परभा पडा गिक ह सय दहाती बन ई
यदध क दिदनो म ह अपन परिरार क साथ रहन की अपकषा लखिखका क साथ रहना पसद करती थी यदध क भत न जब ीटा क ान पर पलायन गित जा दी तो
भलि[ न न लखिखका को अपन ा ल जान का अनरोध करन ली लखिखका को डर ह गिक यदिद उसक गिदा होन क अगितम छठा ए तो ह दहातीन दधा कया कर ी
इस परकार हम दखत ह गिक लखिखका न सामिमनी और सगिका क ण बरसात हए सक धम पर परकाश डाला ह और लखिखका न एक आदश सगिका क रप को सदर
रप स परसतत गिकया हBengali আদাব পরশন) ldquoশরণের ১৪৪ ধারা আর কারহিZউ অU ার জারী রণেয়রণে0ldquo
ক) কার গলখা গকা3 রচ3ার অংশ খ)গকাায় গক3 ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়রণে0 )১৪৪ ধারা কী এর Zরণেল কী য়
উততর) ক)আরণেলাচ য অংশটি সরণেরশ বসর রহিচত lsquoআদাবlsquo গ0াট রণেলপর অংশ
খ) বাংলারণেদরণেশর ঢাকা শরণের ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়হি0ল সামপরদাহিয়ক াnাা ও দাnা পরহিতরণেরারণেধর জ3 য হিlt সলা3রণেদর গ3তারণেদর সামপরদাহিয়ক উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা বারণেধ উ2য় সমপরদায় 2ীত রণেয় ঘর বহিlt রণেয় পরণে পরসপর পরসপররণেক সরণেltরণের গচারণেখ গদরণেখ গকউ কাউরণেক আরণের রণেতা হিবশবাস কররণেত পারণের3া হিক0 া3রণেষর উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা য় ার পহির3া অরণেতক রকত iয় ও ত য
) ১৪৪ ধারা আইরণে3র এ3 একটা ধারা ার _ারা এলাকা হি3হিদ ষট করণের গদওয়া য় গসই এলাকার রণেধ য গবহিশ া3রণেষর জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় হিহি0ল জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় আই3 2nকারীরণেক গহিলর হি3রণেদশ জাহির করা য় তাই সাধার3 া3ষ আর বাইরণের গবর রণেত পারণের3া পরারণে3র 2রণেয় বহিlt রণেয় ারণেক এর Zল য় সাংঘাহিতক গদাকা3 পাট বনধ ারণেক
হিজহি3স পতর অহিল য় রাসতা ঘাট জ3 শ3 য রণেয় ায় লরণেঠরা তারণেদর লঠত রাজ চাহিলরণেয় হি3রণেজরণেদর আরণেখর গহি0রণেয় গ3য় া3ষরণেক 2ীহিতর হিব2ীহিষহিক গরাস করণের ঘরণেরর া3রণেষর ইkা াকরণেলও ঘরণের হিZররণেত পারণের3া হিZররণেত হিরণেয় বltরণেকর গহিলরণেত পরা3 ারায়
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today we will discuss about Types of Leaves
An organization provides several kinds of leaves to the employees These days employees working both in government and private sector are allowed several types of leaves Following are the leaves achieved by the employees from their organization
Casual LeaveChild care leave -HospitalLeaveSpecial disability leaveChild Adoption leaveEarned LeavesHalf pay leaveMaternity leavePaternityleaveStudy leave
1 Casual Leave- Casual leave is not a recognised form of leaves and is not subject to any rules made by the government of India And official on casual leave is not treated as Absent from duty and pay is not intimated Normally 8 days of casual leave is permissible in a calendar year
2 Child care leave - Women employees having minor children may be granted child care leave by an authority competent to grant leave for a maximum period of 730 days means two years during their entire service for taking care of up to two children weather for sharing or to look after any of their names like examination sickness it is a
3HospitalLeave - Hospital leave is admissible to group C employees whose duties involved handling of dangerous machinery explosive materials poisonous drugs and performance of hazardous task and to group D employees Medical certificate from an authorised medical attendant is necessary for the grant of these leave However total period of
leave does not exceed 28 months4Special disability leave- Special
disability leave admissible to all employees when disabled by injury intentionally or accidentally inflicted are caused in law in consequence of the due performance of official duties or in consequence of official position It also it is also add miscible when disabled by illness incurred in the performance of any particular duty which has the effect of increasing laboratory to illness or injury beyond the ordinary least attaching to the Civil post held and the same condition
5Child Adoption leave- This leave is granted to female Employees with fewer than two surviving children on valid adoption of a child below the age of one year for a period of 135 days immediately after the date of valid adoption Leave salary will be equal to the pain immediately before processing on leave
6Earned Leaves- This leave is earned by duty The credit for earned leave will be awarded at a rate of 15 days on the 1st of January and 1st of July every year It can be accumulated up to 300 days in addition to the number of days for which encashment has been allowed along with LTC
7 Half pay leave -All government servant are entitled to 20 days of HPL half pay leave for every completed year of service Half pay leave is calculated at 20 days for each completed year of service The service includes periods of duty and leave including extra ordinary leave with or without MC (medical certificate)
8 Maternity leave -Maternity leave is granted to women Government employees full stop it is as possible only to Employees with less than 2 surviving children The maternity leave is not debited to leave account and full pay is granted It cannot be combined with any other the leaves and count as service for increment and pension
9 PaternityleaveA male employee with less than 2 surviving children may be granted paternity leave for a period of 15 days during the confinement of
his wife During the period of such leaves he shall be paid leave salary equal to the pay drawn immediately before proceeding on leave
10 Study leave-Study leave may be granted to all Government Employees with not less than 5 years service for undergoing a special course consisting of higher studies are specialised training in a professional or technical subject having a direct and close connection with the sphere of his duties as a Civil Servant
Commerce
Chapter-5Management
Let us today discuss about the nature of Management
Nature of management Management is defined as
An art A science A profession
Management is defined as an art because of the following reasons
1 In art there is an existence of theoretical knowledge Similarly in management various theories are propounded by management thinkers in various areas of management like finance marketing human resources etc
2 Every manager apply his or her personal skills and knowledge in the day to day functioning of an enterprise
3 Like an art management is creative as it provides solutions to Complex problems making resources productive and profitable moulding the attitudes of people for the betterment of an organisation
Management is is considered as science because of the following reasons
1 Like science there is a systemised body of knowledge in management consisting of theories principles vocabulary and concept
2 Principles of management are evolved after continuous observations and experimentation
Management both as Science and ArtManagement is both a science and an art It is a science because it uses certain principles and is an art because it requires continuous practice and application of personal skillsManagement as a profession Following points highlight whether management is a profession or not1 Like profession management has well
defined body of knowledge It has its own principles which are based on experiments One can acquire such
knowledge by pursuing courses like MBA BBA etc and acquire managerial skills through instruction and training
2 In management no such restriction is there for managers to clear an examination for hold a degree However these days more and more people are appointed for managerial post who opposes management degrees
3 Membership to a professional Association like AIMA is not mandatory for managers All managers directly or indirectly work for the development of society
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Essay Questions (EQ-2)
Question No 2Sketch the character of Prospero Would you call him perfect
AnswerProspero in The Tempest appears to be an intensely human being with human failings and weaknesses With all his excellence Prospero is made to awaken our sympathy for a natural imperfection Prosperorsquos Previous HistoryIn his retrospective narration of his previous history to Miranda we get a glimpse into Prosperorsquos past life As the Duke of Milan Prospero buried himself in his magic books which he prized above his dukedom He was essentially a scholar with no practical wisdom He failed to perform his first duty by neglecting the governance of his state and gave an opportunity to his wicked brother to undermine his throne He was thus driven from his home and thrown in a leaky boat with his weeping daughter to drift in the perilous seas It is only the thought of his little child that kept him aliveThe Development of Prosperorsquos CharacterThe development of his character is evident from the contrast between what he was before his banishment and what he is now in the island Formerly when his ldquolibrary was dukedom enoughrdquo he was altogether too unsuspecting Now he is watchful as providence and takes care to guard himself against the possibility of evil He has learnt to know human nature in its worst forms even Caliban has taught him something He will no longer put his trust in appearance except as ldquostale to catch thievesrdquo nor in oaths of which the strongest he says ldquoare straw to the fire irsquo the bloodrdquo He who once neglected worldly ends now consistently asserts his dignity enforces obedience and deals out justice with impartial hand He who without a thought of evil gave his power and his revenues into his brotherrsquos hands now puts Ferdinand to the severest test as a trial of his love before entrusting his daughter to him He makes the most practical use imaginable of his magic art exacts prompt servitudefrom his attendants does not hesitate to punish them is resolved and firm and knows how to seize the proper moment for action He is a most careful father to his daughter a considerate master of Ariel severe against the brutal Caliban humane towards the repentant enemies full of experience and wisdomThe Exercise of his Power ndash his SternnessWhat appears to us at the first sight one of the least pleasing features of Prosperorsquos character is the sternness which he frequently displays more particularly in his dealings with Caliban His harshness towards Caliban resulted from the failure of gentler methods his severity towards Ferdinand was exercised in the interest of his daughter ldquolest too light winning make the prize lightrdquo and his punishment of Alonso Sebastian and Antonio is justified by the attainment of his objectiveProsperorsquos TendernessThe tender side of Prosperorsquos character is exhibited in his relation to Miranda Ariel Gonzalo and the repentant sinners His love for Miranda is unbounded She was almost life to him In his darkest hours of trial this love sustained him and gave him strength to put a bold front to suffering He addresses her always with tenderness She is to him a lsquoloved darlingrsquo lsquodear heartrsquo lsquoa rich giftrsquo lsquoa third of his own lifersquo The same affectionate nature is shown in his dealing with his brother Antonio He loved his brother Antonio only next to Miranda before Antonio conspired against him In the island when Antonio is brought before him he forgives him
readily To Gonzalo the good old councilor he is all affection He sheds tears of joy and gratitude when he meets him in the island To Ariel he is a loving and considerable master Ariel is always to him ldquomy brave spiritrdquo ldquofine spiritrdquo ldquodelicate Arielrdquo ldquomy Arielrdquo etc When he promises Ariel his freedom he says with real emotion ndash ldquoI shall miss theerdquoProsperorsquos Power as a MagicianThe practice of magic has placed wonderful powers in the hands of Prospero He uses his supernatural powers like a god only to bring about the happiest results He causes The Tempest and the shipwreck only to bring his enemies within his power and not to destroy them Not a soul perished in the storm He leads Ferdinand to Miranda his high charms work and as he wishes the two falls in love He frustrates the plots of the conspirators and makes them know that he was conscious of it He drives Sebastian and Alonso to sincere repentance and readily forgives them The drunken associates of Caliban are no doubt sternly treated but even then they are promised conditional pardon The whole play at last ends in reconciliation joy and peace The wrongs are set right the lovers are made happy Ariel is set free and thus the powerful magician retires into the solitude of his study at MilanProsperorsquos ForgivenessAllied to his wisdom is his forgiving nature Though deeply wronged he bears no spite against the wrong-doers Though his power is unlimited he uses it to noble purposes The lesson of adversity has taught him that ldquoThe rarer action is in virtue than in vengeancerdquoProspero does not debase his noble nature by revenge but forgives his enemies absolutely He drives his erstwhile enemies to a sincere penitence for their past misdeeds and when repentance has wrought its full effect on them he receives them into his arms and is reconciled to them Is Prospero perfectProspero creates a great impression upon our minds by his dignity his nobility the divine spirit of forgiveness in him his generous and sympathetic nature etc Even with all these virtues we cannot call him perfect We perceive certain faults in him He displays an occasional impatience irritability and even a certain harshness of feeling His severe treatment of Caliban might have been justified but the language in which he addresses the monster and the threats that he uses show him to be a kind of tyrant On learning of Calibanrsquos plot against his life he is as violently disturbed and agitated as any ordinary human being would be His manner towards Ariel when the latter demands his liberty also seems somewhat arbitrary and tyrannicalSubject ndashBiology Topic ndashChapter -5 Inheritance amp Variations Summary ExecutionToday we will discuss about NON-Mendelian Inheritance
NON_MENDELIAN INHERITANCE Incomplete Dominance It is an inheritance in which heterozygous offspring shows
intermediate character between two parental characteristics Eg Flower colour in snapdragon (dog flower or Antirrhinum sp) and
Mirabilis jalapa ( 4rsquoO clock plant) Here phenotypic and genotypic ratios are same Phenotypic Ratio 1Red 2 Pink 1 White Genotypic Ratio 1(RR) 2 (Rr) 1(rr) This means that R was not completely dominant over r Pea plants also show incomplete dominance in other traits
Co- dominance It is the inheritance in which both alleles of a gene are expressed in a
hybrid Eg ABO blood grouping in human ABO Blood groups are controlled by the gene I The plasma membrane of the RBC has sugar polymer that protrude
from its surface and is controlled By the gene The gene I has three alleles IA IB i The alleles IA and IB produce a slightly different form of the sugar
while allele i does not produce any sugar In AB blood group both IA and IB are present together This is co ndash
dominanceMultiple Alleles
Multiple alternatives of the same gene which influence the same character and produce different expressions in different individuals of a species or population same genes have more than two allelic
forms These different forms of a single gene are referred as multiple alleles Eg human Blood group
Ac-12 250620 Topic- retirement
Illustration Om Jai and Jagdish are partners sharing profit in the ratio of 3 2 l Their balance sheet as at December 31st 2014 is as under
Balance sheet as at December 31 2014
Liabilities Amount Assets Amount
(Rs`) (Rs`)
Creditors 80000 Building 180000 Bills Payable 26000 Plant 140000 General reserve 24000 Motor Car 40000 Capital Stock 100000 Om 160000 Debtors 63000 Jai 120000 Less Provision Jagdish 120000
400000 for Bad debts 3000
60000 Cash at Bank 10000
530000 530000
Jai retires on that date on the following terms(a) The Goodwill of the firm is valued at Rs 60000(b) Stock and Building to be appreciated by 10(c) Plant is depreciated by 10(d) Provision for Bad debts is increased upto Rs 5000(e) Jairsquos share of goodwill was adjusted through remaining partners capital accountThe amount due to Jai is paid out of the fund brought in by Om and Jagdish in theirnew profit sharing ratio Jai is paid full amountPrepare Revaluation Account and Partnerrsquos Capital account
Solution WorkingsIt is assumed that Om and Jagdish gaining ratio remains 3 lJairsquo Share of goodwill = Rs 60000 times 26 = Rs20000Adjusted through the remaining partners capital account in 3 1 ratio
Revaluation Account
Dr Cr
Particulars Amount Particulars Amount
(Rs`) (`Rs)
To Provision for Bad debts 2000 By Stock 10000TO Plant 14000 By Building 18000To Profit transferred toCapital Accounts Om 6000 Jai 4000 Jagdish 2000
12000
28000 28000
Capital AccountDr Cr Particulars Om Jai Jagdish Particulars Om Jai Jagdish
(Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (rs`) (`Rs)
To Capital 15000 mdash 5000 By Balance bd 160000 120000 120000 ToBank 152000 By General Reserve 12000 8000 4000To Balance cd 277000 mdash 159000 By Revaluation (Profit) 6000 4000 2000 By Om Capital mdash 15000 mdash ByJagdish Capital mdash 5000 By Bank 114000 38000
292000 152000 164000 292000 152000 164000
Class VIISubject Topic Summary Execution CHEMISTRY
Chapter ndashPhysical and Chemical Changes
Physical ChangeA physical change involves a change in physical propertiesPhysical change is a type of change where no new substance is formed Most physical changes are reversible
Characteristics of Physical changes 1 They are temporary changes2 They are reversible changes 3 No new substance formed4 A physical change involves a
change in physical properties not its chemical properties
Terms related to Physical ChangesDissolvingMeltingMelting pointFreezingFreezing pointBoiling Boiling pointEvaporationCondensationCondensation point
Pg-25Question 6State three differences between evaporation and boiling
Evaporation Boiling
1 Evaporation is a slow process
2 Evaporation takes place from the surface of the liquid
3 Evaporation takes place at all temperature
1 Boiling is a fast process
2 Boiling takes place from all parts of the liquid
3 Boiling takes place at a fixed temperature on heating
Question 7State four differences between physical and chemical changes
Physical change Chemical change
1 No new substances with new properties are formed
2 It can be reversed by simple physical methods
3 It is temporary change
4 Energy is neither needed nor produced
1 New substances with new properties are formed
2 Change cannot be reversed by simple physical methods
3 It is permanent change4 Energy is either needed
or evolved
GEOGRAPHY
ATMOSPHERE
GREENHOUSE EFFECT ANDGLOBAL WARMINGWe have already learned that therays of the Sun heat up the Earths surfaceduring the day and cools off at night byradiating out the heat in the form of terrestrialradiation Some of this heat is absorbed by thegreenhouse gases of the atmosphere and doesnot escape into outer space This preventsthe Earth from becoming excessively cold atnight This is known as Greenhouse EffectIt has led to a gradual rise in globaltemperatures which is referred to as globalwarmingCauses of Global Warming
Q1 What do you mean by Greenhouse EffectA1 Therays of the Sun heat up the Earths surfaceduring the day and cools off at night byradiating out the heat in the form of terrestrialradiation Some of this heat is absorbed by thegreenhouse gases of the atmosphere and doesnot escape into outer space This preventsthe Earth from becoming excessively cold atnight This is known as Greenhouse Effect
Q2 What are the greenhouse gases A2 The heat-trapping gases calledgreenhouse gas (GHGs)
Examples chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Carbon dioxide halons methane nitrous oxide and
GREENHOUSE GAS The heat-trapping gases calledgreenhouse gas (GHGs) Over the years these gases have releasedin the atmosphere and thus making the planetwarmerExamples Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Carbon dioxide halons methane nitrous oxide and ozone
GLOBAL WARMINGIncreasing of Earthrsquos temperature day by day by the increasing amount of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere is called as global warming
CAUSES OF GLOBAL WARMING 1 Burning of fossil fuel2 Harmful emission from industries
andvehicles3 Deforestation and mining4 Excessive rearing of farm animals5 Fertilisers
ozone
Q3 What do you mean by Global Warming Write any two causes of global warming
A3 Increasing of Earthrsquos temperature day by day by the increasing amount of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere is called as global warming The main causes of global warming are a Burning of fossil fuelb Harmful emission from industries
andvehicles
COMPUTER
ARRAYS ARRAY IS A VARIABLE WHICH STORES DIFFERENT VALUES OF THE SAME DATA TYPE IT IS USEFUL TO ORGANIZE MULTIPLE VARIABLES TO DECLARE AN ARRAY DIM (DIMENSION) STATEMENT IS USED LETS TAKE AN EXAMPLE TO DECLARE AN ARRAYDIM NUMBERS(10)10 INSIDE THE PARENTHESES MEANS THIS ARRAY CAN HOLD 11 ELEMENTSNUMBERS YES 11 NUMBERS THERE IS A FIRST INDEX ARRAY 0 ALSO (0 TO 10)EXAMPLES1)TAKE ANY 6 NUMBERS (SAY 2451069) IN AN ARRAY AND ADD NUMBERS INPOSITIONINDEX 3 AND 5 PRINT THE FINAL RESULT
READ THE SUMMARY PART AND TRY TO UNDERSTAND THE CONCEPT OF ARRAY IN QBASIC
SUBJECT- FRENCH (3RD LANGUAGE)Les alphabets avec vocabulariesAlphabets with vocabularies
- Ananas- Ballon- Chat - Dents - Escargot
HOMEWORK-LEARN THIS VOCABULARIES WITH PROPER PRONUNCIATION
Class VIIISubject Topic Summary Execution PHYSICS ENERGY Types of Energy
There are different forms of energy Today we will discuss some important
A Objective Questions
1 Write true or false for each
types of energy and their features ndash1 Mechanical energyMechanical energy is the sum of kinetic and potential energy in an object that is used to do work In other words it is energy in an object due to its motion or position or both
A Kinetic Energy The energy in motion is known as Kinetic Energy For example a moving ball flowing water etc
Kinetic Energy=12mv2
Wherem = Mass of the objectv = Velocity of the object
B Potential Energy This is the energy stored in an object and is measured by the amount of work done For example a pen on a table water in a lake etc
Potential Energy=mghWherem = Mass of the object (in kilograms)g = Acceleration due to gravityh = Height in metersMechanical EnergyIt is the sum of potential energy and kinetic energy that is the energy associated with the motion amp position of an object is known as Mechanical energy Thus we can derive the formula of mechanical energy as ndash
Mechanical Energy = Kinetic Energy + Potential Energy
MechanicalEnergy=12mv2+mgh
2 Solar EnergyThe light and heat from the sun harnessed using technologies like solar heating photovoltaics solar thermal energy solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis is known as solar energy It is the prime source of renewable energy
3 Wind EnergyIt is one of the various forms of energy The energy present in the flow of wind used by wind turbines is called wind energy This energy is a major cheap source to produce electricity In this phenomena the kinetic energy of the wind is converted into mechanical power
statement
(a) A coolie does no work against the force of gravity while carrying luggage on a road
Answer True
(b) The energy stored in water of a dam is the kinetic energy
Answer False
(c) The energy of a flying kite is kinetic energy
Answer True
(d) Work done by a boy depends on the time in which he does work
Answer False
(e) Power spent by a body depends on the time for which it does work
Answer True
4 Nuclear EnergyThe energy present in the nucleus of an atom is known as nuclear energy The particles of an atom are tiny and need the energy to hold themselves Nuclear energy is that enormous energy in the bonds of an atom which helps to hold the atom together Nuclear energy can be used to make electricity
5 Geothermal EnergyThe energy or heat present inside the Earth is known as geothermal energy It is a cheap amp convenient heat and power resource and use of this energy donrsquot have a side effect like greenhouse gas emission etc
6 Tidal Energy
Tidal energy or tidal power is a form of hydropower (energy present in water) which converts the energy present in the tides to produce electricity
7 Biomass Energy
Biomass is organic matter obtained from living organisms The energy produced from biomass is called biomass energy
8 Electrical Energy
The energy caused by moving electric charges is known as electrical energy Electric energy is a type of kinetic energy as the electrical charges moves
9 Thermal Energy
As the name suggests thermal energy is the energy obtained from heat It is a microscopic disordered equivalent of mechanical energyThere may be instances where an object posses more than one type of energy For example boiling water posses both kinetic and potential energy along with heat energy
MATHEMATICS Ch 9Interest
Execution ndash 9(B) 3 A sum of money lent out at simple interest doubles itself in 8 years Find (i) the rate of Interest (ii) In how many years will the sum become triple (three times) at itself at the same rate percent
Solution
(i) Let P = Rs100 there4 A = Rs200 So I = A ndash P = Rs(200-100) = Rs100 and T = 8years [ P= Principal A = Amount I = Interest and T = Time]
there4 The rate of interest (R) = 100times IP times T = ( 100 times100
100times 8 ) = 252
= 125
(ii) Again P = Rs100 A = Rs300 So I = Rs(300-100) = Rs200 and R = 125
there4 T = 100times IP times R = ( 100 times 200
100 times12 5 ) years = ( 1000times 200100times125 )years= 16 years
4 Rs4000 amount to Rs5000 in 8years in what time will Rs2100 amount to Rs2800 at the same rate
Solution
1 st part P = Rs4000 A = Rs5000 there4 I = Rs(5000-4000) = Rs1000And T = 8 years
there4 R = 100times IP times T = ( 100 times1000
4000 times8 ) = 258
2 nd part Now P = Rs2100 A = Rs2800 there4 I = Rs(2800-2100) =Rs700 and R
= 258
there4 T = 100times IP times R = ( 100 times 700
2100 times 258 ) years = ( 100 times8
3 times25 )years= 323 years = 10
23 years
= 10years( 23
times 12)months = 10 years 8 months
6 A certain sum amounts to Rs3825 in 4 years and to Rs4050 in 6 years Find the rate percent and the sum
Solution Amount in 6 years = Rs4050Amount in 4 years = Rs3825
there4 Interest in 2years = Rs(4050-3825) = Rs225
there4 Interest in 1year = Rs225divide2 = Rs2252
there4 Interest in 4years =Rs(225times2) = Rs450
Now P = A ndash I = Rs(3825 ndash 450) = Rs3375
there4 R = 100times IP times T = ( 100 times225
3375 times2 ) = 103
= 313
Practice at Home5 What sum of money lent at 65 per annum will produce the same interest in 4 years as Rs7500 produce in 6 years at 5 per annum
GEOGRAPHY MIGRATION CLIMATE REFUGEES
Climate refugees who are forced to move out when their homes when threatened by imminent climate catastrophes Example many people many people migrated from the sinking south pacific Islands to Australia and New Zealand
MISCELLANEOUS MIGRATION
Miscellaneous migration often takes place due to the governmentrsquos decisions or due to political unrest Example the Indonesian government moved the farming population from the overpopulated areas of Java to the islands of Borneo and Sumatra
FORCED MIGRATION
Forced migration happens during times of disaster of warfare Abduction and transfer of African slaves to America to serve as labour force is an example of forced migration Today climate change and rising sea levels have led to forced migration in many of the island nations of the world
VOLUNTARY MIGRATION
Voluntary migration is shifting to HDC(highly developed countries) from LDC(lowly developed countries) for better job or educational opportunities and better standards of living There is a current trend in which a large number of students are migrating from developing nations to European and American universities for higher studies This type of voluntary migration leads to depopulation in the country which people leave and adds to the volume of immigrants in the country that receives these people
Q1 What do you understand by climate refugees Where it can be found
A1 Climate refugees who are forced to move out when their homes when threatened by imminent climate catastrophes or disasters
Example many people migrated from the sinking south pacific Islands to Australia and New Zealand
Q2Give an example on miscellaneous migration
A2 An example on miscellaneous migration like the Indonesian government moved the farming population from the overpopulated areas of Java to the islands of Borneo and Sumatra
Q3 Give some examples of highly developed countries (HDC) and lowly developed countries (LDC)
A3 European and North American countries such as Britain Spain Canada and New York are good examples of highly developed countries (HDC) On the other hand South-East Asian countries such as India Pakistan and Bangladesh are examples lowly developed countries (LDC)
COMPUTER ALGORITHMS AND FLOW CHARTS
EXAMPLES1) WRITE AN ALGORITHM AND DRAW A FLOW CHART TO FIND THE AREA OF A RECTANGLESOLUTIONALGORITHM
STEP1 STARTSTEP2 ACCEPT THE LENGTH OF THE RECTANGLESTEP3 ACCEPT THE BREADTH OF THE RECTANGLESTEP4 USE THE FORMULA OF AREA=LENGTH times BREADTH AND STORE THE
FINAL RESULT IN THE VARIABLE AREASTEP5DISPLAY THE ARE OF THE RECTANGLESTEP6STOP
FLOWCHART
2)CALCULATE THE INTEREST OF A BANK DEPOSITALGORITHMSTEP 1 READ AMOUNTSTEP 2 READ YEARSSTEP 3 READ RATE
STEP 4 CALCULATE THE INTEREST WITH FORMULA INTEREST=AMOUNTYEARSRATE100STEP 5 PRINT INTERESTFLOWCHART
3)DETERMINE AND OUTPUT WHETHER NUMBER N IS EVEN OR ODDALGORITHMSTEP 1 READ NUMBER NSTEP 2 SET REMAINDER AS N MODULO 2STEP 3 IF REMAINDER IS EQUAL TO 0 THEN NUMBER N IS EVEN ELSE NUMBER N IS ODDSTEP 4 PRINT OUTPUTFLOWCHART
4)DETERMINE WHETHER A TEMPERATURE IS BELOW OR ABOVE THE FREEZING POINTALGORITHM
STEP 1 INPUT TEMPERATURESTEP 2 IF IT IS LESS THAN 32 THEN PRINT BELOW FREEZING POINT OTHERWISE PRINT ABOVE FREEZING POINTFLOWCHART
PRACTICE THE GIVEN FLOWCHARTS AND ALGORITHMS
Class IXSubject Topic Summary Execution Bengali (2nd
language) চারণেদর পাাহিব2হিত2ষ বরণেltযাপাধযায় হি_তীয় অধযায়
ldquoআহি`কার হিবখযাত া0 শঙকর কতবার 0হিবরণেত গদরণেখরণে0rdquo ক) আহি`কার হিবখযাত া0টির 3া হিক া0টির হিবরণেশষতব হিকখ)শঙকর গকাায় হিকরণেসর জ3য হিরণেয়হি0ল ) গস গসখারণে3 হিক খরণেজ পায়
উঃ- হিব2হিত2ষ বরণেltযাপাধযায় রহিচত lsquoচারণেদর পাাrsquo উপ3যারণেস আহি`কার হিবখযাত া0টির 3া ল বাওবাব া0টির হিবরণেশষতব ল া0টি গবশ গাটা গসাটা া0টির জার হিবষয় ল া0টি তার গহিরণেত ১৬ হিলটার জল ধরণের রাখরণেত পারণের তষণায় কাতর পচারীরা অরণে3ক সয় এই ারণে0র গহিরণেত 0হির গরণের Zরণেটা করণের জল পা3 করণের
খ) শঙকর আহি`কায় হিরণেয়হি0ল অযাUরণে2ঞচারণেরর গ3শায় অনধকারয় এই ারণেদরণেশর পরহিতটি সথারণে3 গ3 রসয লহিকরণেয় আরণে0 এই ররণেসযর অ3সনধা3 কররণেত হিরণেয় অরণে3ক পটক পরা3 াহিররণেয়রণে0 আবার অরণে3রণেক হিসংরণের গপরণেট গরণে0 তবও অহি2াতরী া3ষ অহি2া3 বনধ করণের হি3আহি`কার ইউানডা গরলওরণেয়র 3Uরবা গসটশ3 গরণেক বাাততর াইল দহিi3 পহিj গকারণে3 একটা শাখা লাই3 হৈতহির হিkল গরল গকামপাহি3র গসখারণে3 শঙকর ক3সটরাকস3 কযারণেমপর গকরাহি3 ও সরকাহির গসটারহিকপার রণেয় গা হিদরণেয়হি0লপরণের শঙকর একটা গরলরণেসটশরণে3র গসটশ3াসটার য় এরপরণের গস আল2ারণেররণেজর সরণেn ীরার পাা খজরণেত গবহিররণেয় পরণে
) গ0াটরণেবলা গরণেক শঙকর শরণে3 আসরণে0 আহি`কায় গসা3া রপা ীরার 0া0হি একট গচষটা কররণেল গসা3া রপা ীরা আহিবসকার করণের বরণোরণেলাক ওয়া ায় এই সব খজরণেত হিরণেয় শঙকর আহি`কার পরাকহিতক ররণেপর গ সনধা3 গপরণেয়হি0ল তার তল3া গ3ই ঘ3 অর3য পবতরাহিজ =র3া 3দী জীবজনত সবই তারণেক হিদরণেয়রণে0 আ3lt শঙকর ীরার গখারণেজ হিরণেয় ীরা 3া গপরণেলও পরাকহিতক ররণেপর গরণে3 শঙকরণেরর 3 ীরায় পহিরত রণেয়হি0ল
EVS Chapter 2 ndash Species interaction with each other Long Answer Question
Living Things in Ecosystems
bull ParasitismParasitism is a relationship between two different organisms where one of the organisms actually harms the other through the relationship The organism that is harming the other one is called a parasite Examples of Parasitism Fleas or ticks that live on dogs and cats are parasites
bull MutualismMutualisms are defined as interactions between organisms of two different species in which each organism benefits the other
bull CommensalismCommensalism is a relationship between individuals of two species in which one species obtains food or other benefits from the other without either harming or benefiting the latter
bull SynergismThe interaction of things resulting in the overall effect that is greater than the sum of individual effects of any of them
Q) How biotic and abiotic components are inter-related Ans - In an eco system biotic and abiotic components depend on each other The biotic and abiotic components are connected in ecosystem in different way The sun is the energy source Producersplants use this energy to synthesize food in the presence of carbon dioxide and chlorophyll The herbivores are dependent on plants for the energy requirements The carnivores in turn feed on the herbivores and other carnivores At any level microbes then decompose any dead and decaying organic matter These decomposers after various chemical reactions release molecules back to the environment in the form of chemicals The chemicals are again used by the producers and the cycle starts againIn conclusion ecosystems have a complex set of interactions that happen between the biotic and abiotic components The components of an ecosystem are linked to each other through the energy flows and nutrient cycles
Commercial Studies
Chapter-7Joint Stock Company
In previous class we have explained about the meaning of Joint Stock Company features of Joint Stock Company
Let us explain about
Merits of Joint Stock Company
Merits of Joint stock CompanyStabilityPublic confidenceProfessional managementTransferability of sharesLimited Liability
Merits of Joint Stock Company StabilityA company enjoys stable durable enduring and uninterrupted business life A company continues to exist even if all its members die or deserted Maintenance of continuity of policy of administration is very much ensured in the case of Joint Stock CompanyPublic confidenceA public company enjoys the confidence of the public as the same is guided and controlled by strict regulations Since the companies financial accounts are published and circulated the public has enough faith on the activities of the company Thus a company enjoys better prestige and regulation greater public confidence as a wholeEfficient professional managementDue to its large financial resources and continuity a company can avail of the services of highly qualified
persons who are experts in different fields of business management In this way the benefits of specialization and centralized management can be securedTransferability of sharesSince the shares of a joint stock company are freely transferable they provide necessary liquidity to the investment of the people Shares of public companies are generally listed on a stock exchange so that people can easily buy and sell themLimited LiabilityThe liability of shareholders is limited only to the extent of face value of share held by them Shareholders are not personally liable for the debts of the company Thus the risk is known and also limited
Economics Chapter4 Basic Problems of An Economy
Today let discuss about the Meaning of Efficiency use of ResourcesNeeds of efficient use of resources
Resource efficiency is the maximising of the supply of money materials staff and other assets that can be drawn on by a person or organization in order to function effectively with minimum wasted (natural) resource expenses It means using the Earths limited resources in a sustainable manner while minimising environmental impact
Necessity for efficient use resources Once the flow of resources through the economy has reached its maximum sustainable limit (and many would argue that wersquove already passed that point for some resources) the only way to maintain economic growth in the long run is to become more resource efficient ndash finding ways to generate greater returns from the same amount of resources
Resource efficiency isnrsquot only valuable because it is essential for sustained economic growth Promoting resource efficiency can increase the competitiveness of industry create jobs stimulate innovation boost sectors such as recycling and resource recovery and help ensure secure supplies of key
QuestionWhat do you mean by Efficient use of Resources
Answer) Resource efficiency is the maximising of the supply of money materials staff and other assets that can be drawn on by a person or organization in order to function effectively with minimum wasted (natural) resource expenses It means using the Earths limited resources in a sustainable manner while minimising environmental impact
Why do we need to use our resources efficientlyAnswer) Once the flow of resources through the economy has reached its maximum sustainable limit (and many would argue that wersquove already passed that point for some resources) the only way to maintain economic growth in the long run is to become more resource efficient ndash finding ways to generate greater returns from the same amount of resources
Resource efficiency isnrsquot only valuable because it is essential for sustained economic growth Promoting resource efficiency can increase the competitiveness of industry create jobs stimulate innovation boost sectors such as recycling and resource recovery and help ensure secure
resources supplies of key resources
Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)
Topic Act II Scene 7 Lines 1 to 35 (Morocco hellip What if I stray no further but choose here )
[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase provided]
Summary Questions amp Answers
Having disposed of the minor story of Jessicarsquos elopement we now return to the main plot We are now shown how affairs are progressing with Portia in her home in Belmont
This is the first of the three scenes where a suitor makes a choice between golden silver and leaden caskets It will be noted that while making the choice all the lovers soliloquize and reveal their personality and character We have already observed the manly soldierly but primitive personality of the Prince of Morocco His has a simple nature and does not look deeply into the inner meaning of things but is dazzled by the outward appearance of gold He is inclined to over-estimate his own value and does not realize that it is a duty to ldquogive and hazardrdquo So his feeling is only one of fascination and romantic attraction We cannot believe that he has a deep and lasting love for Portia
In this scene two characters appear ndash Portia and the Prince of Morocco Portia explains to the Prince that the correct casket shall be the one that contains her picture She will be the wife of the person who will choose the correct casket and in the process get whatever she has
The Prince examines the inscriptions on each of the caskets and interprets them
(1) (Act II Sc 7 L 1-5)
Portia Go draw aside the curtains and discover
The several caskets to this noble princeNow make your choice
Morocco The first of gold who this inscription bearsWho chooseth me shall gain what many men desire
(i) Who is Morocco How did he introduce himself to Portia when they first met in an earlier scene
Prince Morocco is a dark skinned boastful warrior of African origin who seeks the hand of Portia He introduces himself as a person who lives near the equator where the exposure to sun rays have to be blamed for his complexion He says that Portia should not dislike him for his dark skin
(ii) How would Morocco know that he had made the right choice What would his reward be
Morocco would know he has chosen the right casket if he finds Portiarsquos portrait in one of them His reward would be Portiarsquos hand in marriage
(iii) Which casket did Morocco finally choose What reasons did he give for rejecting the casket made of lead
Morocco chooses the golden casket He says that lead is of lowly origin and the portrait of a lady as great as Portia cannot be placed in it He reads the inscription ldquoWho chooseth me must give and hazard all he hathrdquo This makes the box too threatening He wonders why anyone should risk everything for lead He also feels that a golden mind like his should not bow down to choose something worthless So he will not risk anything for lead
(iv) What two objects did Morocco find in the casket of his
before choosing
The inscription on the leaden casket says ldquoWho chooseth me must give and hazard all he hathrdquo The Prince was shocked and says as to why anyone should risk for the sake of lead The leaden casket is a threat Nobody would risk all they have for lead He says that no noble person would stoop to choose such a worthless thing as lead So he will not give nor risk anything for lead
The Prince then examines the inscription on the silver casket which says ldquoWho chooseth me shall get as much as he deservesrdquo The Prince says that he deserves Portia more than anybody else because of his high rank his noble birth and his great wealth and power But then he argues that silver is ten times inferior to gold and therefore he cannot believe that the portrait of such a beautiful lady as Portia can be contained in the silver casket He decides to see the inscription on the golden casket before making his decision
choice What reason does he give to Portia for leaving in haste
The Prince of Morocco chooses the golden casket and on opening it finds a human skull within whose hollow eye-socket was a scroll or a roll of paper in which it is written that those who are attracted by the glittering outside of things are always deceived as Morocco has been deceived
Morocco says he is moved and that he does not want to make his departure a painstaking process and he wants to leave immediately without revealing his emotions He should also obey the rule of the game which states the one who loses the test should leave immediately
(v) How does Portia respond to Moroccorsquos parting words What does this reveal of her nature
Portia is relieved that Morocco has left without making any scene It was a gentle riddance and all like him should go in a similar manner This shows that Portia has a kind heart and does not want anyone to he hurt Her love for Bassanio over-rides her passion that makes her wish that only he should be able to make the right choice At the same time like a dutiful daughter she does not want to disrespect her fatherrsquos wishes Hence she is willing to go through the casket injunctions
(2) (Act II Sc 7 L 15-35)
MOROCCO helliphelliphelliphelliphellip
What says this leaden casket Who chooseth me must give and hazard all he hath Must givemdashFor what for lead hazard for leadThis casket threatens Men that hazard allDo it in hope of fair advantagesA golden mind stoops not to shows of drossIll then nor give nor hazard aught for leadWhat says the silver with her virgin hueWho chooseth me shall get as much as he deservesAs much as he deservesmdashPause there MoroccoAnd weigh thy value with an even handIf thou best rated by thy estimationThou dost deserve enough and yet enoughMay not extend so far as to the ladyAnd yet to be afeard of my deservingWere but a weak disabling of myselfAs much as I deservemdashWhy thats the ladyI do in birth deserve her and in fortunesIn graces and in qualities of breeding
But more than these in love I do deserveWhat if I strayed no further but chose here
(i) What does the Prince of Morocco do before making his selection What does his comment reflect How does he analyse the inscription of the leaden casket and what is his interpretation
The Prince of Morocco surveys the three caskets before making his selection His comments reflect his thinking and attitude on life and things He comes to the lead casket and reads the inscription on it His interpretation which reflects his own character is that the inscription threatens because no one will be prepared to risk or sacrifice all one has for such a base thing as lead
(ii) What does the Prince of Morocco think of the leaden casket and why does he decide to reject the leaden casket
The Prince of Morocco thinks that when people risk anything they do so in order to gain something precious A person of royal ways will not bend so low as to be impressed by such an ordinary thing as lead Therefore he decides that he will not take any risk for a worthless thing like lead and rejects the lead casket
(iii) What does the Prince think while analyzing and interpreting the inscription of the silver casket
The Prince of Morocco analyses the inscription on the silver casket which runs thus ldquoWho chooseth me shall get as much as he deservesrdquo When he reads the inscription he bids himself to stop and ponder over the interpretation He asks himself to evaluate his worth objectively and impartially He says that if he is assessed on the basis of the opinion of people he deserves much But even this may not be sufficient to deserve to win Portia who is so virtuous and worthy
(iv) What promise does the silver casket make What self-assessment does the Prince make
The silver casket promises the reward according to the worth of the chooser The Prince makes a self-assessment and concludes that in all fairness he deserves to get Portia He thinks that he is a royal Prince by birth and so he deserves her by the right of his birth
Portia is very rich and so the Prince deserves her by this also The Prince deserves because he is also extremely handsome as most of the beautiful maidens of his kingdom covet him He is valiant and virtuous also So in his opinion he is the most suitable and deserving candidate for Portiarsquos hand
(v) Over which casket does the Prince ponder a long time What intrigue him In what way does he deserve Portia
Morocco reviews the inscriptions again and rejects the lead casket as being not worth the high stakes for which he gambles He ponders a long time over the silver casket The words ldquoget as much as he deservesrdquo intrigue him He is quite sure that he deserves Portia He deserves her in birth fortune grace qualities of breeding and most of all love
Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution EVS Ch ndash4 Managing
soil and land
Today we will discuss about mechanical practices of soil conservation
A few mechanical measures of soil conservation arei) Basin leaching In this method a number of small basins (water reservoirs) are made These collect and retain rain water for a long period and also catch and stabilize downwardly moving soils of the slopes
ii) Pan breaking by breaking of pan ( a hard sheet of clay a few feet below the surface ) drainage and percolation of rain water is improved and soil is saved from residual run-off and erosion
iii) Sub-soiling Soil is broken into fine grains to increase its absorptive capacity
iv) Contour terracing terraces are labeled areas constructed at right angles to the slope to reduce soil erosion
v) Contour trenching This method involves making a series of deep pits or trenches across the slope at convenient distance The soil excavated from the trenches is deposited along the lower edge in the form of bund On the ridges tree seeds are shown
vi) Terrace outlets To conserve soil pipe outlets are made which are thickly covered by grasses
vii) Digging of ponds and reservoirs to store water
viii) Stream bank protection To protect banks of rivers and channels construction of stone or concrete protective walls or planting of trees should be undertaken
Commercial Studies
Chapter- Banking Let us today discuss about theMeaning of Commercial BankFunctions of Commercial Banks
Commercial Banks are those banks which perform all kinds of banking functions such as accepting deposits advancing loans credit creation and
Question1 What do you mean by
Commercial BankAnswer) Commercial Banks are those banks which perform all kinds of banking functions such as accepting deposits advancing loans credit creation and agency functions
agency functions
Functions of Commercial BanksCommercial banks perform a variety of functions which can be divided as (1) Accepting Deposits (2) Advancing Loans (3) Credit Creation (4) Financing Foreign Trade(5) Agency Services (6) Miscellaneous Services To Customers
2 Explain the various functions of Commercial Bank
Answer) Following are the various functions of Commercial Banks
1 Accepting Deposits This is the oldest function of a bank and the banker used to charge a commission for keeping the money in its custody when banking was developing as an institution Nowadays a bank accepts three kinds of deposits from its customers The first is the savings deposits on which the bank pays small interest to the depositors who are usually small savers
2 Advancing LoansOne of primary functions of commercial banks is to advance loans to its customers A bank lends a certain percentage of the cash lying in deposits on a higher interest rate than it pays on such deposits This is how it earns profits and carries on its business 3 Credit CreationCredit creation is one of the most important functions of the commercial banks Like other financial institutions they aim at earning profits For this purpose they accept deposits and advance loans by keeping small cash in reserve for day-to-day transactions When a bank advances a loan it opens and account in the name of the customer and does not pay him in cash but allows him to draw the money by cheque according to his needs By granting a loan the bank creates credit or deposit4 Financing ForeignTrade commercial bank finances foreign trade of its customers by accepting foreign bills of exchange and collecting them from foreign banks It also transacts other foreign exchange business and buys and sells foreign currency5 Agency ServicesA bank acts as an agent of its customers in collecting and paying cheques bills of exchange drafts dividends etc It also buys and sells
shares securities debentures etc for it customers Further it pays subscriptions insurance premium rent electric and water bills and other similar charges on behalf of its clients It also acts as a trustee and executor of the property and will of its customers Moreover the bank acts as an income tax consultant to its clients For some of these services the bank charges a normal fee while it renders others free of charge6 Miscellaneous ServicesBesides the above noted services the commercial bank performs a number of other services It acts as the custodian of the valuables of its customers by providing them lockers where they can keep their jewellery and valuable documents It issues various forms of credit instruments such as cheques drafts travellers cheques etc which facilitate transactions
Bengali হিবপরীতশবদ করণেয়কটি হিবপরীত শবদ গদওয়া ল1)সজীব = হি3জsব 2)শরদধা= ঘা 3)আকষ = হিবকষ4)সধবা = হিবধবা 5)উৎস = গা3া 6)অ = অ37)জয় = পরাজয় 8)তাপ = হৈশত যয 9)হি3ltা = পরশংসা10)াদা = অদা 11)রহিসক = গবরহিসক 12) অনতর = বাহির13)অহিতবষটি = অ3াবষটি 14)পরত যযi = পরণেরাi 15)3াবালক = সাবালক
Hindi 2nd lang नया रासता भा 5 अपन जीन की परिरसथिगितयो स गिश होकर मीन क हदय म कई बार हीन भाना
और जीन की कडाहट अनभ हईपरत ह दढता और साहस की मरतित थी ह
अपन जीन को वयथ नही होन दना चाहती थी बचपन स ही उसकी कील बनन की
इचछा थी आज मीन की लन उस और दखकर माता- गिपता न उस कालत करन की
आजञा द दी मीन न मरठ म दाखिखला ल लिलया उसक हरदय म कछ बनन और कछ
कर दिदखान की इचछा थी उसक गिचार स चारो और पस का ही बोलबाला हहॉसटल
की कलपना करत ही ह लिसहर उठती थी उसन अपन लिलए नए नए कपड बनाए पहली बार हॉसटल जान का चा थाआखिखर
ह दिदन आ ही या जब उस हॉसटल जाना था पहली बार ह अपन घर स अल हो
रही थी हॉसटल पहच कर कछ दिदनो तक उसका मन नही ला बचपन की घटनाए
एक- एक करक उसक समतपटल पर उतर ई ह अपनी ककषा म हमशा परथम आती
थी 2 दिदन बाद गिपताजी मीन स मिमलन आए मा न काफी चीज उसक लिलए बनाकर
भजी थी गिपताजी स मिमलकर ह बहत खश
1 ह सय की दढता साहस की मरतित थी
परशन1 लखिखका मीन को दढता साहस
की मरतित कयो कह रही ह 2 गिाह क अलाा मीन क जीन
का कया लकषय था 3 मीन समाज क झठ आरण को
हटाकर सतय दिदखाना चाहती ह सपषट कीजिजए
4 परसतत पलि[यो का भा सपषट अपन शबदो म लिलखिखए
उततरndash1 मीन म समाज स लडन की शलि[ ह
ह समाज म फली बराइयो क सामन ढढता स जमी हई ह ह साहस क साथ अपन उलिचत गिनणय
पर सथिर रहती ह जिजदी क उतार चढा सा घबरा टी नही ह बलकिलक साहस स काम लती ह इनही कारणो स लखिखका न उस ढढता
और साहस की मरतित कहा ह2 मरठ ालो न जब उसका रिरशता
ठकरा दिदया तो उसन गिनशचय कर लिलया गिक ह अपन परो पर खडी होी और समाज को दिदखा दी की नारी अबला नही ह उसन अपना
हई करीब 1 घटा रक कर गिपताजी चल ए लकषय बना लिलया गिक ह एलएलबी करक कील बनी
3 समाज म नारी क ऊपर अबला आशरीता का आरण पडा हआ ह
मीन समाज क दवारा होत हए इस आरण को हटाकर यह सतय परमाणिणत करना चाहती ह गिक आज
की नारी अबला नही ह और ना ही गिकसी क हाथ की कठपतली ह
4 लखिखका न मीन क बार म कहा गिक ह सय घटा और साहस की मरतित
ह ह अपन न हम ध और मसीबत म साहस का परिरचय दती हउतार
चढा को हर इसान क जीन म आत ही रहत ह उनको साधारण रप
स ही लना चागिहए अपन गिाह क मामल म उसन साहस स काम
लिलया और गिाह क बार म सोचना छोड दिदया मीन क सामन अभी बहत लबी जिजदी पडी ह इसलिलए उसन समय का महत समझा और
एक कषण भी वयथ ना करन का गिनशचय गिकया
Mathematics(x) Algebra Quadratic Equation in one variable
Study Item Some solved sums from exercise- 539)Solve for x 2(2x ndash 1 )(x+3) ndash 3 (x + 3)(2x ndash 1 ) = 5 x -3 frac12Solution Let (2x ndash 1)(x + 3) = y then we get2(y) ndash 3( 1y) = 50r 2y ndash 3y = 5Or 2y2 ndash 3 = 5y [multiplying both side by y we get]0r 2y2 ndash 5y ndash 3 = 0Now comparing the above equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0 we geta=2 b = - 5 and c = - 3Therefore y = -(- 5 )plusmnradic((-5)sup2-4(2)(-3))2(2) = 5 plusmnradic( 25 + 24)4 = 5plusmn radic(49)4 = (5 plusmn 7)4= (5+7)4 (5 ndash 7)4= 124 -24= 3 - 12Therefore y = 3 (2x ndash 1)( x + 3) = 3 2x ndash 1 = 3x + 9 3x - 2x = - 10 x= - 10Or y = - frac12 ( 2x ndash 1)(x + 3) = - frac124x ndash 2 = - x ndash 3 4x+x = - 3 + 2 5x = - 1 x= - 15Hence the roots of the given equation are - 10 and ndash 1510)(i) x2 - 5x ndash10 =0Solution x2 ndash 5x ndash 10 = 0Comparing the above equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0 we get a=1 b = - 5 and c = - 10Therefore x = - (- 5)plusmnradic( -5)sup2- 4(1)(- 10)2(1) = 5 plusmn radic( 25 +40)2 = 5 plusmn radic(65 )2
= (5 plusmn 8bull06)2 = (5 + 8bull06)2 (5 ndash 8bull06)2 = 13bull062 - 3bull062= 6bull53 - 1bull5312) Solve the equation x ndash 18x = 6 Given your answer correct to two significant figureSolution x ndash18x = 6Or (x2 ndash 18 )x = 6Or x2ndash 18 = 6xOr x2 ndash 6x ndash18 = 0Comparing the above equation with ax2 + bc + c = 0 we gera= 1 b = - 6 and c = -18Therefore x = -(-6) plusmnradic(- (- 6)2 ndash 4(1)(- 18)2(1) = 6 plusmn radic( 36 + 72)2 = (6 plusmnradic( 108)2 =(6 plusmn 10bull39)2= 16bull392 - 4bull392= 8bull195 - 2bull195 asymp 8bull2 - 2bull2
Chemistry Chapter-2L-1Chemical Bonding
1) Chemical Bonding-
It is basically the force of attraction which holds the different types of atoms in a molecule together
Cause of Chemical Combination-
The main cause is the tendency of elements to acquire eight electrons in its outermost shell like that of noble gases other than Helium(He) So the atoms combine to acheive the nearest noble gas configuration of 8 electrons( or 2 electrons) in their outermost orbit and become stable
2) Ion-
It is a charged particle made from an atom by the loss or gain of electrons
There are 2 types of Ions They are-
a) Cations- It is formed by the loss of electrons eg - K+ Ca2+
Na+ etc
b) Anions- It is formed by the gain of electrons eg- Cl- O2- F- etc
Q Why do elements form Ions
A Atoms of all elements except those of noble gases have one to seven valence electrons and are not in a state of minimum energy Thus to acquire a state of minimum energy elements lose or gain electrons and form ions so that they acquire stable configuration (Duplet or Octet)
Q What is the Electronic Theory of Valency
A In 1916 Kossel and Lewis on the basis of octet rule of electrons described simply the electronic structure of molecules of many chemical compounds and elements Kossel mainly described the structure of ionic compounds formed by loss and gain of electrons and Lewis mainly described the structure of Covalent Compounds formed by mutual sharing of electron pair This is known as ELECTRONIC THEORY OF VALENCY proposed by Kossel and Lewis
Q What do you mean by Electropositive and Electronegative Elements
3) Types of Chemical Bond-3 types
A)ElectrovalentIonic Bond
B) Covalent Bond
C) Co-ordinate Dative Bond4) ELECTROVALENT IONIC BOND-
It is the electrostatic force of attraction between the opposite charged ions which holds them together
The chemical compounds formed as a result of electron transfer from one atom of an element to another are called IONIC or ELECTROVALENT COMPOUND
The number of electrons which an element loses or gains during the formation of an ionic bond is called its ELECTROVALENCY
Conditions for the formation of Ionic Compounds-
i Large electronegativity difference between the combining atoms
ii Low IP for one of the atoms from which the cation can be easily formed
iii High electron affinity for one of the atoms from which the anions can be easily formed
iv High Lattice Energy
A
1) Electropositive Elements- have the tendency to lose the electrons and form Cations
eg- Na K Fe -mostly metals
2) Electronegative Elements- have the tendency to gain the electrons and form Anions
eg- Cl F O - mostly Non-metals
Q Give the brief description about the formation of NaCl
A See your Text Book
Q Practise the two types of diagram of the formation of different ionic compound
A See your Text Book
English All Summer in a Answer the following questions-
literature Day 3) Why did the children hate herAns- The children sensed that Margot was different from them She hated the continuous rain while they were used to it She spoke only about the sun and they had no memory of it They hated her pale snow face her waiting silence her thinness and her possible future of going back to the Earth4) What is the it referred to by WilliamAns- The it referred to by William is the Sun which the scientists had predicted would shine for a short while that day5) What was Margot waiting for Why did William say it was a jokeAns- Margot was waiting to see the sun predicted to shine that day for a short while William did not want her to have the joy of seeing the sun
Geography Water Resources SOURCES OF WATER SURFACE WATER AND GROUNDWATER Earth is known as the Blue Planet because 71 per cent of the Earths surface is covered with water Wateralso exists below land surface and as water vapour in the air Water is not added or removed from the environment it simply changes state and location This constant movement of water throughout our environment is called the hydrological cycle or water cycle Earth cleans and replenishes the water supply through the hydrologic cycle Groundwater exists in an aquifer or
underground layer of permeable rock sediment (usually sand or gravel) or soil that yields water
Aquifers are like underground reservoirs of water
SURFACE WATER The visible bodies of water are referred to as surface water Surface waters can be simply described as the water that is on the surface of the Earth This includes the oceans rivers and streams lakes and reservoirs Surface waters are very important Rivers and streams constitute the flowing surface waters Surface water canbe captured for a variety of biospheric and humanusesRunoff During heavy precipitation water cannot infiltrate into the ground It flows on the surface of the ground and called as runoff
GROUNDWATER Groundwater is detained as water that is found beneath the surface of the Earth in conditions of100 per
Q1 Why the Earth is called as Blue PlanetA1 Earth is known as the Blue Planet because 71 per cent of the Earths surface is covered with water
Q2 Define hydrological cycleA2 Water is not added or removed from the environment it simply changes state and location This constant movement of water throughout our environment is called the hydrological cycle or water cycle Earth cleans and replenishes the water supply through the hydrologic cycle
Q3 What is AquifersA3 Aquifers are like underground reservoirs of water
Q4 Why there is a shortage of fresh waterA4 Although the earth has an abundance of water but unfortunately there is a shortage of fresh water because 997 per cent of it occupied by oceans soils icecaps and floating in the atmosphere and rest 03 percent can use for daily uses
cent saturation (if it is less than100 per cent saturation then the water is considered as soil moisture) Ninety-eight per cent of Earths available fresh water is groundwater It is about60 times as plentiful as the fresh water found in lakes and streams Water in the ground travels through pores in soil and rock and in fractures and weathered areas of bed rockThe majority of fresh water is therefore found under ground as soil moisture and in aquifers
Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 88 to 126 (Portia helliphellip Such as the day is when the sun is hid) [Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]
Summary Questions amp Answerso Launcelot then arrives and informs
Lorenzo that Bassanio will also be arriving soon Both Lorenzo and Jessica return to the house and ask Stephano to order the family musicians to play music in order to extend a fitting welcome to Portia
o Portia and Nerissa dressed in their normal self return home and enter the building Lorenzo recognizes Portias voice and comes to greet her She orders the servants to pretend as if she had never left and asks Lorenzo and Jessica to do the same
o Soon thereafter Bassanio Gratiano and Antonio arrive
(1) PORTIA That light we see is burning in my hall (L 89-101)
How far that little candle throws his beams So shines a good deed in a
naughty worldNERISSA When the moon shone we did not see the candlePORTIA So doth the greater glory dim the less
A substitute shines brightly as a king
Unto the king be by and then his state
Empties itself as doth an inland brook
Into the main of waters Music hark
NERISSA It is your music madam of the housePORTIA Nothing is good I see without respect
Methinks it sounds much sweeter than by day
NERISSA Silence bestows that virtue on it madam
(i) Where are Lorenzo and Jessica sitting What message have they received What are they doing
Lorenzo and Jessica are sitting in Portiarsquos house in Belmont They have just received the message informing them of the arrival of Portia and Bassanio separately They are waiting for their arrivals and enjoying the beauty of the moonlight night(ii) In which mood is Lorenzo found after Stephanorsquos departure
After Stephanorsquos departure Lorenzo reverts to his romantic mood He is carried away by the magic of the loveliness of the moonlight He draws Jessicarsquos attention and says that the moonlight is sleeping beautifully on the raised ground He says that they will sit there and enjoy the sweetness of the gentle
music which will shortly creep into their ears very softly(iii) Why has Lorenzo sent Stephano What kind of man is he who does not appreciate the sweet harmony of sounds
Lorenzo has sent Stephano to instruct the musicians to play soft music to welcome Portia home Lorenzo tells that the
tranquility and the beautiful night suit the sweet music Praising the ennobling (M lend greater dignity) effect of music Lorenzo tells Jessica that the person who has no music in him and does not appreciate the sweet harmony of sounds is a dangerous person and so should be watched very carefully(iv) Who are returning to Belmont What does Nerissa remark on seeing the light of the house
Portia and Nerissa are returning to Belmont after successfully conducting Antoniorsquos trial in Venice as the lawyer and the clerk respectively When they are near their home Nerissa seeing the light of the house remarks that they did not see this light of this candle when the moon was shining(v) What does Portia comment on Nerissarsquos observation Commenting on Nerissarsquos observation Portia says that the lesser glory becomes insignificant before the greater glory She adds that the kingrsquos representative assumes great splendor and authority when the king himself is not near But before the real king the substitute becomes devoid of all splendor and
authority as the big rivers lose their identity after emptying into the vast sea
SUBJECT PHYSICS [TOPIC FORCE]Answer the following questions ( ICSE questions of previous years from chapter FORCE)
1 Write the position of centre of mass for the following bodies(i) A circular ring (ii) A cylinder(iii) A hollow sphere (iv) A triangular lamina
2 Explain why screw drivers are provided with longer handles3 Compare the magnitude and direction of centripetal force and centrifugal force4 How does uniform circular motion differ from uniform linear motion5 Why is the motion of a body moving with a constant speed around a circular path is said to be
accelerated6 A brass ball is hanging from a cotton thread Draw a neat labeled diagram showing the force acting
on the brass ball and the cotton thread 7 Define moment of force Write the relationship between the SI and CGS unit of moment of force8 Define couple State the SI unit of moment of couple9 A uniform half meter scale balanced horizontally on a knife edge at 29 cm mark when a weight of 20
gmf is suspended from one end(i) Draw the diagram of the arrangementWhat is the weight of the half meter rule
ECO-10 250620 Topic-Supply Analysis
MEANING OF SUPPLYSupply a commodity by a firm or seller may be defined as the quantity of a commodity that a firm or seller offers for sale at a given price during a given time period But the actual sale of the commodity may be different from its supply For example a farmer (produced of wheat) is willing to sell 50 quintals of wheat at a price of ` 15 per kg but he is able to sell only 30 quintals at this price So this case the supply of wheat is 50 quintals but the actual sale is 30 quintals So these two concepts should not be confused with each other Like demand supply also has three elements The definition of supply include (i) the quantity of the commodity that a firm is willing to supply (ii) the price at which it is willing to supply that quantity and (iii) the time period during which it is willing to supply that quantity
FACTORS DETERMINING SUPPLY OR DETERMINANTS OF SUPPLY OF A GOOD
The main determinant of supply is the price of the commodity But the cost of production of a commodity is an important factor in determining profit maximized on output of a firm The cost of production depends on the prices of various inputs like raw material wages of workers interest of capital rent of building etc The supply of a commodity also depends on the technology used in the production of the commodity and many other factors The main factors determining supply of a commodity are(i) Price of the commodity(ii) Price of other related good(iii) Price of inputsfactors(iv) Taxation policy of government(v) Objective of the firm(i) Price of the commodity Other factors determining supply remaining constant there is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity It means the quantity supplied of a commodity increases with rise in price and decreases with fall in price of the commodity More quantity of a commodity is supplied at a higher price and less quantity is supplied at a lower price For example a seller of tomatoes is willing to sell 100 kgs of tomatoes at a price of ` 40 per keg and only 50 kgs at a price of ` 20 per kg Due to this direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity the supply curve has a positive slope Supply curve is upward sloping to the right(ii) Price of other related goods Supply of a commodity is also influenced by the change in the price of other related goods With the help of given resources we can produce several goods by using the same technology This helps the firm to diversify and tide over fluctuations in demand For example a farmer can produce either pulses or food grains by using the resources If the price of pulses increases it becomes more profitable for him to make more production of pulses So he will divert some resources from the production of food grains to the production of pulses The production of pulses will increase and that of food grains will decrease So the supply of pulses will increase if the price of pulses increases and the supply of food grain will decrease at the same price reverse will happen if the price of food grains increases(iii) Price of inputsfactors Change in the price of inputs like raw material wage rent or interest also influences the supply of a commodity For example in the production of cloth cotton is the main raw material If the price of cotton increases the cost of production of cloth will increase At the same price the margin of profit will decrease So the producer will decrease the supply of cloth at the same price On the other hand if the price of cotton falls the cost of production per unit of cloth will decrease and hence the supply of cloth will increase The price of other inputs will also influence the supply of a good in the same manner(iv) Technology of production an improvement in the technology of production of a commodity decreases the per unit cost of the commodity The margin of profit will increase at the same price So the supply of a commodity will increase with improvement in technology of production at the same price On the other hand if a firm uses absolute technology of production the cost of production per unit of the commodity will increase The margin of profit will decrease so the firm will decrease its supply at the same price This is the main reason that the firms are trying to use better technology of production because it not only reduces the cost of production per unit but also improves the quality of the product(v) Taxation policy of government If the government reduces the excise duty or the production of a commodity the cost of production per unit of the commodity will decrease the margin of profit will increase at the same price so the producer of the commodity will increase its supply It happens when the government wants to increase the production of the commodity On the other hand to discourage the production of some harmful goods like cigarettes liquor etc the government increases the rate of excise duty on the production of such goods So the cost of production per unit of the commodity increases and the supply of such commodities decreases(vi) Objective of the firm The objective of the producer also influences the supply of a commodity Generally the objective of a producer is get maximize his profits Profits are maximized at a higher price So he increases the supply of a commodity at a higher price and decreases its supply at a lower price But sometimes the producer may be in maximizing his sales and not in maximizing his profits as he wants to capture the market In that case he goes on increasing the supply so long his target is not achieved can profit is not adversely affected He may increase the supply at the same price to any extent
SUPPLY FUNCTION
When the relationship between quantity supplied and the determinants of supplied is expressed mathematically in an equation it is called a supply function So a supply function can be expressed asSn = f(Pn Pr Pf T Tr G)where Sn = Supply of commodity nPn = Price of the commodity nPr = Price of other related goodsPf = Price of inputsfactors
T = Technology of productionTr = Government policy or tax rateG = Goal or objective of the producer
Typically supply function shows the relationship between price and quantity supplied keeping all other determinants of supply as constant It shows the amount of a good that a seller supplies at different levels of price
LAW OF SUPPLYThe law of supply depicts the relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity when all other determinants of supply remain constant This law states that there is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity other factors determining supply remaining constant It means quantity supplied of a commodity increases with increase in price and decreases with decrease in price
Assumptions of the law of supplyThe phrase other determinants of supply remaining constant in the law of supply shows the assumptions of the law of supply The mains factors which influence the supply of a commodity one price of the commodity price of other related goods price of inputs technology of production taxation policy of the government and objective of the firm etc The law of supply is based on the assumptions that all these factors determining supply except price of the commodity should remain constant The following are the main assumptions of the law of supply(i) Price of other related goods should remain the same(ii) There should be no change in the price of inputs (factors)(iii) Technology of production should not change(iv) There is no change in the taxation policy of the government(v) Objective of the firm should not changeThe law of supply is based on the assumptions that the supply of commodity changes only due to change in price when all other determinant of supply remain constantClass XISubject Topic Summary Execution EVS Chapter-2
Ecology Answer the following questions briefly Q Draw a neat labeled diagram of carbon cycleAnsndash
Mathematics Principle of Mathematical Induction
1) What is statement Ans A sentence which may be true or false is called statement eg i) 5 is greater than 3 ii) New Delhi is the capital of India iii) 5 divides 7 These all are statements We see that statement (i) amp (ii) are true but (iii) is false 2 What is Mathematical StatementAns Statement involving mathematical relations are called mathematical statement We shall use mathematical statement in principle of
Example If n be a positive integer show that n(n+1) is an even positive integer Solution Let P(n) be the statement n(n+1) is an even positive integer Then (i) P(1) is the statement 1(1+1) ie 2 is an even positive integer Therefore P(1) is true (ii) If P(m) is true for some positive integer m then m(m+1) is an even integer Now (m+1) [(m+1)+1]=(m+1)sup2+ (m+1) =msup2+2m+1+m+1=msup2+m+2m+2=m(m+1) +2(m+1) = an even integer + an even positive integer [Since P(m) is true and 2(m+1) is an even
mathematical induction 3 What is the use of Principle of mathematical inductionAns Sometimes it is difficult to prove a statement theorem or a formula by direct method In this case we use an indirect method known as the Principle of mathematical induction There are two steps in this processSTEP 1 Varify that the statement or formula is true for one or two particular values of n say for n=1 2STEP 2 Assuming that the statement or formula is true for n=m where m is any positive integer show that it is true for n=m+1Conclusion Since the statement is true for n=2 it is true for n=2+1 that is 3 and since it is true for n=3 it is true for n=3 + 1 that is 4 and so on Hence the statement or formula is true for all positive integral values of n
positive integer]= an even positive integer Therefore P(m+1) is true when P(m) is true Therefore By the principle of Mathematical Induction P(n) is true for all positive integral values of n Hence n(n+1) is an even positive integer
Hindi 2ndlang एक फल की चाह 5 दख रहा था जस सो सथिर हो नही बठती थी कषण भर हाय ही चपचाप पडी थी अटल शागित शी धारण कर सनना यही चाहता था म उस सय ही
उकसा करमझको दी क परसाद का एक फल ही दो लाकर
शबदाथ ससथिर - परी तरह ठहरी हई अटल- पकका
उकसाकर - पररणा दकर
वयाखयाndash उपय[ पलि[यो म कगि सखिखया की ददशा का णन कर रहा ह जो उनक गिपता दवारा वय[ गिकया या ह अपनी बटी सखिखया कीददशा का
गितरण करत हए गिपता कहता ह गिक म अपनी आखो क सामन दख रहा था गिक मरी बटी जो पल भर क लिलए दिटककर नही बठती थी ह अब सथिर शात मरतित की तरह पढी थी अब म ह बार- बार इस बात क लिलए पररिरत कर रहा
था गिक ह मझ गिफर स ही शबद कह गिपताजी मझ दी क परसाद का एक फल लाकर दो
6 ऊच शल लिशखर क ऊपर मदिदर था गिसतीणर गिशाल सण कलशसरलिसज गिहलिसत थ पाकरसमदिदत रगि कर जाल दीप धल स अचछदिदत था मदिदर का
आन सारा ज रही थी भीतर बाहर मखरिरत उतस की धारा
शबदाथ - शल लिशखर- पहाड की ऊची चोटी
सतीणर - फला हआ
सण कलश - कमल क समान सदर सोन का कलश मखरिरत - परकट समदिदत - अचछी परकार खिखला हआ रगि कर जाल - सय की गिकरणो का समह
वयाखया- परसतत पलि[या म कगि न मदिदर की सदरता का णन गिकया ह कहत ह गिक मझ पहाड की चोटी पर एक गिलिशषट और गिशालमश था उसक
सोन क कलश सय की गिकरणो म चमकत हए ऐस परतीत हो रह थ जस सय की खिखली हईगिकरणो क ाा सपशपाकर सनहर कमल खिखल उठ हो मदिदर का
आन धप दीप की सध स भरा हआ था मदिदर क अदर और बाहर मनाए जा रह उसकी परसननता की ज सनाई द रही थी
Bengali (2nd language)
কোনি মনি নদী পরথম অধযোয়
হি_তীয় হিদরণে3র পাঠ-
হিবষটবাব গলাকটির কায় গররণে কা বলরণেত পাররণে0 3া শধ গচাখ হিদরণেয় রা পরকাশ করহি0ল কা বলরণেত বলরণেত গলাকটি পাঞজাহিব লহিn খরণেল জ কররণেত শর করল তাই গদরণেখ হিবষটবাব ত2মভ রণেয় গল চাটি ারার 2হিnরণেত গলাকটি হিবষটবাবর হিদরণেক এরণোরণেল হিতহি3 াা 3ীচ করণের 3াহিরণেয় গ33 হিদ গলাকটি হিবষটবাবরণেক চাটিরণেয় ায় তারণেল হিতহি3 তাাতাহিউরণেঠ গলাকটিরণেক ধররণেত পাররণেব3 3া কার তার শরীরণেরর ওজরণে3র জ3য এই শরণে3 হিবষটবাব বরণে3া গারণেষর ত গতরণেZরণে উরণেঠ দাাল তারণেত গলাকটি দাহিরণেয় শরীরটারণেক একট দহিলরণেয় হি3ল এই সব শরণে3 হিবষট ধর চপ করণের রইল শধ lsquoগঘাৎrsquo করণের একটা শবদ করল গলাকটি হিসহি হিদরণেয় ওঠা3াা কররণে0 গদরণেখ হিবষটবাব খাহি3কটা হিদরণেশারা রণেয় গলহিবষটবাবর গচারণেখ রারণের বদরণেল এখ3 গকৌতল হিতহি3 বরণেল3 ldquoখাওায় আার গলা2 গ3ই Uায়টিং কহিরrdquo হিকনত হিতহি3 কতটা Uায়টিং করণের তা তার শরীর আর খাবারণেরর তাহিলকা গদরণেখ গলাকটি বরণে= গল গলাকটি এহিরণেয় হিরণেয় হিবষটবাবর 2হিরণেত াত বহিলরণেয় হিদরণেল গস আরা অ32ব করণের3 এবং হিপহি0রণেয় া3 গলাকটি হিবষটবাবর সারণে3 তার শরীরণেরর কসরত পরদশ3 কররণেল হিবষটবাব রণে3 রণে3 হিব হিব করণের বরণেল3 হিতহি3ও গরাা রণেত চা3 গসই হরণেত nা গরণেক আবার হিচৎকার গ2রণেস আরণেস lsquoগকা হি3 গকা হি3rsquo
ldquoকী রক Uায়টিংrdquo-ক)বকতা গককারণেক বলরণে0খ)Uায়টিং কার অ কী ) Uায়টিং করা বযহিকতর গচারার ব3া দাও ঘ) তার Uায়টিং এর ব3া দাও
উঃ- ক) আরণেলাচয অংশটি হিত3ltীর গলখা lsquoগকাহি3rsquo উপ3যাস গরণেক গ3ওয়া রণেয়রণে0 আরণেলাচয কাটি বকতা রণেল3 সাদা লহিnপরা ারণেয় গরয়া পাঞজাহিব ও কারণেধ রহিn3 বযা ওয়ালা হিiহিতশ হিসং হিতহি3 কাটি বরণেলরণে03 হিবষট ধররণেকখ) Uারণেয়টিং কার অ ল পহিরহিত খাদয গর অাৎ খাদয তাহিলকায় সসত খারণেদযর গ3াগ3 বজায় গররণেখ খাদয গর) হিবষট ধরণেরর গচারা হিবশাল ওজ3 পরায় হিত3 গদখরণেত জলহিসতর রণেতা সারা শরীরণের চহিব ল ল কররণে0 বয়স পরায় চহিশ হিবশাল 2হি উপ রণেয় শরণেল হিচৎ রণেত পারণের3া গকউ গঠরণেল হিদরণেল হিচৎ রণেত পারণের তারণেক কায় নধ াদ3 পবরণেতর সরণেn তল3া করা য়ঘ) হিবষট ধর গকৌতলী রণেয় বরণেল তার খাওয়ার গকা3 গলা2 গ3ই গস Uায়টিং করণের আরণে গস আধ হিকরণেলা হিiর গখত এখ3 গস হিত3রণেশা গরা হিiর খায় জল খাবারণের কহিটা লহিচ গখত এখ3 পরণে3রণেরাটা লহিচ খায় আাইরণেশা গরা চারণেলর 2াত খায় হিঘ খাওয়া গ0রণে হিদরণেয়রণে0 রারণেত াতর বারণেরাটা রটি খায় হিবরণেকরণেল দ-গলাস হি0হিরর জল সরণেn চাররণেট কা পারণেকর সরণেltশ বাহিরণেত রাধাকষণ আরণে0 বরণেল হিবষট ধর া0 াংস খায়3া আর তারণেত তার গকা3 গলা2 লালসা গ3ই
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 276 to 313 (Sebastian helliphellipIt struck mine ear most terribly)[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]
Summary Questions amp AnswersConspiracy of Antonio and Sebastian
o Antonio further suggests murder of Alonso and eventually Sebastian agrees
o They draw their swords and proceed to murder Alonso and Gonzalo who are sleeping
(1) (Act II Sc 2 L 277-291)ANTONIO Ay sir where lies that If rsquotwere a kibe
rsquoTwould put me to my slipper but I feel notThis deity in my bosom Twenty consciencesThat stand rsquotwixt me and Milan candied be they And melt ere they molest Here lies your brotherNo better than the earth he lies uponIf he were that which now hes likemdashthats deadWhom I with this obedient steel three inches of itCan lay to bed for ever (whiles you doing thus
o As they approach Ariel appears again and wakes up Gonzalo by singing a tune in his ear Alonso also wakes up and they see both Sebastian and Antonio with drawn swords On being caught off guard they make up a story saying that they had heard a bellowing of bulls or lions
IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED
(Act II Sc 1 L 277-281)ANTONIOAy sir where lies that If rsquotwere a kibersquoTwould put me to my slipper but I feel notThis deity in my bosom Twenty consciencesThat stand rsquotwixt me and Milan candied be they And melt ere they molest
In these lines Antonio speaks how he is a conscienceless villain In inciting Sebastian to the kingship of Naples by murdering his brother he quotes his own example He too had banished his brother and made himself the Duke of Milan This kingship now sits upon him like a well fittinggarment So will be the case of Sebastian Sebastian then questions Antonio if this foul deed did not prick his conscience To this Antonio replies like a hardened villain He laughs at the word lsquoconsciencersquo and says that he has never heard of anything like conscience A guilty conscience gave him no more pain that is chilblain (M a painful itching and swelling on hand and foot caused by exposure to extreme cold) A man can get rid of the pain of chilblain by wearing slippers instead of shoes so does Antonio get rid of the qualms (M an uneasy feeling of doubt worry or fear especially about onersquos conduct) of conscience very easily Even if he were troubled by twenty consciences that barred his way to the throne of Milan however frozen they might be he would melt them into insensibility before they could cause him to twinge
To the perpetual wink of aye might putThis ancient morsel this Sir Prudence whoShould not upbraid our course) - for all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour
(i) To whom does Antonio speak these lines Who is referred to as lsquoyour brotherrsquo What does Antonio mean by saying lsquoNo better than the earth he lies uponrsquo
These lines are spoken by Antonio to Sebastian King Alonso is referred to as Sebastianrsquos brother Indicating towards Alonso who is lying asleep on the ground Antonio tells Sebastian that here sleeps his brother and at this time he is no better than a clod of the earth on which he lies asleep Antonio means to say that if he were actually to become what he looks like he would be a dead body(ii) According to Antonio what would he do if he were at the place of Sebastian
Antonio says that if he were in the position of Sebastian he would not care even for twenty consciences in order to win the kingship of Naples He would rather forget all his consciences if they happen to trouble him at all (iii) What does Antonio suggest to Sebastian What does Antonio assure him
Antonio suggests to Sebastian that in a moment Sebastian can put to death Gonzalo who pretends to be a very wise man and who on that account rebukes others (particularly Antonio and Sebastian) whereas he (Antonio) himself can put Alonso to death with only three inches of his willing sword Antonio further assures Sebastian that by killing both of them there will be none left to oppose him and in this way every obstacle in his way will be removed
(iv) Explain the lines lsquofor all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hourrsquo
In other words Antonio says that even if he were endowed with a stiff conscience he could easily relax or soften it for the execution of his purpose Then Antonio suggests that conscience should be no hindrance to a manrsquos future greatness
Comments These are terrible words coming from the mouth of a villain of the worst type He is utterly devoid of conscience or remorse He is an utter atheist of human virtue He speaks of conscience as a deity that he does not feel in his bosom
According to Antonio so far as the other lords (Adrian Francisco and others) are concerned they need not be murdered because they would obey the orders of Antonio and Sebastian as willingly and readily as cat licks milk These other lords would endorse and support everything that Sebastian and Antonio may say or suggest These other lords would adjust their views in accordance with the wishes of Antonio and Sebastian and they would regard all proposals made by Antonio and Sebastian as being opportune and also as being acceptable(v) What opinion do you form of Antonio from the above speech
The speech given above shows Antonio to be an absolutely unscrupulous man After saying that he does not believe in any such faculty as the conscience he suggests to Sebastian to
(Act II Sc 1 L 285-291)ANTONIOhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (whiles you doing thus To the perpetual wink of aye might putThis ancient morsel this Sir Prudence whoShould not upbraid our course) - for all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour
Antonio has convinced Sebastian that he has made himself Duke of Milan by a crime for which he has felt no pricks of conscience In these lines Antonio tells Sebastian that now that the chance has presented itself to him he should take it and be King of Naples So far as Alonso is concerned Antonio agrees to undertake the task of killing him by sticking only three inches of his sharp dagger Making a thrust in the air with his sword he tells Sebastian that by a similar method he can put to sleep forever Gonzalo ndash the old piece of flesh already rotten ndash this piece of antiquity ndash this ldquoSir Prudencerdquo who is never tired of reading his moral lectures to them If ldquoProfessor Wisdomrdquo is got rid of he will not be able to denounce their action as he would surely do if they did not dispatch him as well As for the rest of the kingrsquos counselors (Adrian and Francisco) it is their nature to adopt any statements and views which are placed before them just as it is the nature of a cat to lap milk Antonio assures Sebastian that ldquothese othersrdquo will back them up in whatever they say or do that they will count the strokes of the clock exactly as they bid them not according to the real time but according to the time that is right for their business Hence only two persons Alonso and Gonzalo are required to be removed to fulfill their ambition
murder Gonzalo at the very time when he (Antonio) stabs Alonso to death And yet this brutal man has a fertile wit also He can talk in a persuasive manner and also in a sarcastic and satirical manner He knows human nature thoroughly and he understands that Gonzalo is loyal to Alonso while the other lords are only sycophants who can easily be won over to Sebastianrsquos side after Alonso has been assassinated
(2) (Act II Sc 1 291-296)SEBASTIAN Thy case dear friend
Shall be my precedent as thou gotst MilanIll come by Naples Draw thy swordmdashone strokeShall free thee from the tribute which thou payest And I the King shall love thee
ANTONIO Draw together And when I rear my hand do you the likeTo fall it on Gonzalo
(i) Explain the situation and introduce the persons engaged in conversation
After the supposed shipwreck King Alonso with his lords his brother Sebastian and Antonio the Duke of Milan land on a strange island Prince Ferdinand is feared to be drowned While the King and others have fallen asleep after exertions of the day and Ariel with his sweet music acting as a catalyst Antonio and Sebastian are awake They have hatched a conspiracy to kill King Alonso and his loyal lord Gonzalo Then Sebastian will become King of NaplesIn these lines Antonio and Sebastian are engaged in conversation They are just ready to execute their plan to attack King Alonso and Gonzalo simultaneously(ii) Antoniorsquos case shall become Sebastianrsquos precedent What has been Antoniorsquos case
Antonio proved treacherous towards his brother Prospero who was the Duke of Milan Since Prospero spent his time in his scholarly pursuits he had delegated his powers to his younger brother Antonio to administer the dukedom Antonio grew ambitious He overthrew his brother and expelled him from his own dukedom In his place Antonio became the Duke of Milan which he continues to be now His case urges Sebastian to do the same(iii) How is Sebastian going to follow Antonio
Sebastian is going to take Antoniorsquos case as his precedent He is convinced that if Antonio could usurp the dukedom from his living brother Sebastian could become the King of Naples by killing his sleeping brother(iv) What will one stroke of Antoniorsquos sword do What will Sebastian do to reward Antonio
Sebastian asks Antonio to put an end to Alonsorsquos life with one stroke of his sword The same stroke will earn for him a reward Sebastian will become the King of Naples and he will exempt Antonio from paying the annual tribute to Naples The dukedom of Milan is a tributary to the kingdom of Naples Its Duke has to pay tribute to the King every year When Sebastian takes over as the King he will give a benefit to his friend who is helping him to realize his ambition
(v) What is Antoniorsquos suggestion
Antonio suggests that they may draw their swords together When he raises his hand to attack Alonso Sebastian should raise his sword to bring it down on Gonzalo
ACCOUNTS-11 25062020 Topic- depreciation ndashSTRAIGHT LINE METHOD
Illustration Salman and Usman Bros acquired a machine on July 1 2014 at a cost of Rs 70000 and spent Rs5000 on its installation The firm writes off depreciation 10 on straight line method The books are closed on December 31 every year Show the machinery and depreciation account for three years
Solution Machinery Account
Date Particulars LF amount Date Particulars LF` Amount ( Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014July 01 To Bank Ac 70000 Dec 31 Dec By Depreciation Ac 3750
(70000 x10x612)
July 01 To Bank Ac 5000 Dec31 By Balance cd 71250
75000 75000
2015 2015Jan 01 To Balance bd 71250 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 x10 ) Dec31 By Balance cd 63750
71250 71250
2016 2016Jan 01 To Balance bd 63750 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 (75000 x10 ) Dec 31 By Balance cd 56250
63750 63750
Depreciation Account
Date Particulars LF Amount Date Particulars LF Amount (Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 3750 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 3750
2015 2015
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
2016 2016
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
WORKING
Cost of Machine RS70000Cost of Installation Rs 5000
Total 75000
Rate of Depreciation 10
Then annual depreciation will be 10 of Rs 75000 = Rs 7500
Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution Geography DRIANAGE THE PENINSULAR RIVERS
1 The Mahanadi2 The Godavari3 The Krishna4 The Kaveri5 The Subarnarekha6 The Narmada7 The Tapi8 The Sabarmati and the Mahi9 The Chambal
The Mahanadi Basin The Mahanadi rises from Dandakaranya
Q1 Which is the largest river of peninsular plateau Write a brief note about its courseA1 The largest river of peninsular plateau is Godavari The river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has
near Sihawa in Raipur district in the highlands of Chhattisgarhand flows through Odisha to reach the Bay of BengalThe length of the river is about 857 kmIts drainagebasin is shared by Maharashtra Chhattisgarh Jharkhandand Odisha
THE MAHANADI RIVER SYSTEM
The GodavariThe river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
THE GODAVARI RIVER SYSTEM
many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
Q2 Which river is known as Dakshin GangaA2 The Godavari river is known as lsquoDakshin Gangarsquo It is also known as Vridha Ganga
Q3 Differentiate between east-flowing rivers and west-flowing riversA3
East-flowing rivers
West-flowing rivers
Godavari Krishna Kaveri Mahanadi are the east-flowing rivers
Narmada Tapiwest-flowing rivers
They fall into the Bay of Bengal
They fall into Arabian Sea
These rivers form big deltas
These rivers form comparativelysmall deltas
Catchment area of these river are larger
Catchment area of these river are smaller
The KrishnaThe Krishna river rises from the Western Ghatsnear Mahabaleshwar It flows into the Bay of Bengalbefore forming a large delta Its length is about1400 km The Tungabhadra Koyana Ghatprabha Musi and Bhima are some of its tributariesIt has covers parts of Maharashtra Karnataka and AndhraPradesh
THE KRISHNA RIVER SYSTEM
The KaveriIt rises in the Brahmagiri range of the Western Ghats and flows into the Bay ofBengal Southof Cuddalore in Tamil Nadu The length of the river is about 760 km Its main tributaries are the Amravati Bhavani Hemavati and Kabini The Kaveri drains inthe parts of Karnataka Kerala and drains in Tamil Nadu The river Kaveri makes the second biggest waterfall in India known as Sivasamudram
POLITICAL SCIENCE
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
MEANING OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS-Fundamental rights are those rights which are essential for intellectual moral and spiritual development of citizens of India As these rights are fundamental or essential for existence and all-round development of individuals hence they are called Fundamental rights These are enshrined in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India These include individual rights common to most such as equality before the law freedom of speech and freedom of expression religious and cultural freedom Freedom of assembly (peaceful assembly) freedom of religion (freedom to practice religion) right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writsThere are six fundamental rights recognized by the Indian constitution
1 Right to equality (Articles 14-18)2 Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22)3 Right Against exploitation (Articles 23-24)4 Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25- 28)5 Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29-30) and6 Right to Constitutional remedies (Articles 32-35)
1 The right to equality includes equality before the law the prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion race caste gender or place of birth equality of opportunity in matters of employment the abolition of untouchability and abolition of titles
2 The right to freedom includes freedom of speech and expression association or union or cooperatives movement residence and right to practice any profession or occupation
3 The right against exploitation prohibits all forms of forced labour child labour and trafficking of human beings
4 The right to freedom of religion includes freedom of conscience and free profession practice and propagation of religion freedom to manage religious affairs freedom from certain taxes and freedom from religious instructions in certain educational institutes
5 The Cultural and educational Rights preserve the right of any section of citizens to conserve their culture language or script and right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice
6 The right to constitutional remedies is present for enforcement of fundamental rightsThe right to privacy is an intrinsic part of Article 21 (the Right to Freedom) that protects the life and liberty of the citizens The right to privacy is the newest right assured by the Supreme court of India It assures the peoples data and personal security
Fundamental rights for Indians have also been aimed at overturning the inequalities of pre-independence social practices Specifically they have also been used to abolish untouchability and thus prohibit discrimination on the grounds of religion race caste sex or place of birth They also forbid trafficking of human beings and forced labour (a crime) They also protect cultural and educational rights of religious and linguistic minorities by allowing them to preserve their languages and also establish and administer their own education institutions They are covered in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India
Mathematics
Relation Study Item Types of RelationToday class xii students we will discuss about the types of RelationsFirst we discuss Void RelationWhat is Void RelationAns Let A be a non-empty set Then φ A A and so it is a relation R on set A Thissube ⨯ relation is called the void or empty relation on set ANow from the above definition we came to know that no element of A is related to any element of AHere A A is called Cartesian product⨯
is the symbol of subsetsubeAnd φ is called phi and refer to void or empty relationNow I give an example to understand the above said relationLet A = 1 2 3 4Here A A =(11)(12)(13)(14)(21)(22)(23)(24)(31)(32)(33)(34)(41)⨯(42)(43)(44)Now we consider R is a relation which is defined by R=(ab) a+b= 50We notice that a+b 50 for any two elements of AnotinTherefore (ab) R for any ab A is called belong to and is not belong tonotin isin isin notinTherefore we can say R does not contain any element of A A⨯Therefore R is empty set Therefore we can say that R is the void or empty relation on AWhat is universal RelationAns Let A is a set Then A A A A and so it is a relation on A This relation is called⨯ sube ⨯ the universal relation on ANow from the above definition we can say that each element of A is related to every element of ANow we consider the relation R on the set A =1 234 defined by R = (ab) R |a -b|isin
0≽We observe that|a - b | 0 for all ab A≽ isin
(ab) R for all (ab) A ArArr isin isin ⨯ Each element of set A is related to set A every element of set ArArr
Therefore we write R= AxATherefore we can say R is universal relation on set ANote we can say that void relation is smallest relation and the universal relation is largest relationSometime both void relation and universal relation is called trivial relationWhat is identity relationAns Let A is a non-empty set Then the relation R or IA = (aa) a A on A is called theisin identity relation on A Therefore from the above definition we can say that every element of A is related to itself only
Example Let A = 1234 then Ror IA = (11)(22)(33)(44) is the identity relation on set ANow I give you another example R1 = (11)(22)(33) and R2 = (11)(22)(33)(44)(24)From the above example we can say that R1 and R2 are not identify relation Because in the case of R1 (44)R1 and on the other hand R2 where element 2 is related to elements 2 and 4
Hindi 2ndlang
भलि[ (महादी मा)
भलि[ कहानी की लखिखका महादी मा न इस कहानी म यह दशान का परयास गिकया ह गिक आजकल क जमान म भी लो सक बन कर गिनसाथ सा करत ह ह
गिबना तन लिसा करत ह और उसक बदल ना कछ मात ह और ना ही कोई आशा करत ह नौकर सा करक तन चाहता ह और ह भी कई सगिधाओ की आशा करता ह पर सक सदा गिनजी साथ भा स सा म सलगन रह कर काम करता ह भलि[ कहानी की मखय पातर लकषमी ह जिजस भलि[ नाम लखिखका न दिदया ह ह गिकसी
ोपाल काकी कनया ह पाच रष की आय म उसकी गि माता न ौना ही कर दिदया कहानी म भलि[ क दखो का अत नही ह गिफर भी ह बडी साहसी धयान और परिरशरमी ह कदिठनाइयो स जझ ती ह पहल गिपता की मतय गिफर पगित की मतय और
गिफर घर जमाई की मतय होती ह उस साहसी मगिहला न साहस नही छोडा और तीनो पतरी ओक हाथ पील गिकए लाना द पान क कारण उसका जमीदार न अपमान गिकया गिफरकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहचीकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहची शहर पहच करा लखिखका की सगिका बनी ही पर उसका नाम भलि[ पडा ह एक भ[ की तरह अपन सामिमनी की इमानदारी स सा करती और तन का जिजकर भी नही करती ह लखिखका क घर पाठशाला आदिद को अचछी तरह स सभालती पढी-
लिलखी ना होकर भी ह लखिखका की बहत सा ए सहायता करती ह लखिखका का साया बनकर चलती लखिखका की सा करना उसक जीन का उददशय ह ह
लखिखका की खशी क लिलए ही काय करती ह ह लखिखका को दखी नही दख सकती लखिखका पर भलि[ का इतना परभा पडा गिक ह सय दहाती बन ई
यदध क दिदनो म ह अपन परिरार क साथ रहन की अपकषा लखिखका क साथ रहना पसद करती थी यदध क भत न जब ीटा क ान पर पलायन गित जा दी तो
भलि[ न न लखिखका को अपन ा ल जान का अनरोध करन ली लखिखका को डर ह गिक यदिद उसक गिदा होन क अगितम छठा ए तो ह दहातीन दधा कया कर ी
इस परकार हम दखत ह गिक लखिखका न सामिमनी और सगिका क ण बरसात हए सक धम पर परकाश डाला ह और लखिखका न एक आदश सगिका क रप को सदर
रप स परसतत गिकया हBengali আদাব পরশন) ldquoশরণের ১৪৪ ধারা আর কারহিZউ অU ার জারী রণেয়রণে0ldquo
ক) কার গলখা গকা3 রচ3ার অংশ খ)গকাায় গক3 ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়রণে0 )১৪৪ ধারা কী এর Zরণেল কী য়
উততর) ক)আরণেলাচ য অংশটি সরণেরশ বসর রহিচত lsquoআদাবlsquo গ0াট রণেলপর অংশ
খ) বাংলারণেদরণেশর ঢাকা শরণের ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়হি0ল সামপরদাহিয়ক াnাা ও দাnা পরহিতরণেরারণেধর জ3 য হিlt সলা3রণেদর গ3তারণেদর সামপরদাহিয়ক উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা বারণেধ উ2য় সমপরদায় 2ীত রণেয় ঘর বহিlt রণেয় পরণে পরসপর পরসপররণেক সরণেltরণের গচারণেখ গদরণেখ গকউ কাউরণেক আরণের রণেতা হিবশবাস কররণেত পারণের3া হিক0 া3রণেষর উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা য় ার পহির3া অরণেতক রকত iয় ও ত য
) ১৪৪ ধারা আইরণে3র এ3 একটা ধারা ার _ারা এলাকা হি3হিদ ষট করণের গদওয়া য় গসই এলাকার রণেধ য গবহিশ া3রণেষর জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় হিহি0ল জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় আই3 2nকারীরণেক গহিলর হি3রণেদশ জাহির করা য় তাই সাধার3 া3ষ আর বাইরণের গবর রণেত পারণের3া পরারণে3র 2রণেয় বহিlt রণেয় ারণেক এর Zল য় সাংঘাহিতক গদাকা3 পাট বনধ ারণেক
হিজহি3স পতর অহিল য় রাসতা ঘাট জ3 শ3 য রণেয় ায় লরণেঠরা তারণেদর লঠত রাজ চাহিলরণেয় হি3রণেজরণেদর আরণেখর গহি0রণেয় গ3য় া3ষরণেক 2ীহিতর হিব2ীহিষহিক গরাস করণের ঘরণেরর া3রণেষর ইkা াকরণেলও ঘরণের হিZররণেত পারণের3া হিZররণেত হিরণেয় বltরণেকর গহিলরণেত পরা3 ারায়
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today we will discuss about Types of Leaves
An organization provides several kinds of leaves to the employees These days employees working both in government and private sector are allowed several types of leaves Following are the leaves achieved by the employees from their organization
Casual LeaveChild care leave -HospitalLeaveSpecial disability leaveChild Adoption leaveEarned LeavesHalf pay leaveMaternity leavePaternityleaveStudy leave
1 Casual Leave- Casual leave is not a recognised form of leaves and is not subject to any rules made by the government of India And official on casual leave is not treated as Absent from duty and pay is not intimated Normally 8 days of casual leave is permissible in a calendar year
2 Child care leave - Women employees having minor children may be granted child care leave by an authority competent to grant leave for a maximum period of 730 days means two years during their entire service for taking care of up to two children weather for sharing or to look after any of their names like examination sickness it is a
3HospitalLeave - Hospital leave is admissible to group C employees whose duties involved handling of dangerous machinery explosive materials poisonous drugs and performance of hazardous task and to group D employees Medical certificate from an authorised medical attendant is necessary for the grant of these leave However total period of
leave does not exceed 28 months4Special disability leave- Special
disability leave admissible to all employees when disabled by injury intentionally or accidentally inflicted are caused in law in consequence of the due performance of official duties or in consequence of official position It also it is also add miscible when disabled by illness incurred in the performance of any particular duty which has the effect of increasing laboratory to illness or injury beyond the ordinary least attaching to the Civil post held and the same condition
5Child Adoption leave- This leave is granted to female Employees with fewer than two surviving children on valid adoption of a child below the age of one year for a period of 135 days immediately after the date of valid adoption Leave salary will be equal to the pain immediately before processing on leave
6Earned Leaves- This leave is earned by duty The credit for earned leave will be awarded at a rate of 15 days on the 1st of January and 1st of July every year It can be accumulated up to 300 days in addition to the number of days for which encashment has been allowed along with LTC
7 Half pay leave -All government servant are entitled to 20 days of HPL half pay leave for every completed year of service Half pay leave is calculated at 20 days for each completed year of service The service includes periods of duty and leave including extra ordinary leave with or without MC (medical certificate)
8 Maternity leave -Maternity leave is granted to women Government employees full stop it is as possible only to Employees with less than 2 surviving children The maternity leave is not debited to leave account and full pay is granted It cannot be combined with any other the leaves and count as service for increment and pension
9 PaternityleaveA male employee with less than 2 surviving children may be granted paternity leave for a period of 15 days during the confinement of
his wife During the period of such leaves he shall be paid leave salary equal to the pay drawn immediately before proceeding on leave
10 Study leave-Study leave may be granted to all Government Employees with not less than 5 years service for undergoing a special course consisting of higher studies are specialised training in a professional or technical subject having a direct and close connection with the sphere of his duties as a Civil Servant
Commerce
Chapter-5Management
Let us today discuss about the nature of Management
Nature of management Management is defined as
An art A science A profession
Management is defined as an art because of the following reasons
1 In art there is an existence of theoretical knowledge Similarly in management various theories are propounded by management thinkers in various areas of management like finance marketing human resources etc
2 Every manager apply his or her personal skills and knowledge in the day to day functioning of an enterprise
3 Like an art management is creative as it provides solutions to Complex problems making resources productive and profitable moulding the attitudes of people for the betterment of an organisation
Management is is considered as science because of the following reasons
1 Like science there is a systemised body of knowledge in management consisting of theories principles vocabulary and concept
2 Principles of management are evolved after continuous observations and experimentation
Management both as Science and ArtManagement is both a science and an art It is a science because it uses certain principles and is an art because it requires continuous practice and application of personal skillsManagement as a profession Following points highlight whether management is a profession or not1 Like profession management has well
defined body of knowledge It has its own principles which are based on experiments One can acquire such
knowledge by pursuing courses like MBA BBA etc and acquire managerial skills through instruction and training
2 In management no such restriction is there for managers to clear an examination for hold a degree However these days more and more people are appointed for managerial post who opposes management degrees
3 Membership to a professional Association like AIMA is not mandatory for managers All managers directly or indirectly work for the development of society
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Essay Questions (EQ-2)
Question No 2Sketch the character of Prospero Would you call him perfect
AnswerProspero in The Tempest appears to be an intensely human being with human failings and weaknesses With all his excellence Prospero is made to awaken our sympathy for a natural imperfection Prosperorsquos Previous HistoryIn his retrospective narration of his previous history to Miranda we get a glimpse into Prosperorsquos past life As the Duke of Milan Prospero buried himself in his magic books which he prized above his dukedom He was essentially a scholar with no practical wisdom He failed to perform his first duty by neglecting the governance of his state and gave an opportunity to his wicked brother to undermine his throne He was thus driven from his home and thrown in a leaky boat with his weeping daughter to drift in the perilous seas It is only the thought of his little child that kept him aliveThe Development of Prosperorsquos CharacterThe development of his character is evident from the contrast between what he was before his banishment and what he is now in the island Formerly when his ldquolibrary was dukedom enoughrdquo he was altogether too unsuspecting Now he is watchful as providence and takes care to guard himself against the possibility of evil He has learnt to know human nature in its worst forms even Caliban has taught him something He will no longer put his trust in appearance except as ldquostale to catch thievesrdquo nor in oaths of which the strongest he says ldquoare straw to the fire irsquo the bloodrdquo He who once neglected worldly ends now consistently asserts his dignity enforces obedience and deals out justice with impartial hand He who without a thought of evil gave his power and his revenues into his brotherrsquos hands now puts Ferdinand to the severest test as a trial of his love before entrusting his daughter to him He makes the most practical use imaginable of his magic art exacts prompt servitudefrom his attendants does not hesitate to punish them is resolved and firm and knows how to seize the proper moment for action He is a most careful father to his daughter a considerate master of Ariel severe against the brutal Caliban humane towards the repentant enemies full of experience and wisdomThe Exercise of his Power ndash his SternnessWhat appears to us at the first sight one of the least pleasing features of Prosperorsquos character is the sternness which he frequently displays more particularly in his dealings with Caliban His harshness towards Caliban resulted from the failure of gentler methods his severity towards Ferdinand was exercised in the interest of his daughter ldquolest too light winning make the prize lightrdquo and his punishment of Alonso Sebastian and Antonio is justified by the attainment of his objectiveProsperorsquos TendernessThe tender side of Prosperorsquos character is exhibited in his relation to Miranda Ariel Gonzalo and the repentant sinners His love for Miranda is unbounded She was almost life to him In his darkest hours of trial this love sustained him and gave him strength to put a bold front to suffering He addresses her always with tenderness She is to him a lsquoloved darlingrsquo lsquodear heartrsquo lsquoa rich giftrsquo lsquoa third of his own lifersquo The same affectionate nature is shown in his dealing with his brother Antonio He loved his brother Antonio only next to Miranda before Antonio conspired against him In the island when Antonio is brought before him he forgives him
readily To Gonzalo the good old councilor he is all affection He sheds tears of joy and gratitude when he meets him in the island To Ariel he is a loving and considerable master Ariel is always to him ldquomy brave spiritrdquo ldquofine spiritrdquo ldquodelicate Arielrdquo ldquomy Arielrdquo etc When he promises Ariel his freedom he says with real emotion ndash ldquoI shall miss theerdquoProsperorsquos Power as a MagicianThe practice of magic has placed wonderful powers in the hands of Prospero He uses his supernatural powers like a god only to bring about the happiest results He causes The Tempest and the shipwreck only to bring his enemies within his power and not to destroy them Not a soul perished in the storm He leads Ferdinand to Miranda his high charms work and as he wishes the two falls in love He frustrates the plots of the conspirators and makes them know that he was conscious of it He drives Sebastian and Alonso to sincere repentance and readily forgives them The drunken associates of Caliban are no doubt sternly treated but even then they are promised conditional pardon The whole play at last ends in reconciliation joy and peace The wrongs are set right the lovers are made happy Ariel is set free and thus the powerful magician retires into the solitude of his study at MilanProsperorsquos ForgivenessAllied to his wisdom is his forgiving nature Though deeply wronged he bears no spite against the wrong-doers Though his power is unlimited he uses it to noble purposes The lesson of adversity has taught him that ldquoThe rarer action is in virtue than in vengeancerdquoProspero does not debase his noble nature by revenge but forgives his enemies absolutely He drives his erstwhile enemies to a sincere penitence for their past misdeeds and when repentance has wrought its full effect on them he receives them into his arms and is reconciled to them Is Prospero perfectProspero creates a great impression upon our minds by his dignity his nobility the divine spirit of forgiveness in him his generous and sympathetic nature etc Even with all these virtues we cannot call him perfect We perceive certain faults in him He displays an occasional impatience irritability and even a certain harshness of feeling His severe treatment of Caliban might have been justified but the language in which he addresses the monster and the threats that he uses show him to be a kind of tyrant On learning of Calibanrsquos plot against his life he is as violently disturbed and agitated as any ordinary human being would be His manner towards Ariel when the latter demands his liberty also seems somewhat arbitrary and tyrannicalSubject ndashBiology Topic ndashChapter -5 Inheritance amp Variations Summary ExecutionToday we will discuss about NON-Mendelian Inheritance
NON_MENDELIAN INHERITANCE Incomplete Dominance It is an inheritance in which heterozygous offspring shows
intermediate character between two parental characteristics Eg Flower colour in snapdragon (dog flower or Antirrhinum sp) and
Mirabilis jalapa ( 4rsquoO clock plant) Here phenotypic and genotypic ratios are same Phenotypic Ratio 1Red 2 Pink 1 White Genotypic Ratio 1(RR) 2 (Rr) 1(rr) This means that R was not completely dominant over r Pea plants also show incomplete dominance in other traits
Co- dominance It is the inheritance in which both alleles of a gene are expressed in a
hybrid Eg ABO blood grouping in human ABO Blood groups are controlled by the gene I The plasma membrane of the RBC has sugar polymer that protrude
from its surface and is controlled By the gene The gene I has three alleles IA IB i The alleles IA and IB produce a slightly different form of the sugar
while allele i does not produce any sugar In AB blood group both IA and IB are present together This is co ndash
dominanceMultiple Alleles
Multiple alternatives of the same gene which influence the same character and produce different expressions in different individuals of a species or population same genes have more than two allelic
forms These different forms of a single gene are referred as multiple alleles Eg human Blood group
Ac-12 250620 Topic- retirement
Illustration Om Jai and Jagdish are partners sharing profit in the ratio of 3 2 l Their balance sheet as at December 31st 2014 is as under
Balance sheet as at December 31 2014
Liabilities Amount Assets Amount
(Rs`) (Rs`)
Creditors 80000 Building 180000 Bills Payable 26000 Plant 140000 General reserve 24000 Motor Car 40000 Capital Stock 100000 Om 160000 Debtors 63000 Jai 120000 Less Provision Jagdish 120000
400000 for Bad debts 3000
60000 Cash at Bank 10000
530000 530000
Jai retires on that date on the following terms(a) The Goodwill of the firm is valued at Rs 60000(b) Stock and Building to be appreciated by 10(c) Plant is depreciated by 10(d) Provision for Bad debts is increased upto Rs 5000(e) Jairsquos share of goodwill was adjusted through remaining partners capital accountThe amount due to Jai is paid out of the fund brought in by Om and Jagdish in theirnew profit sharing ratio Jai is paid full amountPrepare Revaluation Account and Partnerrsquos Capital account
Solution WorkingsIt is assumed that Om and Jagdish gaining ratio remains 3 lJairsquo Share of goodwill = Rs 60000 times 26 = Rs20000Adjusted through the remaining partners capital account in 3 1 ratio
Revaluation Account
Dr Cr
Particulars Amount Particulars Amount
(Rs`) (`Rs)
To Provision for Bad debts 2000 By Stock 10000TO Plant 14000 By Building 18000To Profit transferred toCapital Accounts Om 6000 Jai 4000 Jagdish 2000
12000
28000 28000
Capital AccountDr Cr Particulars Om Jai Jagdish Particulars Om Jai Jagdish
(Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (rs`) (`Rs)
To Capital 15000 mdash 5000 By Balance bd 160000 120000 120000 ToBank 152000 By General Reserve 12000 8000 4000To Balance cd 277000 mdash 159000 By Revaluation (Profit) 6000 4000 2000 By Om Capital mdash 15000 mdash ByJagdish Capital mdash 5000 By Bank 114000 38000
292000 152000 164000 292000 152000 164000
GREENHOUSE GAS The heat-trapping gases calledgreenhouse gas (GHGs) Over the years these gases have releasedin the atmosphere and thus making the planetwarmerExamples Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Carbon dioxide halons methane nitrous oxide and ozone
GLOBAL WARMINGIncreasing of Earthrsquos temperature day by day by the increasing amount of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere is called as global warming
CAUSES OF GLOBAL WARMING 1 Burning of fossil fuel2 Harmful emission from industries
andvehicles3 Deforestation and mining4 Excessive rearing of farm animals5 Fertilisers
ozone
Q3 What do you mean by Global Warming Write any two causes of global warming
A3 Increasing of Earthrsquos temperature day by day by the increasing amount of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere is called as global warming The main causes of global warming are a Burning of fossil fuelb Harmful emission from industries
andvehicles
COMPUTER
ARRAYS ARRAY IS A VARIABLE WHICH STORES DIFFERENT VALUES OF THE SAME DATA TYPE IT IS USEFUL TO ORGANIZE MULTIPLE VARIABLES TO DECLARE AN ARRAY DIM (DIMENSION) STATEMENT IS USED LETS TAKE AN EXAMPLE TO DECLARE AN ARRAYDIM NUMBERS(10)10 INSIDE THE PARENTHESES MEANS THIS ARRAY CAN HOLD 11 ELEMENTSNUMBERS YES 11 NUMBERS THERE IS A FIRST INDEX ARRAY 0 ALSO (0 TO 10)EXAMPLES1)TAKE ANY 6 NUMBERS (SAY 2451069) IN AN ARRAY AND ADD NUMBERS INPOSITIONINDEX 3 AND 5 PRINT THE FINAL RESULT
READ THE SUMMARY PART AND TRY TO UNDERSTAND THE CONCEPT OF ARRAY IN QBASIC
SUBJECT- FRENCH (3RD LANGUAGE)Les alphabets avec vocabulariesAlphabets with vocabularies
- Ananas- Ballon- Chat - Dents - Escargot
HOMEWORK-LEARN THIS VOCABULARIES WITH PROPER PRONUNCIATION
Class VIIISubject Topic Summary Execution PHYSICS ENERGY Types of Energy
There are different forms of energy Today we will discuss some important
A Objective Questions
1 Write true or false for each
types of energy and their features ndash1 Mechanical energyMechanical energy is the sum of kinetic and potential energy in an object that is used to do work In other words it is energy in an object due to its motion or position or both
A Kinetic Energy The energy in motion is known as Kinetic Energy For example a moving ball flowing water etc
Kinetic Energy=12mv2
Wherem = Mass of the objectv = Velocity of the object
B Potential Energy This is the energy stored in an object and is measured by the amount of work done For example a pen on a table water in a lake etc
Potential Energy=mghWherem = Mass of the object (in kilograms)g = Acceleration due to gravityh = Height in metersMechanical EnergyIt is the sum of potential energy and kinetic energy that is the energy associated with the motion amp position of an object is known as Mechanical energy Thus we can derive the formula of mechanical energy as ndash
Mechanical Energy = Kinetic Energy + Potential Energy
MechanicalEnergy=12mv2+mgh
2 Solar EnergyThe light and heat from the sun harnessed using technologies like solar heating photovoltaics solar thermal energy solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis is known as solar energy It is the prime source of renewable energy
3 Wind EnergyIt is one of the various forms of energy The energy present in the flow of wind used by wind turbines is called wind energy This energy is a major cheap source to produce electricity In this phenomena the kinetic energy of the wind is converted into mechanical power
statement
(a) A coolie does no work against the force of gravity while carrying luggage on a road
Answer True
(b) The energy stored in water of a dam is the kinetic energy
Answer False
(c) The energy of a flying kite is kinetic energy
Answer True
(d) Work done by a boy depends on the time in which he does work
Answer False
(e) Power spent by a body depends on the time for which it does work
Answer True
4 Nuclear EnergyThe energy present in the nucleus of an atom is known as nuclear energy The particles of an atom are tiny and need the energy to hold themselves Nuclear energy is that enormous energy in the bonds of an atom which helps to hold the atom together Nuclear energy can be used to make electricity
5 Geothermal EnergyThe energy or heat present inside the Earth is known as geothermal energy It is a cheap amp convenient heat and power resource and use of this energy donrsquot have a side effect like greenhouse gas emission etc
6 Tidal Energy
Tidal energy or tidal power is a form of hydropower (energy present in water) which converts the energy present in the tides to produce electricity
7 Biomass Energy
Biomass is organic matter obtained from living organisms The energy produced from biomass is called biomass energy
8 Electrical Energy
The energy caused by moving electric charges is known as electrical energy Electric energy is a type of kinetic energy as the electrical charges moves
9 Thermal Energy
As the name suggests thermal energy is the energy obtained from heat It is a microscopic disordered equivalent of mechanical energyThere may be instances where an object posses more than one type of energy For example boiling water posses both kinetic and potential energy along with heat energy
MATHEMATICS Ch 9Interest
Execution ndash 9(B) 3 A sum of money lent out at simple interest doubles itself in 8 years Find (i) the rate of Interest (ii) In how many years will the sum become triple (three times) at itself at the same rate percent
Solution
(i) Let P = Rs100 there4 A = Rs200 So I = A ndash P = Rs(200-100) = Rs100 and T = 8years [ P= Principal A = Amount I = Interest and T = Time]
there4 The rate of interest (R) = 100times IP times T = ( 100 times100
100times 8 ) = 252
= 125
(ii) Again P = Rs100 A = Rs300 So I = Rs(300-100) = Rs200 and R = 125
there4 T = 100times IP times R = ( 100 times 200
100 times12 5 ) years = ( 1000times 200100times125 )years= 16 years
4 Rs4000 amount to Rs5000 in 8years in what time will Rs2100 amount to Rs2800 at the same rate
Solution
1 st part P = Rs4000 A = Rs5000 there4 I = Rs(5000-4000) = Rs1000And T = 8 years
there4 R = 100times IP times T = ( 100 times1000
4000 times8 ) = 258
2 nd part Now P = Rs2100 A = Rs2800 there4 I = Rs(2800-2100) =Rs700 and R
= 258
there4 T = 100times IP times R = ( 100 times 700
2100 times 258 ) years = ( 100 times8
3 times25 )years= 323 years = 10
23 years
= 10years( 23
times 12)months = 10 years 8 months
6 A certain sum amounts to Rs3825 in 4 years and to Rs4050 in 6 years Find the rate percent and the sum
Solution Amount in 6 years = Rs4050Amount in 4 years = Rs3825
there4 Interest in 2years = Rs(4050-3825) = Rs225
there4 Interest in 1year = Rs225divide2 = Rs2252
there4 Interest in 4years =Rs(225times2) = Rs450
Now P = A ndash I = Rs(3825 ndash 450) = Rs3375
there4 R = 100times IP times T = ( 100 times225
3375 times2 ) = 103
= 313
Practice at Home5 What sum of money lent at 65 per annum will produce the same interest in 4 years as Rs7500 produce in 6 years at 5 per annum
GEOGRAPHY MIGRATION CLIMATE REFUGEES
Climate refugees who are forced to move out when their homes when threatened by imminent climate catastrophes Example many people many people migrated from the sinking south pacific Islands to Australia and New Zealand
MISCELLANEOUS MIGRATION
Miscellaneous migration often takes place due to the governmentrsquos decisions or due to political unrest Example the Indonesian government moved the farming population from the overpopulated areas of Java to the islands of Borneo and Sumatra
FORCED MIGRATION
Forced migration happens during times of disaster of warfare Abduction and transfer of African slaves to America to serve as labour force is an example of forced migration Today climate change and rising sea levels have led to forced migration in many of the island nations of the world
VOLUNTARY MIGRATION
Voluntary migration is shifting to HDC(highly developed countries) from LDC(lowly developed countries) for better job or educational opportunities and better standards of living There is a current trend in which a large number of students are migrating from developing nations to European and American universities for higher studies This type of voluntary migration leads to depopulation in the country which people leave and adds to the volume of immigrants in the country that receives these people
Q1 What do you understand by climate refugees Where it can be found
A1 Climate refugees who are forced to move out when their homes when threatened by imminent climate catastrophes or disasters
Example many people migrated from the sinking south pacific Islands to Australia and New Zealand
Q2Give an example on miscellaneous migration
A2 An example on miscellaneous migration like the Indonesian government moved the farming population from the overpopulated areas of Java to the islands of Borneo and Sumatra
Q3 Give some examples of highly developed countries (HDC) and lowly developed countries (LDC)
A3 European and North American countries such as Britain Spain Canada and New York are good examples of highly developed countries (HDC) On the other hand South-East Asian countries such as India Pakistan and Bangladesh are examples lowly developed countries (LDC)
COMPUTER ALGORITHMS AND FLOW CHARTS
EXAMPLES1) WRITE AN ALGORITHM AND DRAW A FLOW CHART TO FIND THE AREA OF A RECTANGLESOLUTIONALGORITHM
STEP1 STARTSTEP2 ACCEPT THE LENGTH OF THE RECTANGLESTEP3 ACCEPT THE BREADTH OF THE RECTANGLESTEP4 USE THE FORMULA OF AREA=LENGTH times BREADTH AND STORE THE
FINAL RESULT IN THE VARIABLE AREASTEP5DISPLAY THE ARE OF THE RECTANGLESTEP6STOP
FLOWCHART
2)CALCULATE THE INTEREST OF A BANK DEPOSITALGORITHMSTEP 1 READ AMOUNTSTEP 2 READ YEARSSTEP 3 READ RATE
STEP 4 CALCULATE THE INTEREST WITH FORMULA INTEREST=AMOUNTYEARSRATE100STEP 5 PRINT INTERESTFLOWCHART
3)DETERMINE AND OUTPUT WHETHER NUMBER N IS EVEN OR ODDALGORITHMSTEP 1 READ NUMBER NSTEP 2 SET REMAINDER AS N MODULO 2STEP 3 IF REMAINDER IS EQUAL TO 0 THEN NUMBER N IS EVEN ELSE NUMBER N IS ODDSTEP 4 PRINT OUTPUTFLOWCHART
4)DETERMINE WHETHER A TEMPERATURE IS BELOW OR ABOVE THE FREEZING POINTALGORITHM
STEP 1 INPUT TEMPERATURESTEP 2 IF IT IS LESS THAN 32 THEN PRINT BELOW FREEZING POINT OTHERWISE PRINT ABOVE FREEZING POINTFLOWCHART
PRACTICE THE GIVEN FLOWCHARTS AND ALGORITHMS
Class IXSubject Topic Summary Execution Bengali (2nd
language) চারণেদর পাাহিব2হিত2ষ বরণেltযাপাধযায় হি_তীয় অধযায়
ldquoআহি`কার হিবখযাত া0 শঙকর কতবার 0হিবরণেত গদরণেখরণে0rdquo ক) আহি`কার হিবখযাত া0টির 3া হিক া0টির হিবরণেশষতব হিকখ)শঙকর গকাায় হিকরণেসর জ3য হিরণেয়হি0ল ) গস গসখারণে3 হিক খরণেজ পায়
উঃ- হিব2হিত2ষ বরণেltযাপাধযায় রহিচত lsquoচারণেদর পাাrsquo উপ3যারণেস আহি`কার হিবখযাত া0টির 3া ল বাওবাব া0টির হিবরণেশষতব ল া0টি গবশ গাটা গসাটা া0টির জার হিবষয় ল া0টি তার গহিরণেত ১৬ হিলটার জল ধরণের রাখরণেত পারণের তষণায় কাতর পচারীরা অরণে3ক সয় এই ারণে0র গহিরণেত 0হির গরণের Zরণেটা করণের জল পা3 করণের
খ) শঙকর আহি`কায় হিরণেয়হি0ল অযাUরণে2ঞচারণেরর গ3শায় অনধকারয় এই ারণেদরণেশর পরহিতটি সথারণে3 গ3 রসয লহিকরণেয় আরণে0 এই ররণেসযর অ3সনধা3 কররণেত হিরণেয় অরণে3ক পটক পরা3 াহিররণেয়রণে0 আবার অরণে3রণেক হিসংরণের গপরণেট গরণে0 তবও অহি2াতরী া3ষ অহি2া3 বনধ করণের হি3আহি`কার ইউানডা গরলওরণেয়র 3Uরবা গসটশ3 গরণেক বাাততর াইল দহিi3 পহিj গকারণে3 একটা শাখা লাই3 হৈতহির হিkল গরল গকামপাহি3র গসখারণে3 শঙকর ক3সটরাকস3 কযারণেমপর গকরাহি3 ও সরকাহির গসটারহিকপার রণেয় গা হিদরণেয়হি0লপরণের শঙকর একটা গরলরণেসটশরণে3র গসটশ3াসটার য় এরপরণের গস আল2ারণেররণেজর সরণেn ীরার পাা খজরণেত গবহিররণেয় পরণে
) গ0াটরণেবলা গরণেক শঙকর শরণে3 আসরণে0 আহি`কায় গসা3া রপা ীরার 0া0হি একট গচষটা কররণেল গসা3া রপা ীরা আহিবসকার করণের বরণোরণেলাক ওয়া ায় এই সব খজরণেত হিরণেয় শঙকর আহি`কার পরাকহিতক ররণেপর গ সনধা3 গপরণেয়হি0ল তার তল3া গ3ই ঘ3 অর3য পবতরাহিজ =র3া 3দী জীবজনত সবই তারণেক হিদরণেয়রণে0 আ3lt শঙকর ীরার গখারণেজ হিরণেয় ীরা 3া গপরণেলও পরাকহিতক ররণেপর গরণে3 শঙকরণেরর 3 ীরায় পহিরত রণেয়হি0ল
EVS Chapter 2 ndash Species interaction with each other Long Answer Question
Living Things in Ecosystems
bull ParasitismParasitism is a relationship between two different organisms where one of the organisms actually harms the other through the relationship The organism that is harming the other one is called a parasite Examples of Parasitism Fleas or ticks that live on dogs and cats are parasites
bull MutualismMutualisms are defined as interactions between organisms of two different species in which each organism benefits the other
bull CommensalismCommensalism is a relationship between individuals of two species in which one species obtains food or other benefits from the other without either harming or benefiting the latter
bull SynergismThe interaction of things resulting in the overall effect that is greater than the sum of individual effects of any of them
Q) How biotic and abiotic components are inter-related Ans - In an eco system biotic and abiotic components depend on each other The biotic and abiotic components are connected in ecosystem in different way The sun is the energy source Producersplants use this energy to synthesize food in the presence of carbon dioxide and chlorophyll The herbivores are dependent on plants for the energy requirements The carnivores in turn feed on the herbivores and other carnivores At any level microbes then decompose any dead and decaying organic matter These decomposers after various chemical reactions release molecules back to the environment in the form of chemicals The chemicals are again used by the producers and the cycle starts againIn conclusion ecosystems have a complex set of interactions that happen between the biotic and abiotic components The components of an ecosystem are linked to each other through the energy flows and nutrient cycles
Commercial Studies
Chapter-7Joint Stock Company
In previous class we have explained about the meaning of Joint Stock Company features of Joint Stock Company
Let us explain about
Merits of Joint Stock Company
Merits of Joint stock CompanyStabilityPublic confidenceProfessional managementTransferability of sharesLimited Liability
Merits of Joint Stock Company StabilityA company enjoys stable durable enduring and uninterrupted business life A company continues to exist even if all its members die or deserted Maintenance of continuity of policy of administration is very much ensured in the case of Joint Stock CompanyPublic confidenceA public company enjoys the confidence of the public as the same is guided and controlled by strict regulations Since the companies financial accounts are published and circulated the public has enough faith on the activities of the company Thus a company enjoys better prestige and regulation greater public confidence as a wholeEfficient professional managementDue to its large financial resources and continuity a company can avail of the services of highly qualified
persons who are experts in different fields of business management In this way the benefits of specialization and centralized management can be securedTransferability of sharesSince the shares of a joint stock company are freely transferable they provide necessary liquidity to the investment of the people Shares of public companies are generally listed on a stock exchange so that people can easily buy and sell themLimited LiabilityThe liability of shareholders is limited only to the extent of face value of share held by them Shareholders are not personally liable for the debts of the company Thus the risk is known and also limited
Economics Chapter4 Basic Problems of An Economy
Today let discuss about the Meaning of Efficiency use of ResourcesNeeds of efficient use of resources
Resource efficiency is the maximising of the supply of money materials staff and other assets that can be drawn on by a person or organization in order to function effectively with minimum wasted (natural) resource expenses It means using the Earths limited resources in a sustainable manner while minimising environmental impact
Necessity for efficient use resources Once the flow of resources through the economy has reached its maximum sustainable limit (and many would argue that wersquove already passed that point for some resources) the only way to maintain economic growth in the long run is to become more resource efficient ndash finding ways to generate greater returns from the same amount of resources
Resource efficiency isnrsquot only valuable because it is essential for sustained economic growth Promoting resource efficiency can increase the competitiveness of industry create jobs stimulate innovation boost sectors such as recycling and resource recovery and help ensure secure supplies of key
QuestionWhat do you mean by Efficient use of Resources
Answer) Resource efficiency is the maximising of the supply of money materials staff and other assets that can be drawn on by a person or organization in order to function effectively with minimum wasted (natural) resource expenses It means using the Earths limited resources in a sustainable manner while minimising environmental impact
Why do we need to use our resources efficientlyAnswer) Once the flow of resources through the economy has reached its maximum sustainable limit (and many would argue that wersquove already passed that point for some resources) the only way to maintain economic growth in the long run is to become more resource efficient ndash finding ways to generate greater returns from the same amount of resources
Resource efficiency isnrsquot only valuable because it is essential for sustained economic growth Promoting resource efficiency can increase the competitiveness of industry create jobs stimulate innovation boost sectors such as recycling and resource recovery and help ensure secure
resources supplies of key resources
Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)
Topic Act II Scene 7 Lines 1 to 35 (Morocco hellip What if I stray no further but choose here )
[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase provided]
Summary Questions amp Answers
Having disposed of the minor story of Jessicarsquos elopement we now return to the main plot We are now shown how affairs are progressing with Portia in her home in Belmont
This is the first of the three scenes where a suitor makes a choice between golden silver and leaden caskets It will be noted that while making the choice all the lovers soliloquize and reveal their personality and character We have already observed the manly soldierly but primitive personality of the Prince of Morocco His has a simple nature and does not look deeply into the inner meaning of things but is dazzled by the outward appearance of gold He is inclined to over-estimate his own value and does not realize that it is a duty to ldquogive and hazardrdquo So his feeling is only one of fascination and romantic attraction We cannot believe that he has a deep and lasting love for Portia
In this scene two characters appear ndash Portia and the Prince of Morocco Portia explains to the Prince that the correct casket shall be the one that contains her picture She will be the wife of the person who will choose the correct casket and in the process get whatever she has
The Prince examines the inscriptions on each of the caskets and interprets them
(1) (Act II Sc 7 L 1-5)
Portia Go draw aside the curtains and discover
The several caskets to this noble princeNow make your choice
Morocco The first of gold who this inscription bearsWho chooseth me shall gain what many men desire
(i) Who is Morocco How did he introduce himself to Portia when they first met in an earlier scene
Prince Morocco is a dark skinned boastful warrior of African origin who seeks the hand of Portia He introduces himself as a person who lives near the equator where the exposure to sun rays have to be blamed for his complexion He says that Portia should not dislike him for his dark skin
(ii) How would Morocco know that he had made the right choice What would his reward be
Morocco would know he has chosen the right casket if he finds Portiarsquos portrait in one of them His reward would be Portiarsquos hand in marriage
(iii) Which casket did Morocco finally choose What reasons did he give for rejecting the casket made of lead
Morocco chooses the golden casket He says that lead is of lowly origin and the portrait of a lady as great as Portia cannot be placed in it He reads the inscription ldquoWho chooseth me must give and hazard all he hathrdquo This makes the box too threatening He wonders why anyone should risk everything for lead He also feels that a golden mind like his should not bow down to choose something worthless So he will not risk anything for lead
(iv) What two objects did Morocco find in the casket of his
before choosing
The inscription on the leaden casket says ldquoWho chooseth me must give and hazard all he hathrdquo The Prince was shocked and says as to why anyone should risk for the sake of lead The leaden casket is a threat Nobody would risk all they have for lead He says that no noble person would stoop to choose such a worthless thing as lead So he will not give nor risk anything for lead
The Prince then examines the inscription on the silver casket which says ldquoWho chooseth me shall get as much as he deservesrdquo The Prince says that he deserves Portia more than anybody else because of his high rank his noble birth and his great wealth and power But then he argues that silver is ten times inferior to gold and therefore he cannot believe that the portrait of such a beautiful lady as Portia can be contained in the silver casket He decides to see the inscription on the golden casket before making his decision
choice What reason does he give to Portia for leaving in haste
The Prince of Morocco chooses the golden casket and on opening it finds a human skull within whose hollow eye-socket was a scroll or a roll of paper in which it is written that those who are attracted by the glittering outside of things are always deceived as Morocco has been deceived
Morocco says he is moved and that he does not want to make his departure a painstaking process and he wants to leave immediately without revealing his emotions He should also obey the rule of the game which states the one who loses the test should leave immediately
(v) How does Portia respond to Moroccorsquos parting words What does this reveal of her nature
Portia is relieved that Morocco has left without making any scene It was a gentle riddance and all like him should go in a similar manner This shows that Portia has a kind heart and does not want anyone to he hurt Her love for Bassanio over-rides her passion that makes her wish that only he should be able to make the right choice At the same time like a dutiful daughter she does not want to disrespect her fatherrsquos wishes Hence she is willing to go through the casket injunctions
(2) (Act II Sc 7 L 15-35)
MOROCCO helliphelliphelliphelliphellip
What says this leaden casket Who chooseth me must give and hazard all he hath Must givemdashFor what for lead hazard for leadThis casket threatens Men that hazard allDo it in hope of fair advantagesA golden mind stoops not to shows of drossIll then nor give nor hazard aught for leadWhat says the silver with her virgin hueWho chooseth me shall get as much as he deservesAs much as he deservesmdashPause there MoroccoAnd weigh thy value with an even handIf thou best rated by thy estimationThou dost deserve enough and yet enoughMay not extend so far as to the ladyAnd yet to be afeard of my deservingWere but a weak disabling of myselfAs much as I deservemdashWhy thats the ladyI do in birth deserve her and in fortunesIn graces and in qualities of breeding
But more than these in love I do deserveWhat if I strayed no further but chose here
(i) What does the Prince of Morocco do before making his selection What does his comment reflect How does he analyse the inscription of the leaden casket and what is his interpretation
The Prince of Morocco surveys the three caskets before making his selection His comments reflect his thinking and attitude on life and things He comes to the lead casket and reads the inscription on it His interpretation which reflects his own character is that the inscription threatens because no one will be prepared to risk or sacrifice all one has for such a base thing as lead
(ii) What does the Prince of Morocco think of the leaden casket and why does he decide to reject the leaden casket
The Prince of Morocco thinks that when people risk anything they do so in order to gain something precious A person of royal ways will not bend so low as to be impressed by such an ordinary thing as lead Therefore he decides that he will not take any risk for a worthless thing like lead and rejects the lead casket
(iii) What does the Prince think while analyzing and interpreting the inscription of the silver casket
The Prince of Morocco analyses the inscription on the silver casket which runs thus ldquoWho chooseth me shall get as much as he deservesrdquo When he reads the inscription he bids himself to stop and ponder over the interpretation He asks himself to evaluate his worth objectively and impartially He says that if he is assessed on the basis of the opinion of people he deserves much But even this may not be sufficient to deserve to win Portia who is so virtuous and worthy
(iv) What promise does the silver casket make What self-assessment does the Prince make
The silver casket promises the reward according to the worth of the chooser The Prince makes a self-assessment and concludes that in all fairness he deserves to get Portia He thinks that he is a royal Prince by birth and so he deserves her by the right of his birth
Portia is very rich and so the Prince deserves her by this also The Prince deserves because he is also extremely handsome as most of the beautiful maidens of his kingdom covet him He is valiant and virtuous also So in his opinion he is the most suitable and deserving candidate for Portiarsquos hand
(v) Over which casket does the Prince ponder a long time What intrigue him In what way does he deserve Portia
Morocco reviews the inscriptions again and rejects the lead casket as being not worth the high stakes for which he gambles He ponders a long time over the silver casket The words ldquoget as much as he deservesrdquo intrigue him He is quite sure that he deserves Portia He deserves her in birth fortune grace qualities of breeding and most of all love
Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution EVS Ch ndash4 Managing
soil and land
Today we will discuss about mechanical practices of soil conservation
A few mechanical measures of soil conservation arei) Basin leaching In this method a number of small basins (water reservoirs) are made These collect and retain rain water for a long period and also catch and stabilize downwardly moving soils of the slopes
ii) Pan breaking by breaking of pan ( a hard sheet of clay a few feet below the surface ) drainage and percolation of rain water is improved and soil is saved from residual run-off and erosion
iii) Sub-soiling Soil is broken into fine grains to increase its absorptive capacity
iv) Contour terracing terraces are labeled areas constructed at right angles to the slope to reduce soil erosion
v) Contour trenching This method involves making a series of deep pits or trenches across the slope at convenient distance The soil excavated from the trenches is deposited along the lower edge in the form of bund On the ridges tree seeds are shown
vi) Terrace outlets To conserve soil pipe outlets are made which are thickly covered by grasses
vii) Digging of ponds and reservoirs to store water
viii) Stream bank protection To protect banks of rivers and channels construction of stone or concrete protective walls or planting of trees should be undertaken
Commercial Studies
Chapter- Banking Let us today discuss about theMeaning of Commercial BankFunctions of Commercial Banks
Commercial Banks are those banks which perform all kinds of banking functions such as accepting deposits advancing loans credit creation and
Question1 What do you mean by
Commercial BankAnswer) Commercial Banks are those banks which perform all kinds of banking functions such as accepting deposits advancing loans credit creation and agency functions
agency functions
Functions of Commercial BanksCommercial banks perform a variety of functions which can be divided as (1) Accepting Deposits (2) Advancing Loans (3) Credit Creation (4) Financing Foreign Trade(5) Agency Services (6) Miscellaneous Services To Customers
2 Explain the various functions of Commercial Bank
Answer) Following are the various functions of Commercial Banks
1 Accepting Deposits This is the oldest function of a bank and the banker used to charge a commission for keeping the money in its custody when banking was developing as an institution Nowadays a bank accepts three kinds of deposits from its customers The first is the savings deposits on which the bank pays small interest to the depositors who are usually small savers
2 Advancing LoansOne of primary functions of commercial banks is to advance loans to its customers A bank lends a certain percentage of the cash lying in deposits on a higher interest rate than it pays on such deposits This is how it earns profits and carries on its business 3 Credit CreationCredit creation is one of the most important functions of the commercial banks Like other financial institutions they aim at earning profits For this purpose they accept deposits and advance loans by keeping small cash in reserve for day-to-day transactions When a bank advances a loan it opens and account in the name of the customer and does not pay him in cash but allows him to draw the money by cheque according to his needs By granting a loan the bank creates credit or deposit4 Financing ForeignTrade commercial bank finances foreign trade of its customers by accepting foreign bills of exchange and collecting them from foreign banks It also transacts other foreign exchange business and buys and sells foreign currency5 Agency ServicesA bank acts as an agent of its customers in collecting and paying cheques bills of exchange drafts dividends etc It also buys and sells
shares securities debentures etc for it customers Further it pays subscriptions insurance premium rent electric and water bills and other similar charges on behalf of its clients It also acts as a trustee and executor of the property and will of its customers Moreover the bank acts as an income tax consultant to its clients For some of these services the bank charges a normal fee while it renders others free of charge6 Miscellaneous ServicesBesides the above noted services the commercial bank performs a number of other services It acts as the custodian of the valuables of its customers by providing them lockers where they can keep their jewellery and valuable documents It issues various forms of credit instruments such as cheques drafts travellers cheques etc which facilitate transactions
Bengali হিবপরীতশবদ করণেয়কটি হিবপরীত শবদ গদওয়া ল1)সজীব = হি3জsব 2)শরদধা= ঘা 3)আকষ = হিবকষ4)সধবা = হিবধবা 5)উৎস = গা3া 6)অ = অ37)জয় = পরাজয় 8)তাপ = হৈশত যয 9)হি3ltা = পরশংসা10)াদা = অদা 11)রহিসক = গবরহিসক 12) অনতর = বাহির13)অহিতবষটি = অ3াবষটি 14)পরত যযi = পরণেরাi 15)3াবালক = সাবালক
Hindi 2nd lang नया रासता भा 5 अपन जीन की परिरसथिगितयो स गिश होकर मीन क हदय म कई बार हीन भाना
और जीन की कडाहट अनभ हईपरत ह दढता और साहस की मरतित थी ह
अपन जीन को वयथ नही होन दना चाहती थी बचपन स ही उसकी कील बनन की
इचछा थी आज मीन की लन उस और दखकर माता- गिपता न उस कालत करन की
आजञा द दी मीन न मरठ म दाखिखला ल लिलया उसक हरदय म कछ बनन और कछ
कर दिदखान की इचछा थी उसक गिचार स चारो और पस का ही बोलबाला हहॉसटल
की कलपना करत ही ह लिसहर उठती थी उसन अपन लिलए नए नए कपड बनाए पहली बार हॉसटल जान का चा थाआखिखर
ह दिदन आ ही या जब उस हॉसटल जाना था पहली बार ह अपन घर स अल हो
रही थी हॉसटल पहच कर कछ दिदनो तक उसका मन नही ला बचपन की घटनाए
एक- एक करक उसक समतपटल पर उतर ई ह अपनी ककषा म हमशा परथम आती
थी 2 दिदन बाद गिपताजी मीन स मिमलन आए मा न काफी चीज उसक लिलए बनाकर
भजी थी गिपताजी स मिमलकर ह बहत खश
1 ह सय की दढता साहस की मरतित थी
परशन1 लखिखका मीन को दढता साहस
की मरतित कयो कह रही ह 2 गिाह क अलाा मीन क जीन
का कया लकषय था 3 मीन समाज क झठ आरण को
हटाकर सतय दिदखाना चाहती ह सपषट कीजिजए
4 परसतत पलि[यो का भा सपषट अपन शबदो म लिलखिखए
उततरndash1 मीन म समाज स लडन की शलि[ ह
ह समाज म फली बराइयो क सामन ढढता स जमी हई ह ह साहस क साथ अपन उलिचत गिनणय
पर सथिर रहती ह जिजदी क उतार चढा सा घबरा टी नही ह बलकिलक साहस स काम लती ह इनही कारणो स लखिखका न उस ढढता
और साहस की मरतित कहा ह2 मरठ ालो न जब उसका रिरशता
ठकरा दिदया तो उसन गिनशचय कर लिलया गिक ह अपन परो पर खडी होी और समाज को दिदखा दी की नारी अबला नही ह उसन अपना
हई करीब 1 घटा रक कर गिपताजी चल ए लकषय बना लिलया गिक ह एलएलबी करक कील बनी
3 समाज म नारी क ऊपर अबला आशरीता का आरण पडा हआ ह
मीन समाज क दवारा होत हए इस आरण को हटाकर यह सतय परमाणिणत करना चाहती ह गिक आज
की नारी अबला नही ह और ना ही गिकसी क हाथ की कठपतली ह
4 लखिखका न मीन क बार म कहा गिक ह सय घटा और साहस की मरतित
ह ह अपन न हम ध और मसीबत म साहस का परिरचय दती हउतार
चढा को हर इसान क जीन म आत ही रहत ह उनको साधारण रप
स ही लना चागिहए अपन गिाह क मामल म उसन साहस स काम
लिलया और गिाह क बार म सोचना छोड दिदया मीन क सामन अभी बहत लबी जिजदी पडी ह इसलिलए उसन समय का महत समझा और
एक कषण भी वयथ ना करन का गिनशचय गिकया
Mathematics(x) Algebra Quadratic Equation in one variable
Study Item Some solved sums from exercise- 539)Solve for x 2(2x ndash 1 )(x+3) ndash 3 (x + 3)(2x ndash 1 ) = 5 x -3 frac12Solution Let (2x ndash 1)(x + 3) = y then we get2(y) ndash 3( 1y) = 50r 2y ndash 3y = 5Or 2y2 ndash 3 = 5y [multiplying both side by y we get]0r 2y2 ndash 5y ndash 3 = 0Now comparing the above equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0 we geta=2 b = - 5 and c = - 3Therefore y = -(- 5 )plusmnradic((-5)sup2-4(2)(-3))2(2) = 5 plusmnradic( 25 + 24)4 = 5plusmn radic(49)4 = (5 plusmn 7)4= (5+7)4 (5 ndash 7)4= 124 -24= 3 - 12Therefore y = 3 (2x ndash 1)( x + 3) = 3 2x ndash 1 = 3x + 9 3x - 2x = - 10 x= - 10Or y = - frac12 ( 2x ndash 1)(x + 3) = - frac124x ndash 2 = - x ndash 3 4x+x = - 3 + 2 5x = - 1 x= - 15Hence the roots of the given equation are - 10 and ndash 1510)(i) x2 - 5x ndash10 =0Solution x2 ndash 5x ndash 10 = 0Comparing the above equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0 we get a=1 b = - 5 and c = - 10Therefore x = - (- 5)plusmnradic( -5)sup2- 4(1)(- 10)2(1) = 5 plusmn radic( 25 +40)2 = 5 plusmn radic(65 )2
= (5 plusmn 8bull06)2 = (5 + 8bull06)2 (5 ndash 8bull06)2 = 13bull062 - 3bull062= 6bull53 - 1bull5312) Solve the equation x ndash 18x = 6 Given your answer correct to two significant figureSolution x ndash18x = 6Or (x2 ndash 18 )x = 6Or x2ndash 18 = 6xOr x2 ndash 6x ndash18 = 0Comparing the above equation with ax2 + bc + c = 0 we gera= 1 b = - 6 and c = -18Therefore x = -(-6) plusmnradic(- (- 6)2 ndash 4(1)(- 18)2(1) = 6 plusmn radic( 36 + 72)2 = (6 plusmnradic( 108)2 =(6 plusmn 10bull39)2= 16bull392 - 4bull392= 8bull195 - 2bull195 asymp 8bull2 - 2bull2
Chemistry Chapter-2L-1Chemical Bonding
1) Chemical Bonding-
It is basically the force of attraction which holds the different types of atoms in a molecule together
Cause of Chemical Combination-
The main cause is the tendency of elements to acquire eight electrons in its outermost shell like that of noble gases other than Helium(He) So the atoms combine to acheive the nearest noble gas configuration of 8 electrons( or 2 electrons) in their outermost orbit and become stable
2) Ion-
It is a charged particle made from an atom by the loss or gain of electrons
There are 2 types of Ions They are-
a) Cations- It is formed by the loss of electrons eg - K+ Ca2+
Na+ etc
b) Anions- It is formed by the gain of electrons eg- Cl- O2- F- etc
Q Why do elements form Ions
A Atoms of all elements except those of noble gases have one to seven valence electrons and are not in a state of minimum energy Thus to acquire a state of minimum energy elements lose or gain electrons and form ions so that they acquire stable configuration (Duplet or Octet)
Q What is the Electronic Theory of Valency
A In 1916 Kossel and Lewis on the basis of octet rule of electrons described simply the electronic structure of molecules of many chemical compounds and elements Kossel mainly described the structure of ionic compounds formed by loss and gain of electrons and Lewis mainly described the structure of Covalent Compounds formed by mutual sharing of electron pair This is known as ELECTRONIC THEORY OF VALENCY proposed by Kossel and Lewis
Q What do you mean by Electropositive and Electronegative Elements
3) Types of Chemical Bond-3 types
A)ElectrovalentIonic Bond
B) Covalent Bond
C) Co-ordinate Dative Bond4) ELECTROVALENT IONIC BOND-
It is the electrostatic force of attraction between the opposite charged ions which holds them together
The chemical compounds formed as a result of electron transfer from one atom of an element to another are called IONIC or ELECTROVALENT COMPOUND
The number of electrons which an element loses or gains during the formation of an ionic bond is called its ELECTROVALENCY
Conditions for the formation of Ionic Compounds-
i Large electronegativity difference between the combining atoms
ii Low IP for one of the atoms from which the cation can be easily formed
iii High electron affinity for one of the atoms from which the anions can be easily formed
iv High Lattice Energy
A
1) Electropositive Elements- have the tendency to lose the electrons and form Cations
eg- Na K Fe -mostly metals
2) Electronegative Elements- have the tendency to gain the electrons and form Anions
eg- Cl F O - mostly Non-metals
Q Give the brief description about the formation of NaCl
A See your Text Book
Q Practise the two types of diagram of the formation of different ionic compound
A See your Text Book
English All Summer in a Answer the following questions-
literature Day 3) Why did the children hate herAns- The children sensed that Margot was different from them She hated the continuous rain while they were used to it She spoke only about the sun and they had no memory of it They hated her pale snow face her waiting silence her thinness and her possible future of going back to the Earth4) What is the it referred to by WilliamAns- The it referred to by William is the Sun which the scientists had predicted would shine for a short while that day5) What was Margot waiting for Why did William say it was a jokeAns- Margot was waiting to see the sun predicted to shine that day for a short while William did not want her to have the joy of seeing the sun
Geography Water Resources SOURCES OF WATER SURFACE WATER AND GROUNDWATER Earth is known as the Blue Planet because 71 per cent of the Earths surface is covered with water Wateralso exists below land surface and as water vapour in the air Water is not added or removed from the environment it simply changes state and location This constant movement of water throughout our environment is called the hydrological cycle or water cycle Earth cleans and replenishes the water supply through the hydrologic cycle Groundwater exists in an aquifer or
underground layer of permeable rock sediment (usually sand or gravel) or soil that yields water
Aquifers are like underground reservoirs of water
SURFACE WATER The visible bodies of water are referred to as surface water Surface waters can be simply described as the water that is on the surface of the Earth This includes the oceans rivers and streams lakes and reservoirs Surface waters are very important Rivers and streams constitute the flowing surface waters Surface water canbe captured for a variety of biospheric and humanusesRunoff During heavy precipitation water cannot infiltrate into the ground It flows on the surface of the ground and called as runoff
GROUNDWATER Groundwater is detained as water that is found beneath the surface of the Earth in conditions of100 per
Q1 Why the Earth is called as Blue PlanetA1 Earth is known as the Blue Planet because 71 per cent of the Earths surface is covered with water
Q2 Define hydrological cycleA2 Water is not added or removed from the environment it simply changes state and location This constant movement of water throughout our environment is called the hydrological cycle or water cycle Earth cleans and replenishes the water supply through the hydrologic cycle
Q3 What is AquifersA3 Aquifers are like underground reservoirs of water
Q4 Why there is a shortage of fresh waterA4 Although the earth has an abundance of water but unfortunately there is a shortage of fresh water because 997 per cent of it occupied by oceans soils icecaps and floating in the atmosphere and rest 03 percent can use for daily uses
cent saturation (if it is less than100 per cent saturation then the water is considered as soil moisture) Ninety-eight per cent of Earths available fresh water is groundwater It is about60 times as plentiful as the fresh water found in lakes and streams Water in the ground travels through pores in soil and rock and in fractures and weathered areas of bed rockThe majority of fresh water is therefore found under ground as soil moisture and in aquifers
Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 88 to 126 (Portia helliphellip Such as the day is when the sun is hid) [Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]
Summary Questions amp Answerso Launcelot then arrives and informs
Lorenzo that Bassanio will also be arriving soon Both Lorenzo and Jessica return to the house and ask Stephano to order the family musicians to play music in order to extend a fitting welcome to Portia
o Portia and Nerissa dressed in their normal self return home and enter the building Lorenzo recognizes Portias voice and comes to greet her She orders the servants to pretend as if she had never left and asks Lorenzo and Jessica to do the same
o Soon thereafter Bassanio Gratiano and Antonio arrive
(1) PORTIA That light we see is burning in my hall (L 89-101)
How far that little candle throws his beams So shines a good deed in a
naughty worldNERISSA When the moon shone we did not see the candlePORTIA So doth the greater glory dim the less
A substitute shines brightly as a king
Unto the king be by and then his state
Empties itself as doth an inland brook
Into the main of waters Music hark
NERISSA It is your music madam of the housePORTIA Nothing is good I see without respect
Methinks it sounds much sweeter than by day
NERISSA Silence bestows that virtue on it madam
(i) Where are Lorenzo and Jessica sitting What message have they received What are they doing
Lorenzo and Jessica are sitting in Portiarsquos house in Belmont They have just received the message informing them of the arrival of Portia and Bassanio separately They are waiting for their arrivals and enjoying the beauty of the moonlight night(ii) In which mood is Lorenzo found after Stephanorsquos departure
After Stephanorsquos departure Lorenzo reverts to his romantic mood He is carried away by the magic of the loveliness of the moonlight He draws Jessicarsquos attention and says that the moonlight is sleeping beautifully on the raised ground He says that they will sit there and enjoy the sweetness of the gentle
music which will shortly creep into their ears very softly(iii) Why has Lorenzo sent Stephano What kind of man is he who does not appreciate the sweet harmony of sounds
Lorenzo has sent Stephano to instruct the musicians to play soft music to welcome Portia home Lorenzo tells that the
tranquility and the beautiful night suit the sweet music Praising the ennobling (M lend greater dignity) effect of music Lorenzo tells Jessica that the person who has no music in him and does not appreciate the sweet harmony of sounds is a dangerous person and so should be watched very carefully(iv) Who are returning to Belmont What does Nerissa remark on seeing the light of the house
Portia and Nerissa are returning to Belmont after successfully conducting Antoniorsquos trial in Venice as the lawyer and the clerk respectively When they are near their home Nerissa seeing the light of the house remarks that they did not see this light of this candle when the moon was shining(v) What does Portia comment on Nerissarsquos observation Commenting on Nerissarsquos observation Portia says that the lesser glory becomes insignificant before the greater glory She adds that the kingrsquos representative assumes great splendor and authority when the king himself is not near But before the real king the substitute becomes devoid of all splendor and
authority as the big rivers lose their identity after emptying into the vast sea
SUBJECT PHYSICS [TOPIC FORCE]Answer the following questions ( ICSE questions of previous years from chapter FORCE)
1 Write the position of centre of mass for the following bodies(i) A circular ring (ii) A cylinder(iii) A hollow sphere (iv) A triangular lamina
2 Explain why screw drivers are provided with longer handles3 Compare the magnitude and direction of centripetal force and centrifugal force4 How does uniform circular motion differ from uniform linear motion5 Why is the motion of a body moving with a constant speed around a circular path is said to be
accelerated6 A brass ball is hanging from a cotton thread Draw a neat labeled diagram showing the force acting
on the brass ball and the cotton thread 7 Define moment of force Write the relationship between the SI and CGS unit of moment of force8 Define couple State the SI unit of moment of couple9 A uniform half meter scale balanced horizontally on a knife edge at 29 cm mark when a weight of 20
gmf is suspended from one end(i) Draw the diagram of the arrangementWhat is the weight of the half meter rule
ECO-10 250620 Topic-Supply Analysis
MEANING OF SUPPLYSupply a commodity by a firm or seller may be defined as the quantity of a commodity that a firm or seller offers for sale at a given price during a given time period But the actual sale of the commodity may be different from its supply For example a farmer (produced of wheat) is willing to sell 50 quintals of wheat at a price of ` 15 per kg but he is able to sell only 30 quintals at this price So this case the supply of wheat is 50 quintals but the actual sale is 30 quintals So these two concepts should not be confused with each other Like demand supply also has three elements The definition of supply include (i) the quantity of the commodity that a firm is willing to supply (ii) the price at which it is willing to supply that quantity and (iii) the time period during which it is willing to supply that quantity
FACTORS DETERMINING SUPPLY OR DETERMINANTS OF SUPPLY OF A GOOD
The main determinant of supply is the price of the commodity But the cost of production of a commodity is an important factor in determining profit maximized on output of a firm The cost of production depends on the prices of various inputs like raw material wages of workers interest of capital rent of building etc The supply of a commodity also depends on the technology used in the production of the commodity and many other factors The main factors determining supply of a commodity are(i) Price of the commodity(ii) Price of other related good(iii) Price of inputsfactors(iv) Taxation policy of government(v) Objective of the firm(i) Price of the commodity Other factors determining supply remaining constant there is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity It means the quantity supplied of a commodity increases with rise in price and decreases with fall in price of the commodity More quantity of a commodity is supplied at a higher price and less quantity is supplied at a lower price For example a seller of tomatoes is willing to sell 100 kgs of tomatoes at a price of ` 40 per keg and only 50 kgs at a price of ` 20 per kg Due to this direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity the supply curve has a positive slope Supply curve is upward sloping to the right(ii) Price of other related goods Supply of a commodity is also influenced by the change in the price of other related goods With the help of given resources we can produce several goods by using the same technology This helps the firm to diversify and tide over fluctuations in demand For example a farmer can produce either pulses or food grains by using the resources If the price of pulses increases it becomes more profitable for him to make more production of pulses So he will divert some resources from the production of food grains to the production of pulses The production of pulses will increase and that of food grains will decrease So the supply of pulses will increase if the price of pulses increases and the supply of food grain will decrease at the same price reverse will happen if the price of food grains increases(iii) Price of inputsfactors Change in the price of inputs like raw material wage rent or interest also influences the supply of a commodity For example in the production of cloth cotton is the main raw material If the price of cotton increases the cost of production of cloth will increase At the same price the margin of profit will decrease So the producer will decrease the supply of cloth at the same price On the other hand if the price of cotton falls the cost of production per unit of cloth will decrease and hence the supply of cloth will increase The price of other inputs will also influence the supply of a good in the same manner(iv) Technology of production an improvement in the technology of production of a commodity decreases the per unit cost of the commodity The margin of profit will increase at the same price So the supply of a commodity will increase with improvement in technology of production at the same price On the other hand if a firm uses absolute technology of production the cost of production per unit of the commodity will increase The margin of profit will decrease so the firm will decrease its supply at the same price This is the main reason that the firms are trying to use better technology of production because it not only reduces the cost of production per unit but also improves the quality of the product(v) Taxation policy of government If the government reduces the excise duty or the production of a commodity the cost of production per unit of the commodity will decrease the margin of profit will increase at the same price so the producer of the commodity will increase its supply It happens when the government wants to increase the production of the commodity On the other hand to discourage the production of some harmful goods like cigarettes liquor etc the government increases the rate of excise duty on the production of such goods So the cost of production per unit of the commodity increases and the supply of such commodities decreases(vi) Objective of the firm The objective of the producer also influences the supply of a commodity Generally the objective of a producer is get maximize his profits Profits are maximized at a higher price So he increases the supply of a commodity at a higher price and decreases its supply at a lower price But sometimes the producer may be in maximizing his sales and not in maximizing his profits as he wants to capture the market In that case he goes on increasing the supply so long his target is not achieved can profit is not adversely affected He may increase the supply at the same price to any extent
SUPPLY FUNCTION
When the relationship between quantity supplied and the determinants of supplied is expressed mathematically in an equation it is called a supply function So a supply function can be expressed asSn = f(Pn Pr Pf T Tr G)where Sn = Supply of commodity nPn = Price of the commodity nPr = Price of other related goodsPf = Price of inputsfactors
T = Technology of productionTr = Government policy or tax rateG = Goal or objective of the producer
Typically supply function shows the relationship between price and quantity supplied keeping all other determinants of supply as constant It shows the amount of a good that a seller supplies at different levels of price
LAW OF SUPPLYThe law of supply depicts the relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity when all other determinants of supply remain constant This law states that there is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity other factors determining supply remaining constant It means quantity supplied of a commodity increases with increase in price and decreases with decrease in price
Assumptions of the law of supplyThe phrase other determinants of supply remaining constant in the law of supply shows the assumptions of the law of supply The mains factors which influence the supply of a commodity one price of the commodity price of other related goods price of inputs technology of production taxation policy of the government and objective of the firm etc The law of supply is based on the assumptions that all these factors determining supply except price of the commodity should remain constant The following are the main assumptions of the law of supply(i) Price of other related goods should remain the same(ii) There should be no change in the price of inputs (factors)(iii) Technology of production should not change(iv) There is no change in the taxation policy of the government(v) Objective of the firm should not changeThe law of supply is based on the assumptions that the supply of commodity changes only due to change in price when all other determinant of supply remain constantClass XISubject Topic Summary Execution EVS Chapter-2
Ecology Answer the following questions briefly Q Draw a neat labeled diagram of carbon cycleAnsndash
Mathematics Principle of Mathematical Induction
1) What is statement Ans A sentence which may be true or false is called statement eg i) 5 is greater than 3 ii) New Delhi is the capital of India iii) 5 divides 7 These all are statements We see that statement (i) amp (ii) are true but (iii) is false 2 What is Mathematical StatementAns Statement involving mathematical relations are called mathematical statement We shall use mathematical statement in principle of
Example If n be a positive integer show that n(n+1) is an even positive integer Solution Let P(n) be the statement n(n+1) is an even positive integer Then (i) P(1) is the statement 1(1+1) ie 2 is an even positive integer Therefore P(1) is true (ii) If P(m) is true for some positive integer m then m(m+1) is an even integer Now (m+1) [(m+1)+1]=(m+1)sup2+ (m+1) =msup2+2m+1+m+1=msup2+m+2m+2=m(m+1) +2(m+1) = an even integer + an even positive integer [Since P(m) is true and 2(m+1) is an even
mathematical induction 3 What is the use of Principle of mathematical inductionAns Sometimes it is difficult to prove a statement theorem or a formula by direct method In this case we use an indirect method known as the Principle of mathematical induction There are two steps in this processSTEP 1 Varify that the statement or formula is true for one or two particular values of n say for n=1 2STEP 2 Assuming that the statement or formula is true for n=m where m is any positive integer show that it is true for n=m+1Conclusion Since the statement is true for n=2 it is true for n=2+1 that is 3 and since it is true for n=3 it is true for n=3 + 1 that is 4 and so on Hence the statement or formula is true for all positive integral values of n
positive integer]= an even positive integer Therefore P(m+1) is true when P(m) is true Therefore By the principle of Mathematical Induction P(n) is true for all positive integral values of n Hence n(n+1) is an even positive integer
Hindi 2ndlang एक फल की चाह 5 दख रहा था जस सो सथिर हो नही बठती थी कषण भर हाय ही चपचाप पडी थी अटल शागित शी धारण कर सनना यही चाहता था म उस सय ही
उकसा करमझको दी क परसाद का एक फल ही दो लाकर
शबदाथ ससथिर - परी तरह ठहरी हई अटल- पकका
उकसाकर - पररणा दकर
वयाखयाndash उपय[ पलि[यो म कगि सखिखया की ददशा का णन कर रहा ह जो उनक गिपता दवारा वय[ गिकया या ह अपनी बटी सखिखया कीददशा का
गितरण करत हए गिपता कहता ह गिक म अपनी आखो क सामन दख रहा था गिक मरी बटी जो पल भर क लिलए दिटककर नही बठती थी ह अब सथिर शात मरतित की तरह पढी थी अब म ह बार- बार इस बात क लिलए पररिरत कर रहा
था गिक ह मझ गिफर स ही शबद कह गिपताजी मझ दी क परसाद का एक फल लाकर दो
6 ऊच शल लिशखर क ऊपर मदिदर था गिसतीणर गिशाल सण कलशसरलिसज गिहलिसत थ पाकरसमदिदत रगि कर जाल दीप धल स अचछदिदत था मदिदर का
आन सारा ज रही थी भीतर बाहर मखरिरत उतस की धारा
शबदाथ - शल लिशखर- पहाड की ऊची चोटी
सतीणर - फला हआ
सण कलश - कमल क समान सदर सोन का कलश मखरिरत - परकट समदिदत - अचछी परकार खिखला हआ रगि कर जाल - सय की गिकरणो का समह
वयाखया- परसतत पलि[या म कगि न मदिदर की सदरता का णन गिकया ह कहत ह गिक मझ पहाड की चोटी पर एक गिलिशषट और गिशालमश था उसक
सोन क कलश सय की गिकरणो म चमकत हए ऐस परतीत हो रह थ जस सय की खिखली हईगिकरणो क ाा सपशपाकर सनहर कमल खिखल उठ हो मदिदर का
आन धप दीप की सध स भरा हआ था मदिदर क अदर और बाहर मनाए जा रह उसकी परसननता की ज सनाई द रही थी
Bengali (2nd language)
কোনি মনি নদী পরথম অধযোয়
হি_তীয় হিদরণে3র পাঠ-
হিবষটবাব গলাকটির কায় গররণে কা বলরণেত পাররণে0 3া শধ গচাখ হিদরণেয় রা পরকাশ করহি0ল কা বলরণেত বলরণেত গলাকটি পাঞজাহিব লহিn খরণেল জ কররণেত শর করল তাই গদরণেখ হিবষটবাব ত2মভ রণেয় গল চাটি ারার 2হিnরণেত গলাকটি হিবষটবাবর হিদরণেক এরণোরণেল হিতহি3 াা 3ীচ করণের 3াহিরণেয় গ33 হিদ গলাকটি হিবষটবাবরণেক চাটিরণেয় ায় তারণেল হিতহি3 তাাতাহিউরণেঠ গলাকটিরণেক ধররণেত পাররণেব3 3া কার তার শরীরণেরর ওজরণে3র জ3য এই শরণে3 হিবষটবাব বরণে3া গারণেষর ত গতরণেZরণে উরণেঠ দাাল তারণেত গলাকটি দাহিরণেয় শরীরটারণেক একট দহিলরণেয় হি3ল এই সব শরণে3 হিবষট ধর চপ করণের রইল শধ lsquoগঘাৎrsquo করণের একটা শবদ করল গলাকটি হিসহি হিদরণেয় ওঠা3াা কররণে0 গদরণেখ হিবষটবাব খাহি3কটা হিদরণেশারা রণেয় গলহিবষটবাবর গচারণেখ রারণের বদরণেল এখ3 গকৌতল হিতহি3 বরণেল3 ldquoখাওায় আার গলা2 গ3ই Uায়টিং কহিরrdquo হিকনত হিতহি3 কতটা Uায়টিং করণের তা তার শরীর আর খাবারণেরর তাহিলকা গদরণেখ গলাকটি বরণে= গল গলাকটি এহিরণেয় হিরণেয় হিবষটবাবর 2হিরণেত াত বহিলরণেয় হিদরণেল গস আরা অ32ব করণের3 এবং হিপহি0রণেয় া3 গলাকটি হিবষটবাবর সারণে3 তার শরীরণেরর কসরত পরদশ3 কররণেল হিবষটবাব রণে3 রণে3 হিব হিব করণের বরণেল3 হিতহি3ও গরাা রণেত চা3 গসই হরণেত nা গরণেক আবার হিচৎকার গ2রণেস আরণেস lsquoগকা হি3 গকা হি3rsquo
ldquoকী রক Uায়টিংrdquo-ক)বকতা গককারণেক বলরণে0খ)Uায়টিং কার অ কী ) Uায়টিং করা বযহিকতর গচারার ব3া দাও ঘ) তার Uায়টিং এর ব3া দাও
উঃ- ক) আরণেলাচয অংশটি হিত3ltীর গলখা lsquoগকাহি3rsquo উপ3যাস গরণেক গ3ওয়া রণেয়রণে0 আরণেলাচয কাটি বকতা রণেল3 সাদা লহিnপরা ারণেয় গরয়া পাঞজাহিব ও কারণেধ রহিn3 বযা ওয়ালা হিiহিতশ হিসং হিতহি3 কাটি বরণেলরণে03 হিবষট ধররণেকখ) Uারণেয়টিং কার অ ল পহিরহিত খাদয গর অাৎ খাদয তাহিলকায় সসত খারণেদযর গ3াগ3 বজায় গররণেখ খাদয গর) হিবষট ধরণেরর গচারা হিবশাল ওজ3 পরায় হিত3 গদখরণেত জলহিসতর রণেতা সারা শরীরণের চহিব ল ল কররণে0 বয়স পরায় চহিশ হিবশাল 2হি উপ রণেয় শরণেল হিচৎ রণেত পারণের3া গকউ গঠরণেল হিদরণেল হিচৎ রণেত পারণের তারণেক কায় নধ াদ3 পবরণেতর সরণেn তল3া করা য়ঘ) হিবষট ধর গকৌতলী রণেয় বরণেল তার খাওয়ার গকা3 গলা2 গ3ই গস Uায়টিং করণের আরণে গস আধ হিকরণেলা হিiর গখত এখ3 গস হিত3রণেশা গরা হিiর খায় জল খাবারণের কহিটা লহিচ গখত এখ3 পরণে3রণেরাটা লহিচ খায় আাইরণেশা গরা চারণেলর 2াত খায় হিঘ খাওয়া গ0রণে হিদরণেয়রণে0 রারণেত াতর বারণেরাটা রটি খায় হিবরণেকরণেল দ-গলাস হি0হিরর জল সরণেn চাররণেট কা পারণেকর সরণেltশ বাহিরণেত রাধাকষণ আরণে0 বরণেল হিবষট ধর া0 াংস খায়3া আর তারণেত তার গকা3 গলা2 লালসা গ3ই
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 276 to 313 (Sebastian helliphellipIt struck mine ear most terribly)[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]
Summary Questions amp AnswersConspiracy of Antonio and Sebastian
o Antonio further suggests murder of Alonso and eventually Sebastian agrees
o They draw their swords and proceed to murder Alonso and Gonzalo who are sleeping
(1) (Act II Sc 2 L 277-291)ANTONIO Ay sir where lies that If rsquotwere a kibe
rsquoTwould put me to my slipper but I feel notThis deity in my bosom Twenty consciencesThat stand rsquotwixt me and Milan candied be they And melt ere they molest Here lies your brotherNo better than the earth he lies uponIf he were that which now hes likemdashthats deadWhom I with this obedient steel three inches of itCan lay to bed for ever (whiles you doing thus
o As they approach Ariel appears again and wakes up Gonzalo by singing a tune in his ear Alonso also wakes up and they see both Sebastian and Antonio with drawn swords On being caught off guard they make up a story saying that they had heard a bellowing of bulls or lions
IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED
(Act II Sc 1 L 277-281)ANTONIOAy sir where lies that If rsquotwere a kibersquoTwould put me to my slipper but I feel notThis deity in my bosom Twenty consciencesThat stand rsquotwixt me and Milan candied be they And melt ere they molest
In these lines Antonio speaks how he is a conscienceless villain In inciting Sebastian to the kingship of Naples by murdering his brother he quotes his own example He too had banished his brother and made himself the Duke of Milan This kingship now sits upon him like a well fittinggarment So will be the case of Sebastian Sebastian then questions Antonio if this foul deed did not prick his conscience To this Antonio replies like a hardened villain He laughs at the word lsquoconsciencersquo and says that he has never heard of anything like conscience A guilty conscience gave him no more pain that is chilblain (M a painful itching and swelling on hand and foot caused by exposure to extreme cold) A man can get rid of the pain of chilblain by wearing slippers instead of shoes so does Antonio get rid of the qualms (M an uneasy feeling of doubt worry or fear especially about onersquos conduct) of conscience very easily Even if he were troubled by twenty consciences that barred his way to the throne of Milan however frozen they might be he would melt them into insensibility before they could cause him to twinge
To the perpetual wink of aye might putThis ancient morsel this Sir Prudence whoShould not upbraid our course) - for all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour
(i) To whom does Antonio speak these lines Who is referred to as lsquoyour brotherrsquo What does Antonio mean by saying lsquoNo better than the earth he lies uponrsquo
These lines are spoken by Antonio to Sebastian King Alonso is referred to as Sebastianrsquos brother Indicating towards Alonso who is lying asleep on the ground Antonio tells Sebastian that here sleeps his brother and at this time he is no better than a clod of the earth on which he lies asleep Antonio means to say that if he were actually to become what he looks like he would be a dead body(ii) According to Antonio what would he do if he were at the place of Sebastian
Antonio says that if he were in the position of Sebastian he would not care even for twenty consciences in order to win the kingship of Naples He would rather forget all his consciences if they happen to trouble him at all (iii) What does Antonio suggest to Sebastian What does Antonio assure him
Antonio suggests to Sebastian that in a moment Sebastian can put to death Gonzalo who pretends to be a very wise man and who on that account rebukes others (particularly Antonio and Sebastian) whereas he (Antonio) himself can put Alonso to death with only three inches of his willing sword Antonio further assures Sebastian that by killing both of them there will be none left to oppose him and in this way every obstacle in his way will be removed
(iv) Explain the lines lsquofor all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hourrsquo
In other words Antonio says that even if he were endowed with a stiff conscience he could easily relax or soften it for the execution of his purpose Then Antonio suggests that conscience should be no hindrance to a manrsquos future greatness
Comments These are terrible words coming from the mouth of a villain of the worst type He is utterly devoid of conscience or remorse He is an utter atheist of human virtue He speaks of conscience as a deity that he does not feel in his bosom
According to Antonio so far as the other lords (Adrian Francisco and others) are concerned they need not be murdered because they would obey the orders of Antonio and Sebastian as willingly and readily as cat licks milk These other lords would endorse and support everything that Sebastian and Antonio may say or suggest These other lords would adjust their views in accordance with the wishes of Antonio and Sebastian and they would regard all proposals made by Antonio and Sebastian as being opportune and also as being acceptable(v) What opinion do you form of Antonio from the above speech
The speech given above shows Antonio to be an absolutely unscrupulous man After saying that he does not believe in any such faculty as the conscience he suggests to Sebastian to
(Act II Sc 1 L 285-291)ANTONIOhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (whiles you doing thus To the perpetual wink of aye might putThis ancient morsel this Sir Prudence whoShould not upbraid our course) - for all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour
Antonio has convinced Sebastian that he has made himself Duke of Milan by a crime for which he has felt no pricks of conscience In these lines Antonio tells Sebastian that now that the chance has presented itself to him he should take it and be King of Naples So far as Alonso is concerned Antonio agrees to undertake the task of killing him by sticking only three inches of his sharp dagger Making a thrust in the air with his sword he tells Sebastian that by a similar method he can put to sleep forever Gonzalo ndash the old piece of flesh already rotten ndash this piece of antiquity ndash this ldquoSir Prudencerdquo who is never tired of reading his moral lectures to them If ldquoProfessor Wisdomrdquo is got rid of he will not be able to denounce their action as he would surely do if they did not dispatch him as well As for the rest of the kingrsquos counselors (Adrian and Francisco) it is their nature to adopt any statements and views which are placed before them just as it is the nature of a cat to lap milk Antonio assures Sebastian that ldquothese othersrdquo will back them up in whatever they say or do that they will count the strokes of the clock exactly as they bid them not according to the real time but according to the time that is right for their business Hence only two persons Alonso and Gonzalo are required to be removed to fulfill their ambition
murder Gonzalo at the very time when he (Antonio) stabs Alonso to death And yet this brutal man has a fertile wit also He can talk in a persuasive manner and also in a sarcastic and satirical manner He knows human nature thoroughly and he understands that Gonzalo is loyal to Alonso while the other lords are only sycophants who can easily be won over to Sebastianrsquos side after Alonso has been assassinated
(2) (Act II Sc 1 291-296)SEBASTIAN Thy case dear friend
Shall be my precedent as thou gotst MilanIll come by Naples Draw thy swordmdashone strokeShall free thee from the tribute which thou payest And I the King shall love thee
ANTONIO Draw together And when I rear my hand do you the likeTo fall it on Gonzalo
(i) Explain the situation and introduce the persons engaged in conversation
After the supposed shipwreck King Alonso with his lords his brother Sebastian and Antonio the Duke of Milan land on a strange island Prince Ferdinand is feared to be drowned While the King and others have fallen asleep after exertions of the day and Ariel with his sweet music acting as a catalyst Antonio and Sebastian are awake They have hatched a conspiracy to kill King Alonso and his loyal lord Gonzalo Then Sebastian will become King of NaplesIn these lines Antonio and Sebastian are engaged in conversation They are just ready to execute their plan to attack King Alonso and Gonzalo simultaneously(ii) Antoniorsquos case shall become Sebastianrsquos precedent What has been Antoniorsquos case
Antonio proved treacherous towards his brother Prospero who was the Duke of Milan Since Prospero spent his time in his scholarly pursuits he had delegated his powers to his younger brother Antonio to administer the dukedom Antonio grew ambitious He overthrew his brother and expelled him from his own dukedom In his place Antonio became the Duke of Milan which he continues to be now His case urges Sebastian to do the same(iii) How is Sebastian going to follow Antonio
Sebastian is going to take Antoniorsquos case as his precedent He is convinced that if Antonio could usurp the dukedom from his living brother Sebastian could become the King of Naples by killing his sleeping brother(iv) What will one stroke of Antoniorsquos sword do What will Sebastian do to reward Antonio
Sebastian asks Antonio to put an end to Alonsorsquos life with one stroke of his sword The same stroke will earn for him a reward Sebastian will become the King of Naples and he will exempt Antonio from paying the annual tribute to Naples The dukedom of Milan is a tributary to the kingdom of Naples Its Duke has to pay tribute to the King every year When Sebastian takes over as the King he will give a benefit to his friend who is helping him to realize his ambition
(v) What is Antoniorsquos suggestion
Antonio suggests that they may draw their swords together When he raises his hand to attack Alonso Sebastian should raise his sword to bring it down on Gonzalo
ACCOUNTS-11 25062020 Topic- depreciation ndashSTRAIGHT LINE METHOD
Illustration Salman and Usman Bros acquired a machine on July 1 2014 at a cost of Rs 70000 and spent Rs5000 on its installation The firm writes off depreciation 10 on straight line method The books are closed on December 31 every year Show the machinery and depreciation account for three years
Solution Machinery Account
Date Particulars LF amount Date Particulars LF` Amount ( Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014July 01 To Bank Ac 70000 Dec 31 Dec By Depreciation Ac 3750
(70000 x10x612)
July 01 To Bank Ac 5000 Dec31 By Balance cd 71250
75000 75000
2015 2015Jan 01 To Balance bd 71250 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 x10 ) Dec31 By Balance cd 63750
71250 71250
2016 2016Jan 01 To Balance bd 63750 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 (75000 x10 ) Dec 31 By Balance cd 56250
63750 63750
Depreciation Account
Date Particulars LF Amount Date Particulars LF Amount (Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 3750 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 3750
2015 2015
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
2016 2016
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
WORKING
Cost of Machine RS70000Cost of Installation Rs 5000
Total 75000
Rate of Depreciation 10
Then annual depreciation will be 10 of Rs 75000 = Rs 7500
Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution Geography DRIANAGE THE PENINSULAR RIVERS
1 The Mahanadi2 The Godavari3 The Krishna4 The Kaveri5 The Subarnarekha6 The Narmada7 The Tapi8 The Sabarmati and the Mahi9 The Chambal
The Mahanadi Basin The Mahanadi rises from Dandakaranya
Q1 Which is the largest river of peninsular plateau Write a brief note about its courseA1 The largest river of peninsular plateau is Godavari The river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has
near Sihawa in Raipur district in the highlands of Chhattisgarhand flows through Odisha to reach the Bay of BengalThe length of the river is about 857 kmIts drainagebasin is shared by Maharashtra Chhattisgarh Jharkhandand Odisha
THE MAHANADI RIVER SYSTEM
The GodavariThe river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
THE GODAVARI RIVER SYSTEM
many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
Q2 Which river is known as Dakshin GangaA2 The Godavari river is known as lsquoDakshin Gangarsquo It is also known as Vridha Ganga
Q3 Differentiate between east-flowing rivers and west-flowing riversA3
East-flowing rivers
West-flowing rivers
Godavari Krishna Kaveri Mahanadi are the east-flowing rivers
Narmada Tapiwest-flowing rivers
They fall into the Bay of Bengal
They fall into Arabian Sea
These rivers form big deltas
These rivers form comparativelysmall deltas
Catchment area of these river are larger
Catchment area of these river are smaller
The KrishnaThe Krishna river rises from the Western Ghatsnear Mahabaleshwar It flows into the Bay of Bengalbefore forming a large delta Its length is about1400 km The Tungabhadra Koyana Ghatprabha Musi and Bhima are some of its tributariesIt has covers parts of Maharashtra Karnataka and AndhraPradesh
THE KRISHNA RIVER SYSTEM
The KaveriIt rises in the Brahmagiri range of the Western Ghats and flows into the Bay ofBengal Southof Cuddalore in Tamil Nadu The length of the river is about 760 km Its main tributaries are the Amravati Bhavani Hemavati and Kabini The Kaveri drains inthe parts of Karnataka Kerala and drains in Tamil Nadu The river Kaveri makes the second biggest waterfall in India known as Sivasamudram
POLITICAL SCIENCE
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
MEANING OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS-Fundamental rights are those rights which are essential for intellectual moral and spiritual development of citizens of India As these rights are fundamental or essential for existence and all-round development of individuals hence they are called Fundamental rights These are enshrined in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India These include individual rights common to most such as equality before the law freedom of speech and freedom of expression religious and cultural freedom Freedom of assembly (peaceful assembly) freedom of religion (freedom to practice religion) right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writsThere are six fundamental rights recognized by the Indian constitution
1 Right to equality (Articles 14-18)2 Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22)3 Right Against exploitation (Articles 23-24)4 Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25- 28)5 Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29-30) and6 Right to Constitutional remedies (Articles 32-35)
1 The right to equality includes equality before the law the prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion race caste gender or place of birth equality of opportunity in matters of employment the abolition of untouchability and abolition of titles
2 The right to freedom includes freedom of speech and expression association or union or cooperatives movement residence and right to practice any profession or occupation
3 The right against exploitation prohibits all forms of forced labour child labour and trafficking of human beings
4 The right to freedom of religion includes freedom of conscience and free profession practice and propagation of religion freedom to manage religious affairs freedom from certain taxes and freedom from religious instructions in certain educational institutes
5 The Cultural and educational Rights preserve the right of any section of citizens to conserve their culture language or script and right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice
6 The right to constitutional remedies is present for enforcement of fundamental rightsThe right to privacy is an intrinsic part of Article 21 (the Right to Freedom) that protects the life and liberty of the citizens The right to privacy is the newest right assured by the Supreme court of India It assures the peoples data and personal security
Fundamental rights for Indians have also been aimed at overturning the inequalities of pre-independence social practices Specifically they have also been used to abolish untouchability and thus prohibit discrimination on the grounds of religion race caste sex or place of birth They also forbid trafficking of human beings and forced labour (a crime) They also protect cultural and educational rights of religious and linguistic minorities by allowing them to preserve their languages and also establish and administer their own education institutions They are covered in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India
Mathematics
Relation Study Item Types of RelationToday class xii students we will discuss about the types of RelationsFirst we discuss Void RelationWhat is Void RelationAns Let A be a non-empty set Then φ A A and so it is a relation R on set A Thissube ⨯ relation is called the void or empty relation on set ANow from the above definition we came to know that no element of A is related to any element of AHere A A is called Cartesian product⨯
is the symbol of subsetsubeAnd φ is called phi and refer to void or empty relationNow I give an example to understand the above said relationLet A = 1 2 3 4Here A A =(11)(12)(13)(14)(21)(22)(23)(24)(31)(32)(33)(34)(41)⨯(42)(43)(44)Now we consider R is a relation which is defined by R=(ab) a+b= 50We notice that a+b 50 for any two elements of AnotinTherefore (ab) R for any ab A is called belong to and is not belong tonotin isin isin notinTherefore we can say R does not contain any element of A A⨯Therefore R is empty set Therefore we can say that R is the void or empty relation on AWhat is universal RelationAns Let A is a set Then A A A A and so it is a relation on A This relation is called⨯ sube ⨯ the universal relation on ANow from the above definition we can say that each element of A is related to every element of ANow we consider the relation R on the set A =1 234 defined by R = (ab) R |a -b|isin
0≽We observe that|a - b | 0 for all ab A≽ isin
(ab) R for all (ab) A ArArr isin isin ⨯ Each element of set A is related to set A every element of set ArArr
Therefore we write R= AxATherefore we can say R is universal relation on set ANote we can say that void relation is smallest relation and the universal relation is largest relationSometime both void relation and universal relation is called trivial relationWhat is identity relationAns Let A is a non-empty set Then the relation R or IA = (aa) a A on A is called theisin identity relation on A Therefore from the above definition we can say that every element of A is related to itself only
Example Let A = 1234 then Ror IA = (11)(22)(33)(44) is the identity relation on set ANow I give you another example R1 = (11)(22)(33) and R2 = (11)(22)(33)(44)(24)From the above example we can say that R1 and R2 are not identify relation Because in the case of R1 (44)R1 and on the other hand R2 where element 2 is related to elements 2 and 4
Hindi 2ndlang
भलि[ (महादी मा)
भलि[ कहानी की लखिखका महादी मा न इस कहानी म यह दशान का परयास गिकया ह गिक आजकल क जमान म भी लो सक बन कर गिनसाथ सा करत ह ह
गिबना तन लिसा करत ह और उसक बदल ना कछ मात ह और ना ही कोई आशा करत ह नौकर सा करक तन चाहता ह और ह भी कई सगिधाओ की आशा करता ह पर सक सदा गिनजी साथ भा स सा म सलगन रह कर काम करता ह भलि[ कहानी की मखय पातर लकषमी ह जिजस भलि[ नाम लखिखका न दिदया ह ह गिकसी
ोपाल काकी कनया ह पाच रष की आय म उसकी गि माता न ौना ही कर दिदया कहानी म भलि[ क दखो का अत नही ह गिफर भी ह बडी साहसी धयान और परिरशरमी ह कदिठनाइयो स जझ ती ह पहल गिपता की मतय गिफर पगित की मतय और
गिफर घर जमाई की मतय होती ह उस साहसी मगिहला न साहस नही छोडा और तीनो पतरी ओक हाथ पील गिकए लाना द पान क कारण उसका जमीदार न अपमान गिकया गिफरकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहचीकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहची शहर पहच करा लखिखका की सगिका बनी ही पर उसका नाम भलि[ पडा ह एक भ[ की तरह अपन सामिमनी की इमानदारी स सा करती और तन का जिजकर भी नही करती ह लखिखका क घर पाठशाला आदिद को अचछी तरह स सभालती पढी-
लिलखी ना होकर भी ह लखिखका की बहत सा ए सहायता करती ह लखिखका का साया बनकर चलती लखिखका की सा करना उसक जीन का उददशय ह ह
लखिखका की खशी क लिलए ही काय करती ह ह लखिखका को दखी नही दख सकती लखिखका पर भलि[ का इतना परभा पडा गिक ह सय दहाती बन ई
यदध क दिदनो म ह अपन परिरार क साथ रहन की अपकषा लखिखका क साथ रहना पसद करती थी यदध क भत न जब ीटा क ान पर पलायन गित जा दी तो
भलि[ न न लखिखका को अपन ा ल जान का अनरोध करन ली लखिखका को डर ह गिक यदिद उसक गिदा होन क अगितम छठा ए तो ह दहातीन दधा कया कर ी
इस परकार हम दखत ह गिक लखिखका न सामिमनी और सगिका क ण बरसात हए सक धम पर परकाश डाला ह और लखिखका न एक आदश सगिका क रप को सदर
रप स परसतत गिकया हBengali আদাব পরশন) ldquoশরণের ১৪৪ ধারা আর কারহিZউ অU ার জারী রণেয়রণে0ldquo
ক) কার গলখা গকা3 রচ3ার অংশ খ)গকাায় গক3 ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়রণে0 )১৪৪ ধারা কী এর Zরণেল কী য়
উততর) ক)আরণেলাচ য অংশটি সরণেরশ বসর রহিচত lsquoআদাবlsquo গ0াট রণেলপর অংশ
খ) বাংলারণেদরণেশর ঢাকা শরণের ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়হি0ল সামপরদাহিয়ক াnাা ও দাnা পরহিতরণেরারণেধর জ3 য হিlt সলা3রণেদর গ3তারণেদর সামপরদাহিয়ক উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা বারণেধ উ2য় সমপরদায় 2ীত রণেয় ঘর বহিlt রণেয় পরণে পরসপর পরসপররণেক সরণেltরণের গচারণেখ গদরণেখ গকউ কাউরণেক আরণের রণেতা হিবশবাস কররণেত পারণের3া হিক0 া3রণেষর উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা য় ার পহির3া অরণেতক রকত iয় ও ত য
) ১৪৪ ধারা আইরণে3র এ3 একটা ধারা ার _ারা এলাকা হি3হিদ ষট করণের গদওয়া য় গসই এলাকার রণেধ য গবহিশ া3রণেষর জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় হিহি0ল জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় আই3 2nকারীরণেক গহিলর হি3রণেদশ জাহির করা য় তাই সাধার3 া3ষ আর বাইরণের গবর রণেত পারণের3া পরারণে3র 2রণেয় বহিlt রণেয় ারণেক এর Zল য় সাংঘাহিতক গদাকা3 পাট বনধ ারণেক
হিজহি3স পতর অহিল য় রাসতা ঘাট জ3 শ3 য রণেয় ায় লরণেঠরা তারণেদর লঠত রাজ চাহিলরণেয় হি3রণেজরণেদর আরণেখর গহি0রণেয় গ3য় া3ষরণেক 2ীহিতর হিব2ীহিষহিক গরাস করণের ঘরণেরর া3রণেষর ইkা াকরণেলও ঘরণের হিZররণেত পারণের3া হিZররণেত হিরণেয় বltরণেকর গহিলরণেত পরা3 ারায়
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today we will discuss about Types of Leaves
An organization provides several kinds of leaves to the employees These days employees working both in government and private sector are allowed several types of leaves Following are the leaves achieved by the employees from their organization
Casual LeaveChild care leave -HospitalLeaveSpecial disability leaveChild Adoption leaveEarned LeavesHalf pay leaveMaternity leavePaternityleaveStudy leave
1 Casual Leave- Casual leave is not a recognised form of leaves and is not subject to any rules made by the government of India And official on casual leave is not treated as Absent from duty and pay is not intimated Normally 8 days of casual leave is permissible in a calendar year
2 Child care leave - Women employees having minor children may be granted child care leave by an authority competent to grant leave for a maximum period of 730 days means two years during their entire service for taking care of up to two children weather for sharing or to look after any of their names like examination sickness it is a
3HospitalLeave - Hospital leave is admissible to group C employees whose duties involved handling of dangerous machinery explosive materials poisonous drugs and performance of hazardous task and to group D employees Medical certificate from an authorised medical attendant is necessary for the grant of these leave However total period of
leave does not exceed 28 months4Special disability leave- Special
disability leave admissible to all employees when disabled by injury intentionally or accidentally inflicted are caused in law in consequence of the due performance of official duties or in consequence of official position It also it is also add miscible when disabled by illness incurred in the performance of any particular duty which has the effect of increasing laboratory to illness or injury beyond the ordinary least attaching to the Civil post held and the same condition
5Child Adoption leave- This leave is granted to female Employees with fewer than two surviving children on valid adoption of a child below the age of one year for a period of 135 days immediately after the date of valid adoption Leave salary will be equal to the pain immediately before processing on leave
6Earned Leaves- This leave is earned by duty The credit for earned leave will be awarded at a rate of 15 days on the 1st of January and 1st of July every year It can be accumulated up to 300 days in addition to the number of days for which encashment has been allowed along with LTC
7 Half pay leave -All government servant are entitled to 20 days of HPL half pay leave for every completed year of service Half pay leave is calculated at 20 days for each completed year of service The service includes periods of duty and leave including extra ordinary leave with or without MC (medical certificate)
8 Maternity leave -Maternity leave is granted to women Government employees full stop it is as possible only to Employees with less than 2 surviving children The maternity leave is not debited to leave account and full pay is granted It cannot be combined with any other the leaves and count as service for increment and pension
9 PaternityleaveA male employee with less than 2 surviving children may be granted paternity leave for a period of 15 days during the confinement of
his wife During the period of such leaves he shall be paid leave salary equal to the pay drawn immediately before proceeding on leave
10 Study leave-Study leave may be granted to all Government Employees with not less than 5 years service for undergoing a special course consisting of higher studies are specialised training in a professional or technical subject having a direct and close connection with the sphere of his duties as a Civil Servant
Commerce
Chapter-5Management
Let us today discuss about the nature of Management
Nature of management Management is defined as
An art A science A profession
Management is defined as an art because of the following reasons
1 In art there is an existence of theoretical knowledge Similarly in management various theories are propounded by management thinkers in various areas of management like finance marketing human resources etc
2 Every manager apply his or her personal skills and knowledge in the day to day functioning of an enterprise
3 Like an art management is creative as it provides solutions to Complex problems making resources productive and profitable moulding the attitudes of people for the betterment of an organisation
Management is is considered as science because of the following reasons
1 Like science there is a systemised body of knowledge in management consisting of theories principles vocabulary and concept
2 Principles of management are evolved after continuous observations and experimentation
Management both as Science and ArtManagement is both a science and an art It is a science because it uses certain principles and is an art because it requires continuous practice and application of personal skillsManagement as a profession Following points highlight whether management is a profession or not1 Like profession management has well
defined body of knowledge It has its own principles which are based on experiments One can acquire such
knowledge by pursuing courses like MBA BBA etc and acquire managerial skills through instruction and training
2 In management no such restriction is there for managers to clear an examination for hold a degree However these days more and more people are appointed for managerial post who opposes management degrees
3 Membership to a professional Association like AIMA is not mandatory for managers All managers directly or indirectly work for the development of society
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Essay Questions (EQ-2)
Question No 2Sketch the character of Prospero Would you call him perfect
AnswerProspero in The Tempest appears to be an intensely human being with human failings and weaknesses With all his excellence Prospero is made to awaken our sympathy for a natural imperfection Prosperorsquos Previous HistoryIn his retrospective narration of his previous history to Miranda we get a glimpse into Prosperorsquos past life As the Duke of Milan Prospero buried himself in his magic books which he prized above his dukedom He was essentially a scholar with no practical wisdom He failed to perform his first duty by neglecting the governance of his state and gave an opportunity to his wicked brother to undermine his throne He was thus driven from his home and thrown in a leaky boat with his weeping daughter to drift in the perilous seas It is only the thought of his little child that kept him aliveThe Development of Prosperorsquos CharacterThe development of his character is evident from the contrast between what he was before his banishment and what he is now in the island Formerly when his ldquolibrary was dukedom enoughrdquo he was altogether too unsuspecting Now he is watchful as providence and takes care to guard himself against the possibility of evil He has learnt to know human nature in its worst forms even Caliban has taught him something He will no longer put his trust in appearance except as ldquostale to catch thievesrdquo nor in oaths of which the strongest he says ldquoare straw to the fire irsquo the bloodrdquo He who once neglected worldly ends now consistently asserts his dignity enforces obedience and deals out justice with impartial hand He who without a thought of evil gave his power and his revenues into his brotherrsquos hands now puts Ferdinand to the severest test as a trial of his love before entrusting his daughter to him He makes the most practical use imaginable of his magic art exacts prompt servitudefrom his attendants does not hesitate to punish them is resolved and firm and knows how to seize the proper moment for action He is a most careful father to his daughter a considerate master of Ariel severe against the brutal Caliban humane towards the repentant enemies full of experience and wisdomThe Exercise of his Power ndash his SternnessWhat appears to us at the first sight one of the least pleasing features of Prosperorsquos character is the sternness which he frequently displays more particularly in his dealings with Caliban His harshness towards Caliban resulted from the failure of gentler methods his severity towards Ferdinand was exercised in the interest of his daughter ldquolest too light winning make the prize lightrdquo and his punishment of Alonso Sebastian and Antonio is justified by the attainment of his objectiveProsperorsquos TendernessThe tender side of Prosperorsquos character is exhibited in his relation to Miranda Ariel Gonzalo and the repentant sinners His love for Miranda is unbounded She was almost life to him In his darkest hours of trial this love sustained him and gave him strength to put a bold front to suffering He addresses her always with tenderness She is to him a lsquoloved darlingrsquo lsquodear heartrsquo lsquoa rich giftrsquo lsquoa third of his own lifersquo The same affectionate nature is shown in his dealing with his brother Antonio He loved his brother Antonio only next to Miranda before Antonio conspired against him In the island when Antonio is brought before him he forgives him
readily To Gonzalo the good old councilor he is all affection He sheds tears of joy and gratitude when he meets him in the island To Ariel he is a loving and considerable master Ariel is always to him ldquomy brave spiritrdquo ldquofine spiritrdquo ldquodelicate Arielrdquo ldquomy Arielrdquo etc When he promises Ariel his freedom he says with real emotion ndash ldquoI shall miss theerdquoProsperorsquos Power as a MagicianThe practice of magic has placed wonderful powers in the hands of Prospero He uses his supernatural powers like a god only to bring about the happiest results He causes The Tempest and the shipwreck only to bring his enemies within his power and not to destroy them Not a soul perished in the storm He leads Ferdinand to Miranda his high charms work and as he wishes the two falls in love He frustrates the plots of the conspirators and makes them know that he was conscious of it He drives Sebastian and Alonso to sincere repentance and readily forgives them The drunken associates of Caliban are no doubt sternly treated but even then they are promised conditional pardon The whole play at last ends in reconciliation joy and peace The wrongs are set right the lovers are made happy Ariel is set free and thus the powerful magician retires into the solitude of his study at MilanProsperorsquos ForgivenessAllied to his wisdom is his forgiving nature Though deeply wronged he bears no spite against the wrong-doers Though his power is unlimited he uses it to noble purposes The lesson of adversity has taught him that ldquoThe rarer action is in virtue than in vengeancerdquoProspero does not debase his noble nature by revenge but forgives his enemies absolutely He drives his erstwhile enemies to a sincere penitence for their past misdeeds and when repentance has wrought its full effect on them he receives them into his arms and is reconciled to them Is Prospero perfectProspero creates a great impression upon our minds by his dignity his nobility the divine spirit of forgiveness in him his generous and sympathetic nature etc Even with all these virtues we cannot call him perfect We perceive certain faults in him He displays an occasional impatience irritability and even a certain harshness of feeling His severe treatment of Caliban might have been justified but the language in which he addresses the monster and the threats that he uses show him to be a kind of tyrant On learning of Calibanrsquos plot against his life he is as violently disturbed and agitated as any ordinary human being would be His manner towards Ariel when the latter demands his liberty also seems somewhat arbitrary and tyrannicalSubject ndashBiology Topic ndashChapter -5 Inheritance amp Variations Summary ExecutionToday we will discuss about NON-Mendelian Inheritance
NON_MENDELIAN INHERITANCE Incomplete Dominance It is an inheritance in which heterozygous offspring shows
intermediate character between two parental characteristics Eg Flower colour in snapdragon (dog flower or Antirrhinum sp) and
Mirabilis jalapa ( 4rsquoO clock plant) Here phenotypic and genotypic ratios are same Phenotypic Ratio 1Red 2 Pink 1 White Genotypic Ratio 1(RR) 2 (Rr) 1(rr) This means that R was not completely dominant over r Pea plants also show incomplete dominance in other traits
Co- dominance It is the inheritance in which both alleles of a gene are expressed in a
hybrid Eg ABO blood grouping in human ABO Blood groups are controlled by the gene I The plasma membrane of the RBC has sugar polymer that protrude
from its surface and is controlled By the gene The gene I has three alleles IA IB i The alleles IA and IB produce a slightly different form of the sugar
while allele i does not produce any sugar In AB blood group both IA and IB are present together This is co ndash
dominanceMultiple Alleles
Multiple alternatives of the same gene which influence the same character and produce different expressions in different individuals of a species or population same genes have more than two allelic
forms These different forms of a single gene are referred as multiple alleles Eg human Blood group
Ac-12 250620 Topic- retirement
Illustration Om Jai and Jagdish are partners sharing profit in the ratio of 3 2 l Their balance sheet as at December 31st 2014 is as under
Balance sheet as at December 31 2014
Liabilities Amount Assets Amount
(Rs`) (Rs`)
Creditors 80000 Building 180000 Bills Payable 26000 Plant 140000 General reserve 24000 Motor Car 40000 Capital Stock 100000 Om 160000 Debtors 63000 Jai 120000 Less Provision Jagdish 120000
400000 for Bad debts 3000
60000 Cash at Bank 10000
530000 530000
Jai retires on that date on the following terms(a) The Goodwill of the firm is valued at Rs 60000(b) Stock and Building to be appreciated by 10(c) Plant is depreciated by 10(d) Provision for Bad debts is increased upto Rs 5000(e) Jairsquos share of goodwill was adjusted through remaining partners capital accountThe amount due to Jai is paid out of the fund brought in by Om and Jagdish in theirnew profit sharing ratio Jai is paid full amountPrepare Revaluation Account and Partnerrsquos Capital account
Solution WorkingsIt is assumed that Om and Jagdish gaining ratio remains 3 lJairsquo Share of goodwill = Rs 60000 times 26 = Rs20000Adjusted through the remaining partners capital account in 3 1 ratio
Revaluation Account
Dr Cr
Particulars Amount Particulars Amount
(Rs`) (`Rs)
To Provision for Bad debts 2000 By Stock 10000TO Plant 14000 By Building 18000To Profit transferred toCapital Accounts Om 6000 Jai 4000 Jagdish 2000
12000
28000 28000
Capital AccountDr Cr Particulars Om Jai Jagdish Particulars Om Jai Jagdish
(Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (rs`) (`Rs)
To Capital 15000 mdash 5000 By Balance bd 160000 120000 120000 ToBank 152000 By General Reserve 12000 8000 4000To Balance cd 277000 mdash 159000 By Revaluation (Profit) 6000 4000 2000 By Om Capital mdash 15000 mdash ByJagdish Capital mdash 5000 By Bank 114000 38000
292000 152000 164000 292000 152000 164000
SUBJECT- FRENCH (3RD LANGUAGE)Les alphabets avec vocabulariesAlphabets with vocabularies
- Ananas- Ballon- Chat - Dents - Escargot
HOMEWORK-LEARN THIS VOCABULARIES WITH PROPER PRONUNCIATION
Class VIIISubject Topic Summary Execution PHYSICS ENERGY Types of Energy
There are different forms of energy Today we will discuss some important
A Objective Questions
1 Write true or false for each
types of energy and their features ndash1 Mechanical energyMechanical energy is the sum of kinetic and potential energy in an object that is used to do work In other words it is energy in an object due to its motion or position or both
A Kinetic Energy The energy in motion is known as Kinetic Energy For example a moving ball flowing water etc
Kinetic Energy=12mv2
Wherem = Mass of the objectv = Velocity of the object
B Potential Energy This is the energy stored in an object and is measured by the amount of work done For example a pen on a table water in a lake etc
Potential Energy=mghWherem = Mass of the object (in kilograms)g = Acceleration due to gravityh = Height in metersMechanical EnergyIt is the sum of potential energy and kinetic energy that is the energy associated with the motion amp position of an object is known as Mechanical energy Thus we can derive the formula of mechanical energy as ndash
Mechanical Energy = Kinetic Energy + Potential Energy
MechanicalEnergy=12mv2+mgh
2 Solar EnergyThe light and heat from the sun harnessed using technologies like solar heating photovoltaics solar thermal energy solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis is known as solar energy It is the prime source of renewable energy
3 Wind EnergyIt is one of the various forms of energy The energy present in the flow of wind used by wind turbines is called wind energy This energy is a major cheap source to produce electricity In this phenomena the kinetic energy of the wind is converted into mechanical power
statement
(a) A coolie does no work against the force of gravity while carrying luggage on a road
Answer True
(b) The energy stored in water of a dam is the kinetic energy
Answer False
(c) The energy of a flying kite is kinetic energy
Answer True
(d) Work done by a boy depends on the time in which he does work
Answer False
(e) Power spent by a body depends on the time for which it does work
Answer True
4 Nuclear EnergyThe energy present in the nucleus of an atom is known as nuclear energy The particles of an atom are tiny and need the energy to hold themselves Nuclear energy is that enormous energy in the bonds of an atom which helps to hold the atom together Nuclear energy can be used to make electricity
5 Geothermal EnergyThe energy or heat present inside the Earth is known as geothermal energy It is a cheap amp convenient heat and power resource and use of this energy donrsquot have a side effect like greenhouse gas emission etc
6 Tidal Energy
Tidal energy or tidal power is a form of hydropower (energy present in water) which converts the energy present in the tides to produce electricity
7 Biomass Energy
Biomass is organic matter obtained from living organisms The energy produced from biomass is called biomass energy
8 Electrical Energy
The energy caused by moving electric charges is known as electrical energy Electric energy is a type of kinetic energy as the electrical charges moves
9 Thermal Energy
As the name suggests thermal energy is the energy obtained from heat It is a microscopic disordered equivalent of mechanical energyThere may be instances where an object posses more than one type of energy For example boiling water posses both kinetic and potential energy along with heat energy
MATHEMATICS Ch 9Interest
Execution ndash 9(B) 3 A sum of money lent out at simple interest doubles itself in 8 years Find (i) the rate of Interest (ii) In how many years will the sum become triple (three times) at itself at the same rate percent
Solution
(i) Let P = Rs100 there4 A = Rs200 So I = A ndash P = Rs(200-100) = Rs100 and T = 8years [ P= Principal A = Amount I = Interest and T = Time]
there4 The rate of interest (R) = 100times IP times T = ( 100 times100
100times 8 ) = 252
= 125
(ii) Again P = Rs100 A = Rs300 So I = Rs(300-100) = Rs200 and R = 125
there4 T = 100times IP times R = ( 100 times 200
100 times12 5 ) years = ( 1000times 200100times125 )years= 16 years
4 Rs4000 amount to Rs5000 in 8years in what time will Rs2100 amount to Rs2800 at the same rate
Solution
1 st part P = Rs4000 A = Rs5000 there4 I = Rs(5000-4000) = Rs1000And T = 8 years
there4 R = 100times IP times T = ( 100 times1000
4000 times8 ) = 258
2 nd part Now P = Rs2100 A = Rs2800 there4 I = Rs(2800-2100) =Rs700 and R
= 258
there4 T = 100times IP times R = ( 100 times 700
2100 times 258 ) years = ( 100 times8
3 times25 )years= 323 years = 10
23 years
= 10years( 23
times 12)months = 10 years 8 months
6 A certain sum amounts to Rs3825 in 4 years and to Rs4050 in 6 years Find the rate percent and the sum
Solution Amount in 6 years = Rs4050Amount in 4 years = Rs3825
there4 Interest in 2years = Rs(4050-3825) = Rs225
there4 Interest in 1year = Rs225divide2 = Rs2252
there4 Interest in 4years =Rs(225times2) = Rs450
Now P = A ndash I = Rs(3825 ndash 450) = Rs3375
there4 R = 100times IP times T = ( 100 times225
3375 times2 ) = 103
= 313
Practice at Home5 What sum of money lent at 65 per annum will produce the same interest in 4 years as Rs7500 produce in 6 years at 5 per annum
GEOGRAPHY MIGRATION CLIMATE REFUGEES
Climate refugees who are forced to move out when their homes when threatened by imminent climate catastrophes Example many people many people migrated from the sinking south pacific Islands to Australia and New Zealand
MISCELLANEOUS MIGRATION
Miscellaneous migration often takes place due to the governmentrsquos decisions or due to political unrest Example the Indonesian government moved the farming population from the overpopulated areas of Java to the islands of Borneo and Sumatra
FORCED MIGRATION
Forced migration happens during times of disaster of warfare Abduction and transfer of African slaves to America to serve as labour force is an example of forced migration Today climate change and rising sea levels have led to forced migration in many of the island nations of the world
VOLUNTARY MIGRATION
Voluntary migration is shifting to HDC(highly developed countries) from LDC(lowly developed countries) for better job or educational opportunities and better standards of living There is a current trend in which a large number of students are migrating from developing nations to European and American universities for higher studies This type of voluntary migration leads to depopulation in the country which people leave and adds to the volume of immigrants in the country that receives these people
Q1 What do you understand by climate refugees Where it can be found
A1 Climate refugees who are forced to move out when their homes when threatened by imminent climate catastrophes or disasters
Example many people migrated from the sinking south pacific Islands to Australia and New Zealand
Q2Give an example on miscellaneous migration
A2 An example on miscellaneous migration like the Indonesian government moved the farming population from the overpopulated areas of Java to the islands of Borneo and Sumatra
Q3 Give some examples of highly developed countries (HDC) and lowly developed countries (LDC)
A3 European and North American countries such as Britain Spain Canada and New York are good examples of highly developed countries (HDC) On the other hand South-East Asian countries such as India Pakistan and Bangladesh are examples lowly developed countries (LDC)
COMPUTER ALGORITHMS AND FLOW CHARTS
EXAMPLES1) WRITE AN ALGORITHM AND DRAW A FLOW CHART TO FIND THE AREA OF A RECTANGLESOLUTIONALGORITHM
STEP1 STARTSTEP2 ACCEPT THE LENGTH OF THE RECTANGLESTEP3 ACCEPT THE BREADTH OF THE RECTANGLESTEP4 USE THE FORMULA OF AREA=LENGTH times BREADTH AND STORE THE
FINAL RESULT IN THE VARIABLE AREASTEP5DISPLAY THE ARE OF THE RECTANGLESTEP6STOP
FLOWCHART
2)CALCULATE THE INTEREST OF A BANK DEPOSITALGORITHMSTEP 1 READ AMOUNTSTEP 2 READ YEARSSTEP 3 READ RATE
STEP 4 CALCULATE THE INTEREST WITH FORMULA INTEREST=AMOUNTYEARSRATE100STEP 5 PRINT INTERESTFLOWCHART
3)DETERMINE AND OUTPUT WHETHER NUMBER N IS EVEN OR ODDALGORITHMSTEP 1 READ NUMBER NSTEP 2 SET REMAINDER AS N MODULO 2STEP 3 IF REMAINDER IS EQUAL TO 0 THEN NUMBER N IS EVEN ELSE NUMBER N IS ODDSTEP 4 PRINT OUTPUTFLOWCHART
4)DETERMINE WHETHER A TEMPERATURE IS BELOW OR ABOVE THE FREEZING POINTALGORITHM
STEP 1 INPUT TEMPERATURESTEP 2 IF IT IS LESS THAN 32 THEN PRINT BELOW FREEZING POINT OTHERWISE PRINT ABOVE FREEZING POINTFLOWCHART
PRACTICE THE GIVEN FLOWCHARTS AND ALGORITHMS
Class IXSubject Topic Summary Execution Bengali (2nd
language) চারণেদর পাাহিব2হিত2ষ বরণেltযাপাধযায় হি_তীয় অধযায়
ldquoআহি`কার হিবখযাত া0 শঙকর কতবার 0হিবরণেত গদরণেখরণে0rdquo ক) আহি`কার হিবখযাত া0টির 3া হিক া0টির হিবরণেশষতব হিকখ)শঙকর গকাায় হিকরণেসর জ3য হিরণেয়হি0ল ) গস গসখারণে3 হিক খরণেজ পায়
উঃ- হিব2হিত2ষ বরণেltযাপাধযায় রহিচত lsquoচারণেদর পাাrsquo উপ3যারণেস আহি`কার হিবখযাত া0টির 3া ল বাওবাব া0টির হিবরণেশষতব ল া0টি গবশ গাটা গসাটা া0টির জার হিবষয় ল া0টি তার গহিরণেত ১৬ হিলটার জল ধরণের রাখরণেত পারণের তষণায় কাতর পচারীরা অরণে3ক সয় এই ারণে0র গহিরণেত 0হির গরণের Zরণেটা করণের জল পা3 করণের
খ) শঙকর আহি`কায় হিরণেয়হি0ল অযাUরণে2ঞচারণেরর গ3শায় অনধকারয় এই ারণেদরণেশর পরহিতটি সথারণে3 গ3 রসয লহিকরণেয় আরণে0 এই ররণেসযর অ3সনধা3 কররণেত হিরণেয় অরণে3ক পটক পরা3 াহিররণেয়রণে0 আবার অরণে3রণেক হিসংরণের গপরণেট গরণে0 তবও অহি2াতরী া3ষ অহি2া3 বনধ করণের হি3আহি`কার ইউানডা গরলওরণেয়র 3Uরবা গসটশ3 গরণেক বাাততর াইল দহিi3 পহিj গকারণে3 একটা শাখা লাই3 হৈতহির হিkল গরল গকামপাহি3র গসখারণে3 শঙকর ক3সটরাকস3 কযারণেমপর গকরাহি3 ও সরকাহির গসটারহিকপার রণেয় গা হিদরণেয়হি0লপরণের শঙকর একটা গরলরণেসটশরণে3র গসটশ3াসটার য় এরপরণের গস আল2ারণেররণেজর সরণেn ীরার পাা খজরণেত গবহিররণেয় পরণে
) গ0াটরণেবলা গরণেক শঙকর শরণে3 আসরণে0 আহি`কায় গসা3া রপা ীরার 0া0হি একট গচষটা কররণেল গসা3া রপা ীরা আহিবসকার করণের বরণোরণেলাক ওয়া ায় এই সব খজরণেত হিরণেয় শঙকর আহি`কার পরাকহিতক ররণেপর গ সনধা3 গপরণেয়হি0ল তার তল3া গ3ই ঘ3 অর3য পবতরাহিজ =র3া 3দী জীবজনত সবই তারণেক হিদরণেয়রণে0 আ3lt শঙকর ীরার গখারণেজ হিরণেয় ীরা 3া গপরণেলও পরাকহিতক ররণেপর গরণে3 শঙকরণেরর 3 ীরায় পহিরত রণেয়হি0ল
EVS Chapter 2 ndash Species interaction with each other Long Answer Question
Living Things in Ecosystems
bull ParasitismParasitism is a relationship between two different organisms where one of the organisms actually harms the other through the relationship The organism that is harming the other one is called a parasite Examples of Parasitism Fleas or ticks that live on dogs and cats are parasites
bull MutualismMutualisms are defined as interactions between organisms of two different species in which each organism benefits the other
bull CommensalismCommensalism is a relationship between individuals of two species in which one species obtains food or other benefits from the other without either harming or benefiting the latter
bull SynergismThe interaction of things resulting in the overall effect that is greater than the sum of individual effects of any of them
Q) How biotic and abiotic components are inter-related Ans - In an eco system biotic and abiotic components depend on each other The biotic and abiotic components are connected in ecosystem in different way The sun is the energy source Producersplants use this energy to synthesize food in the presence of carbon dioxide and chlorophyll The herbivores are dependent on plants for the energy requirements The carnivores in turn feed on the herbivores and other carnivores At any level microbes then decompose any dead and decaying organic matter These decomposers after various chemical reactions release molecules back to the environment in the form of chemicals The chemicals are again used by the producers and the cycle starts againIn conclusion ecosystems have a complex set of interactions that happen between the biotic and abiotic components The components of an ecosystem are linked to each other through the energy flows and nutrient cycles
Commercial Studies
Chapter-7Joint Stock Company
In previous class we have explained about the meaning of Joint Stock Company features of Joint Stock Company
Let us explain about
Merits of Joint Stock Company
Merits of Joint stock CompanyStabilityPublic confidenceProfessional managementTransferability of sharesLimited Liability
Merits of Joint Stock Company StabilityA company enjoys stable durable enduring and uninterrupted business life A company continues to exist even if all its members die or deserted Maintenance of continuity of policy of administration is very much ensured in the case of Joint Stock CompanyPublic confidenceA public company enjoys the confidence of the public as the same is guided and controlled by strict regulations Since the companies financial accounts are published and circulated the public has enough faith on the activities of the company Thus a company enjoys better prestige and regulation greater public confidence as a wholeEfficient professional managementDue to its large financial resources and continuity a company can avail of the services of highly qualified
persons who are experts in different fields of business management In this way the benefits of specialization and centralized management can be securedTransferability of sharesSince the shares of a joint stock company are freely transferable they provide necessary liquidity to the investment of the people Shares of public companies are generally listed on a stock exchange so that people can easily buy and sell themLimited LiabilityThe liability of shareholders is limited only to the extent of face value of share held by them Shareholders are not personally liable for the debts of the company Thus the risk is known and also limited
Economics Chapter4 Basic Problems of An Economy
Today let discuss about the Meaning of Efficiency use of ResourcesNeeds of efficient use of resources
Resource efficiency is the maximising of the supply of money materials staff and other assets that can be drawn on by a person or organization in order to function effectively with minimum wasted (natural) resource expenses It means using the Earths limited resources in a sustainable manner while minimising environmental impact
Necessity for efficient use resources Once the flow of resources through the economy has reached its maximum sustainable limit (and many would argue that wersquove already passed that point for some resources) the only way to maintain economic growth in the long run is to become more resource efficient ndash finding ways to generate greater returns from the same amount of resources
Resource efficiency isnrsquot only valuable because it is essential for sustained economic growth Promoting resource efficiency can increase the competitiveness of industry create jobs stimulate innovation boost sectors such as recycling and resource recovery and help ensure secure supplies of key
QuestionWhat do you mean by Efficient use of Resources
Answer) Resource efficiency is the maximising of the supply of money materials staff and other assets that can be drawn on by a person or organization in order to function effectively with minimum wasted (natural) resource expenses It means using the Earths limited resources in a sustainable manner while minimising environmental impact
Why do we need to use our resources efficientlyAnswer) Once the flow of resources through the economy has reached its maximum sustainable limit (and many would argue that wersquove already passed that point for some resources) the only way to maintain economic growth in the long run is to become more resource efficient ndash finding ways to generate greater returns from the same amount of resources
Resource efficiency isnrsquot only valuable because it is essential for sustained economic growth Promoting resource efficiency can increase the competitiveness of industry create jobs stimulate innovation boost sectors such as recycling and resource recovery and help ensure secure
resources supplies of key resources
Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)
Topic Act II Scene 7 Lines 1 to 35 (Morocco hellip What if I stray no further but choose here )
[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase provided]
Summary Questions amp Answers
Having disposed of the minor story of Jessicarsquos elopement we now return to the main plot We are now shown how affairs are progressing with Portia in her home in Belmont
This is the first of the three scenes where a suitor makes a choice between golden silver and leaden caskets It will be noted that while making the choice all the lovers soliloquize and reveal their personality and character We have already observed the manly soldierly but primitive personality of the Prince of Morocco His has a simple nature and does not look deeply into the inner meaning of things but is dazzled by the outward appearance of gold He is inclined to over-estimate his own value and does not realize that it is a duty to ldquogive and hazardrdquo So his feeling is only one of fascination and romantic attraction We cannot believe that he has a deep and lasting love for Portia
In this scene two characters appear ndash Portia and the Prince of Morocco Portia explains to the Prince that the correct casket shall be the one that contains her picture She will be the wife of the person who will choose the correct casket and in the process get whatever she has
The Prince examines the inscriptions on each of the caskets and interprets them
(1) (Act II Sc 7 L 1-5)
Portia Go draw aside the curtains and discover
The several caskets to this noble princeNow make your choice
Morocco The first of gold who this inscription bearsWho chooseth me shall gain what many men desire
(i) Who is Morocco How did he introduce himself to Portia when they first met in an earlier scene
Prince Morocco is a dark skinned boastful warrior of African origin who seeks the hand of Portia He introduces himself as a person who lives near the equator where the exposure to sun rays have to be blamed for his complexion He says that Portia should not dislike him for his dark skin
(ii) How would Morocco know that he had made the right choice What would his reward be
Morocco would know he has chosen the right casket if he finds Portiarsquos portrait in one of them His reward would be Portiarsquos hand in marriage
(iii) Which casket did Morocco finally choose What reasons did he give for rejecting the casket made of lead
Morocco chooses the golden casket He says that lead is of lowly origin and the portrait of a lady as great as Portia cannot be placed in it He reads the inscription ldquoWho chooseth me must give and hazard all he hathrdquo This makes the box too threatening He wonders why anyone should risk everything for lead He also feels that a golden mind like his should not bow down to choose something worthless So he will not risk anything for lead
(iv) What two objects did Morocco find in the casket of his
before choosing
The inscription on the leaden casket says ldquoWho chooseth me must give and hazard all he hathrdquo The Prince was shocked and says as to why anyone should risk for the sake of lead The leaden casket is a threat Nobody would risk all they have for lead He says that no noble person would stoop to choose such a worthless thing as lead So he will not give nor risk anything for lead
The Prince then examines the inscription on the silver casket which says ldquoWho chooseth me shall get as much as he deservesrdquo The Prince says that he deserves Portia more than anybody else because of his high rank his noble birth and his great wealth and power But then he argues that silver is ten times inferior to gold and therefore he cannot believe that the portrait of such a beautiful lady as Portia can be contained in the silver casket He decides to see the inscription on the golden casket before making his decision
choice What reason does he give to Portia for leaving in haste
The Prince of Morocco chooses the golden casket and on opening it finds a human skull within whose hollow eye-socket was a scroll or a roll of paper in which it is written that those who are attracted by the glittering outside of things are always deceived as Morocco has been deceived
Morocco says he is moved and that he does not want to make his departure a painstaking process and he wants to leave immediately without revealing his emotions He should also obey the rule of the game which states the one who loses the test should leave immediately
(v) How does Portia respond to Moroccorsquos parting words What does this reveal of her nature
Portia is relieved that Morocco has left without making any scene It was a gentle riddance and all like him should go in a similar manner This shows that Portia has a kind heart and does not want anyone to he hurt Her love for Bassanio over-rides her passion that makes her wish that only he should be able to make the right choice At the same time like a dutiful daughter she does not want to disrespect her fatherrsquos wishes Hence she is willing to go through the casket injunctions
(2) (Act II Sc 7 L 15-35)
MOROCCO helliphelliphelliphelliphellip
What says this leaden casket Who chooseth me must give and hazard all he hath Must givemdashFor what for lead hazard for leadThis casket threatens Men that hazard allDo it in hope of fair advantagesA golden mind stoops not to shows of drossIll then nor give nor hazard aught for leadWhat says the silver with her virgin hueWho chooseth me shall get as much as he deservesAs much as he deservesmdashPause there MoroccoAnd weigh thy value with an even handIf thou best rated by thy estimationThou dost deserve enough and yet enoughMay not extend so far as to the ladyAnd yet to be afeard of my deservingWere but a weak disabling of myselfAs much as I deservemdashWhy thats the ladyI do in birth deserve her and in fortunesIn graces and in qualities of breeding
But more than these in love I do deserveWhat if I strayed no further but chose here
(i) What does the Prince of Morocco do before making his selection What does his comment reflect How does he analyse the inscription of the leaden casket and what is his interpretation
The Prince of Morocco surveys the three caskets before making his selection His comments reflect his thinking and attitude on life and things He comes to the lead casket and reads the inscription on it His interpretation which reflects his own character is that the inscription threatens because no one will be prepared to risk or sacrifice all one has for such a base thing as lead
(ii) What does the Prince of Morocco think of the leaden casket and why does he decide to reject the leaden casket
The Prince of Morocco thinks that when people risk anything they do so in order to gain something precious A person of royal ways will not bend so low as to be impressed by such an ordinary thing as lead Therefore he decides that he will not take any risk for a worthless thing like lead and rejects the lead casket
(iii) What does the Prince think while analyzing and interpreting the inscription of the silver casket
The Prince of Morocco analyses the inscription on the silver casket which runs thus ldquoWho chooseth me shall get as much as he deservesrdquo When he reads the inscription he bids himself to stop and ponder over the interpretation He asks himself to evaluate his worth objectively and impartially He says that if he is assessed on the basis of the opinion of people he deserves much But even this may not be sufficient to deserve to win Portia who is so virtuous and worthy
(iv) What promise does the silver casket make What self-assessment does the Prince make
The silver casket promises the reward according to the worth of the chooser The Prince makes a self-assessment and concludes that in all fairness he deserves to get Portia He thinks that he is a royal Prince by birth and so he deserves her by the right of his birth
Portia is very rich and so the Prince deserves her by this also The Prince deserves because he is also extremely handsome as most of the beautiful maidens of his kingdom covet him He is valiant and virtuous also So in his opinion he is the most suitable and deserving candidate for Portiarsquos hand
(v) Over which casket does the Prince ponder a long time What intrigue him In what way does he deserve Portia
Morocco reviews the inscriptions again and rejects the lead casket as being not worth the high stakes for which he gambles He ponders a long time over the silver casket The words ldquoget as much as he deservesrdquo intrigue him He is quite sure that he deserves Portia He deserves her in birth fortune grace qualities of breeding and most of all love
Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution EVS Ch ndash4 Managing
soil and land
Today we will discuss about mechanical practices of soil conservation
A few mechanical measures of soil conservation arei) Basin leaching In this method a number of small basins (water reservoirs) are made These collect and retain rain water for a long period and also catch and stabilize downwardly moving soils of the slopes
ii) Pan breaking by breaking of pan ( a hard sheet of clay a few feet below the surface ) drainage and percolation of rain water is improved and soil is saved from residual run-off and erosion
iii) Sub-soiling Soil is broken into fine grains to increase its absorptive capacity
iv) Contour terracing terraces are labeled areas constructed at right angles to the slope to reduce soil erosion
v) Contour trenching This method involves making a series of deep pits or trenches across the slope at convenient distance The soil excavated from the trenches is deposited along the lower edge in the form of bund On the ridges tree seeds are shown
vi) Terrace outlets To conserve soil pipe outlets are made which are thickly covered by grasses
vii) Digging of ponds and reservoirs to store water
viii) Stream bank protection To protect banks of rivers and channels construction of stone or concrete protective walls or planting of trees should be undertaken
Commercial Studies
Chapter- Banking Let us today discuss about theMeaning of Commercial BankFunctions of Commercial Banks
Commercial Banks are those banks which perform all kinds of banking functions such as accepting deposits advancing loans credit creation and
Question1 What do you mean by
Commercial BankAnswer) Commercial Banks are those banks which perform all kinds of banking functions such as accepting deposits advancing loans credit creation and agency functions
agency functions
Functions of Commercial BanksCommercial banks perform a variety of functions which can be divided as (1) Accepting Deposits (2) Advancing Loans (3) Credit Creation (4) Financing Foreign Trade(5) Agency Services (6) Miscellaneous Services To Customers
2 Explain the various functions of Commercial Bank
Answer) Following are the various functions of Commercial Banks
1 Accepting Deposits This is the oldest function of a bank and the banker used to charge a commission for keeping the money in its custody when banking was developing as an institution Nowadays a bank accepts three kinds of deposits from its customers The first is the savings deposits on which the bank pays small interest to the depositors who are usually small savers
2 Advancing LoansOne of primary functions of commercial banks is to advance loans to its customers A bank lends a certain percentage of the cash lying in deposits on a higher interest rate than it pays on such deposits This is how it earns profits and carries on its business 3 Credit CreationCredit creation is one of the most important functions of the commercial banks Like other financial institutions they aim at earning profits For this purpose they accept deposits and advance loans by keeping small cash in reserve for day-to-day transactions When a bank advances a loan it opens and account in the name of the customer and does not pay him in cash but allows him to draw the money by cheque according to his needs By granting a loan the bank creates credit or deposit4 Financing ForeignTrade commercial bank finances foreign trade of its customers by accepting foreign bills of exchange and collecting them from foreign banks It also transacts other foreign exchange business and buys and sells foreign currency5 Agency ServicesA bank acts as an agent of its customers in collecting and paying cheques bills of exchange drafts dividends etc It also buys and sells
shares securities debentures etc for it customers Further it pays subscriptions insurance premium rent electric and water bills and other similar charges on behalf of its clients It also acts as a trustee and executor of the property and will of its customers Moreover the bank acts as an income tax consultant to its clients For some of these services the bank charges a normal fee while it renders others free of charge6 Miscellaneous ServicesBesides the above noted services the commercial bank performs a number of other services It acts as the custodian of the valuables of its customers by providing them lockers where they can keep their jewellery and valuable documents It issues various forms of credit instruments such as cheques drafts travellers cheques etc which facilitate transactions
Bengali হিবপরীতশবদ করণেয়কটি হিবপরীত শবদ গদওয়া ল1)সজীব = হি3জsব 2)শরদধা= ঘা 3)আকষ = হিবকষ4)সধবা = হিবধবা 5)উৎস = গা3া 6)অ = অ37)জয় = পরাজয় 8)তাপ = হৈশত যয 9)হি3ltা = পরশংসা10)াদা = অদা 11)রহিসক = গবরহিসক 12) অনতর = বাহির13)অহিতবষটি = অ3াবষটি 14)পরত যযi = পরণেরাi 15)3াবালক = সাবালক
Hindi 2nd lang नया रासता भा 5 अपन जीन की परिरसथिगितयो स गिश होकर मीन क हदय म कई बार हीन भाना
और जीन की कडाहट अनभ हईपरत ह दढता और साहस की मरतित थी ह
अपन जीन को वयथ नही होन दना चाहती थी बचपन स ही उसकी कील बनन की
इचछा थी आज मीन की लन उस और दखकर माता- गिपता न उस कालत करन की
आजञा द दी मीन न मरठ म दाखिखला ल लिलया उसक हरदय म कछ बनन और कछ
कर दिदखान की इचछा थी उसक गिचार स चारो और पस का ही बोलबाला हहॉसटल
की कलपना करत ही ह लिसहर उठती थी उसन अपन लिलए नए नए कपड बनाए पहली बार हॉसटल जान का चा थाआखिखर
ह दिदन आ ही या जब उस हॉसटल जाना था पहली बार ह अपन घर स अल हो
रही थी हॉसटल पहच कर कछ दिदनो तक उसका मन नही ला बचपन की घटनाए
एक- एक करक उसक समतपटल पर उतर ई ह अपनी ककषा म हमशा परथम आती
थी 2 दिदन बाद गिपताजी मीन स मिमलन आए मा न काफी चीज उसक लिलए बनाकर
भजी थी गिपताजी स मिमलकर ह बहत खश
1 ह सय की दढता साहस की मरतित थी
परशन1 लखिखका मीन को दढता साहस
की मरतित कयो कह रही ह 2 गिाह क अलाा मीन क जीन
का कया लकषय था 3 मीन समाज क झठ आरण को
हटाकर सतय दिदखाना चाहती ह सपषट कीजिजए
4 परसतत पलि[यो का भा सपषट अपन शबदो म लिलखिखए
उततरndash1 मीन म समाज स लडन की शलि[ ह
ह समाज म फली बराइयो क सामन ढढता स जमी हई ह ह साहस क साथ अपन उलिचत गिनणय
पर सथिर रहती ह जिजदी क उतार चढा सा घबरा टी नही ह बलकिलक साहस स काम लती ह इनही कारणो स लखिखका न उस ढढता
और साहस की मरतित कहा ह2 मरठ ालो न जब उसका रिरशता
ठकरा दिदया तो उसन गिनशचय कर लिलया गिक ह अपन परो पर खडी होी और समाज को दिदखा दी की नारी अबला नही ह उसन अपना
हई करीब 1 घटा रक कर गिपताजी चल ए लकषय बना लिलया गिक ह एलएलबी करक कील बनी
3 समाज म नारी क ऊपर अबला आशरीता का आरण पडा हआ ह
मीन समाज क दवारा होत हए इस आरण को हटाकर यह सतय परमाणिणत करना चाहती ह गिक आज
की नारी अबला नही ह और ना ही गिकसी क हाथ की कठपतली ह
4 लखिखका न मीन क बार म कहा गिक ह सय घटा और साहस की मरतित
ह ह अपन न हम ध और मसीबत म साहस का परिरचय दती हउतार
चढा को हर इसान क जीन म आत ही रहत ह उनको साधारण रप
स ही लना चागिहए अपन गिाह क मामल म उसन साहस स काम
लिलया और गिाह क बार म सोचना छोड दिदया मीन क सामन अभी बहत लबी जिजदी पडी ह इसलिलए उसन समय का महत समझा और
एक कषण भी वयथ ना करन का गिनशचय गिकया
Mathematics(x) Algebra Quadratic Equation in one variable
Study Item Some solved sums from exercise- 539)Solve for x 2(2x ndash 1 )(x+3) ndash 3 (x + 3)(2x ndash 1 ) = 5 x -3 frac12Solution Let (2x ndash 1)(x + 3) = y then we get2(y) ndash 3( 1y) = 50r 2y ndash 3y = 5Or 2y2 ndash 3 = 5y [multiplying both side by y we get]0r 2y2 ndash 5y ndash 3 = 0Now comparing the above equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0 we geta=2 b = - 5 and c = - 3Therefore y = -(- 5 )plusmnradic((-5)sup2-4(2)(-3))2(2) = 5 plusmnradic( 25 + 24)4 = 5plusmn radic(49)4 = (5 plusmn 7)4= (5+7)4 (5 ndash 7)4= 124 -24= 3 - 12Therefore y = 3 (2x ndash 1)( x + 3) = 3 2x ndash 1 = 3x + 9 3x - 2x = - 10 x= - 10Or y = - frac12 ( 2x ndash 1)(x + 3) = - frac124x ndash 2 = - x ndash 3 4x+x = - 3 + 2 5x = - 1 x= - 15Hence the roots of the given equation are - 10 and ndash 1510)(i) x2 - 5x ndash10 =0Solution x2 ndash 5x ndash 10 = 0Comparing the above equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0 we get a=1 b = - 5 and c = - 10Therefore x = - (- 5)plusmnradic( -5)sup2- 4(1)(- 10)2(1) = 5 plusmn radic( 25 +40)2 = 5 plusmn radic(65 )2
= (5 plusmn 8bull06)2 = (5 + 8bull06)2 (5 ndash 8bull06)2 = 13bull062 - 3bull062= 6bull53 - 1bull5312) Solve the equation x ndash 18x = 6 Given your answer correct to two significant figureSolution x ndash18x = 6Or (x2 ndash 18 )x = 6Or x2ndash 18 = 6xOr x2 ndash 6x ndash18 = 0Comparing the above equation with ax2 + bc + c = 0 we gera= 1 b = - 6 and c = -18Therefore x = -(-6) plusmnradic(- (- 6)2 ndash 4(1)(- 18)2(1) = 6 plusmn radic( 36 + 72)2 = (6 plusmnradic( 108)2 =(6 plusmn 10bull39)2= 16bull392 - 4bull392= 8bull195 - 2bull195 asymp 8bull2 - 2bull2
Chemistry Chapter-2L-1Chemical Bonding
1) Chemical Bonding-
It is basically the force of attraction which holds the different types of atoms in a molecule together
Cause of Chemical Combination-
The main cause is the tendency of elements to acquire eight electrons in its outermost shell like that of noble gases other than Helium(He) So the atoms combine to acheive the nearest noble gas configuration of 8 electrons( or 2 electrons) in their outermost orbit and become stable
2) Ion-
It is a charged particle made from an atom by the loss or gain of electrons
There are 2 types of Ions They are-
a) Cations- It is formed by the loss of electrons eg - K+ Ca2+
Na+ etc
b) Anions- It is formed by the gain of electrons eg- Cl- O2- F- etc
Q Why do elements form Ions
A Atoms of all elements except those of noble gases have one to seven valence electrons and are not in a state of minimum energy Thus to acquire a state of minimum energy elements lose or gain electrons and form ions so that they acquire stable configuration (Duplet or Octet)
Q What is the Electronic Theory of Valency
A In 1916 Kossel and Lewis on the basis of octet rule of electrons described simply the electronic structure of molecules of many chemical compounds and elements Kossel mainly described the structure of ionic compounds formed by loss and gain of electrons and Lewis mainly described the structure of Covalent Compounds formed by mutual sharing of electron pair This is known as ELECTRONIC THEORY OF VALENCY proposed by Kossel and Lewis
Q What do you mean by Electropositive and Electronegative Elements
3) Types of Chemical Bond-3 types
A)ElectrovalentIonic Bond
B) Covalent Bond
C) Co-ordinate Dative Bond4) ELECTROVALENT IONIC BOND-
It is the electrostatic force of attraction between the opposite charged ions which holds them together
The chemical compounds formed as a result of electron transfer from one atom of an element to another are called IONIC or ELECTROVALENT COMPOUND
The number of electrons which an element loses or gains during the formation of an ionic bond is called its ELECTROVALENCY
Conditions for the formation of Ionic Compounds-
i Large electronegativity difference between the combining atoms
ii Low IP for one of the atoms from which the cation can be easily formed
iii High electron affinity for one of the atoms from which the anions can be easily formed
iv High Lattice Energy
A
1) Electropositive Elements- have the tendency to lose the electrons and form Cations
eg- Na K Fe -mostly metals
2) Electronegative Elements- have the tendency to gain the electrons and form Anions
eg- Cl F O - mostly Non-metals
Q Give the brief description about the formation of NaCl
A See your Text Book
Q Practise the two types of diagram of the formation of different ionic compound
A See your Text Book
English All Summer in a Answer the following questions-
literature Day 3) Why did the children hate herAns- The children sensed that Margot was different from them She hated the continuous rain while they were used to it She spoke only about the sun and they had no memory of it They hated her pale snow face her waiting silence her thinness and her possible future of going back to the Earth4) What is the it referred to by WilliamAns- The it referred to by William is the Sun which the scientists had predicted would shine for a short while that day5) What was Margot waiting for Why did William say it was a jokeAns- Margot was waiting to see the sun predicted to shine that day for a short while William did not want her to have the joy of seeing the sun
Geography Water Resources SOURCES OF WATER SURFACE WATER AND GROUNDWATER Earth is known as the Blue Planet because 71 per cent of the Earths surface is covered with water Wateralso exists below land surface and as water vapour in the air Water is not added or removed from the environment it simply changes state and location This constant movement of water throughout our environment is called the hydrological cycle or water cycle Earth cleans and replenishes the water supply through the hydrologic cycle Groundwater exists in an aquifer or
underground layer of permeable rock sediment (usually sand or gravel) or soil that yields water
Aquifers are like underground reservoirs of water
SURFACE WATER The visible bodies of water are referred to as surface water Surface waters can be simply described as the water that is on the surface of the Earth This includes the oceans rivers and streams lakes and reservoirs Surface waters are very important Rivers and streams constitute the flowing surface waters Surface water canbe captured for a variety of biospheric and humanusesRunoff During heavy precipitation water cannot infiltrate into the ground It flows on the surface of the ground and called as runoff
GROUNDWATER Groundwater is detained as water that is found beneath the surface of the Earth in conditions of100 per
Q1 Why the Earth is called as Blue PlanetA1 Earth is known as the Blue Planet because 71 per cent of the Earths surface is covered with water
Q2 Define hydrological cycleA2 Water is not added or removed from the environment it simply changes state and location This constant movement of water throughout our environment is called the hydrological cycle or water cycle Earth cleans and replenishes the water supply through the hydrologic cycle
Q3 What is AquifersA3 Aquifers are like underground reservoirs of water
Q4 Why there is a shortage of fresh waterA4 Although the earth has an abundance of water but unfortunately there is a shortage of fresh water because 997 per cent of it occupied by oceans soils icecaps and floating in the atmosphere and rest 03 percent can use for daily uses
cent saturation (if it is less than100 per cent saturation then the water is considered as soil moisture) Ninety-eight per cent of Earths available fresh water is groundwater It is about60 times as plentiful as the fresh water found in lakes and streams Water in the ground travels through pores in soil and rock and in fractures and weathered areas of bed rockThe majority of fresh water is therefore found under ground as soil moisture and in aquifers
Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 88 to 126 (Portia helliphellip Such as the day is when the sun is hid) [Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]
Summary Questions amp Answerso Launcelot then arrives and informs
Lorenzo that Bassanio will also be arriving soon Both Lorenzo and Jessica return to the house and ask Stephano to order the family musicians to play music in order to extend a fitting welcome to Portia
o Portia and Nerissa dressed in their normal self return home and enter the building Lorenzo recognizes Portias voice and comes to greet her She orders the servants to pretend as if she had never left and asks Lorenzo and Jessica to do the same
o Soon thereafter Bassanio Gratiano and Antonio arrive
(1) PORTIA That light we see is burning in my hall (L 89-101)
How far that little candle throws his beams So shines a good deed in a
naughty worldNERISSA When the moon shone we did not see the candlePORTIA So doth the greater glory dim the less
A substitute shines brightly as a king
Unto the king be by and then his state
Empties itself as doth an inland brook
Into the main of waters Music hark
NERISSA It is your music madam of the housePORTIA Nothing is good I see without respect
Methinks it sounds much sweeter than by day
NERISSA Silence bestows that virtue on it madam
(i) Where are Lorenzo and Jessica sitting What message have they received What are they doing
Lorenzo and Jessica are sitting in Portiarsquos house in Belmont They have just received the message informing them of the arrival of Portia and Bassanio separately They are waiting for their arrivals and enjoying the beauty of the moonlight night(ii) In which mood is Lorenzo found after Stephanorsquos departure
After Stephanorsquos departure Lorenzo reverts to his romantic mood He is carried away by the magic of the loveliness of the moonlight He draws Jessicarsquos attention and says that the moonlight is sleeping beautifully on the raised ground He says that they will sit there and enjoy the sweetness of the gentle
music which will shortly creep into their ears very softly(iii) Why has Lorenzo sent Stephano What kind of man is he who does not appreciate the sweet harmony of sounds
Lorenzo has sent Stephano to instruct the musicians to play soft music to welcome Portia home Lorenzo tells that the
tranquility and the beautiful night suit the sweet music Praising the ennobling (M lend greater dignity) effect of music Lorenzo tells Jessica that the person who has no music in him and does not appreciate the sweet harmony of sounds is a dangerous person and so should be watched very carefully(iv) Who are returning to Belmont What does Nerissa remark on seeing the light of the house
Portia and Nerissa are returning to Belmont after successfully conducting Antoniorsquos trial in Venice as the lawyer and the clerk respectively When they are near their home Nerissa seeing the light of the house remarks that they did not see this light of this candle when the moon was shining(v) What does Portia comment on Nerissarsquos observation Commenting on Nerissarsquos observation Portia says that the lesser glory becomes insignificant before the greater glory She adds that the kingrsquos representative assumes great splendor and authority when the king himself is not near But before the real king the substitute becomes devoid of all splendor and
authority as the big rivers lose their identity after emptying into the vast sea
SUBJECT PHYSICS [TOPIC FORCE]Answer the following questions ( ICSE questions of previous years from chapter FORCE)
1 Write the position of centre of mass for the following bodies(i) A circular ring (ii) A cylinder(iii) A hollow sphere (iv) A triangular lamina
2 Explain why screw drivers are provided with longer handles3 Compare the magnitude and direction of centripetal force and centrifugal force4 How does uniform circular motion differ from uniform linear motion5 Why is the motion of a body moving with a constant speed around a circular path is said to be
accelerated6 A brass ball is hanging from a cotton thread Draw a neat labeled diagram showing the force acting
on the brass ball and the cotton thread 7 Define moment of force Write the relationship between the SI and CGS unit of moment of force8 Define couple State the SI unit of moment of couple9 A uniform half meter scale balanced horizontally on a knife edge at 29 cm mark when a weight of 20
gmf is suspended from one end(i) Draw the diagram of the arrangementWhat is the weight of the half meter rule
ECO-10 250620 Topic-Supply Analysis
MEANING OF SUPPLYSupply a commodity by a firm or seller may be defined as the quantity of a commodity that a firm or seller offers for sale at a given price during a given time period But the actual sale of the commodity may be different from its supply For example a farmer (produced of wheat) is willing to sell 50 quintals of wheat at a price of ` 15 per kg but he is able to sell only 30 quintals at this price So this case the supply of wheat is 50 quintals but the actual sale is 30 quintals So these two concepts should not be confused with each other Like demand supply also has three elements The definition of supply include (i) the quantity of the commodity that a firm is willing to supply (ii) the price at which it is willing to supply that quantity and (iii) the time period during which it is willing to supply that quantity
FACTORS DETERMINING SUPPLY OR DETERMINANTS OF SUPPLY OF A GOOD
The main determinant of supply is the price of the commodity But the cost of production of a commodity is an important factor in determining profit maximized on output of a firm The cost of production depends on the prices of various inputs like raw material wages of workers interest of capital rent of building etc The supply of a commodity also depends on the technology used in the production of the commodity and many other factors The main factors determining supply of a commodity are(i) Price of the commodity(ii) Price of other related good(iii) Price of inputsfactors(iv) Taxation policy of government(v) Objective of the firm(i) Price of the commodity Other factors determining supply remaining constant there is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity It means the quantity supplied of a commodity increases with rise in price and decreases with fall in price of the commodity More quantity of a commodity is supplied at a higher price and less quantity is supplied at a lower price For example a seller of tomatoes is willing to sell 100 kgs of tomatoes at a price of ` 40 per keg and only 50 kgs at a price of ` 20 per kg Due to this direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity the supply curve has a positive slope Supply curve is upward sloping to the right(ii) Price of other related goods Supply of a commodity is also influenced by the change in the price of other related goods With the help of given resources we can produce several goods by using the same technology This helps the firm to diversify and tide over fluctuations in demand For example a farmer can produce either pulses or food grains by using the resources If the price of pulses increases it becomes more profitable for him to make more production of pulses So he will divert some resources from the production of food grains to the production of pulses The production of pulses will increase and that of food grains will decrease So the supply of pulses will increase if the price of pulses increases and the supply of food grain will decrease at the same price reverse will happen if the price of food grains increases(iii) Price of inputsfactors Change in the price of inputs like raw material wage rent or interest also influences the supply of a commodity For example in the production of cloth cotton is the main raw material If the price of cotton increases the cost of production of cloth will increase At the same price the margin of profit will decrease So the producer will decrease the supply of cloth at the same price On the other hand if the price of cotton falls the cost of production per unit of cloth will decrease and hence the supply of cloth will increase The price of other inputs will also influence the supply of a good in the same manner(iv) Technology of production an improvement in the technology of production of a commodity decreases the per unit cost of the commodity The margin of profit will increase at the same price So the supply of a commodity will increase with improvement in technology of production at the same price On the other hand if a firm uses absolute technology of production the cost of production per unit of the commodity will increase The margin of profit will decrease so the firm will decrease its supply at the same price This is the main reason that the firms are trying to use better technology of production because it not only reduces the cost of production per unit but also improves the quality of the product(v) Taxation policy of government If the government reduces the excise duty or the production of a commodity the cost of production per unit of the commodity will decrease the margin of profit will increase at the same price so the producer of the commodity will increase its supply It happens when the government wants to increase the production of the commodity On the other hand to discourage the production of some harmful goods like cigarettes liquor etc the government increases the rate of excise duty on the production of such goods So the cost of production per unit of the commodity increases and the supply of such commodities decreases(vi) Objective of the firm The objective of the producer also influences the supply of a commodity Generally the objective of a producer is get maximize his profits Profits are maximized at a higher price So he increases the supply of a commodity at a higher price and decreases its supply at a lower price But sometimes the producer may be in maximizing his sales and not in maximizing his profits as he wants to capture the market In that case he goes on increasing the supply so long his target is not achieved can profit is not adversely affected He may increase the supply at the same price to any extent
SUPPLY FUNCTION
When the relationship between quantity supplied and the determinants of supplied is expressed mathematically in an equation it is called a supply function So a supply function can be expressed asSn = f(Pn Pr Pf T Tr G)where Sn = Supply of commodity nPn = Price of the commodity nPr = Price of other related goodsPf = Price of inputsfactors
T = Technology of productionTr = Government policy or tax rateG = Goal or objective of the producer
Typically supply function shows the relationship between price and quantity supplied keeping all other determinants of supply as constant It shows the amount of a good that a seller supplies at different levels of price
LAW OF SUPPLYThe law of supply depicts the relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity when all other determinants of supply remain constant This law states that there is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity other factors determining supply remaining constant It means quantity supplied of a commodity increases with increase in price and decreases with decrease in price
Assumptions of the law of supplyThe phrase other determinants of supply remaining constant in the law of supply shows the assumptions of the law of supply The mains factors which influence the supply of a commodity one price of the commodity price of other related goods price of inputs technology of production taxation policy of the government and objective of the firm etc The law of supply is based on the assumptions that all these factors determining supply except price of the commodity should remain constant The following are the main assumptions of the law of supply(i) Price of other related goods should remain the same(ii) There should be no change in the price of inputs (factors)(iii) Technology of production should not change(iv) There is no change in the taxation policy of the government(v) Objective of the firm should not changeThe law of supply is based on the assumptions that the supply of commodity changes only due to change in price when all other determinant of supply remain constantClass XISubject Topic Summary Execution EVS Chapter-2
Ecology Answer the following questions briefly Q Draw a neat labeled diagram of carbon cycleAnsndash
Mathematics Principle of Mathematical Induction
1) What is statement Ans A sentence which may be true or false is called statement eg i) 5 is greater than 3 ii) New Delhi is the capital of India iii) 5 divides 7 These all are statements We see that statement (i) amp (ii) are true but (iii) is false 2 What is Mathematical StatementAns Statement involving mathematical relations are called mathematical statement We shall use mathematical statement in principle of
Example If n be a positive integer show that n(n+1) is an even positive integer Solution Let P(n) be the statement n(n+1) is an even positive integer Then (i) P(1) is the statement 1(1+1) ie 2 is an even positive integer Therefore P(1) is true (ii) If P(m) is true for some positive integer m then m(m+1) is an even integer Now (m+1) [(m+1)+1]=(m+1)sup2+ (m+1) =msup2+2m+1+m+1=msup2+m+2m+2=m(m+1) +2(m+1) = an even integer + an even positive integer [Since P(m) is true and 2(m+1) is an even
mathematical induction 3 What is the use of Principle of mathematical inductionAns Sometimes it is difficult to prove a statement theorem or a formula by direct method In this case we use an indirect method known as the Principle of mathematical induction There are two steps in this processSTEP 1 Varify that the statement or formula is true for one or two particular values of n say for n=1 2STEP 2 Assuming that the statement or formula is true for n=m where m is any positive integer show that it is true for n=m+1Conclusion Since the statement is true for n=2 it is true for n=2+1 that is 3 and since it is true for n=3 it is true for n=3 + 1 that is 4 and so on Hence the statement or formula is true for all positive integral values of n
positive integer]= an even positive integer Therefore P(m+1) is true when P(m) is true Therefore By the principle of Mathematical Induction P(n) is true for all positive integral values of n Hence n(n+1) is an even positive integer
Hindi 2ndlang एक फल की चाह 5 दख रहा था जस सो सथिर हो नही बठती थी कषण भर हाय ही चपचाप पडी थी अटल शागित शी धारण कर सनना यही चाहता था म उस सय ही
उकसा करमझको दी क परसाद का एक फल ही दो लाकर
शबदाथ ससथिर - परी तरह ठहरी हई अटल- पकका
उकसाकर - पररणा दकर
वयाखयाndash उपय[ पलि[यो म कगि सखिखया की ददशा का णन कर रहा ह जो उनक गिपता दवारा वय[ गिकया या ह अपनी बटी सखिखया कीददशा का
गितरण करत हए गिपता कहता ह गिक म अपनी आखो क सामन दख रहा था गिक मरी बटी जो पल भर क लिलए दिटककर नही बठती थी ह अब सथिर शात मरतित की तरह पढी थी अब म ह बार- बार इस बात क लिलए पररिरत कर रहा
था गिक ह मझ गिफर स ही शबद कह गिपताजी मझ दी क परसाद का एक फल लाकर दो
6 ऊच शल लिशखर क ऊपर मदिदर था गिसतीणर गिशाल सण कलशसरलिसज गिहलिसत थ पाकरसमदिदत रगि कर जाल दीप धल स अचछदिदत था मदिदर का
आन सारा ज रही थी भीतर बाहर मखरिरत उतस की धारा
शबदाथ - शल लिशखर- पहाड की ऊची चोटी
सतीणर - फला हआ
सण कलश - कमल क समान सदर सोन का कलश मखरिरत - परकट समदिदत - अचछी परकार खिखला हआ रगि कर जाल - सय की गिकरणो का समह
वयाखया- परसतत पलि[या म कगि न मदिदर की सदरता का णन गिकया ह कहत ह गिक मझ पहाड की चोटी पर एक गिलिशषट और गिशालमश था उसक
सोन क कलश सय की गिकरणो म चमकत हए ऐस परतीत हो रह थ जस सय की खिखली हईगिकरणो क ाा सपशपाकर सनहर कमल खिखल उठ हो मदिदर का
आन धप दीप की सध स भरा हआ था मदिदर क अदर और बाहर मनाए जा रह उसकी परसननता की ज सनाई द रही थी
Bengali (2nd language)
কোনি মনি নদী পরথম অধযোয়
হি_তীয় হিদরণে3র পাঠ-
হিবষটবাব গলাকটির কায় গররণে কা বলরণেত পাররণে0 3া শধ গচাখ হিদরণেয় রা পরকাশ করহি0ল কা বলরণেত বলরণেত গলাকটি পাঞজাহিব লহিn খরণেল জ কররণেত শর করল তাই গদরণেখ হিবষটবাব ত2মভ রণেয় গল চাটি ারার 2হিnরণেত গলাকটি হিবষটবাবর হিদরণেক এরণোরণেল হিতহি3 াা 3ীচ করণের 3াহিরণেয় গ33 হিদ গলাকটি হিবষটবাবরণেক চাটিরণেয় ায় তারণেল হিতহি3 তাাতাহিউরণেঠ গলাকটিরণেক ধররণেত পাররণেব3 3া কার তার শরীরণেরর ওজরণে3র জ3য এই শরণে3 হিবষটবাব বরণে3া গারণেষর ত গতরণেZরণে উরণেঠ দাাল তারণেত গলাকটি দাহিরণেয় শরীরটারণেক একট দহিলরণেয় হি3ল এই সব শরণে3 হিবষট ধর চপ করণের রইল শধ lsquoগঘাৎrsquo করণের একটা শবদ করল গলাকটি হিসহি হিদরণেয় ওঠা3াা কররণে0 গদরণেখ হিবষটবাব খাহি3কটা হিদরণেশারা রণেয় গলহিবষটবাবর গচারণেখ রারণের বদরণেল এখ3 গকৌতল হিতহি3 বরণেল3 ldquoখাওায় আার গলা2 গ3ই Uায়টিং কহিরrdquo হিকনত হিতহি3 কতটা Uায়টিং করণের তা তার শরীর আর খাবারণেরর তাহিলকা গদরণেখ গলাকটি বরণে= গল গলাকটি এহিরণেয় হিরণেয় হিবষটবাবর 2হিরণেত াত বহিলরণেয় হিদরণেল গস আরা অ32ব করণের3 এবং হিপহি0রণেয় া3 গলাকটি হিবষটবাবর সারণে3 তার শরীরণেরর কসরত পরদশ3 কররণেল হিবষটবাব রণে3 রণে3 হিব হিব করণের বরণেল3 হিতহি3ও গরাা রণেত চা3 গসই হরণেত nা গরণেক আবার হিচৎকার গ2রণেস আরণেস lsquoগকা হি3 গকা হি3rsquo
ldquoকী রক Uায়টিংrdquo-ক)বকতা গককারণেক বলরণে0খ)Uায়টিং কার অ কী ) Uায়টিং করা বযহিকতর গচারার ব3া দাও ঘ) তার Uায়টিং এর ব3া দাও
উঃ- ক) আরণেলাচয অংশটি হিত3ltীর গলখা lsquoগকাহি3rsquo উপ3যাস গরণেক গ3ওয়া রণেয়রণে0 আরণেলাচয কাটি বকতা রণেল3 সাদা লহিnপরা ারণেয় গরয়া পাঞজাহিব ও কারণেধ রহিn3 বযা ওয়ালা হিiহিতশ হিসং হিতহি3 কাটি বরণেলরণে03 হিবষট ধররণেকখ) Uারণেয়টিং কার অ ল পহিরহিত খাদয গর অাৎ খাদয তাহিলকায় সসত খারণেদযর গ3াগ3 বজায় গররণেখ খাদয গর) হিবষট ধরণেরর গচারা হিবশাল ওজ3 পরায় হিত3 গদখরণেত জলহিসতর রণেতা সারা শরীরণের চহিব ল ল কররণে0 বয়স পরায় চহিশ হিবশাল 2হি উপ রণেয় শরণেল হিচৎ রণেত পারণের3া গকউ গঠরণেল হিদরণেল হিচৎ রণেত পারণের তারণেক কায় নধ াদ3 পবরণেতর সরণেn তল3া করা য়ঘ) হিবষট ধর গকৌতলী রণেয় বরণেল তার খাওয়ার গকা3 গলা2 গ3ই গস Uায়টিং করণের আরণে গস আধ হিকরণেলা হিiর গখত এখ3 গস হিত3রণেশা গরা হিiর খায় জল খাবারণের কহিটা লহিচ গখত এখ3 পরণে3রণেরাটা লহিচ খায় আাইরণেশা গরা চারণেলর 2াত খায় হিঘ খাওয়া গ0রণে হিদরণেয়রণে0 রারণেত াতর বারণেরাটা রটি খায় হিবরণেকরণেল দ-গলাস হি0হিরর জল সরণেn চাররণেট কা পারণেকর সরণেltশ বাহিরণেত রাধাকষণ আরণে0 বরণেল হিবষট ধর া0 াংস খায়3া আর তারণেত তার গকা3 গলা2 লালসা গ3ই
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 276 to 313 (Sebastian helliphellipIt struck mine ear most terribly)[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]
Summary Questions amp AnswersConspiracy of Antonio and Sebastian
o Antonio further suggests murder of Alonso and eventually Sebastian agrees
o They draw their swords and proceed to murder Alonso and Gonzalo who are sleeping
(1) (Act II Sc 2 L 277-291)ANTONIO Ay sir where lies that If rsquotwere a kibe
rsquoTwould put me to my slipper but I feel notThis deity in my bosom Twenty consciencesThat stand rsquotwixt me and Milan candied be they And melt ere they molest Here lies your brotherNo better than the earth he lies uponIf he were that which now hes likemdashthats deadWhom I with this obedient steel three inches of itCan lay to bed for ever (whiles you doing thus
o As they approach Ariel appears again and wakes up Gonzalo by singing a tune in his ear Alonso also wakes up and they see both Sebastian and Antonio with drawn swords On being caught off guard they make up a story saying that they had heard a bellowing of bulls or lions
IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED
(Act II Sc 1 L 277-281)ANTONIOAy sir where lies that If rsquotwere a kibersquoTwould put me to my slipper but I feel notThis deity in my bosom Twenty consciencesThat stand rsquotwixt me and Milan candied be they And melt ere they molest
In these lines Antonio speaks how he is a conscienceless villain In inciting Sebastian to the kingship of Naples by murdering his brother he quotes his own example He too had banished his brother and made himself the Duke of Milan This kingship now sits upon him like a well fittinggarment So will be the case of Sebastian Sebastian then questions Antonio if this foul deed did not prick his conscience To this Antonio replies like a hardened villain He laughs at the word lsquoconsciencersquo and says that he has never heard of anything like conscience A guilty conscience gave him no more pain that is chilblain (M a painful itching and swelling on hand and foot caused by exposure to extreme cold) A man can get rid of the pain of chilblain by wearing slippers instead of shoes so does Antonio get rid of the qualms (M an uneasy feeling of doubt worry or fear especially about onersquos conduct) of conscience very easily Even if he were troubled by twenty consciences that barred his way to the throne of Milan however frozen they might be he would melt them into insensibility before they could cause him to twinge
To the perpetual wink of aye might putThis ancient morsel this Sir Prudence whoShould not upbraid our course) - for all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour
(i) To whom does Antonio speak these lines Who is referred to as lsquoyour brotherrsquo What does Antonio mean by saying lsquoNo better than the earth he lies uponrsquo
These lines are spoken by Antonio to Sebastian King Alonso is referred to as Sebastianrsquos brother Indicating towards Alonso who is lying asleep on the ground Antonio tells Sebastian that here sleeps his brother and at this time he is no better than a clod of the earth on which he lies asleep Antonio means to say that if he were actually to become what he looks like he would be a dead body(ii) According to Antonio what would he do if he were at the place of Sebastian
Antonio says that if he were in the position of Sebastian he would not care even for twenty consciences in order to win the kingship of Naples He would rather forget all his consciences if they happen to trouble him at all (iii) What does Antonio suggest to Sebastian What does Antonio assure him
Antonio suggests to Sebastian that in a moment Sebastian can put to death Gonzalo who pretends to be a very wise man and who on that account rebukes others (particularly Antonio and Sebastian) whereas he (Antonio) himself can put Alonso to death with only three inches of his willing sword Antonio further assures Sebastian that by killing both of them there will be none left to oppose him and in this way every obstacle in his way will be removed
(iv) Explain the lines lsquofor all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hourrsquo
In other words Antonio says that even if he were endowed with a stiff conscience he could easily relax or soften it for the execution of his purpose Then Antonio suggests that conscience should be no hindrance to a manrsquos future greatness
Comments These are terrible words coming from the mouth of a villain of the worst type He is utterly devoid of conscience or remorse He is an utter atheist of human virtue He speaks of conscience as a deity that he does not feel in his bosom
According to Antonio so far as the other lords (Adrian Francisco and others) are concerned they need not be murdered because they would obey the orders of Antonio and Sebastian as willingly and readily as cat licks milk These other lords would endorse and support everything that Sebastian and Antonio may say or suggest These other lords would adjust their views in accordance with the wishes of Antonio and Sebastian and they would regard all proposals made by Antonio and Sebastian as being opportune and also as being acceptable(v) What opinion do you form of Antonio from the above speech
The speech given above shows Antonio to be an absolutely unscrupulous man After saying that he does not believe in any such faculty as the conscience he suggests to Sebastian to
(Act II Sc 1 L 285-291)ANTONIOhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (whiles you doing thus To the perpetual wink of aye might putThis ancient morsel this Sir Prudence whoShould not upbraid our course) - for all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour
Antonio has convinced Sebastian that he has made himself Duke of Milan by a crime for which he has felt no pricks of conscience In these lines Antonio tells Sebastian that now that the chance has presented itself to him he should take it and be King of Naples So far as Alonso is concerned Antonio agrees to undertake the task of killing him by sticking only three inches of his sharp dagger Making a thrust in the air with his sword he tells Sebastian that by a similar method he can put to sleep forever Gonzalo ndash the old piece of flesh already rotten ndash this piece of antiquity ndash this ldquoSir Prudencerdquo who is never tired of reading his moral lectures to them If ldquoProfessor Wisdomrdquo is got rid of he will not be able to denounce their action as he would surely do if they did not dispatch him as well As for the rest of the kingrsquos counselors (Adrian and Francisco) it is their nature to adopt any statements and views which are placed before them just as it is the nature of a cat to lap milk Antonio assures Sebastian that ldquothese othersrdquo will back them up in whatever they say or do that they will count the strokes of the clock exactly as they bid them not according to the real time but according to the time that is right for their business Hence only two persons Alonso and Gonzalo are required to be removed to fulfill their ambition
murder Gonzalo at the very time when he (Antonio) stabs Alonso to death And yet this brutal man has a fertile wit also He can talk in a persuasive manner and also in a sarcastic and satirical manner He knows human nature thoroughly and he understands that Gonzalo is loyal to Alonso while the other lords are only sycophants who can easily be won over to Sebastianrsquos side after Alonso has been assassinated
(2) (Act II Sc 1 291-296)SEBASTIAN Thy case dear friend
Shall be my precedent as thou gotst MilanIll come by Naples Draw thy swordmdashone strokeShall free thee from the tribute which thou payest And I the King shall love thee
ANTONIO Draw together And when I rear my hand do you the likeTo fall it on Gonzalo
(i) Explain the situation and introduce the persons engaged in conversation
After the supposed shipwreck King Alonso with his lords his brother Sebastian and Antonio the Duke of Milan land on a strange island Prince Ferdinand is feared to be drowned While the King and others have fallen asleep after exertions of the day and Ariel with his sweet music acting as a catalyst Antonio and Sebastian are awake They have hatched a conspiracy to kill King Alonso and his loyal lord Gonzalo Then Sebastian will become King of NaplesIn these lines Antonio and Sebastian are engaged in conversation They are just ready to execute their plan to attack King Alonso and Gonzalo simultaneously(ii) Antoniorsquos case shall become Sebastianrsquos precedent What has been Antoniorsquos case
Antonio proved treacherous towards his brother Prospero who was the Duke of Milan Since Prospero spent his time in his scholarly pursuits he had delegated his powers to his younger brother Antonio to administer the dukedom Antonio grew ambitious He overthrew his brother and expelled him from his own dukedom In his place Antonio became the Duke of Milan which he continues to be now His case urges Sebastian to do the same(iii) How is Sebastian going to follow Antonio
Sebastian is going to take Antoniorsquos case as his precedent He is convinced that if Antonio could usurp the dukedom from his living brother Sebastian could become the King of Naples by killing his sleeping brother(iv) What will one stroke of Antoniorsquos sword do What will Sebastian do to reward Antonio
Sebastian asks Antonio to put an end to Alonsorsquos life with one stroke of his sword The same stroke will earn for him a reward Sebastian will become the King of Naples and he will exempt Antonio from paying the annual tribute to Naples The dukedom of Milan is a tributary to the kingdom of Naples Its Duke has to pay tribute to the King every year When Sebastian takes over as the King he will give a benefit to his friend who is helping him to realize his ambition
(v) What is Antoniorsquos suggestion
Antonio suggests that they may draw their swords together When he raises his hand to attack Alonso Sebastian should raise his sword to bring it down on Gonzalo
ACCOUNTS-11 25062020 Topic- depreciation ndashSTRAIGHT LINE METHOD
Illustration Salman and Usman Bros acquired a machine on July 1 2014 at a cost of Rs 70000 and spent Rs5000 on its installation The firm writes off depreciation 10 on straight line method The books are closed on December 31 every year Show the machinery and depreciation account for three years
Solution Machinery Account
Date Particulars LF amount Date Particulars LF` Amount ( Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014July 01 To Bank Ac 70000 Dec 31 Dec By Depreciation Ac 3750
(70000 x10x612)
July 01 To Bank Ac 5000 Dec31 By Balance cd 71250
75000 75000
2015 2015Jan 01 To Balance bd 71250 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 x10 ) Dec31 By Balance cd 63750
71250 71250
2016 2016Jan 01 To Balance bd 63750 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 (75000 x10 ) Dec 31 By Balance cd 56250
63750 63750
Depreciation Account
Date Particulars LF Amount Date Particulars LF Amount (Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 3750 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 3750
2015 2015
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
2016 2016
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
WORKING
Cost of Machine RS70000Cost of Installation Rs 5000
Total 75000
Rate of Depreciation 10
Then annual depreciation will be 10 of Rs 75000 = Rs 7500
Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution Geography DRIANAGE THE PENINSULAR RIVERS
1 The Mahanadi2 The Godavari3 The Krishna4 The Kaveri5 The Subarnarekha6 The Narmada7 The Tapi8 The Sabarmati and the Mahi9 The Chambal
The Mahanadi Basin The Mahanadi rises from Dandakaranya
Q1 Which is the largest river of peninsular plateau Write a brief note about its courseA1 The largest river of peninsular plateau is Godavari The river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has
near Sihawa in Raipur district in the highlands of Chhattisgarhand flows through Odisha to reach the Bay of BengalThe length of the river is about 857 kmIts drainagebasin is shared by Maharashtra Chhattisgarh Jharkhandand Odisha
THE MAHANADI RIVER SYSTEM
The GodavariThe river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
THE GODAVARI RIVER SYSTEM
many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
Q2 Which river is known as Dakshin GangaA2 The Godavari river is known as lsquoDakshin Gangarsquo It is also known as Vridha Ganga
Q3 Differentiate between east-flowing rivers and west-flowing riversA3
East-flowing rivers
West-flowing rivers
Godavari Krishna Kaveri Mahanadi are the east-flowing rivers
Narmada Tapiwest-flowing rivers
They fall into the Bay of Bengal
They fall into Arabian Sea
These rivers form big deltas
These rivers form comparativelysmall deltas
Catchment area of these river are larger
Catchment area of these river are smaller
The KrishnaThe Krishna river rises from the Western Ghatsnear Mahabaleshwar It flows into the Bay of Bengalbefore forming a large delta Its length is about1400 km The Tungabhadra Koyana Ghatprabha Musi and Bhima are some of its tributariesIt has covers parts of Maharashtra Karnataka and AndhraPradesh
THE KRISHNA RIVER SYSTEM
The KaveriIt rises in the Brahmagiri range of the Western Ghats and flows into the Bay ofBengal Southof Cuddalore in Tamil Nadu The length of the river is about 760 km Its main tributaries are the Amravati Bhavani Hemavati and Kabini The Kaveri drains inthe parts of Karnataka Kerala and drains in Tamil Nadu The river Kaveri makes the second biggest waterfall in India known as Sivasamudram
POLITICAL SCIENCE
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
MEANING OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS-Fundamental rights are those rights which are essential for intellectual moral and spiritual development of citizens of India As these rights are fundamental or essential for existence and all-round development of individuals hence they are called Fundamental rights These are enshrined in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India These include individual rights common to most such as equality before the law freedom of speech and freedom of expression religious and cultural freedom Freedom of assembly (peaceful assembly) freedom of religion (freedom to practice religion) right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writsThere are six fundamental rights recognized by the Indian constitution
1 Right to equality (Articles 14-18)2 Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22)3 Right Against exploitation (Articles 23-24)4 Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25- 28)5 Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29-30) and6 Right to Constitutional remedies (Articles 32-35)
1 The right to equality includes equality before the law the prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion race caste gender or place of birth equality of opportunity in matters of employment the abolition of untouchability and abolition of titles
2 The right to freedom includes freedom of speech and expression association or union or cooperatives movement residence and right to practice any profession or occupation
3 The right against exploitation prohibits all forms of forced labour child labour and trafficking of human beings
4 The right to freedom of religion includes freedom of conscience and free profession practice and propagation of religion freedom to manage religious affairs freedom from certain taxes and freedom from religious instructions in certain educational institutes
5 The Cultural and educational Rights preserve the right of any section of citizens to conserve their culture language or script and right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice
6 The right to constitutional remedies is present for enforcement of fundamental rightsThe right to privacy is an intrinsic part of Article 21 (the Right to Freedom) that protects the life and liberty of the citizens The right to privacy is the newest right assured by the Supreme court of India It assures the peoples data and personal security
Fundamental rights for Indians have also been aimed at overturning the inequalities of pre-independence social practices Specifically they have also been used to abolish untouchability and thus prohibit discrimination on the grounds of religion race caste sex or place of birth They also forbid trafficking of human beings and forced labour (a crime) They also protect cultural and educational rights of religious and linguistic minorities by allowing them to preserve their languages and also establish and administer their own education institutions They are covered in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India
Mathematics
Relation Study Item Types of RelationToday class xii students we will discuss about the types of RelationsFirst we discuss Void RelationWhat is Void RelationAns Let A be a non-empty set Then φ A A and so it is a relation R on set A Thissube ⨯ relation is called the void or empty relation on set ANow from the above definition we came to know that no element of A is related to any element of AHere A A is called Cartesian product⨯
is the symbol of subsetsubeAnd φ is called phi and refer to void or empty relationNow I give an example to understand the above said relationLet A = 1 2 3 4Here A A =(11)(12)(13)(14)(21)(22)(23)(24)(31)(32)(33)(34)(41)⨯(42)(43)(44)Now we consider R is a relation which is defined by R=(ab) a+b= 50We notice that a+b 50 for any two elements of AnotinTherefore (ab) R for any ab A is called belong to and is not belong tonotin isin isin notinTherefore we can say R does not contain any element of A A⨯Therefore R is empty set Therefore we can say that R is the void or empty relation on AWhat is universal RelationAns Let A is a set Then A A A A and so it is a relation on A This relation is called⨯ sube ⨯ the universal relation on ANow from the above definition we can say that each element of A is related to every element of ANow we consider the relation R on the set A =1 234 defined by R = (ab) R |a -b|isin
0≽We observe that|a - b | 0 for all ab A≽ isin
(ab) R for all (ab) A ArArr isin isin ⨯ Each element of set A is related to set A every element of set ArArr
Therefore we write R= AxATherefore we can say R is universal relation on set ANote we can say that void relation is smallest relation and the universal relation is largest relationSometime both void relation and universal relation is called trivial relationWhat is identity relationAns Let A is a non-empty set Then the relation R or IA = (aa) a A on A is called theisin identity relation on A Therefore from the above definition we can say that every element of A is related to itself only
Example Let A = 1234 then Ror IA = (11)(22)(33)(44) is the identity relation on set ANow I give you another example R1 = (11)(22)(33) and R2 = (11)(22)(33)(44)(24)From the above example we can say that R1 and R2 are not identify relation Because in the case of R1 (44)R1 and on the other hand R2 where element 2 is related to elements 2 and 4
Hindi 2ndlang
भलि[ (महादी मा)
भलि[ कहानी की लखिखका महादी मा न इस कहानी म यह दशान का परयास गिकया ह गिक आजकल क जमान म भी लो सक बन कर गिनसाथ सा करत ह ह
गिबना तन लिसा करत ह और उसक बदल ना कछ मात ह और ना ही कोई आशा करत ह नौकर सा करक तन चाहता ह और ह भी कई सगिधाओ की आशा करता ह पर सक सदा गिनजी साथ भा स सा म सलगन रह कर काम करता ह भलि[ कहानी की मखय पातर लकषमी ह जिजस भलि[ नाम लखिखका न दिदया ह ह गिकसी
ोपाल काकी कनया ह पाच रष की आय म उसकी गि माता न ौना ही कर दिदया कहानी म भलि[ क दखो का अत नही ह गिफर भी ह बडी साहसी धयान और परिरशरमी ह कदिठनाइयो स जझ ती ह पहल गिपता की मतय गिफर पगित की मतय और
गिफर घर जमाई की मतय होती ह उस साहसी मगिहला न साहस नही छोडा और तीनो पतरी ओक हाथ पील गिकए लाना द पान क कारण उसका जमीदार न अपमान गिकया गिफरकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहचीकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहची शहर पहच करा लखिखका की सगिका बनी ही पर उसका नाम भलि[ पडा ह एक भ[ की तरह अपन सामिमनी की इमानदारी स सा करती और तन का जिजकर भी नही करती ह लखिखका क घर पाठशाला आदिद को अचछी तरह स सभालती पढी-
लिलखी ना होकर भी ह लखिखका की बहत सा ए सहायता करती ह लखिखका का साया बनकर चलती लखिखका की सा करना उसक जीन का उददशय ह ह
लखिखका की खशी क लिलए ही काय करती ह ह लखिखका को दखी नही दख सकती लखिखका पर भलि[ का इतना परभा पडा गिक ह सय दहाती बन ई
यदध क दिदनो म ह अपन परिरार क साथ रहन की अपकषा लखिखका क साथ रहना पसद करती थी यदध क भत न जब ीटा क ान पर पलायन गित जा दी तो
भलि[ न न लखिखका को अपन ा ल जान का अनरोध करन ली लखिखका को डर ह गिक यदिद उसक गिदा होन क अगितम छठा ए तो ह दहातीन दधा कया कर ी
इस परकार हम दखत ह गिक लखिखका न सामिमनी और सगिका क ण बरसात हए सक धम पर परकाश डाला ह और लखिखका न एक आदश सगिका क रप को सदर
रप स परसतत गिकया हBengali আদাব পরশন) ldquoশরণের ১৪৪ ধারা আর কারহিZউ অU ার জারী রণেয়রণে0ldquo
ক) কার গলখা গকা3 রচ3ার অংশ খ)গকাায় গক3 ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়রণে0 )১৪৪ ধারা কী এর Zরণেল কী য়
উততর) ক)আরণেলাচ য অংশটি সরণেরশ বসর রহিচত lsquoআদাবlsquo গ0াট রণেলপর অংশ
খ) বাংলারণেদরণেশর ঢাকা শরণের ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়হি0ল সামপরদাহিয়ক াnাা ও দাnা পরহিতরণেরারণেধর জ3 য হিlt সলা3রণেদর গ3তারণেদর সামপরদাহিয়ক উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা বারণেধ উ2য় সমপরদায় 2ীত রণেয় ঘর বহিlt রণেয় পরণে পরসপর পরসপররণেক সরণেltরণের গচারণেখ গদরণেখ গকউ কাউরণেক আরণের রণেতা হিবশবাস কররণেত পারণের3া হিক0 া3রণেষর উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা য় ার পহির3া অরণেতক রকত iয় ও ত য
) ১৪৪ ধারা আইরণে3র এ3 একটা ধারা ার _ারা এলাকা হি3হিদ ষট করণের গদওয়া য় গসই এলাকার রণেধ য গবহিশ া3রণেষর জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় হিহি0ল জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় আই3 2nকারীরণেক গহিলর হি3রণেদশ জাহির করা য় তাই সাধার3 া3ষ আর বাইরণের গবর রণেত পারণের3া পরারণে3র 2রণেয় বহিlt রণেয় ারণেক এর Zল য় সাংঘাহিতক গদাকা3 পাট বনধ ারণেক
হিজহি3স পতর অহিল য় রাসতা ঘাট জ3 শ3 য রণেয় ায় লরণেঠরা তারণেদর লঠত রাজ চাহিলরণেয় হি3রণেজরণেদর আরণেখর গহি0রণেয় গ3য় া3ষরণেক 2ীহিতর হিব2ীহিষহিক গরাস করণের ঘরণেরর া3রণেষর ইkা াকরণেলও ঘরণের হিZররণেত পারণের3া হিZররণেত হিরণেয় বltরণেকর গহিলরণেত পরা3 ারায়
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today we will discuss about Types of Leaves
An organization provides several kinds of leaves to the employees These days employees working both in government and private sector are allowed several types of leaves Following are the leaves achieved by the employees from their organization
Casual LeaveChild care leave -HospitalLeaveSpecial disability leaveChild Adoption leaveEarned LeavesHalf pay leaveMaternity leavePaternityleaveStudy leave
1 Casual Leave- Casual leave is not a recognised form of leaves and is not subject to any rules made by the government of India And official on casual leave is not treated as Absent from duty and pay is not intimated Normally 8 days of casual leave is permissible in a calendar year
2 Child care leave - Women employees having minor children may be granted child care leave by an authority competent to grant leave for a maximum period of 730 days means two years during their entire service for taking care of up to two children weather for sharing or to look after any of their names like examination sickness it is a
3HospitalLeave - Hospital leave is admissible to group C employees whose duties involved handling of dangerous machinery explosive materials poisonous drugs and performance of hazardous task and to group D employees Medical certificate from an authorised medical attendant is necessary for the grant of these leave However total period of
leave does not exceed 28 months4Special disability leave- Special
disability leave admissible to all employees when disabled by injury intentionally or accidentally inflicted are caused in law in consequence of the due performance of official duties or in consequence of official position It also it is also add miscible when disabled by illness incurred in the performance of any particular duty which has the effect of increasing laboratory to illness or injury beyond the ordinary least attaching to the Civil post held and the same condition
5Child Adoption leave- This leave is granted to female Employees with fewer than two surviving children on valid adoption of a child below the age of one year for a period of 135 days immediately after the date of valid adoption Leave salary will be equal to the pain immediately before processing on leave
6Earned Leaves- This leave is earned by duty The credit for earned leave will be awarded at a rate of 15 days on the 1st of January and 1st of July every year It can be accumulated up to 300 days in addition to the number of days for which encashment has been allowed along with LTC
7 Half pay leave -All government servant are entitled to 20 days of HPL half pay leave for every completed year of service Half pay leave is calculated at 20 days for each completed year of service The service includes periods of duty and leave including extra ordinary leave with or without MC (medical certificate)
8 Maternity leave -Maternity leave is granted to women Government employees full stop it is as possible only to Employees with less than 2 surviving children The maternity leave is not debited to leave account and full pay is granted It cannot be combined with any other the leaves and count as service for increment and pension
9 PaternityleaveA male employee with less than 2 surviving children may be granted paternity leave for a period of 15 days during the confinement of
his wife During the period of such leaves he shall be paid leave salary equal to the pay drawn immediately before proceeding on leave
10 Study leave-Study leave may be granted to all Government Employees with not less than 5 years service for undergoing a special course consisting of higher studies are specialised training in a professional or technical subject having a direct and close connection with the sphere of his duties as a Civil Servant
Commerce
Chapter-5Management
Let us today discuss about the nature of Management
Nature of management Management is defined as
An art A science A profession
Management is defined as an art because of the following reasons
1 In art there is an existence of theoretical knowledge Similarly in management various theories are propounded by management thinkers in various areas of management like finance marketing human resources etc
2 Every manager apply his or her personal skills and knowledge in the day to day functioning of an enterprise
3 Like an art management is creative as it provides solutions to Complex problems making resources productive and profitable moulding the attitudes of people for the betterment of an organisation
Management is is considered as science because of the following reasons
1 Like science there is a systemised body of knowledge in management consisting of theories principles vocabulary and concept
2 Principles of management are evolved after continuous observations and experimentation
Management both as Science and ArtManagement is both a science and an art It is a science because it uses certain principles and is an art because it requires continuous practice and application of personal skillsManagement as a profession Following points highlight whether management is a profession or not1 Like profession management has well
defined body of knowledge It has its own principles which are based on experiments One can acquire such
knowledge by pursuing courses like MBA BBA etc and acquire managerial skills through instruction and training
2 In management no such restriction is there for managers to clear an examination for hold a degree However these days more and more people are appointed for managerial post who opposes management degrees
3 Membership to a professional Association like AIMA is not mandatory for managers All managers directly or indirectly work for the development of society
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Essay Questions (EQ-2)
Question No 2Sketch the character of Prospero Would you call him perfect
AnswerProspero in The Tempest appears to be an intensely human being with human failings and weaknesses With all his excellence Prospero is made to awaken our sympathy for a natural imperfection Prosperorsquos Previous HistoryIn his retrospective narration of his previous history to Miranda we get a glimpse into Prosperorsquos past life As the Duke of Milan Prospero buried himself in his magic books which he prized above his dukedom He was essentially a scholar with no practical wisdom He failed to perform his first duty by neglecting the governance of his state and gave an opportunity to his wicked brother to undermine his throne He was thus driven from his home and thrown in a leaky boat with his weeping daughter to drift in the perilous seas It is only the thought of his little child that kept him aliveThe Development of Prosperorsquos CharacterThe development of his character is evident from the contrast between what he was before his banishment and what he is now in the island Formerly when his ldquolibrary was dukedom enoughrdquo he was altogether too unsuspecting Now he is watchful as providence and takes care to guard himself against the possibility of evil He has learnt to know human nature in its worst forms even Caliban has taught him something He will no longer put his trust in appearance except as ldquostale to catch thievesrdquo nor in oaths of which the strongest he says ldquoare straw to the fire irsquo the bloodrdquo He who once neglected worldly ends now consistently asserts his dignity enforces obedience and deals out justice with impartial hand He who without a thought of evil gave his power and his revenues into his brotherrsquos hands now puts Ferdinand to the severest test as a trial of his love before entrusting his daughter to him He makes the most practical use imaginable of his magic art exacts prompt servitudefrom his attendants does not hesitate to punish them is resolved and firm and knows how to seize the proper moment for action He is a most careful father to his daughter a considerate master of Ariel severe against the brutal Caliban humane towards the repentant enemies full of experience and wisdomThe Exercise of his Power ndash his SternnessWhat appears to us at the first sight one of the least pleasing features of Prosperorsquos character is the sternness which he frequently displays more particularly in his dealings with Caliban His harshness towards Caliban resulted from the failure of gentler methods his severity towards Ferdinand was exercised in the interest of his daughter ldquolest too light winning make the prize lightrdquo and his punishment of Alonso Sebastian and Antonio is justified by the attainment of his objectiveProsperorsquos TendernessThe tender side of Prosperorsquos character is exhibited in his relation to Miranda Ariel Gonzalo and the repentant sinners His love for Miranda is unbounded She was almost life to him In his darkest hours of trial this love sustained him and gave him strength to put a bold front to suffering He addresses her always with tenderness She is to him a lsquoloved darlingrsquo lsquodear heartrsquo lsquoa rich giftrsquo lsquoa third of his own lifersquo The same affectionate nature is shown in his dealing with his brother Antonio He loved his brother Antonio only next to Miranda before Antonio conspired against him In the island when Antonio is brought before him he forgives him
readily To Gonzalo the good old councilor he is all affection He sheds tears of joy and gratitude when he meets him in the island To Ariel he is a loving and considerable master Ariel is always to him ldquomy brave spiritrdquo ldquofine spiritrdquo ldquodelicate Arielrdquo ldquomy Arielrdquo etc When he promises Ariel his freedom he says with real emotion ndash ldquoI shall miss theerdquoProsperorsquos Power as a MagicianThe practice of magic has placed wonderful powers in the hands of Prospero He uses his supernatural powers like a god only to bring about the happiest results He causes The Tempest and the shipwreck only to bring his enemies within his power and not to destroy them Not a soul perished in the storm He leads Ferdinand to Miranda his high charms work and as he wishes the two falls in love He frustrates the plots of the conspirators and makes them know that he was conscious of it He drives Sebastian and Alonso to sincere repentance and readily forgives them The drunken associates of Caliban are no doubt sternly treated but even then they are promised conditional pardon The whole play at last ends in reconciliation joy and peace The wrongs are set right the lovers are made happy Ariel is set free and thus the powerful magician retires into the solitude of his study at MilanProsperorsquos ForgivenessAllied to his wisdom is his forgiving nature Though deeply wronged he bears no spite against the wrong-doers Though his power is unlimited he uses it to noble purposes The lesson of adversity has taught him that ldquoThe rarer action is in virtue than in vengeancerdquoProspero does not debase his noble nature by revenge but forgives his enemies absolutely He drives his erstwhile enemies to a sincere penitence for their past misdeeds and when repentance has wrought its full effect on them he receives them into his arms and is reconciled to them Is Prospero perfectProspero creates a great impression upon our minds by his dignity his nobility the divine spirit of forgiveness in him his generous and sympathetic nature etc Even with all these virtues we cannot call him perfect We perceive certain faults in him He displays an occasional impatience irritability and even a certain harshness of feeling His severe treatment of Caliban might have been justified but the language in which he addresses the monster and the threats that he uses show him to be a kind of tyrant On learning of Calibanrsquos plot against his life he is as violently disturbed and agitated as any ordinary human being would be His manner towards Ariel when the latter demands his liberty also seems somewhat arbitrary and tyrannicalSubject ndashBiology Topic ndashChapter -5 Inheritance amp Variations Summary ExecutionToday we will discuss about NON-Mendelian Inheritance
NON_MENDELIAN INHERITANCE Incomplete Dominance It is an inheritance in which heterozygous offspring shows
intermediate character between two parental characteristics Eg Flower colour in snapdragon (dog flower or Antirrhinum sp) and
Mirabilis jalapa ( 4rsquoO clock plant) Here phenotypic and genotypic ratios are same Phenotypic Ratio 1Red 2 Pink 1 White Genotypic Ratio 1(RR) 2 (Rr) 1(rr) This means that R was not completely dominant over r Pea plants also show incomplete dominance in other traits
Co- dominance It is the inheritance in which both alleles of a gene are expressed in a
hybrid Eg ABO blood grouping in human ABO Blood groups are controlled by the gene I The plasma membrane of the RBC has sugar polymer that protrude
from its surface and is controlled By the gene The gene I has three alleles IA IB i The alleles IA and IB produce a slightly different form of the sugar
while allele i does not produce any sugar In AB blood group both IA and IB are present together This is co ndash
dominanceMultiple Alleles
Multiple alternatives of the same gene which influence the same character and produce different expressions in different individuals of a species or population same genes have more than two allelic
forms These different forms of a single gene are referred as multiple alleles Eg human Blood group
Ac-12 250620 Topic- retirement
Illustration Om Jai and Jagdish are partners sharing profit in the ratio of 3 2 l Their balance sheet as at December 31st 2014 is as under
Balance sheet as at December 31 2014
Liabilities Amount Assets Amount
(Rs`) (Rs`)
Creditors 80000 Building 180000 Bills Payable 26000 Plant 140000 General reserve 24000 Motor Car 40000 Capital Stock 100000 Om 160000 Debtors 63000 Jai 120000 Less Provision Jagdish 120000
400000 for Bad debts 3000
60000 Cash at Bank 10000
530000 530000
Jai retires on that date on the following terms(a) The Goodwill of the firm is valued at Rs 60000(b) Stock and Building to be appreciated by 10(c) Plant is depreciated by 10(d) Provision for Bad debts is increased upto Rs 5000(e) Jairsquos share of goodwill was adjusted through remaining partners capital accountThe amount due to Jai is paid out of the fund brought in by Om and Jagdish in theirnew profit sharing ratio Jai is paid full amountPrepare Revaluation Account and Partnerrsquos Capital account
Solution WorkingsIt is assumed that Om and Jagdish gaining ratio remains 3 lJairsquo Share of goodwill = Rs 60000 times 26 = Rs20000Adjusted through the remaining partners capital account in 3 1 ratio
Revaluation Account
Dr Cr
Particulars Amount Particulars Amount
(Rs`) (`Rs)
To Provision for Bad debts 2000 By Stock 10000TO Plant 14000 By Building 18000To Profit transferred toCapital Accounts Om 6000 Jai 4000 Jagdish 2000
12000
28000 28000
Capital AccountDr Cr Particulars Om Jai Jagdish Particulars Om Jai Jagdish
(Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (rs`) (`Rs)
To Capital 15000 mdash 5000 By Balance bd 160000 120000 120000 ToBank 152000 By General Reserve 12000 8000 4000To Balance cd 277000 mdash 159000 By Revaluation (Profit) 6000 4000 2000 By Om Capital mdash 15000 mdash ByJagdish Capital mdash 5000 By Bank 114000 38000
292000 152000 164000 292000 152000 164000
types of energy and their features ndash1 Mechanical energyMechanical energy is the sum of kinetic and potential energy in an object that is used to do work In other words it is energy in an object due to its motion or position or both
A Kinetic Energy The energy in motion is known as Kinetic Energy For example a moving ball flowing water etc
Kinetic Energy=12mv2
Wherem = Mass of the objectv = Velocity of the object
B Potential Energy This is the energy stored in an object and is measured by the amount of work done For example a pen on a table water in a lake etc
Potential Energy=mghWherem = Mass of the object (in kilograms)g = Acceleration due to gravityh = Height in metersMechanical EnergyIt is the sum of potential energy and kinetic energy that is the energy associated with the motion amp position of an object is known as Mechanical energy Thus we can derive the formula of mechanical energy as ndash
Mechanical Energy = Kinetic Energy + Potential Energy
MechanicalEnergy=12mv2+mgh
2 Solar EnergyThe light and heat from the sun harnessed using technologies like solar heating photovoltaics solar thermal energy solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis is known as solar energy It is the prime source of renewable energy
3 Wind EnergyIt is one of the various forms of energy The energy present in the flow of wind used by wind turbines is called wind energy This energy is a major cheap source to produce electricity In this phenomena the kinetic energy of the wind is converted into mechanical power
statement
(a) A coolie does no work against the force of gravity while carrying luggage on a road
Answer True
(b) The energy stored in water of a dam is the kinetic energy
Answer False
(c) The energy of a flying kite is kinetic energy
Answer True
(d) Work done by a boy depends on the time in which he does work
Answer False
(e) Power spent by a body depends on the time for which it does work
Answer True
4 Nuclear EnergyThe energy present in the nucleus of an atom is known as nuclear energy The particles of an atom are tiny and need the energy to hold themselves Nuclear energy is that enormous energy in the bonds of an atom which helps to hold the atom together Nuclear energy can be used to make electricity
5 Geothermal EnergyThe energy or heat present inside the Earth is known as geothermal energy It is a cheap amp convenient heat and power resource and use of this energy donrsquot have a side effect like greenhouse gas emission etc
6 Tidal Energy
Tidal energy or tidal power is a form of hydropower (energy present in water) which converts the energy present in the tides to produce electricity
7 Biomass Energy
Biomass is organic matter obtained from living organisms The energy produced from biomass is called biomass energy
8 Electrical Energy
The energy caused by moving electric charges is known as electrical energy Electric energy is a type of kinetic energy as the electrical charges moves
9 Thermal Energy
As the name suggests thermal energy is the energy obtained from heat It is a microscopic disordered equivalent of mechanical energyThere may be instances where an object posses more than one type of energy For example boiling water posses both kinetic and potential energy along with heat energy
MATHEMATICS Ch 9Interest
Execution ndash 9(B) 3 A sum of money lent out at simple interest doubles itself in 8 years Find (i) the rate of Interest (ii) In how many years will the sum become triple (three times) at itself at the same rate percent
Solution
(i) Let P = Rs100 there4 A = Rs200 So I = A ndash P = Rs(200-100) = Rs100 and T = 8years [ P= Principal A = Amount I = Interest and T = Time]
there4 The rate of interest (R) = 100times IP times T = ( 100 times100
100times 8 ) = 252
= 125
(ii) Again P = Rs100 A = Rs300 So I = Rs(300-100) = Rs200 and R = 125
there4 T = 100times IP times R = ( 100 times 200
100 times12 5 ) years = ( 1000times 200100times125 )years= 16 years
4 Rs4000 amount to Rs5000 in 8years in what time will Rs2100 amount to Rs2800 at the same rate
Solution
1 st part P = Rs4000 A = Rs5000 there4 I = Rs(5000-4000) = Rs1000And T = 8 years
there4 R = 100times IP times T = ( 100 times1000
4000 times8 ) = 258
2 nd part Now P = Rs2100 A = Rs2800 there4 I = Rs(2800-2100) =Rs700 and R
= 258
there4 T = 100times IP times R = ( 100 times 700
2100 times 258 ) years = ( 100 times8
3 times25 )years= 323 years = 10
23 years
= 10years( 23
times 12)months = 10 years 8 months
6 A certain sum amounts to Rs3825 in 4 years and to Rs4050 in 6 years Find the rate percent and the sum
Solution Amount in 6 years = Rs4050Amount in 4 years = Rs3825
there4 Interest in 2years = Rs(4050-3825) = Rs225
there4 Interest in 1year = Rs225divide2 = Rs2252
there4 Interest in 4years =Rs(225times2) = Rs450
Now P = A ndash I = Rs(3825 ndash 450) = Rs3375
there4 R = 100times IP times T = ( 100 times225
3375 times2 ) = 103
= 313
Practice at Home5 What sum of money lent at 65 per annum will produce the same interest in 4 years as Rs7500 produce in 6 years at 5 per annum
GEOGRAPHY MIGRATION CLIMATE REFUGEES
Climate refugees who are forced to move out when their homes when threatened by imminent climate catastrophes Example many people many people migrated from the sinking south pacific Islands to Australia and New Zealand
MISCELLANEOUS MIGRATION
Miscellaneous migration often takes place due to the governmentrsquos decisions or due to political unrest Example the Indonesian government moved the farming population from the overpopulated areas of Java to the islands of Borneo and Sumatra
FORCED MIGRATION
Forced migration happens during times of disaster of warfare Abduction and transfer of African slaves to America to serve as labour force is an example of forced migration Today climate change and rising sea levels have led to forced migration in many of the island nations of the world
VOLUNTARY MIGRATION
Voluntary migration is shifting to HDC(highly developed countries) from LDC(lowly developed countries) for better job or educational opportunities and better standards of living There is a current trend in which a large number of students are migrating from developing nations to European and American universities for higher studies This type of voluntary migration leads to depopulation in the country which people leave and adds to the volume of immigrants in the country that receives these people
Q1 What do you understand by climate refugees Where it can be found
A1 Climate refugees who are forced to move out when their homes when threatened by imminent climate catastrophes or disasters
Example many people migrated from the sinking south pacific Islands to Australia and New Zealand
Q2Give an example on miscellaneous migration
A2 An example on miscellaneous migration like the Indonesian government moved the farming population from the overpopulated areas of Java to the islands of Borneo and Sumatra
Q3 Give some examples of highly developed countries (HDC) and lowly developed countries (LDC)
A3 European and North American countries such as Britain Spain Canada and New York are good examples of highly developed countries (HDC) On the other hand South-East Asian countries such as India Pakistan and Bangladesh are examples lowly developed countries (LDC)
COMPUTER ALGORITHMS AND FLOW CHARTS
EXAMPLES1) WRITE AN ALGORITHM AND DRAW A FLOW CHART TO FIND THE AREA OF A RECTANGLESOLUTIONALGORITHM
STEP1 STARTSTEP2 ACCEPT THE LENGTH OF THE RECTANGLESTEP3 ACCEPT THE BREADTH OF THE RECTANGLESTEP4 USE THE FORMULA OF AREA=LENGTH times BREADTH AND STORE THE
FINAL RESULT IN THE VARIABLE AREASTEP5DISPLAY THE ARE OF THE RECTANGLESTEP6STOP
FLOWCHART
2)CALCULATE THE INTEREST OF A BANK DEPOSITALGORITHMSTEP 1 READ AMOUNTSTEP 2 READ YEARSSTEP 3 READ RATE
STEP 4 CALCULATE THE INTEREST WITH FORMULA INTEREST=AMOUNTYEARSRATE100STEP 5 PRINT INTERESTFLOWCHART
3)DETERMINE AND OUTPUT WHETHER NUMBER N IS EVEN OR ODDALGORITHMSTEP 1 READ NUMBER NSTEP 2 SET REMAINDER AS N MODULO 2STEP 3 IF REMAINDER IS EQUAL TO 0 THEN NUMBER N IS EVEN ELSE NUMBER N IS ODDSTEP 4 PRINT OUTPUTFLOWCHART
4)DETERMINE WHETHER A TEMPERATURE IS BELOW OR ABOVE THE FREEZING POINTALGORITHM
STEP 1 INPUT TEMPERATURESTEP 2 IF IT IS LESS THAN 32 THEN PRINT BELOW FREEZING POINT OTHERWISE PRINT ABOVE FREEZING POINTFLOWCHART
PRACTICE THE GIVEN FLOWCHARTS AND ALGORITHMS
Class IXSubject Topic Summary Execution Bengali (2nd
language) চারণেদর পাাহিব2হিত2ষ বরণেltযাপাধযায় হি_তীয় অধযায়
ldquoআহি`কার হিবখযাত া0 শঙকর কতবার 0হিবরণেত গদরণেখরণে0rdquo ক) আহি`কার হিবখযাত া0টির 3া হিক া0টির হিবরণেশষতব হিকখ)শঙকর গকাায় হিকরণেসর জ3য হিরণেয়হি0ল ) গস গসখারণে3 হিক খরণেজ পায়
উঃ- হিব2হিত2ষ বরণেltযাপাধযায় রহিচত lsquoচারণেদর পাাrsquo উপ3যারণেস আহি`কার হিবখযাত া0টির 3া ল বাওবাব া0টির হিবরণেশষতব ল া0টি গবশ গাটা গসাটা া0টির জার হিবষয় ল া0টি তার গহিরণেত ১৬ হিলটার জল ধরণের রাখরণেত পারণের তষণায় কাতর পচারীরা অরণে3ক সয় এই ারণে0র গহিরণেত 0হির গরণের Zরণেটা করণের জল পা3 করণের
খ) শঙকর আহি`কায় হিরণেয়হি0ল অযাUরণে2ঞচারণেরর গ3শায় অনধকারয় এই ারণেদরণেশর পরহিতটি সথারণে3 গ3 রসয লহিকরণেয় আরণে0 এই ররণেসযর অ3সনধা3 কররণেত হিরণেয় অরণে3ক পটক পরা3 াহিররণেয়রণে0 আবার অরণে3রণেক হিসংরণের গপরণেট গরণে0 তবও অহি2াতরী া3ষ অহি2া3 বনধ করণের হি3আহি`কার ইউানডা গরলওরণেয়র 3Uরবা গসটশ3 গরণেক বাাততর াইল দহিi3 পহিj গকারণে3 একটা শাখা লাই3 হৈতহির হিkল গরল গকামপাহি3র গসখারণে3 শঙকর ক3সটরাকস3 কযারণেমপর গকরাহি3 ও সরকাহির গসটারহিকপার রণেয় গা হিদরণেয়হি0লপরণের শঙকর একটা গরলরণেসটশরণে3র গসটশ3াসটার য় এরপরণের গস আল2ারণেররণেজর সরণেn ীরার পাা খজরণেত গবহিররণেয় পরণে
) গ0াটরণেবলা গরণেক শঙকর শরণে3 আসরণে0 আহি`কায় গসা3া রপা ীরার 0া0হি একট গচষটা কররণেল গসা3া রপা ীরা আহিবসকার করণের বরণোরণেলাক ওয়া ায় এই সব খজরণেত হিরণেয় শঙকর আহি`কার পরাকহিতক ররণেপর গ সনধা3 গপরণেয়হি0ল তার তল3া গ3ই ঘ3 অর3য পবতরাহিজ =র3া 3দী জীবজনত সবই তারণেক হিদরণেয়রণে0 আ3lt শঙকর ীরার গখারণেজ হিরণেয় ীরা 3া গপরণেলও পরাকহিতক ররণেপর গরণে3 শঙকরণেরর 3 ীরায় পহিরত রণেয়হি0ল
EVS Chapter 2 ndash Species interaction with each other Long Answer Question
Living Things in Ecosystems
bull ParasitismParasitism is a relationship between two different organisms where one of the organisms actually harms the other through the relationship The organism that is harming the other one is called a parasite Examples of Parasitism Fleas or ticks that live on dogs and cats are parasites
bull MutualismMutualisms are defined as interactions between organisms of two different species in which each organism benefits the other
bull CommensalismCommensalism is a relationship between individuals of two species in which one species obtains food or other benefits from the other without either harming or benefiting the latter
bull SynergismThe interaction of things resulting in the overall effect that is greater than the sum of individual effects of any of them
Q) How biotic and abiotic components are inter-related Ans - In an eco system biotic and abiotic components depend on each other The biotic and abiotic components are connected in ecosystem in different way The sun is the energy source Producersplants use this energy to synthesize food in the presence of carbon dioxide and chlorophyll The herbivores are dependent on plants for the energy requirements The carnivores in turn feed on the herbivores and other carnivores At any level microbes then decompose any dead and decaying organic matter These decomposers after various chemical reactions release molecules back to the environment in the form of chemicals The chemicals are again used by the producers and the cycle starts againIn conclusion ecosystems have a complex set of interactions that happen between the biotic and abiotic components The components of an ecosystem are linked to each other through the energy flows and nutrient cycles
Commercial Studies
Chapter-7Joint Stock Company
In previous class we have explained about the meaning of Joint Stock Company features of Joint Stock Company
Let us explain about
Merits of Joint Stock Company
Merits of Joint stock CompanyStabilityPublic confidenceProfessional managementTransferability of sharesLimited Liability
Merits of Joint Stock Company StabilityA company enjoys stable durable enduring and uninterrupted business life A company continues to exist even if all its members die or deserted Maintenance of continuity of policy of administration is very much ensured in the case of Joint Stock CompanyPublic confidenceA public company enjoys the confidence of the public as the same is guided and controlled by strict regulations Since the companies financial accounts are published and circulated the public has enough faith on the activities of the company Thus a company enjoys better prestige and regulation greater public confidence as a wholeEfficient professional managementDue to its large financial resources and continuity a company can avail of the services of highly qualified
persons who are experts in different fields of business management In this way the benefits of specialization and centralized management can be securedTransferability of sharesSince the shares of a joint stock company are freely transferable they provide necessary liquidity to the investment of the people Shares of public companies are generally listed on a stock exchange so that people can easily buy and sell themLimited LiabilityThe liability of shareholders is limited only to the extent of face value of share held by them Shareholders are not personally liable for the debts of the company Thus the risk is known and also limited
Economics Chapter4 Basic Problems of An Economy
Today let discuss about the Meaning of Efficiency use of ResourcesNeeds of efficient use of resources
Resource efficiency is the maximising of the supply of money materials staff and other assets that can be drawn on by a person or organization in order to function effectively with minimum wasted (natural) resource expenses It means using the Earths limited resources in a sustainable manner while minimising environmental impact
Necessity for efficient use resources Once the flow of resources through the economy has reached its maximum sustainable limit (and many would argue that wersquove already passed that point for some resources) the only way to maintain economic growth in the long run is to become more resource efficient ndash finding ways to generate greater returns from the same amount of resources
Resource efficiency isnrsquot only valuable because it is essential for sustained economic growth Promoting resource efficiency can increase the competitiveness of industry create jobs stimulate innovation boost sectors such as recycling and resource recovery and help ensure secure supplies of key
QuestionWhat do you mean by Efficient use of Resources
Answer) Resource efficiency is the maximising of the supply of money materials staff and other assets that can be drawn on by a person or organization in order to function effectively with minimum wasted (natural) resource expenses It means using the Earths limited resources in a sustainable manner while minimising environmental impact
Why do we need to use our resources efficientlyAnswer) Once the flow of resources through the economy has reached its maximum sustainable limit (and many would argue that wersquove already passed that point for some resources) the only way to maintain economic growth in the long run is to become more resource efficient ndash finding ways to generate greater returns from the same amount of resources
Resource efficiency isnrsquot only valuable because it is essential for sustained economic growth Promoting resource efficiency can increase the competitiveness of industry create jobs stimulate innovation boost sectors such as recycling and resource recovery and help ensure secure
resources supplies of key resources
Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)
Topic Act II Scene 7 Lines 1 to 35 (Morocco hellip What if I stray no further but choose here )
[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase provided]
Summary Questions amp Answers
Having disposed of the minor story of Jessicarsquos elopement we now return to the main plot We are now shown how affairs are progressing with Portia in her home in Belmont
This is the first of the three scenes where a suitor makes a choice between golden silver and leaden caskets It will be noted that while making the choice all the lovers soliloquize and reveal their personality and character We have already observed the manly soldierly but primitive personality of the Prince of Morocco His has a simple nature and does not look deeply into the inner meaning of things but is dazzled by the outward appearance of gold He is inclined to over-estimate his own value and does not realize that it is a duty to ldquogive and hazardrdquo So his feeling is only one of fascination and romantic attraction We cannot believe that he has a deep and lasting love for Portia
In this scene two characters appear ndash Portia and the Prince of Morocco Portia explains to the Prince that the correct casket shall be the one that contains her picture She will be the wife of the person who will choose the correct casket and in the process get whatever she has
The Prince examines the inscriptions on each of the caskets and interprets them
(1) (Act II Sc 7 L 1-5)
Portia Go draw aside the curtains and discover
The several caskets to this noble princeNow make your choice
Morocco The first of gold who this inscription bearsWho chooseth me shall gain what many men desire
(i) Who is Morocco How did he introduce himself to Portia when they first met in an earlier scene
Prince Morocco is a dark skinned boastful warrior of African origin who seeks the hand of Portia He introduces himself as a person who lives near the equator where the exposure to sun rays have to be blamed for his complexion He says that Portia should not dislike him for his dark skin
(ii) How would Morocco know that he had made the right choice What would his reward be
Morocco would know he has chosen the right casket if he finds Portiarsquos portrait in one of them His reward would be Portiarsquos hand in marriage
(iii) Which casket did Morocco finally choose What reasons did he give for rejecting the casket made of lead
Morocco chooses the golden casket He says that lead is of lowly origin and the portrait of a lady as great as Portia cannot be placed in it He reads the inscription ldquoWho chooseth me must give and hazard all he hathrdquo This makes the box too threatening He wonders why anyone should risk everything for lead He also feels that a golden mind like his should not bow down to choose something worthless So he will not risk anything for lead
(iv) What two objects did Morocco find in the casket of his
before choosing
The inscription on the leaden casket says ldquoWho chooseth me must give and hazard all he hathrdquo The Prince was shocked and says as to why anyone should risk for the sake of lead The leaden casket is a threat Nobody would risk all they have for lead He says that no noble person would stoop to choose such a worthless thing as lead So he will not give nor risk anything for lead
The Prince then examines the inscription on the silver casket which says ldquoWho chooseth me shall get as much as he deservesrdquo The Prince says that he deserves Portia more than anybody else because of his high rank his noble birth and his great wealth and power But then he argues that silver is ten times inferior to gold and therefore he cannot believe that the portrait of such a beautiful lady as Portia can be contained in the silver casket He decides to see the inscription on the golden casket before making his decision
choice What reason does he give to Portia for leaving in haste
The Prince of Morocco chooses the golden casket and on opening it finds a human skull within whose hollow eye-socket was a scroll or a roll of paper in which it is written that those who are attracted by the glittering outside of things are always deceived as Morocco has been deceived
Morocco says he is moved and that he does not want to make his departure a painstaking process and he wants to leave immediately without revealing his emotions He should also obey the rule of the game which states the one who loses the test should leave immediately
(v) How does Portia respond to Moroccorsquos parting words What does this reveal of her nature
Portia is relieved that Morocco has left without making any scene It was a gentle riddance and all like him should go in a similar manner This shows that Portia has a kind heart and does not want anyone to he hurt Her love for Bassanio over-rides her passion that makes her wish that only he should be able to make the right choice At the same time like a dutiful daughter she does not want to disrespect her fatherrsquos wishes Hence she is willing to go through the casket injunctions
(2) (Act II Sc 7 L 15-35)
MOROCCO helliphelliphelliphelliphellip
What says this leaden casket Who chooseth me must give and hazard all he hath Must givemdashFor what for lead hazard for leadThis casket threatens Men that hazard allDo it in hope of fair advantagesA golden mind stoops not to shows of drossIll then nor give nor hazard aught for leadWhat says the silver with her virgin hueWho chooseth me shall get as much as he deservesAs much as he deservesmdashPause there MoroccoAnd weigh thy value with an even handIf thou best rated by thy estimationThou dost deserve enough and yet enoughMay not extend so far as to the ladyAnd yet to be afeard of my deservingWere but a weak disabling of myselfAs much as I deservemdashWhy thats the ladyI do in birth deserve her and in fortunesIn graces and in qualities of breeding
But more than these in love I do deserveWhat if I strayed no further but chose here
(i) What does the Prince of Morocco do before making his selection What does his comment reflect How does he analyse the inscription of the leaden casket and what is his interpretation
The Prince of Morocco surveys the three caskets before making his selection His comments reflect his thinking and attitude on life and things He comes to the lead casket and reads the inscription on it His interpretation which reflects his own character is that the inscription threatens because no one will be prepared to risk or sacrifice all one has for such a base thing as lead
(ii) What does the Prince of Morocco think of the leaden casket and why does he decide to reject the leaden casket
The Prince of Morocco thinks that when people risk anything they do so in order to gain something precious A person of royal ways will not bend so low as to be impressed by such an ordinary thing as lead Therefore he decides that he will not take any risk for a worthless thing like lead and rejects the lead casket
(iii) What does the Prince think while analyzing and interpreting the inscription of the silver casket
The Prince of Morocco analyses the inscription on the silver casket which runs thus ldquoWho chooseth me shall get as much as he deservesrdquo When he reads the inscription he bids himself to stop and ponder over the interpretation He asks himself to evaluate his worth objectively and impartially He says that if he is assessed on the basis of the opinion of people he deserves much But even this may not be sufficient to deserve to win Portia who is so virtuous and worthy
(iv) What promise does the silver casket make What self-assessment does the Prince make
The silver casket promises the reward according to the worth of the chooser The Prince makes a self-assessment and concludes that in all fairness he deserves to get Portia He thinks that he is a royal Prince by birth and so he deserves her by the right of his birth
Portia is very rich and so the Prince deserves her by this also The Prince deserves because he is also extremely handsome as most of the beautiful maidens of his kingdom covet him He is valiant and virtuous also So in his opinion he is the most suitable and deserving candidate for Portiarsquos hand
(v) Over which casket does the Prince ponder a long time What intrigue him In what way does he deserve Portia
Morocco reviews the inscriptions again and rejects the lead casket as being not worth the high stakes for which he gambles He ponders a long time over the silver casket The words ldquoget as much as he deservesrdquo intrigue him He is quite sure that he deserves Portia He deserves her in birth fortune grace qualities of breeding and most of all love
Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution EVS Ch ndash4 Managing
soil and land
Today we will discuss about mechanical practices of soil conservation
A few mechanical measures of soil conservation arei) Basin leaching In this method a number of small basins (water reservoirs) are made These collect and retain rain water for a long period and also catch and stabilize downwardly moving soils of the slopes
ii) Pan breaking by breaking of pan ( a hard sheet of clay a few feet below the surface ) drainage and percolation of rain water is improved and soil is saved from residual run-off and erosion
iii) Sub-soiling Soil is broken into fine grains to increase its absorptive capacity
iv) Contour terracing terraces are labeled areas constructed at right angles to the slope to reduce soil erosion
v) Contour trenching This method involves making a series of deep pits or trenches across the slope at convenient distance The soil excavated from the trenches is deposited along the lower edge in the form of bund On the ridges tree seeds are shown
vi) Terrace outlets To conserve soil pipe outlets are made which are thickly covered by grasses
vii) Digging of ponds and reservoirs to store water
viii) Stream bank protection To protect banks of rivers and channels construction of stone or concrete protective walls or planting of trees should be undertaken
Commercial Studies
Chapter- Banking Let us today discuss about theMeaning of Commercial BankFunctions of Commercial Banks
Commercial Banks are those banks which perform all kinds of banking functions such as accepting deposits advancing loans credit creation and
Question1 What do you mean by
Commercial BankAnswer) Commercial Banks are those banks which perform all kinds of banking functions such as accepting deposits advancing loans credit creation and agency functions
agency functions
Functions of Commercial BanksCommercial banks perform a variety of functions which can be divided as (1) Accepting Deposits (2) Advancing Loans (3) Credit Creation (4) Financing Foreign Trade(5) Agency Services (6) Miscellaneous Services To Customers
2 Explain the various functions of Commercial Bank
Answer) Following are the various functions of Commercial Banks
1 Accepting Deposits This is the oldest function of a bank and the banker used to charge a commission for keeping the money in its custody when banking was developing as an institution Nowadays a bank accepts three kinds of deposits from its customers The first is the savings deposits on which the bank pays small interest to the depositors who are usually small savers
2 Advancing LoansOne of primary functions of commercial banks is to advance loans to its customers A bank lends a certain percentage of the cash lying in deposits on a higher interest rate than it pays on such deposits This is how it earns profits and carries on its business 3 Credit CreationCredit creation is one of the most important functions of the commercial banks Like other financial institutions they aim at earning profits For this purpose they accept deposits and advance loans by keeping small cash in reserve for day-to-day transactions When a bank advances a loan it opens and account in the name of the customer and does not pay him in cash but allows him to draw the money by cheque according to his needs By granting a loan the bank creates credit or deposit4 Financing ForeignTrade commercial bank finances foreign trade of its customers by accepting foreign bills of exchange and collecting them from foreign banks It also transacts other foreign exchange business and buys and sells foreign currency5 Agency ServicesA bank acts as an agent of its customers in collecting and paying cheques bills of exchange drafts dividends etc It also buys and sells
shares securities debentures etc for it customers Further it pays subscriptions insurance premium rent electric and water bills and other similar charges on behalf of its clients It also acts as a trustee and executor of the property and will of its customers Moreover the bank acts as an income tax consultant to its clients For some of these services the bank charges a normal fee while it renders others free of charge6 Miscellaneous ServicesBesides the above noted services the commercial bank performs a number of other services It acts as the custodian of the valuables of its customers by providing them lockers where they can keep their jewellery and valuable documents It issues various forms of credit instruments such as cheques drafts travellers cheques etc which facilitate transactions
Bengali হিবপরীতশবদ করণেয়কটি হিবপরীত শবদ গদওয়া ল1)সজীব = হি3জsব 2)শরদধা= ঘা 3)আকষ = হিবকষ4)সধবা = হিবধবা 5)উৎস = গা3া 6)অ = অ37)জয় = পরাজয় 8)তাপ = হৈশত যয 9)হি3ltা = পরশংসা10)াদা = অদা 11)রহিসক = গবরহিসক 12) অনতর = বাহির13)অহিতবষটি = অ3াবষটি 14)পরত যযi = পরণেরাi 15)3াবালক = সাবালক
Hindi 2nd lang नया रासता भा 5 अपन जीन की परिरसथिगितयो स गिश होकर मीन क हदय म कई बार हीन भाना
और जीन की कडाहट अनभ हईपरत ह दढता और साहस की मरतित थी ह
अपन जीन को वयथ नही होन दना चाहती थी बचपन स ही उसकी कील बनन की
इचछा थी आज मीन की लन उस और दखकर माता- गिपता न उस कालत करन की
आजञा द दी मीन न मरठ म दाखिखला ल लिलया उसक हरदय म कछ बनन और कछ
कर दिदखान की इचछा थी उसक गिचार स चारो और पस का ही बोलबाला हहॉसटल
की कलपना करत ही ह लिसहर उठती थी उसन अपन लिलए नए नए कपड बनाए पहली बार हॉसटल जान का चा थाआखिखर
ह दिदन आ ही या जब उस हॉसटल जाना था पहली बार ह अपन घर स अल हो
रही थी हॉसटल पहच कर कछ दिदनो तक उसका मन नही ला बचपन की घटनाए
एक- एक करक उसक समतपटल पर उतर ई ह अपनी ककषा म हमशा परथम आती
थी 2 दिदन बाद गिपताजी मीन स मिमलन आए मा न काफी चीज उसक लिलए बनाकर
भजी थी गिपताजी स मिमलकर ह बहत खश
1 ह सय की दढता साहस की मरतित थी
परशन1 लखिखका मीन को दढता साहस
की मरतित कयो कह रही ह 2 गिाह क अलाा मीन क जीन
का कया लकषय था 3 मीन समाज क झठ आरण को
हटाकर सतय दिदखाना चाहती ह सपषट कीजिजए
4 परसतत पलि[यो का भा सपषट अपन शबदो म लिलखिखए
उततरndash1 मीन म समाज स लडन की शलि[ ह
ह समाज म फली बराइयो क सामन ढढता स जमी हई ह ह साहस क साथ अपन उलिचत गिनणय
पर सथिर रहती ह जिजदी क उतार चढा सा घबरा टी नही ह बलकिलक साहस स काम लती ह इनही कारणो स लखिखका न उस ढढता
और साहस की मरतित कहा ह2 मरठ ालो न जब उसका रिरशता
ठकरा दिदया तो उसन गिनशचय कर लिलया गिक ह अपन परो पर खडी होी और समाज को दिदखा दी की नारी अबला नही ह उसन अपना
हई करीब 1 घटा रक कर गिपताजी चल ए लकषय बना लिलया गिक ह एलएलबी करक कील बनी
3 समाज म नारी क ऊपर अबला आशरीता का आरण पडा हआ ह
मीन समाज क दवारा होत हए इस आरण को हटाकर यह सतय परमाणिणत करना चाहती ह गिक आज
की नारी अबला नही ह और ना ही गिकसी क हाथ की कठपतली ह
4 लखिखका न मीन क बार म कहा गिक ह सय घटा और साहस की मरतित
ह ह अपन न हम ध और मसीबत म साहस का परिरचय दती हउतार
चढा को हर इसान क जीन म आत ही रहत ह उनको साधारण रप
स ही लना चागिहए अपन गिाह क मामल म उसन साहस स काम
लिलया और गिाह क बार म सोचना छोड दिदया मीन क सामन अभी बहत लबी जिजदी पडी ह इसलिलए उसन समय का महत समझा और
एक कषण भी वयथ ना करन का गिनशचय गिकया
Mathematics(x) Algebra Quadratic Equation in one variable
Study Item Some solved sums from exercise- 539)Solve for x 2(2x ndash 1 )(x+3) ndash 3 (x + 3)(2x ndash 1 ) = 5 x -3 frac12Solution Let (2x ndash 1)(x + 3) = y then we get2(y) ndash 3( 1y) = 50r 2y ndash 3y = 5Or 2y2 ndash 3 = 5y [multiplying both side by y we get]0r 2y2 ndash 5y ndash 3 = 0Now comparing the above equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0 we geta=2 b = - 5 and c = - 3Therefore y = -(- 5 )plusmnradic((-5)sup2-4(2)(-3))2(2) = 5 plusmnradic( 25 + 24)4 = 5plusmn radic(49)4 = (5 plusmn 7)4= (5+7)4 (5 ndash 7)4= 124 -24= 3 - 12Therefore y = 3 (2x ndash 1)( x + 3) = 3 2x ndash 1 = 3x + 9 3x - 2x = - 10 x= - 10Or y = - frac12 ( 2x ndash 1)(x + 3) = - frac124x ndash 2 = - x ndash 3 4x+x = - 3 + 2 5x = - 1 x= - 15Hence the roots of the given equation are - 10 and ndash 1510)(i) x2 - 5x ndash10 =0Solution x2 ndash 5x ndash 10 = 0Comparing the above equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0 we get a=1 b = - 5 and c = - 10Therefore x = - (- 5)plusmnradic( -5)sup2- 4(1)(- 10)2(1) = 5 plusmn radic( 25 +40)2 = 5 plusmn radic(65 )2
= (5 plusmn 8bull06)2 = (5 + 8bull06)2 (5 ndash 8bull06)2 = 13bull062 - 3bull062= 6bull53 - 1bull5312) Solve the equation x ndash 18x = 6 Given your answer correct to two significant figureSolution x ndash18x = 6Or (x2 ndash 18 )x = 6Or x2ndash 18 = 6xOr x2 ndash 6x ndash18 = 0Comparing the above equation with ax2 + bc + c = 0 we gera= 1 b = - 6 and c = -18Therefore x = -(-6) plusmnradic(- (- 6)2 ndash 4(1)(- 18)2(1) = 6 plusmn radic( 36 + 72)2 = (6 plusmnradic( 108)2 =(6 plusmn 10bull39)2= 16bull392 - 4bull392= 8bull195 - 2bull195 asymp 8bull2 - 2bull2
Chemistry Chapter-2L-1Chemical Bonding
1) Chemical Bonding-
It is basically the force of attraction which holds the different types of atoms in a molecule together
Cause of Chemical Combination-
The main cause is the tendency of elements to acquire eight electrons in its outermost shell like that of noble gases other than Helium(He) So the atoms combine to acheive the nearest noble gas configuration of 8 electrons( or 2 electrons) in their outermost orbit and become stable
2) Ion-
It is a charged particle made from an atom by the loss or gain of electrons
There are 2 types of Ions They are-
a) Cations- It is formed by the loss of electrons eg - K+ Ca2+
Na+ etc
b) Anions- It is formed by the gain of electrons eg- Cl- O2- F- etc
Q Why do elements form Ions
A Atoms of all elements except those of noble gases have one to seven valence electrons and are not in a state of minimum energy Thus to acquire a state of minimum energy elements lose or gain electrons and form ions so that they acquire stable configuration (Duplet or Octet)
Q What is the Electronic Theory of Valency
A In 1916 Kossel and Lewis on the basis of octet rule of electrons described simply the electronic structure of molecules of many chemical compounds and elements Kossel mainly described the structure of ionic compounds formed by loss and gain of electrons and Lewis mainly described the structure of Covalent Compounds formed by mutual sharing of electron pair This is known as ELECTRONIC THEORY OF VALENCY proposed by Kossel and Lewis
Q What do you mean by Electropositive and Electronegative Elements
3) Types of Chemical Bond-3 types
A)ElectrovalentIonic Bond
B) Covalent Bond
C) Co-ordinate Dative Bond4) ELECTROVALENT IONIC BOND-
It is the electrostatic force of attraction between the opposite charged ions which holds them together
The chemical compounds formed as a result of electron transfer from one atom of an element to another are called IONIC or ELECTROVALENT COMPOUND
The number of electrons which an element loses or gains during the formation of an ionic bond is called its ELECTROVALENCY
Conditions for the formation of Ionic Compounds-
i Large electronegativity difference between the combining atoms
ii Low IP for one of the atoms from which the cation can be easily formed
iii High electron affinity for one of the atoms from which the anions can be easily formed
iv High Lattice Energy
A
1) Electropositive Elements- have the tendency to lose the electrons and form Cations
eg- Na K Fe -mostly metals
2) Electronegative Elements- have the tendency to gain the electrons and form Anions
eg- Cl F O - mostly Non-metals
Q Give the brief description about the formation of NaCl
A See your Text Book
Q Practise the two types of diagram of the formation of different ionic compound
A See your Text Book
English All Summer in a Answer the following questions-
literature Day 3) Why did the children hate herAns- The children sensed that Margot was different from them She hated the continuous rain while they were used to it She spoke only about the sun and they had no memory of it They hated her pale snow face her waiting silence her thinness and her possible future of going back to the Earth4) What is the it referred to by WilliamAns- The it referred to by William is the Sun which the scientists had predicted would shine for a short while that day5) What was Margot waiting for Why did William say it was a jokeAns- Margot was waiting to see the sun predicted to shine that day for a short while William did not want her to have the joy of seeing the sun
Geography Water Resources SOURCES OF WATER SURFACE WATER AND GROUNDWATER Earth is known as the Blue Planet because 71 per cent of the Earths surface is covered with water Wateralso exists below land surface and as water vapour in the air Water is not added or removed from the environment it simply changes state and location This constant movement of water throughout our environment is called the hydrological cycle or water cycle Earth cleans and replenishes the water supply through the hydrologic cycle Groundwater exists in an aquifer or
underground layer of permeable rock sediment (usually sand or gravel) or soil that yields water
Aquifers are like underground reservoirs of water
SURFACE WATER The visible bodies of water are referred to as surface water Surface waters can be simply described as the water that is on the surface of the Earth This includes the oceans rivers and streams lakes and reservoirs Surface waters are very important Rivers and streams constitute the flowing surface waters Surface water canbe captured for a variety of biospheric and humanusesRunoff During heavy precipitation water cannot infiltrate into the ground It flows on the surface of the ground and called as runoff
GROUNDWATER Groundwater is detained as water that is found beneath the surface of the Earth in conditions of100 per
Q1 Why the Earth is called as Blue PlanetA1 Earth is known as the Blue Planet because 71 per cent of the Earths surface is covered with water
Q2 Define hydrological cycleA2 Water is not added or removed from the environment it simply changes state and location This constant movement of water throughout our environment is called the hydrological cycle or water cycle Earth cleans and replenishes the water supply through the hydrologic cycle
Q3 What is AquifersA3 Aquifers are like underground reservoirs of water
Q4 Why there is a shortage of fresh waterA4 Although the earth has an abundance of water but unfortunately there is a shortage of fresh water because 997 per cent of it occupied by oceans soils icecaps and floating in the atmosphere and rest 03 percent can use for daily uses
cent saturation (if it is less than100 per cent saturation then the water is considered as soil moisture) Ninety-eight per cent of Earths available fresh water is groundwater It is about60 times as plentiful as the fresh water found in lakes and streams Water in the ground travels through pores in soil and rock and in fractures and weathered areas of bed rockThe majority of fresh water is therefore found under ground as soil moisture and in aquifers
Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 88 to 126 (Portia helliphellip Such as the day is when the sun is hid) [Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]
Summary Questions amp Answerso Launcelot then arrives and informs
Lorenzo that Bassanio will also be arriving soon Both Lorenzo and Jessica return to the house and ask Stephano to order the family musicians to play music in order to extend a fitting welcome to Portia
o Portia and Nerissa dressed in their normal self return home and enter the building Lorenzo recognizes Portias voice and comes to greet her She orders the servants to pretend as if she had never left and asks Lorenzo and Jessica to do the same
o Soon thereafter Bassanio Gratiano and Antonio arrive
(1) PORTIA That light we see is burning in my hall (L 89-101)
How far that little candle throws his beams So shines a good deed in a
naughty worldNERISSA When the moon shone we did not see the candlePORTIA So doth the greater glory dim the less
A substitute shines brightly as a king
Unto the king be by and then his state
Empties itself as doth an inland brook
Into the main of waters Music hark
NERISSA It is your music madam of the housePORTIA Nothing is good I see without respect
Methinks it sounds much sweeter than by day
NERISSA Silence bestows that virtue on it madam
(i) Where are Lorenzo and Jessica sitting What message have they received What are they doing
Lorenzo and Jessica are sitting in Portiarsquos house in Belmont They have just received the message informing them of the arrival of Portia and Bassanio separately They are waiting for their arrivals and enjoying the beauty of the moonlight night(ii) In which mood is Lorenzo found after Stephanorsquos departure
After Stephanorsquos departure Lorenzo reverts to his romantic mood He is carried away by the magic of the loveliness of the moonlight He draws Jessicarsquos attention and says that the moonlight is sleeping beautifully on the raised ground He says that they will sit there and enjoy the sweetness of the gentle
music which will shortly creep into their ears very softly(iii) Why has Lorenzo sent Stephano What kind of man is he who does not appreciate the sweet harmony of sounds
Lorenzo has sent Stephano to instruct the musicians to play soft music to welcome Portia home Lorenzo tells that the
tranquility and the beautiful night suit the sweet music Praising the ennobling (M lend greater dignity) effect of music Lorenzo tells Jessica that the person who has no music in him and does not appreciate the sweet harmony of sounds is a dangerous person and so should be watched very carefully(iv) Who are returning to Belmont What does Nerissa remark on seeing the light of the house
Portia and Nerissa are returning to Belmont after successfully conducting Antoniorsquos trial in Venice as the lawyer and the clerk respectively When they are near their home Nerissa seeing the light of the house remarks that they did not see this light of this candle when the moon was shining(v) What does Portia comment on Nerissarsquos observation Commenting on Nerissarsquos observation Portia says that the lesser glory becomes insignificant before the greater glory She adds that the kingrsquos representative assumes great splendor and authority when the king himself is not near But before the real king the substitute becomes devoid of all splendor and
authority as the big rivers lose their identity after emptying into the vast sea
SUBJECT PHYSICS [TOPIC FORCE]Answer the following questions ( ICSE questions of previous years from chapter FORCE)
1 Write the position of centre of mass for the following bodies(i) A circular ring (ii) A cylinder(iii) A hollow sphere (iv) A triangular lamina
2 Explain why screw drivers are provided with longer handles3 Compare the magnitude and direction of centripetal force and centrifugal force4 How does uniform circular motion differ from uniform linear motion5 Why is the motion of a body moving with a constant speed around a circular path is said to be
accelerated6 A brass ball is hanging from a cotton thread Draw a neat labeled diagram showing the force acting
on the brass ball and the cotton thread 7 Define moment of force Write the relationship between the SI and CGS unit of moment of force8 Define couple State the SI unit of moment of couple9 A uniform half meter scale balanced horizontally on a knife edge at 29 cm mark when a weight of 20
gmf is suspended from one end(i) Draw the diagram of the arrangementWhat is the weight of the half meter rule
ECO-10 250620 Topic-Supply Analysis
MEANING OF SUPPLYSupply a commodity by a firm or seller may be defined as the quantity of a commodity that a firm or seller offers for sale at a given price during a given time period But the actual sale of the commodity may be different from its supply For example a farmer (produced of wheat) is willing to sell 50 quintals of wheat at a price of ` 15 per kg but he is able to sell only 30 quintals at this price So this case the supply of wheat is 50 quintals but the actual sale is 30 quintals So these two concepts should not be confused with each other Like demand supply also has three elements The definition of supply include (i) the quantity of the commodity that a firm is willing to supply (ii) the price at which it is willing to supply that quantity and (iii) the time period during which it is willing to supply that quantity
FACTORS DETERMINING SUPPLY OR DETERMINANTS OF SUPPLY OF A GOOD
The main determinant of supply is the price of the commodity But the cost of production of a commodity is an important factor in determining profit maximized on output of a firm The cost of production depends on the prices of various inputs like raw material wages of workers interest of capital rent of building etc The supply of a commodity also depends on the technology used in the production of the commodity and many other factors The main factors determining supply of a commodity are(i) Price of the commodity(ii) Price of other related good(iii) Price of inputsfactors(iv) Taxation policy of government(v) Objective of the firm(i) Price of the commodity Other factors determining supply remaining constant there is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity It means the quantity supplied of a commodity increases with rise in price and decreases with fall in price of the commodity More quantity of a commodity is supplied at a higher price and less quantity is supplied at a lower price For example a seller of tomatoes is willing to sell 100 kgs of tomatoes at a price of ` 40 per keg and only 50 kgs at a price of ` 20 per kg Due to this direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity the supply curve has a positive slope Supply curve is upward sloping to the right(ii) Price of other related goods Supply of a commodity is also influenced by the change in the price of other related goods With the help of given resources we can produce several goods by using the same technology This helps the firm to diversify and tide over fluctuations in demand For example a farmer can produce either pulses or food grains by using the resources If the price of pulses increases it becomes more profitable for him to make more production of pulses So he will divert some resources from the production of food grains to the production of pulses The production of pulses will increase and that of food grains will decrease So the supply of pulses will increase if the price of pulses increases and the supply of food grain will decrease at the same price reverse will happen if the price of food grains increases(iii) Price of inputsfactors Change in the price of inputs like raw material wage rent or interest also influences the supply of a commodity For example in the production of cloth cotton is the main raw material If the price of cotton increases the cost of production of cloth will increase At the same price the margin of profit will decrease So the producer will decrease the supply of cloth at the same price On the other hand if the price of cotton falls the cost of production per unit of cloth will decrease and hence the supply of cloth will increase The price of other inputs will also influence the supply of a good in the same manner(iv) Technology of production an improvement in the technology of production of a commodity decreases the per unit cost of the commodity The margin of profit will increase at the same price So the supply of a commodity will increase with improvement in technology of production at the same price On the other hand if a firm uses absolute technology of production the cost of production per unit of the commodity will increase The margin of profit will decrease so the firm will decrease its supply at the same price This is the main reason that the firms are trying to use better technology of production because it not only reduces the cost of production per unit but also improves the quality of the product(v) Taxation policy of government If the government reduces the excise duty or the production of a commodity the cost of production per unit of the commodity will decrease the margin of profit will increase at the same price so the producer of the commodity will increase its supply It happens when the government wants to increase the production of the commodity On the other hand to discourage the production of some harmful goods like cigarettes liquor etc the government increases the rate of excise duty on the production of such goods So the cost of production per unit of the commodity increases and the supply of such commodities decreases(vi) Objective of the firm The objective of the producer also influences the supply of a commodity Generally the objective of a producer is get maximize his profits Profits are maximized at a higher price So he increases the supply of a commodity at a higher price and decreases its supply at a lower price But sometimes the producer may be in maximizing his sales and not in maximizing his profits as he wants to capture the market In that case he goes on increasing the supply so long his target is not achieved can profit is not adversely affected He may increase the supply at the same price to any extent
SUPPLY FUNCTION
When the relationship between quantity supplied and the determinants of supplied is expressed mathematically in an equation it is called a supply function So a supply function can be expressed asSn = f(Pn Pr Pf T Tr G)where Sn = Supply of commodity nPn = Price of the commodity nPr = Price of other related goodsPf = Price of inputsfactors
T = Technology of productionTr = Government policy or tax rateG = Goal or objective of the producer
Typically supply function shows the relationship between price and quantity supplied keeping all other determinants of supply as constant It shows the amount of a good that a seller supplies at different levels of price
LAW OF SUPPLYThe law of supply depicts the relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity when all other determinants of supply remain constant This law states that there is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity other factors determining supply remaining constant It means quantity supplied of a commodity increases with increase in price and decreases with decrease in price
Assumptions of the law of supplyThe phrase other determinants of supply remaining constant in the law of supply shows the assumptions of the law of supply The mains factors which influence the supply of a commodity one price of the commodity price of other related goods price of inputs technology of production taxation policy of the government and objective of the firm etc The law of supply is based on the assumptions that all these factors determining supply except price of the commodity should remain constant The following are the main assumptions of the law of supply(i) Price of other related goods should remain the same(ii) There should be no change in the price of inputs (factors)(iii) Technology of production should not change(iv) There is no change in the taxation policy of the government(v) Objective of the firm should not changeThe law of supply is based on the assumptions that the supply of commodity changes only due to change in price when all other determinant of supply remain constantClass XISubject Topic Summary Execution EVS Chapter-2
Ecology Answer the following questions briefly Q Draw a neat labeled diagram of carbon cycleAnsndash
Mathematics Principle of Mathematical Induction
1) What is statement Ans A sentence which may be true or false is called statement eg i) 5 is greater than 3 ii) New Delhi is the capital of India iii) 5 divides 7 These all are statements We see that statement (i) amp (ii) are true but (iii) is false 2 What is Mathematical StatementAns Statement involving mathematical relations are called mathematical statement We shall use mathematical statement in principle of
Example If n be a positive integer show that n(n+1) is an even positive integer Solution Let P(n) be the statement n(n+1) is an even positive integer Then (i) P(1) is the statement 1(1+1) ie 2 is an even positive integer Therefore P(1) is true (ii) If P(m) is true for some positive integer m then m(m+1) is an even integer Now (m+1) [(m+1)+1]=(m+1)sup2+ (m+1) =msup2+2m+1+m+1=msup2+m+2m+2=m(m+1) +2(m+1) = an even integer + an even positive integer [Since P(m) is true and 2(m+1) is an even
mathematical induction 3 What is the use of Principle of mathematical inductionAns Sometimes it is difficult to prove a statement theorem or a formula by direct method In this case we use an indirect method known as the Principle of mathematical induction There are two steps in this processSTEP 1 Varify that the statement or formula is true for one or two particular values of n say for n=1 2STEP 2 Assuming that the statement or formula is true for n=m where m is any positive integer show that it is true for n=m+1Conclusion Since the statement is true for n=2 it is true for n=2+1 that is 3 and since it is true for n=3 it is true for n=3 + 1 that is 4 and so on Hence the statement or formula is true for all positive integral values of n
positive integer]= an even positive integer Therefore P(m+1) is true when P(m) is true Therefore By the principle of Mathematical Induction P(n) is true for all positive integral values of n Hence n(n+1) is an even positive integer
Hindi 2ndlang एक फल की चाह 5 दख रहा था जस सो सथिर हो नही बठती थी कषण भर हाय ही चपचाप पडी थी अटल शागित शी धारण कर सनना यही चाहता था म उस सय ही
उकसा करमझको दी क परसाद का एक फल ही दो लाकर
शबदाथ ससथिर - परी तरह ठहरी हई अटल- पकका
उकसाकर - पररणा दकर
वयाखयाndash उपय[ पलि[यो म कगि सखिखया की ददशा का णन कर रहा ह जो उनक गिपता दवारा वय[ गिकया या ह अपनी बटी सखिखया कीददशा का
गितरण करत हए गिपता कहता ह गिक म अपनी आखो क सामन दख रहा था गिक मरी बटी जो पल भर क लिलए दिटककर नही बठती थी ह अब सथिर शात मरतित की तरह पढी थी अब म ह बार- बार इस बात क लिलए पररिरत कर रहा
था गिक ह मझ गिफर स ही शबद कह गिपताजी मझ दी क परसाद का एक फल लाकर दो
6 ऊच शल लिशखर क ऊपर मदिदर था गिसतीणर गिशाल सण कलशसरलिसज गिहलिसत थ पाकरसमदिदत रगि कर जाल दीप धल स अचछदिदत था मदिदर का
आन सारा ज रही थी भीतर बाहर मखरिरत उतस की धारा
शबदाथ - शल लिशखर- पहाड की ऊची चोटी
सतीणर - फला हआ
सण कलश - कमल क समान सदर सोन का कलश मखरिरत - परकट समदिदत - अचछी परकार खिखला हआ रगि कर जाल - सय की गिकरणो का समह
वयाखया- परसतत पलि[या म कगि न मदिदर की सदरता का णन गिकया ह कहत ह गिक मझ पहाड की चोटी पर एक गिलिशषट और गिशालमश था उसक
सोन क कलश सय की गिकरणो म चमकत हए ऐस परतीत हो रह थ जस सय की खिखली हईगिकरणो क ाा सपशपाकर सनहर कमल खिखल उठ हो मदिदर का
आन धप दीप की सध स भरा हआ था मदिदर क अदर और बाहर मनाए जा रह उसकी परसननता की ज सनाई द रही थी
Bengali (2nd language)
কোনি মনি নদী পরথম অধযোয়
হি_তীয় হিদরণে3র পাঠ-
হিবষটবাব গলাকটির কায় গররণে কা বলরণেত পাররণে0 3া শধ গচাখ হিদরণেয় রা পরকাশ করহি0ল কা বলরণেত বলরণেত গলাকটি পাঞজাহিব লহিn খরণেল জ কররণেত শর করল তাই গদরণেখ হিবষটবাব ত2মভ রণেয় গল চাটি ারার 2হিnরণেত গলাকটি হিবষটবাবর হিদরণেক এরণোরণেল হিতহি3 াা 3ীচ করণের 3াহিরণেয় গ33 হিদ গলাকটি হিবষটবাবরণেক চাটিরণেয় ায় তারণেল হিতহি3 তাাতাহিউরণেঠ গলাকটিরণেক ধররণেত পাররণেব3 3া কার তার শরীরণেরর ওজরণে3র জ3য এই শরণে3 হিবষটবাব বরণে3া গারণেষর ত গতরণেZরণে উরণেঠ দাাল তারণেত গলাকটি দাহিরণেয় শরীরটারণেক একট দহিলরণেয় হি3ল এই সব শরণে3 হিবষট ধর চপ করণের রইল শধ lsquoগঘাৎrsquo করণের একটা শবদ করল গলাকটি হিসহি হিদরণেয় ওঠা3াা কররণে0 গদরণেখ হিবষটবাব খাহি3কটা হিদরণেশারা রণেয় গলহিবষটবাবর গচারণেখ রারণের বদরণেল এখ3 গকৌতল হিতহি3 বরণেল3 ldquoখাওায় আার গলা2 গ3ই Uায়টিং কহিরrdquo হিকনত হিতহি3 কতটা Uায়টিং করণের তা তার শরীর আর খাবারণেরর তাহিলকা গদরণেখ গলাকটি বরণে= গল গলাকটি এহিরণেয় হিরণেয় হিবষটবাবর 2হিরণেত াত বহিলরণেয় হিদরণেল গস আরা অ32ব করণের3 এবং হিপহি0রণেয় া3 গলাকটি হিবষটবাবর সারণে3 তার শরীরণেরর কসরত পরদশ3 কররণেল হিবষটবাব রণে3 রণে3 হিব হিব করণের বরণেল3 হিতহি3ও গরাা রণেত চা3 গসই হরণেত nা গরণেক আবার হিচৎকার গ2রণেস আরণেস lsquoগকা হি3 গকা হি3rsquo
ldquoকী রক Uায়টিংrdquo-ক)বকতা গককারণেক বলরণে0খ)Uায়টিং কার অ কী ) Uায়টিং করা বযহিকতর গচারার ব3া দাও ঘ) তার Uায়টিং এর ব3া দাও
উঃ- ক) আরণেলাচয অংশটি হিত3ltীর গলখা lsquoগকাহি3rsquo উপ3যাস গরণেক গ3ওয়া রণেয়রণে0 আরণেলাচয কাটি বকতা রণেল3 সাদা লহিnপরা ারণেয় গরয়া পাঞজাহিব ও কারণেধ রহিn3 বযা ওয়ালা হিiহিতশ হিসং হিতহি3 কাটি বরণেলরণে03 হিবষট ধররণেকখ) Uারণেয়টিং কার অ ল পহিরহিত খাদয গর অাৎ খাদয তাহিলকায় সসত খারণেদযর গ3াগ3 বজায় গররণেখ খাদয গর) হিবষট ধরণেরর গচারা হিবশাল ওজ3 পরায় হিত3 গদখরণেত জলহিসতর রণেতা সারা শরীরণের চহিব ল ল কররণে0 বয়স পরায় চহিশ হিবশাল 2হি উপ রণেয় শরণেল হিচৎ রণেত পারণের3া গকউ গঠরণেল হিদরণেল হিচৎ রণেত পারণের তারণেক কায় নধ াদ3 পবরণেতর সরণেn তল3া করা য়ঘ) হিবষট ধর গকৌতলী রণেয় বরণেল তার খাওয়ার গকা3 গলা2 গ3ই গস Uায়টিং করণের আরণে গস আধ হিকরণেলা হিiর গখত এখ3 গস হিত3রণেশা গরা হিiর খায় জল খাবারণের কহিটা লহিচ গখত এখ3 পরণে3রণেরাটা লহিচ খায় আাইরণেশা গরা চারণেলর 2াত খায় হিঘ খাওয়া গ0রণে হিদরণেয়রণে0 রারণেত াতর বারণেরাটা রটি খায় হিবরণেকরণেল দ-গলাস হি0হিরর জল সরণেn চাররণেট কা পারণেকর সরণেltশ বাহিরণেত রাধাকষণ আরণে0 বরণেল হিবষট ধর া0 াংস খায়3া আর তারণেত তার গকা3 গলা2 লালসা গ3ই
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 276 to 313 (Sebastian helliphellipIt struck mine ear most terribly)[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]
Summary Questions amp AnswersConspiracy of Antonio and Sebastian
o Antonio further suggests murder of Alonso and eventually Sebastian agrees
o They draw their swords and proceed to murder Alonso and Gonzalo who are sleeping
(1) (Act II Sc 2 L 277-291)ANTONIO Ay sir where lies that If rsquotwere a kibe
rsquoTwould put me to my slipper but I feel notThis deity in my bosom Twenty consciencesThat stand rsquotwixt me and Milan candied be they And melt ere they molest Here lies your brotherNo better than the earth he lies uponIf he were that which now hes likemdashthats deadWhom I with this obedient steel three inches of itCan lay to bed for ever (whiles you doing thus
o As they approach Ariel appears again and wakes up Gonzalo by singing a tune in his ear Alonso also wakes up and they see both Sebastian and Antonio with drawn swords On being caught off guard they make up a story saying that they had heard a bellowing of bulls or lions
IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED
(Act II Sc 1 L 277-281)ANTONIOAy sir where lies that If rsquotwere a kibersquoTwould put me to my slipper but I feel notThis deity in my bosom Twenty consciencesThat stand rsquotwixt me and Milan candied be they And melt ere they molest
In these lines Antonio speaks how he is a conscienceless villain In inciting Sebastian to the kingship of Naples by murdering his brother he quotes his own example He too had banished his brother and made himself the Duke of Milan This kingship now sits upon him like a well fittinggarment So will be the case of Sebastian Sebastian then questions Antonio if this foul deed did not prick his conscience To this Antonio replies like a hardened villain He laughs at the word lsquoconsciencersquo and says that he has never heard of anything like conscience A guilty conscience gave him no more pain that is chilblain (M a painful itching and swelling on hand and foot caused by exposure to extreme cold) A man can get rid of the pain of chilblain by wearing slippers instead of shoes so does Antonio get rid of the qualms (M an uneasy feeling of doubt worry or fear especially about onersquos conduct) of conscience very easily Even if he were troubled by twenty consciences that barred his way to the throne of Milan however frozen they might be he would melt them into insensibility before they could cause him to twinge
To the perpetual wink of aye might putThis ancient morsel this Sir Prudence whoShould not upbraid our course) - for all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour
(i) To whom does Antonio speak these lines Who is referred to as lsquoyour brotherrsquo What does Antonio mean by saying lsquoNo better than the earth he lies uponrsquo
These lines are spoken by Antonio to Sebastian King Alonso is referred to as Sebastianrsquos brother Indicating towards Alonso who is lying asleep on the ground Antonio tells Sebastian that here sleeps his brother and at this time he is no better than a clod of the earth on which he lies asleep Antonio means to say that if he were actually to become what he looks like he would be a dead body(ii) According to Antonio what would he do if he were at the place of Sebastian
Antonio says that if he were in the position of Sebastian he would not care even for twenty consciences in order to win the kingship of Naples He would rather forget all his consciences if they happen to trouble him at all (iii) What does Antonio suggest to Sebastian What does Antonio assure him
Antonio suggests to Sebastian that in a moment Sebastian can put to death Gonzalo who pretends to be a very wise man and who on that account rebukes others (particularly Antonio and Sebastian) whereas he (Antonio) himself can put Alonso to death with only three inches of his willing sword Antonio further assures Sebastian that by killing both of them there will be none left to oppose him and in this way every obstacle in his way will be removed
(iv) Explain the lines lsquofor all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hourrsquo
In other words Antonio says that even if he were endowed with a stiff conscience he could easily relax or soften it for the execution of his purpose Then Antonio suggests that conscience should be no hindrance to a manrsquos future greatness
Comments These are terrible words coming from the mouth of a villain of the worst type He is utterly devoid of conscience or remorse He is an utter atheist of human virtue He speaks of conscience as a deity that he does not feel in his bosom
According to Antonio so far as the other lords (Adrian Francisco and others) are concerned they need not be murdered because they would obey the orders of Antonio and Sebastian as willingly and readily as cat licks milk These other lords would endorse and support everything that Sebastian and Antonio may say or suggest These other lords would adjust their views in accordance with the wishes of Antonio and Sebastian and they would regard all proposals made by Antonio and Sebastian as being opportune and also as being acceptable(v) What opinion do you form of Antonio from the above speech
The speech given above shows Antonio to be an absolutely unscrupulous man After saying that he does not believe in any such faculty as the conscience he suggests to Sebastian to
(Act II Sc 1 L 285-291)ANTONIOhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (whiles you doing thus To the perpetual wink of aye might putThis ancient morsel this Sir Prudence whoShould not upbraid our course) - for all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour
Antonio has convinced Sebastian that he has made himself Duke of Milan by a crime for which he has felt no pricks of conscience In these lines Antonio tells Sebastian that now that the chance has presented itself to him he should take it and be King of Naples So far as Alonso is concerned Antonio agrees to undertake the task of killing him by sticking only three inches of his sharp dagger Making a thrust in the air with his sword he tells Sebastian that by a similar method he can put to sleep forever Gonzalo ndash the old piece of flesh already rotten ndash this piece of antiquity ndash this ldquoSir Prudencerdquo who is never tired of reading his moral lectures to them If ldquoProfessor Wisdomrdquo is got rid of he will not be able to denounce their action as he would surely do if they did not dispatch him as well As for the rest of the kingrsquos counselors (Adrian and Francisco) it is their nature to adopt any statements and views which are placed before them just as it is the nature of a cat to lap milk Antonio assures Sebastian that ldquothese othersrdquo will back them up in whatever they say or do that they will count the strokes of the clock exactly as they bid them not according to the real time but according to the time that is right for their business Hence only two persons Alonso and Gonzalo are required to be removed to fulfill their ambition
murder Gonzalo at the very time when he (Antonio) stabs Alonso to death And yet this brutal man has a fertile wit also He can talk in a persuasive manner and also in a sarcastic and satirical manner He knows human nature thoroughly and he understands that Gonzalo is loyal to Alonso while the other lords are only sycophants who can easily be won over to Sebastianrsquos side after Alonso has been assassinated
(2) (Act II Sc 1 291-296)SEBASTIAN Thy case dear friend
Shall be my precedent as thou gotst MilanIll come by Naples Draw thy swordmdashone strokeShall free thee from the tribute which thou payest And I the King shall love thee
ANTONIO Draw together And when I rear my hand do you the likeTo fall it on Gonzalo
(i) Explain the situation and introduce the persons engaged in conversation
After the supposed shipwreck King Alonso with his lords his brother Sebastian and Antonio the Duke of Milan land on a strange island Prince Ferdinand is feared to be drowned While the King and others have fallen asleep after exertions of the day and Ariel with his sweet music acting as a catalyst Antonio and Sebastian are awake They have hatched a conspiracy to kill King Alonso and his loyal lord Gonzalo Then Sebastian will become King of NaplesIn these lines Antonio and Sebastian are engaged in conversation They are just ready to execute their plan to attack King Alonso and Gonzalo simultaneously(ii) Antoniorsquos case shall become Sebastianrsquos precedent What has been Antoniorsquos case
Antonio proved treacherous towards his brother Prospero who was the Duke of Milan Since Prospero spent his time in his scholarly pursuits he had delegated his powers to his younger brother Antonio to administer the dukedom Antonio grew ambitious He overthrew his brother and expelled him from his own dukedom In his place Antonio became the Duke of Milan which he continues to be now His case urges Sebastian to do the same(iii) How is Sebastian going to follow Antonio
Sebastian is going to take Antoniorsquos case as his precedent He is convinced that if Antonio could usurp the dukedom from his living brother Sebastian could become the King of Naples by killing his sleeping brother(iv) What will one stroke of Antoniorsquos sword do What will Sebastian do to reward Antonio
Sebastian asks Antonio to put an end to Alonsorsquos life with one stroke of his sword The same stroke will earn for him a reward Sebastian will become the King of Naples and he will exempt Antonio from paying the annual tribute to Naples The dukedom of Milan is a tributary to the kingdom of Naples Its Duke has to pay tribute to the King every year When Sebastian takes over as the King he will give a benefit to his friend who is helping him to realize his ambition
(v) What is Antoniorsquos suggestion
Antonio suggests that they may draw their swords together When he raises his hand to attack Alonso Sebastian should raise his sword to bring it down on Gonzalo
ACCOUNTS-11 25062020 Topic- depreciation ndashSTRAIGHT LINE METHOD
Illustration Salman and Usman Bros acquired a machine on July 1 2014 at a cost of Rs 70000 and spent Rs5000 on its installation The firm writes off depreciation 10 on straight line method The books are closed on December 31 every year Show the machinery and depreciation account for three years
Solution Machinery Account
Date Particulars LF amount Date Particulars LF` Amount ( Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014July 01 To Bank Ac 70000 Dec 31 Dec By Depreciation Ac 3750
(70000 x10x612)
July 01 To Bank Ac 5000 Dec31 By Balance cd 71250
75000 75000
2015 2015Jan 01 To Balance bd 71250 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 x10 ) Dec31 By Balance cd 63750
71250 71250
2016 2016Jan 01 To Balance bd 63750 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 (75000 x10 ) Dec 31 By Balance cd 56250
63750 63750
Depreciation Account
Date Particulars LF Amount Date Particulars LF Amount (Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 3750 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 3750
2015 2015
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
2016 2016
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
WORKING
Cost of Machine RS70000Cost of Installation Rs 5000
Total 75000
Rate of Depreciation 10
Then annual depreciation will be 10 of Rs 75000 = Rs 7500
Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution Geography DRIANAGE THE PENINSULAR RIVERS
1 The Mahanadi2 The Godavari3 The Krishna4 The Kaveri5 The Subarnarekha6 The Narmada7 The Tapi8 The Sabarmati and the Mahi9 The Chambal
The Mahanadi Basin The Mahanadi rises from Dandakaranya
Q1 Which is the largest river of peninsular plateau Write a brief note about its courseA1 The largest river of peninsular plateau is Godavari The river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has
near Sihawa in Raipur district in the highlands of Chhattisgarhand flows through Odisha to reach the Bay of BengalThe length of the river is about 857 kmIts drainagebasin is shared by Maharashtra Chhattisgarh Jharkhandand Odisha
THE MAHANADI RIVER SYSTEM
The GodavariThe river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
THE GODAVARI RIVER SYSTEM
many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
Q2 Which river is known as Dakshin GangaA2 The Godavari river is known as lsquoDakshin Gangarsquo It is also known as Vridha Ganga
Q3 Differentiate between east-flowing rivers and west-flowing riversA3
East-flowing rivers
West-flowing rivers
Godavari Krishna Kaveri Mahanadi are the east-flowing rivers
Narmada Tapiwest-flowing rivers
They fall into the Bay of Bengal
They fall into Arabian Sea
These rivers form big deltas
These rivers form comparativelysmall deltas
Catchment area of these river are larger
Catchment area of these river are smaller
The KrishnaThe Krishna river rises from the Western Ghatsnear Mahabaleshwar It flows into the Bay of Bengalbefore forming a large delta Its length is about1400 km The Tungabhadra Koyana Ghatprabha Musi and Bhima are some of its tributariesIt has covers parts of Maharashtra Karnataka and AndhraPradesh
THE KRISHNA RIVER SYSTEM
The KaveriIt rises in the Brahmagiri range of the Western Ghats and flows into the Bay ofBengal Southof Cuddalore in Tamil Nadu The length of the river is about 760 km Its main tributaries are the Amravati Bhavani Hemavati and Kabini The Kaveri drains inthe parts of Karnataka Kerala and drains in Tamil Nadu The river Kaveri makes the second biggest waterfall in India known as Sivasamudram
POLITICAL SCIENCE
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
MEANING OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS-Fundamental rights are those rights which are essential for intellectual moral and spiritual development of citizens of India As these rights are fundamental or essential for existence and all-round development of individuals hence they are called Fundamental rights These are enshrined in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India These include individual rights common to most such as equality before the law freedom of speech and freedom of expression religious and cultural freedom Freedom of assembly (peaceful assembly) freedom of religion (freedom to practice religion) right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writsThere are six fundamental rights recognized by the Indian constitution
1 Right to equality (Articles 14-18)2 Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22)3 Right Against exploitation (Articles 23-24)4 Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25- 28)5 Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29-30) and6 Right to Constitutional remedies (Articles 32-35)
1 The right to equality includes equality before the law the prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion race caste gender or place of birth equality of opportunity in matters of employment the abolition of untouchability and abolition of titles
2 The right to freedom includes freedom of speech and expression association or union or cooperatives movement residence and right to practice any profession or occupation
3 The right against exploitation prohibits all forms of forced labour child labour and trafficking of human beings
4 The right to freedom of religion includes freedom of conscience and free profession practice and propagation of religion freedom to manage religious affairs freedom from certain taxes and freedom from religious instructions in certain educational institutes
5 The Cultural and educational Rights preserve the right of any section of citizens to conserve their culture language or script and right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice
6 The right to constitutional remedies is present for enforcement of fundamental rightsThe right to privacy is an intrinsic part of Article 21 (the Right to Freedom) that protects the life and liberty of the citizens The right to privacy is the newest right assured by the Supreme court of India It assures the peoples data and personal security
Fundamental rights for Indians have also been aimed at overturning the inequalities of pre-independence social practices Specifically they have also been used to abolish untouchability and thus prohibit discrimination on the grounds of religion race caste sex or place of birth They also forbid trafficking of human beings and forced labour (a crime) They also protect cultural and educational rights of religious and linguistic minorities by allowing them to preserve their languages and also establish and administer their own education institutions They are covered in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India
Mathematics
Relation Study Item Types of RelationToday class xii students we will discuss about the types of RelationsFirst we discuss Void RelationWhat is Void RelationAns Let A be a non-empty set Then φ A A and so it is a relation R on set A Thissube ⨯ relation is called the void or empty relation on set ANow from the above definition we came to know that no element of A is related to any element of AHere A A is called Cartesian product⨯
is the symbol of subsetsubeAnd φ is called phi and refer to void or empty relationNow I give an example to understand the above said relationLet A = 1 2 3 4Here A A =(11)(12)(13)(14)(21)(22)(23)(24)(31)(32)(33)(34)(41)⨯(42)(43)(44)Now we consider R is a relation which is defined by R=(ab) a+b= 50We notice that a+b 50 for any two elements of AnotinTherefore (ab) R for any ab A is called belong to and is not belong tonotin isin isin notinTherefore we can say R does not contain any element of A A⨯Therefore R is empty set Therefore we can say that R is the void or empty relation on AWhat is universal RelationAns Let A is a set Then A A A A and so it is a relation on A This relation is called⨯ sube ⨯ the universal relation on ANow from the above definition we can say that each element of A is related to every element of ANow we consider the relation R on the set A =1 234 defined by R = (ab) R |a -b|isin
0≽We observe that|a - b | 0 for all ab A≽ isin
(ab) R for all (ab) A ArArr isin isin ⨯ Each element of set A is related to set A every element of set ArArr
Therefore we write R= AxATherefore we can say R is universal relation on set ANote we can say that void relation is smallest relation and the universal relation is largest relationSometime both void relation and universal relation is called trivial relationWhat is identity relationAns Let A is a non-empty set Then the relation R or IA = (aa) a A on A is called theisin identity relation on A Therefore from the above definition we can say that every element of A is related to itself only
Example Let A = 1234 then Ror IA = (11)(22)(33)(44) is the identity relation on set ANow I give you another example R1 = (11)(22)(33) and R2 = (11)(22)(33)(44)(24)From the above example we can say that R1 and R2 are not identify relation Because in the case of R1 (44)R1 and on the other hand R2 where element 2 is related to elements 2 and 4
Hindi 2ndlang
भलि[ (महादी मा)
भलि[ कहानी की लखिखका महादी मा न इस कहानी म यह दशान का परयास गिकया ह गिक आजकल क जमान म भी लो सक बन कर गिनसाथ सा करत ह ह
गिबना तन लिसा करत ह और उसक बदल ना कछ मात ह और ना ही कोई आशा करत ह नौकर सा करक तन चाहता ह और ह भी कई सगिधाओ की आशा करता ह पर सक सदा गिनजी साथ भा स सा म सलगन रह कर काम करता ह भलि[ कहानी की मखय पातर लकषमी ह जिजस भलि[ नाम लखिखका न दिदया ह ह गिकसी
ोपाल काकी कनया ह पाच रष की आय म उसकी गि माता न ौना ही कर दिदया कहानी म भलि[ क दखो का अत नही ह गिफर भी ह बडी साहसी धयान और परिरशरमी ह कदिठनाइयो स जझ ती ह पहल गिपता की मतय गिफर पगित की मतय और
गिफर घर जमाई की मतय होती ह उस साहसी मगिहला न साहस नही छोडा और तीनो पतरी ओक हाथ पील गिकए लाना द पान क कारण उसका जमीदार न अपमान गिकया गिफरकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहचीकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहची शहर पहच करा लखिखका की सगिका बनी ही पर उसका नाम भलि[ पडा ह एक भ[ की तरह अपन सामिमनी की इमानदारी स सा करती और तन का जिजकर भी नही करती ह लखिखका क घर पाठशाला आदिद को अचछी तरह स सभालती पढी-
लिलखी ना होकर भी ह लखिखका की बहत सा ए सहायता करती ह लखिखका का साया बनकर चलती लखिखका की सा करना उसक जीन का उददशय ह ह
लखिखका की खशी क लिलए ही काय करती ह ह लखिखका को दखी नही दख सकती लखिखका पर भलि[ का इतना परभा पडा गिक ह सय दहाती बन ई
यदध क दिदनो म ह अपन परिरार क साथ रहन की अपकषा लखिखका क साथ रहना पसद करती थी यदध क भत न जब ीटा क ान पर पलायन गित जा दी तो
भलि[ न न लखिखका को अपन ा ल जान का अनरोध करन ली लखिखका को डर ह गिक यदिद उसक गिदा होन क अगितम छठा ए तो ह दहातीन दधा कया कर ी
इस परकार हम दखत ह गिक लखिखका न सामिमनी और सगिका क ण बरसात हए सक धम पर परकाश डाला ह और लखिखका न एक आदश सगिका क रप को सदर
रप स परसतत गिकया हBengali আদাব পরশন) ldquoশরণের ১৪৪ ধারা আর কারহিZউ অU ার জারী রণেয়রণে0ldquo
ক) কার গলখা গকা3 রচ3ার অংশ খ)গকাায় গক3 ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়রণে0 )১৪৪ ধারা কী এর Zরণেল কী য়
উততর) ক)আরণেলাচ য অংশটি সরণেরশ বসর রহিচত lsquoআদাবlsquo গ0াট রণেলপর অংশ
খ) বাংলারণেদরণেশর ঢাকা শরণের ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়হি0ল সামপরদাহিয়ক াnাা ও দাnা পরহিতরণেরারণেধর জ3 য হিlt সলা3রণেদর গ3তারণেদর সামপরদাহিয়ক উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা বারণেধ উ2য় সমপরদায় 2ীত রণেয় ঘর বহিlt রণেয় পরণে পরসপর পরসপররণেক সরণেltরণের গচারণেখ গদরণেখ গকউ কাউরণেক আরণের রণেতা হিবশবাস কররণেত পারণের3া হিক0 া3রণেষর উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা য় ার পহির3া অরণেতক রকত iয় ও ত য
) ১৪৪ ধারা আইরণে3র এ3 একটা ধারা ার _ারা এলাকা হি3হিদ ষট করণের গদওয়া য় গসই এলাকার রণেধ য গবহিশ া3রণেষর জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় হিহি0ল জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় আই3 2nকারীরণেক গহিলর হি3রণেদশ জাহির করা য় তাই সাধার3 া3ষ আর বাইরণের গবর রণেত পারণের3া পরারণে3র 2রণেয় বহিlt রণেয় ারণেক এর Zল য় সাংঘাহিতক গদাকা3 পাট বনধ ারণেক
হিজহি3স পতর অহিল য় রাসতা ঘাট জ3 শ3 য রণেয় ায় লরণেঠরা তারণেদর লঠত রাজ চাহিলরণেয় হি3রণেজরণেদর আরণেখর গহি0রণেয় গ3য় া3ষরণেক 2ীহিতর হিব2ীহিষহিক গরাস করণের ঘরণেরর া3রণেষর ইkা াকরণেলও ঘরণের হিZররণেত পারণের3া হিZররণেত হিরণেয় বltরণেকর গহিলরণেত পরা3 ারায়
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today we will discuss about Types of Leaves
An organization provides several kinds of leaves to the employees These days employees working both in government and private sector are allowed several types of leaves Following are the leaves achieved by the employees from their organization
Casual LeaveChild care leave -HospitalLeaveSpecial disability leaveChild Adoption leaveEarned LeavesHalf pay leaveMaternity leavePaternityleaveStudy leave
1 Casual Leave- Casual leave is not a recognised form of leaves and is not subject to any rules made by the government of India And official on casual leave is not treated as Absent from duty and pay is not intimated Normally 8 days of casual leave is permissible in a calendar year
2 Child care leave - Women employees having minor children may be granted child care leave by an authority competent to grant leave for a maximum period of 730 days means two years during their entire service for taking care of up to two children weather for sharing or to look after any of their names like examination sickness it is a
3HospitalLeave - Hospital leave is admissible to group C employees whose duties involved handling of dangerous machinery explosive materials poisonous drugs and performance of hazardous task and to group D employees Medical certificate from an authorised medical attendant is necessary for the grant of these leave However total period of
leave does not exceed 28 months4Special disability leave- Special
disability leave admissible to all employees when disabled by injury intentionally or accidentally inflicted are caused in law in consequence of the due performance of official duties or in consequence of official position It also it is also add miscible when disabled by illness incurred in the performance of any particular duty which has the effect of increasing laboratory to illness or injury beyond the ordinary least attaching to the Civil post held and the same condition
5Child Adoption leave- This leave is granted to female Employees with fewer than two surviving children on valid adoption of a child below the age of one year for a period of 135 days immediately after the date of valid adoption Leave salary will be equal to the pain immediately before processing on leave
6Earned Leaves- This leave is earned by duty The credit for earned leave will be awarded at a rate of 15 days on the 1st of January and 1st of July every year It can be accumulated up to 300 days in addition to the number of days for which encashment has been allowed along with LTC
7 Half pay leave -All government servant are entitled to 20 days of HPL half pay leave for every completed year of service Half pay leave is calculated at 20 days for each completed year of service The service includes periods of duty and leave including extra ordinary leave with or without MC (medical certificate)
8 Maternity leave -Maternity leave is granted to women Government employees full stop it is as possible only to Employees with less than 2 surviving children The maternity leave is not debited to leave account and full pay is granted It cannot be combined with any other the leaves and count as service for increment and pension
9 PaternityleaveA male employee with less than 2 surviving children may be granted paternity leave for a period of 15 days during the confinement of
his wife During the period of such leaves he shall be paid leave salary equal to the pay drawn immediately before proceeding on leave
10 Study leave-Study leave may be granted to all Government Employees with not less than 5 years service for undergoing a special course consisting of higher studies are specialised training in a professional or technical subject having a direct and close connection with the sphere of his duties as a Civil Servant
Commerce
Chapter-5Management
Let us today discuss about the nature of Management
Nature of management Management is defined as
An art A science A profession
Management is defined as an art because of the following reasons
1 In art there is an existence of theoretical knowledge Similarly in management various theories are propounded by management thinkers in various areas of management like finance marketing human resources etc
2 Every manager apply his or her personal skills and knowledge in the day to day functioning of an enterprise
3 Like an art management is creative as it provides solutions to Complex problems making resources productive and profitable moulding the attitudes of people for the betterment of an organisation
Management is is considered as science because of the following reasons
1 Like science there is a systemised body of knowledge in management consisting of theories principles vocabulary and concept
2 Principles of management are evolved after continuous observations and experimentation
Management both as Science and ArtManagement is both a science and an art It is a science because it uses certain principles and is an art because it requires continuous practice and application of personal skillsManagement as a profession Following points highlight whether management is a profession or not1 Like profession management has well
defined body of knowledge It has its own principles which are based on experiments One can acquire such
knowledge by pursuing courses like MBA BBA etc and acquire managerial skills through instruction and training
2 In management no such restriction is there for managers to clear an examination for hold a degree However these days more and more people are appointed for managerial post who opposes management degrees
3 Membership to a professional Association like AIMA is not mandatory for managers All managers directly or indirectly work for the development of society
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Essay Questions (EQ-2)
Question No 2Sketch the character of Prospero Would you call him perfect
AnswerProspero in The Tempest appears to be an intensely human being with human failings and weaknesses With all his excellence Prospero is made to awaken our sympathy for a natural imperfection Prosperorsquos Previous HistoryIn his retrospective narration of his previous history to Miranda we get a glimpse into Prosperorsquos past life As the Duke of Milan Prospero buried himself in his magic books which he prized above his dukedom He was essentially a scholar with no practical wisdom He failed to perform his first duty by neglecting the governance of his state and gave an opportunity to his wicked brother to undermine his throne He was thus driven from his home and thrown in a leaky boat with his weeping daughter to drift in the perilous seas It is only the thought of his little child that kept him aliveThe Development of Prosperorsquos CharacterThe development of his character is evident from the contrast between what he was before his banishment and what he is now in the island Formerly when his ldquolibrary was dukedom enoughrdquo he was altogether too unsuspecting Now he is watchful as providence and takes care to guard himself against the possibility of evil He has learnt to know human nature in its worst forms even Caliban has taught him something He will no longer put his trust in appearance except as ldquostale to catch thievesrdquo nor in oaths of which the strongest he says ldquoare straw to the fire irsquo the bloodrdquo He who once neglected worldly ends now consistently asserts his dignity enforces obedience and deals out justice with impartial hand He who without a thought of evil gave his power and his revenues into his brotherrsquos hands now puts Ferdinand to the severest test as a trial of his love before entrusting his daughter to him He makes the most practical use imaginable of his magic art exacts prompt servitudefrom his attendants does not hesitate to punish them is resolved and firm and knows how to seize the proper moment for action He is a most careful father to his daughter a considerate master of Ariel severe against the brutal Caliban humane towards the repentant enemies full of experience and wisdomThe Exercise of his Power ndash his SternnessWhat appears to us at the first sight one of the least pleasing features of Prosperorsquos character is the sternness which he frequently displays more particularly in his dealings with Caliban His harshness towards Caliban resulted from the failure of gentler methods his severity towards Ferdinand was exercised in the interest of his daughter ldquolest too light winning make the prize lightrdquo and his punishment of Alonso Sebastian and Antonio is justified by the attainment of his objectiveProsperorsquos TendernessThe tender side of Prosperorsquos character is exhibited in his relation to Miranda Ariel Gonzalo and the repentant sinners His love for Miranda is unbounded She was almost life to him In his darkest hours of trial this love sustained him and gave him strength to put a bold front to suffering He addresses her always with tenderness She is to him a lsquoloved darlingrsquo lsquodear heartrsquo lsquoa rich giftrsquo lsquoa third of his own lifersquo The same affectionate nature is shown in his dealing with his brother Antonio He loved his brother Antonio only next to Miranda before Antonio conspired against him In the island when Antonio is brought before him he forgives him
readily To Gonzalo the good old councilor he is all affection He sheds tears of joy and gratitude when he meets him in the island To Ariel he is a loving and considerable master Ariel is always to him ldquomy brave spiritrdquo ldquofine spiritrdquo ldquodelicate Arielrdquo ldquomy Arielrdquo etc When he promises Ariel his freedom he says with real emotion ndash ldquoI shall miss theerdquoProsperorsquos Power as a MagicianThe practice of magic has placed wonderful powers in the hands of Prospero He uses his supernatural powers like a god only to bring about the happiest results He causes The Tempest and the shipwreck only to bring his enemies within his power and not to destroy them Not a soul perished in the storm He leads Ferdinand to Miranda his high charms work and as he wishes the two falls in love He frustrates the plots of the conspirators and makes them know that he was conscious of it He drives Sebastian and Alonso to sincere repentance and readily forgives them The drunken associates of Caliban are no doubt sternly treated but even then they are promised conditional pardon The whole play at last ends in reconciliation joy and peace The wrongs are set right the lovers are made happy Ariel is set free and thus the powerful magician retires into the solitude of his study at MilanProsperorsquos ForgivenessAllied to his wisdom is his forgiving nature Though deeply wronged he bears no spite against the wrong-doers Though his power is unlimited he uses it to noble purposes The lesson of adversity has taught him that ldquoThe rarer action is in virtue than in vengeancerdquoProspero does not debase his noble nature by revenge but forgives his enemies absolutely He drives his erstwhile enemies to a sincere penitence for their past misdeeds and when repentance has wrought its full effect on them he receives them into his arms and is reconciled to them Is Prospero perfectProspero creates a great impression upon our minds by his dignity his nobility the divine spirit of forgiveness in him his generous and sympathetic nature etc Even with all these virtues we cannot call him perfect We perceive certain faults in him He displays an occasional impatience irritability and even a certain harshness of feeling His severe treatment of Caliban might have been justified but the language in which he addresses the monster and the threats that he uses show him to be a kind of tyrant On learning of Calibanrsquos plot against his life he is as violently disturbed and agitated as any ordinary human being would be His manner towards Ariel when the latter demands his liberty also seems somewhat arbitrary and tyrannicalSubject ndashBiology Topic ndashChapter -5 Inheritance amp Variations Summary ExecutionToday we will discuss about NON-Mendelian Inheritance
NON_MENDELIAN INHERITANCE Incomplete Dominance It is an inheritance in which heterozygous offspring shows
intermediate character between two parental characteristics Eg Flower colour in snapdragon (dog flower or Antirrhinum sp) and
Mirabilis jalapa ( 4rsquoO clock plant) Here phenotypic and genotypic ratios are same Phenotypic Ratio 1Red 2 Pink 1 White Genotypic Ratio 1(RR) 2 (Rr) 1(rr) This means that R was not completely dominant over r Pea plants also show incomplete dominance in other traits
Co- dominance It is the inheritance in which both alleles of a gene are expressed in a
hybrid Eg ABO blood grouping in human ABO Blood groups are controlled by the gene I The plasma membrane of the RBC has sugar polymer that protrude
from its surface and is controlled By the gene The gene I has three alleles IA IB i The alleles IA and IB produce a slightly different form of the sugar
while allele i does not produce any sugar In AB blood group both IA and IB are present together This is co ndash
dominanceMultiple Alleles
Multiple alternatives of the same gene which influence the same character and produce different expressions in different individuals of a species or population same genes have more than two allelic
forms These different forms of a single gene are referred as multiple alleles Eg human Blood group
Ac-12 250620 Topic- retirement
Illustration Om Jai and Jagdish are partners sharing profit in the ratio of 3 2 l Their balance sheet as at December 31st 2014 is as under
Balance sheet as at December 31 2014
Liabilities Amount Assets Amount
(Rs`) (Rs`)
Creditors 80000 Building 180000 Bills Payable 26000 Plant 140000 General reserve 24000 Motor Car 40000 Capital Stock 100000 Om 160000 Debtors 63000 Jai 120000 Less Provision Jagdish 120000
400000 for Bad debts 3000
60000 Cash at Bank 10000
530000 530000
Jai retires on that date on the following terms(a) The Goodwill of the firm is valued at Rs 60000(b) Stock and Building to be appreciated by 10(c) Plant is depreciated by 10(d) Provision for Bad debts is increased upto Rs 5000(e) Jairsquos share of goodwill was adjusted through remaining partners capital accountThe amount due to Jai is paid out of the fund brought in by Om and Jagdish in theirnew profit sharing ratio Jai is paid full amountPrepare Revaluation Account and Partnerrsquos Capital account
Solution WorkingsIt is assumed that Om and Jagdish gaining ratio remains 3 lJairsquo Share of goodwill = Rs 60000 times 26 = Rs20000Adjusted through the remaining partners capital account in 3 1 ratio
Revaluation Account
Dr Cr
Particulars Amount Particulars Amount
(Rs`) (`Rs)
To Provision for Bad debts 2000 By Stock 10000TO Plant 14000 By Building 18000To Profit transferred toCapital Accounts Om 6000 Jai 4000 Jagdish 2000
12000
28000 28000
Capital AccountDr Cr Particulars Om Jai Jagdish Particulars Om Jai Jagdish
(Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (rs`) (`Rs)
To Capital 15000 mdash 5000 By Balance bd 160000 120000 120000 ToBank 152000 By General Reserve 12000 8000 4000To Balance cd 277000 mdash 159000 By Revaluation (Profit) 6000 4000 2000 By Om Capital mdash 15000 mdash ByJagdish Capital mdash 5000 By Bank 114000 38000
292000 152000 164000 292000 152000 164000
4 Nuclear EnergyThe energy present in the nucleus of an atom is known as nuclear energy The particles of an atom are tiny and need the energy to hold themselves Nuclear energy is that enormous energy in the bonds of an atom which helps to hold the atom together Nuclear energy can be used to make electricity
5 Geothermal EnergyThe energy or heat present inside the Earth is known as geothermal energy It is a cheap amp convenient heat and power resource and use of this energy donrsquot have a side effect like greenhouse gas emission etc
6 Tidal Energy
Tidal energy or tidal power is a form of hydropower (energy present in water) which converts the energy present in the tides to produce electricity
7 Biomass Energy
Biomass is organic matter obtained from living organisms The energy produced from biomass is called biomass energy
8 Electrical Energy
The energy caused by moving electric charges is known as electrical energy Electric energy is a type of kinetic energy as the electrical charges moves
9 Thermal Energy
As the name suggests thermal energy is the energy obtained from heat It is a microscopic disordered equivalent of mechanical energyThere may be instances where an object posses more than one type of energy For example boiling water posses both kinetic and potential energy along with heat energy
MATHEMATICS Ch 9Interest
Execution ndash 9(B) 3 A sum of money lent out at simple interest doubles itself in 8 years Find (i) the rate of Interest (ii) In how many years will the sum become triple (three times) at itself at the same rate percent
Solution
(i) Let P = Rs100 there4 A = Rs200 So I = A ndash P = Rs(200-100) = Rs100 and T = 8years [ P= Principal A = Amount I = Interest and T = Time]
there4 The rate of interest (R) = 100times IP times T = ( 100 times100
100times 8 ) = 252
= 125
(ii) Again P = Rs100 A = Rs300 So I = Rs(300-100) = Rs200 and R = 125
there4 T = 100times IP times R = ( 100 times 200
100 times12 5 ) years = ( 1000times 200100times125 )years= 16 years
4 Rs4000 amount to Rs5000 in 8years in what time will Rs2100 amount to Rs2800 at the same rate
Solution
1 st part P = Rs4000 A = Rs5000 there4 I = Rs(5000-4000) = Rs1000And T = 8 years
there4 R = 100times IP times T = ( 100 times1000
4000 times8 ) = 258
2 nd part Now P = Rs2100 A = Rs2800 there4 I = Rs(2800-2100) =Rs700 and R
= 258
there4 T = 100times IP times R = ( 100 times 700
2100 times 258 ) years = ( 100 times8
3 times25 )years= 323 years = 10
23 years
= 10years( 23
times 12)months = 10 years 8 months
6 A certain sum amounts to Rs3825 in 4 years and to Rs4050 in 6 years Find the rate percent and the sum
Solution Amount in 6 years = Rs4050Amount in 4 years = Rs3825
there4 Interest in 2years = Rs(4050-3825) = Rs225
there4 Interest in 1year = Rs225divide2 = Rs2252
there4 Interest in 4years =Rs(225times2) = Rs450
Now P = A ndash I = Rs(3825 ndash 450) = Rs3375
there4 R = 100times IP times T = ( 100 times225
3375 times2 ) = 103
= 313
Practice at Home5 What sum of money lent at 65 per annum will produce the same interest in 4 years as Rs7500 produce in 6 years at 5 per annum
GEOGRAPHY MIGRATION CLIMATE REFUGEES
Climate refugees who are forced to move out when their homes when threatened by imminent climate catastrophes Example many people many people migrated from the sinking south pacific Islands to Australia and New Zealand
MISCELLANEOUS MIGRATION
Miscellaneous migration often takes place due to the governmentrsquos decisions or due to political unrest Example the Indonesian government moved the farming population from the overpopulated areas of Java to the islands of Borneo and Sumatra
FORCED MIGRATION
Forced migration happens during times of disaster of warfare Abduction and transfer of African slaves to America to serve as labour force is an example of forced migration Today climate change and rising sea levels have led to forced migration in many of the island nations of the world
VOLUNTARY MIGRATION
Voluntary migration is shifting to HDC(highly developed countries) from LDC(lowly developed countries) for better job or educational opportunities and better standards of living There is a current trend in which a large number of students are migrating from developing nations to European and American universities for higher studies This type of voluntary migration leads to depopulation in the country which people leave and adds to the volume of immigrants in the country that receives these people
Q1 What do you understand by climate refugees Where it can be found
A1 Climate refugees who are forced to move out when their homes when threatened by imminent climate catastrophes or disasters
Example many people migrated from the sinking south pacific Islands to Australia and New Zealand
Q2Give an example on miscellaneous migration
A2 An example on miscellaneous migration like the Indonesian government moved the farming population from the overpopulated areas of Java to the islands of Borneo and Sumatra
Q3 Give some examples of highly developed countries (HDC) and lowly developed countries (LDC)
A3 European and North American countries such as Britain Spain Canada and New York are good examples of highly developed countries (HDC) On the other hand South-East Asian countries such as India Pakistan and Bangladesh are examples lowly developed countries (LDC)
COMPUTER ALGORITHMS AND FLOW CHARTS
EXAMPLES1) WRITE AN ALGORITHM AND DRAW A FLOW CHART TO FIND THE AREA OF A RECTANGLESOLUTIONALGORITHM
STEP1 STARTSTEP2 ACCEPT THE LENGTH OF THE RECTANGLESTEP3 ACCEPT THE BREADTH OF THE RECTANGLESTEP4 USE THE FORMULA OF AREA=LENGTH times BREADTH AND STORE THE
FINAL RESULT IN THE VARIABLE AREASTEP5DISPLAY THE ARE OF THE RECTANGLESTEP6STOP
FLOWCHART
2)CALCULATE THE INTEREST OF A BANK DEPOSITALGORITHMSTEP 1 READ AMOUNTSTEP 2 READ YEARSSTEP 3 READ RATE
STEP 4 CALCULATE THE INTEREST WITH FORMULA INTEREST=AMOUNTYEARSRATE100STEP 5 PRINT INTERESTFLOWCHART
3)DETERMINE AND OUTPUT WHETHER NUMBER N IS EVEN OR ODDALGORITHMSTEP 1 READ NUMBER NSTEP 2 SET REMAINDER AS N MODULO 2STEP 3 IF REMAINDER IS EQUAL TO 0 THEN NUMBER N IS EVEN ELSE NUMBER N IS ODDSTEP 4 PRINT OUTPUTFLOWCHART
4)DETERMINE WHETHER A TEMPERATURE IS BELOW OR ABOVE THE FREEZING POINTALGORITHM
STEP 1 INPUT TEMPERATURESTEP 2 IF IT IS LESS THAN 32 THEN PRINT BELOW FREEZING POINT OTHERWISE PRINT ABOVE FREEZING POINTFLOWCHART
PRACTICE THE GIVEN FLOWCHARTS AND ALGORITHMS
Class IXSubject Topic Summary Execution Bengali (2nd
language) চারণেদর পাাহিব2হিত2ষ বরণেltযাপাধযায় হি_তীয় অধযায়
ldquoআহি`কার হিবখযাত া0 শঙকর কতবার 0হিবরণেত গদরণেখরণে0rdquo ক) আহি`কার হিবখযাত া0টির 3া হিক া0টির হিবরণেশষতব হিকখ)শঙকর গকাায় হিকরণেসর জ3য হিরণেয়হি0ল ) গস গসখারণে3 হিক খরণেজ পায়
উঃ- হিব2হিত2ষ বরণেltযাপাধযায় রহিচত lsquoচারণেদর পাাrsquo উপ3যারণেস আহি`কার হিবখযাত া0টির 3া ল বাওবাব া0টির হিবরণেশষতব ল া0টি গবশ গাটা গসাটা া0টির জার হিবষয় ল া0টি তার গহিরণেত ১৬ হিলটার জল ধরণের রাখরণেত পারণের তষণায় কাতর পচারীরা অরণে3ক সয় এই ারণে0র গহিরণেত 0হির গরণের Zরণেটা করণের জল পা3 করণের
খ) শঙকর আহি`কায় হিরণেয়হি0ল অযাUরণে2ঞচারণেরর গ3শায় অনধকারয় এই ারণেদরণেশর পরহিতটি সথারণে3 গ3 রসয লহিকরণেয় আরণে0 এই ররণেসযর অ3সনধা3 কররণেত হিরণেয় অরণে3ক পটক পরা3 াহিররণেয়রণে0 আবার অরণে3রণেক হিসংরণের গপরণেট গরণে0 তবও অহি2াতরী া3ষ অহি2া3 বনধ করণের হি3আহি`কার ইউানডা গরলওরণেয়র 3Uরবা গসটশ3 গরণেক বাাততর াইল দহিi3 পহিj গকারণে3 একটা শাখা লাই3 হৈতহির হিkল গরল গকামপাহি3র গসখারণে3 শঙকর ক3সটরাকস3 কযারণেমপর গকরাহি3 ও সরকাহির গসটারহিকপার রণেয় গা হিদরণেয়হি0লপরণের শঙকর একটা গরলরণেসটশরণে3র গসটশ3াসটার য় এরপরণের গস আল2ারণেররণেজর সরণেn ীরার পাা খজরণেত গবহিররণেয় পরণে
) গ0াটরণেবলা গরণেক শঙকর শরণে3 আসরণে0 আহি`কায় গসা3া রপা ীরার 0া0হি একট গচষটা কররণেল গসা3া রপা ীরা আহিবসকার করণের বরণোরণেলাক ওয়া ায় এই সব খজরণেত হিরণেয় শঙকর আহি`কার পরাকহিতক ররণেপর গ সনধা3 গপরণেয়হি0ল তার তল3া গ3ই ঘ3 অর3য পবতরাহিজ =র3া 3দী জীবজনত সবই তারণেক হিদরণেয়রণে0 আ3lt শঙকর ীরার গখারণেজ হিরণেয় ীরা 3া গপরণেলও পরাকহিতক ররণেপর গরণে3 শঙকরণেরর 3 ীরায় পহিরত রণেয়হি0ল
EVS Chapter 2 ndash Species interaction with each other Long Answer Question
Living Things in Ecosystems
bull ParasitismParasitism is a relationship between two different organisms where one of the organisms actually harms the other through the relationship The organism that is harming the other one is called a parasite Examples of Parasitism Fleas or ticks that live on dogs and cats are parasites
bull MutualismMutualisms are defined as interactions between organisms of two different species in which each organism benefits the other
bull CommensalismCommensalism is a relationship between individuals of two species in which one species obtains food or other benefits from the other without either harming or benefiting the latter
bull SynergismThe interaction of things resulting in the overall effect that is greater than the sum of individual effects of any of them
Q) How biotic and abiotic components are inter-related Ans - In an eco system biotic and abiotic components depend on each other The biotic and abiotic components are connected in ecosystem in different way The sun is the energy source Producersplants use this energy to synthesize food in the presence of carbon dioxide and chlorophyll The herbivores are dependent on plants for the energy requirements The carnivores in turn feed on the herbivores and other carnivores At any level microbes then decompose any dead and decaying organic matter These decomposers after various chemical reactions release molecules back to the environment in the form of chemicals The chemicals are again used by the producers and the cycle starts againIn conclusion ecosystems have a complex set of interactions that happen between the biotic and abiotic components The components of an ecosystem are linked to each other through the energy flows and nutrient cycles
Commercial Studies
Chapter-7Joint Stock Company
In previous class we have explained about the meaning of Joint Stock Company features of Joint Stock Company
Let us explain about
Merits of Joint Stock Company
Merits of Joint stock CompanyStabilityPublic confidenceProfessional managementTransferability of sharesLimited Liability
Merits of Joint Stock Company StabilityA company enjoys stable durable enduring and uninterrupted business life A company continues to exist even if all its members die or deserted Maintenance of continuity of policy of administration is very much ensured in the case of Joint Stock CompanyPublic confidenceA public company enjoys the confidence of the public as the same is guided and controlled by strict regulations Since the companies financial accounts are published and circulated the public has enough faith on the activities of the company Thus a company enjoys better prestige and regulation greater public confidence as a wholeEfficient professional managementDue to its large financial resources and continuity a company can avail of the services of highly qualified
persons who are experts in different fields of business management In this way the benefits of specialization and centralized management can be securedTransferability of sharesSince the shares of a joint stock company are freely transferable they provide necessary liquidity to the investment of the people Shares of public companies are generally listed on a stock exchange so that people can easily buy and sell themLimited LiabilityThe liability of shareholders is limited only to the extent of face value of share held by them Shareholders are not personally liable for the debts of the company Thus the risk is known and also limited
Economics Chapter4 Basic Problems of An Economy
Today let discuss about the Meaning of Efficiency use of ResourcesNeeds of efficient use of resources
Resource efficiency is the maximising of the supply of money materials staff and other assets that can be drawn on by a person or organization in order to function effectively with minimum wasted (natural) resource expenses It means using the Earths limited resources in a sustainable manner while minimising environmental impact
Necessity for efficient use resources Once the flow of resources through the economy has reached its maximum sustainable limit (and many would argue that wersquove already passed that point for some resources) the only way to maintain economic growth in the long run is to become more resource efficient ndash finding ways to generate greater returns from the same amount of resources
Resource efficiency isnrsquot only valuable because it is essential for sustained economic growth Promoting resource efficiency can increase the competitiveness of industry create jobs stimulate innovation boost sectors such as recycling and resource recovery and help ensure secure supplies of key
QuestionWhat do you mean by Efficient use of Resources
Answer) Resource efficiency is the maximising of the supply of money materials staff and other assets that can be drawn on by a person or organization in order to function effectively with minimum wasted (natural) resource expenses It means using the Earths limited resources in a sustainable manner while minimising environmental impact
Why do we need to use our resources efficientlyAnswer) Once the flow of resources through the economy has reached its maximum sustainable limit (and many would argue that wersquove already passed that point for some resources) the only way to maintain economic growth in the long run is to become more resource efficient ndash finding ways to generate greater returns from the same amount of resources
Resource efficiency isnrsquot only valuable because it is essential for sustained economic growth Promoting resource efficiency can increase the competitiveness of industry create jobs stimulate innovation boost sectors such as recycling and resource recovery and help ensure secure
resources supplies of key resources
Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)
Topic Act II Scene 7 Lines 1 to 35 (Morocco hellip What if I stray no further but choose here )
[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase provided]
Summary Questions amp Answers
Having disposed of the minor story of Jessicarsquos elopement we now return to the main plot We are now shown how affairs are progressing with Portia in her home in Belmont
This is the first of the three scenes where a suitor makes a choice between golden silver and leaden caskets It will be noted that while making the choice all the lovers soliloquize and reveal their personality and character We have already observed the manly soldierly but primitive personality of the Prince of Morocco His has a simple nature and does not look deeply into the inner meaning of things but is dazzled by the outward appearance of gold He is inclined to over-estimate his own value and does not realize that it is a duty to ldquogive and hazardrdquo So his feeling is only one of fascination and romantic attraction We cannot believe that he has a deep and lasting love for Portia
In this scene two characters appear ndash Portia and the Prince of Morocco Portia explains to the Prince that the correct casket shall be the one that contains her picture She will be the wife of the person who will choose the correct casket and in the process get whatever she has
The Prince examines the inscriptions on each of the caskets and interprets them
(1) (Act II Sc 7 L 1-5)
Portia Go draw aside the curtains and discover
The several caskets to this noble princeNow make your choice
Morocco The first of gold who this inscription bearsWho chooseth me shall gain what many men desire
(i) Who is Morocco How did he introduce himself to Portia when they first met in an earlier scene
Prince Morocco is a dark skinned boastful warrior of African origin who seeks the hand of Portia He introduces himself as a person who lives near the equator where the exposure to sun rays have to be blamed for his complexion He says that Portia should not dislike him for his dark skin
(ii) How would Morocco know that he had made the right choice What would his reward be
Morocco would know he has chosen the right casket if he finds Portiarsquos portrait in one of them His reward would be Portiarsquos hand in marriage
(iii) Which casket did Morocco finally choose What reasons did he give for rejecting the casket made of lead
Morocco chooses the golden casket He says that lead is of lowly origin and the portrait of a lady as great as Portia cannot be placed in it He reads the inscription ldquoWho chooseth me must give and hazard all he hathrdquo This makes the box too threatening He wonders why anyone should risk everything for lead He also feels that a golden mind like his should not bow down to choose something worthless So he will not risk anything for lead
(iv) What two objects did Morocco find in the casket of his
before choosing
The inscription on the leaden casket says ldquoWho chooseth me must give and hazard all he hathrdquo The Prince was shocked and says as to why anyone should risk for the sake of lead The leaden casket is a threat Nobody would risk all they have for lead He says that no noble person would stoop to choose such a worthless thing as lead So he will not give nor risk anything for lead
The Prince then examines the inscription on the silver casket which says ldquoWho chooseth me shall get as much as he deservesrdquo The Prince says that he deserves Portia more than anybody else because of his high rank his noble birth and his great wealth and power But then he argues that silver is ten times inferior to gold and therefore he cannot believe that the portrait of such a beautiful lady as Portia can be contained in the silver casket He decides to see the inscription on the golden casket before making his decision
choice What reason does he give to Portia for leaving in haste
The Prince of Morocco chooses the golden casket and on opening it finds a human skull within whose hollow eye-socket was a scroll or a roll of paper in which it is written that those who are attracted by the glittering outside of things are always deceived as Morocco has been deceived
Morocco says he is moved and that he does not want to make his departure a painstaking process and he wants to leave immediately without revealing his emotions He should also obey the rule of the game which states the one who loses the test should leave immediately
(v) How does Portia respond to Moroccorsquos parting words What does this reveal of her nature
Portia is relieved that Morocco has left without making any scene It was a gentle riddance and all like him should go in a similar manner This shows that Portia has a kind heart and does not want anyone to he hurt Her love for Bassanio over-rides her passion that makes her wish that only he should be able to make the right choice At the same time like a dutiful daughter she does not want to disrespect her fatherrsquos wishes Hence she is willing to go through the casket injunctions
(2) (Act II Sc 7 L 15-35)
MOROCCO helliphelliphelliphelliphellip
What says this leaden casket Who chooseth me must give and hazard all he hath Must givemdashFor what for lead hazard for leadThis casket threatens Men that hazard allDo it in hope of fair advantagesA golden mind stoops not to shows of drossIll then nor give nor hazard aught for leadWhat says the silver with her virgin hueWho chooseth me shall get as much as he deservesAs much as he deservesmdashPause there MoroccoAnd weigh thy value with an even handIf thou best rated by thy estimationThou dost deserve enough and yet enoughMay not extend so far as to the ladyAnd yet to be afeard of my deservingWere but a weak disabling of myselfAs much as I deservemdashWhy thats the ladyI do in birth deserve her and in fortunesIn graces and in qualities of breeding
But more than these in love I do deserveWhat if I strayed no further but chose here
(i) What does the Prince of Morocco do before making his selection What does his comment reflect How does he analyse the inscription of the leaden casket and what is his interpretation
The Prince of Morocco surveys the three caskets before making his selection His comments reflect his thinking and attitude on life and things He comes to the lead casket and reads the inscription on it His interpretation which reflects his own character is that the inscription threatens because no one will be prepared to risk or sacrifice all one has for such a base thing as lead
(ii) What does the Prince of Morocco think of the leaden casket and why does he decide to reject the leaden casket
The Prince of Morocco thinks that when people risk anything they do so in order to gain something precious A person of royal ways will not bend so low as to be impressed by such an ordinary thing as lead Therefore he decides that he will not take any risk for a worthless thing like lead and rejects the lead casket
(iii) What does the Prince think while analyzing and interpreting the inscription of the silver casket
The Prince of Morocco analyses the inscription on the silver casket which runs thus ldquoWho chooseth me shall get as much as he deservesrdquo When he reads the inscription he bids himself to stop and ponder over the interpretation He asks himself to evaluate his worth objectively and impartially He says that if he is assessed on the basis of the opinion of people he deserves much But even this may not be sufficient to deserve to win Portia who is so virtuous and worthy
(iv) What promise does the silver casket make What self-assessment does the Prince make
The silver casket promises the reward according to the worth of the chooser The Prince makes a self-assessment and concludes that in all fairness he deserves to get Portia He thinks that he is a royal Prince by birth and so he deserves her by the right of his birth
Portia is very rich and so the Prince deserves her by this also The Prince deserves because he is also extremely handsome as most of the beautiful maidens of his kingdom covet him He is valiant and virtuous also So in his opinion he is the most suitable and deserving candidate for Portiarsquos hand
(v) Over which casket does the Prince ponder a long time What intrigue him In what way does he deserve Portia
Morocco reviews the inscriptions again and rejects the lead casket as being not worth the high stakes for which he gambles He ponders a long time over the silver casket The words ldquoget as much as he deservesrdquo intrigue him He is quite sure that he deserves Portia He deserves her in birth fortune grace qualities of breeding and most of all love
Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution EVS Ch ndash4 Managing
soil and land
Today we will discuss about mechanical practices of soil conservation
A few mechanical measures of soil conservation arei) Basin leaching In this method a number of small basins (water reservoirs) are made These collect and retain rain water for a long period and also catch and stabilize downwardly moving soils of the slopes
ii) Pan breaking by breaking of pan ( a hard sheet of clay a few feet below the surface ) drainage and percolation of rain water is improved and soil is saved from residual run-off and erosion
iii) Sub-soiling Soil is broken into fine grains to increase its absorptive capacity
iv) Contour terracing terraces are labeled areas constructed at right angles to the slope to reduce soil erosion
v) Contour trenching This method involves making a series of deep pits or trenches across the slope at convenient distance The soil excavated from the trenches is deposited along the lower edge in the form of bund On the ridges tree seeds are shown
vi) Terrace outlets To conserve soil pipe outlets are made which are thickly covered by grasses
vii) Digging of ponds and reservoirs to store water
viii) Stream bank protection To protect banks of rivers and channels construction of stone or concrete protective walls or planting of trees should be undertaken
Commercial Studies
Chapter- Banking Let us today discuss about theMeaning of Commercial BankFunctions of Commercial Banks
Commercial Banks are those banks which perform all kinds of banking functions such as accepting deposits advancing loans credit creation and
Question1 What do you mean by
Commercial BankAnswer) Commercial Banks are those banks which perform all kinds of banking functions such as accepting deposits advancing loans credit creation and agency functions
agency functions
Functions of Commercial BanksCommercial banks perform a variety of functions which can be divided as (1) Accepting Deposits (2) Advancing Loans (3) Credit Creation (4) Financing Foreign Trade(5) Agency Services (6) Miscellaneous Services To Customers
2 Explain the various functions of Commercial Bank
Answer) Following are the various functions of Commercial Banks
1 Accepting Deposits This is the oldest function of a bank and the banker used to charge a commission for keeping the money in its custody when banking was developing as an institution Nowadays a bank accepts three kinds of deposits from its customers The first is the savings deposits on which the bank pays small interest to the depositors who are usually small savers
2 Advancing LoansOne of primary functions of commercial banks is to advance loans to its customers A bank lends a certain percentage of the cash lying in deposits on a higher interest rate than it pays on such deposits This is how it earns profits and carries on its business 3 Credit CreationCredit creation is one of the most important functions of the commercial banks Like other financial institutions they aim at earning profits For this purpose they accept deposits and advance loans by keeping small cash in reserve for day-to-day transactions When a bank advances a loan it opens and account in the name of the customer and does not pay him in cash but allows him to draw the money by cheque according to his needs By granting a loan the bank creates credit or deposit4 Financing ForeignTrade commercial bank finances foreign trade of its customers by accepting foreign bills of exchange and collecting them from foreign banks It also transacts other foreign exchange business and buys and sells foreign currency5 Agency ServicesA bank acts as an agent of its customers in collecting and paying cheques bills of exchange drafts dividends etc It also buys and sells
shares securities debentures etc for it customers Further it pays subscriptions insurance premium rent electric and water bills and other similar charges on behalf of its clients It also acts as a trustee and executor of the property and will of its customers Moreover the bank acts as an income tax consultant to its clients For some of these services the bank charges a normal fee while it renders others free of charge6 Miscellaneous ServicesBesides the above noted services the commercial bank performs a number of other services It acts as the custodian of the valuables of its customers by providing them lockers where they can keep their jewellery and valuable documents It issues various forms of credit instruments such as cheques drafts travellers cheques etc which facilitate transactions
Bengali হিবপরীতশবদ করণেয়কটি হিবপরীত শবদ গদওয়া ল1)সজীব = হি3জsব 2)শরদধা= ঘা 3)আকষ = হিবকষ4)সধবা = হিবধবা 5)উৎস = গা3া 6)অ = অ37)জয় = পরাজয় 8)তাপ = হৈশত যয 9)হি3ltা = পরশংসা10)াদা = অদা 11)রহিসক = গবরহিসক 12) অনতর = বাহির13)অহিতবষটি = অ3াবষটি 14)পরত যযi = পরণেরাi 15)3াবালক = সাবালক
Hindi 2nd lang नया रासता भा 5 अपन जीन की परिरसथिगितयो स गिश होकर मीन क हदय म कई बार हीन भाना
और जीन की कडाहट अनभ हईपरत ह दढता और साहस की मरतित थी ह
अपन जीन को वयथ नही होन दना चाहती थी बचपन स ही उसकी कील बनन की
इचछा थी आज मीन की लन उस और दखकर माता- गिपता न उस कालत करन की
आजञा द दी मीन न मरठ म दाखिखला ल लिलया उसक हरदय म कछ बनन और कछ
कर दिदखान की इचछा थी उसक गिचार स चारो और पस का ही बोलबाला हहॉसटल
की कलपना करत ही ह लिसहर उठती थी उसन अपन लिलए नए नए कपड बनाए पहली बार हॉसटल जान का चा थाआखिखर
ह दिदन आ ही या जब उस हॉसटल जाना था पहली बार ह अपन घर स अल हो
रही थी हॉसटल पहच कर कछ दिदनो तक उसका मन नही ला बचपन की घटनाए
एक- एक करक उसक समतपटल पर उतर ई ह अपनी ककषा म हमशा परथम आती
थी 2 दिदन बाद गिपताजी मीन स मिमलन आए मा न काफी चीज उसक लिलए बनाकर
भजी थी गिपताजी स मिमलकर ह बहत खश
1 ह सय की दढता साहस की मरतित थी
परशन1 लखिखका मीन को दढता साहस
की मरतित कयो कह रही ह 2 गिाह क अलाा मीन क जीन
का कया लकषय था 3 मीन समाज क झठ आरण को
हटाकर सतय दिदखाना चाहती ह सपषट कीजिजए
4 परसतत पलि[यो का भा सपषट अपन शबदो म लिलखिखए
उततरndash1 मीन म समाज स लडन की शलि[ ह
ह समाज म फली बराइयो क सामन ढढता स जमी हई ह ह साहस क साथ अपन उलिचत गिनणय
पर सथिर रहती ह जिजदी क उतार चढा सा घबरा टी नही ह बलकिलक साहस स काम लती ह इनही कारणो स लखिखका न उस ढढता
और साहस की मरतित कहा ह2 मरठ ालो न जब उसका रिरशता
ठकरा दिदया तो उसन गिनशचय कर लिलया गिक ह अपन परो पर खडी होी और समाज को दिदखा दी की नारी अबला नही ह उसन अपना
हई करीब 1 घटा रक कर गिपताजी चल ए लकषय बना लिलया गिक ह एलएलबी करक कील बनी
3 समाज म नारी क ऊपर अबला आशरीता का आरण पडा हआ ह
मीन समाज क दवारा होत हए इस आरण को हटाकर यह सतय परमाणिणत करना चाहती ह गिक आज
की नारी अबला नही ह और ना ही गिकसी क हाथ की कठपतली ह
4 लखिखका न मीन क बार म कहा गिक ह सय घटा और साहस की मरतित
ह ह अपन न हम ध और मसीबत म साहस का परिरचय दती हउतार
चढा को हर इसान क जीन म आत ही रहत ह उनको साधारण रप
स ही लना चागिहए अपन गिाह क मामल म उसन साहस स काम
लिलया और गिाह क बार म सोचना छोड दिदया मीन क सामन अभी बहत लबी जिजदी पडी ह इसलिलए उसन समय का महत समझा और
एक कषण भी वयथ ना करन का गिनशचय गिकया
Mathematics(x) Algebra Quadratic Equation in one variable
Study Item Some solved sums from exercise- 539)Solve for x 2(2x ndash 1 )(x+3) ndash 3 (x + 3)(2x ndash 1 ) = 5 x -3 frac12Solution Let (2x ndash 1)(x + 3) = y then we get2(y) ndash 3( 1y) = 50r 2y ndash 3y = 5Or 2y2 ndash 3 = 5y [multiplying both side by y we get]0r 2y2 ndash 5y ndash 3 = 0Now comparing the above equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0 we geta=2 b = - 5 and c = - 3Therefore y = -(- 5 )plusmnradic((-5)sup2-4(2)(-3))2(2) = 5 plusmnradic( 25 + 24)4 = 5plusmn radic(49)4 = (5 plusmn 7)4= (5+7)4 (5 ndash 7)4= 124 -24= 3 - 12Therefore y = 3 (2x ndash 1)( x + 3) = 3 2x ndash 1 = 3x + 9 3x - 2x = - 10 x= - 10Or y = - frac12 ( 2x ndash 1)(x + 3) = - frac124x ndash 2 = - x ndash 3 4x+x = - 3 + 2 5x = - 1 x= - 15Hence the roots of the given equation are - 10 and ndash 1510)(i) x2 - 5x ndash10 =0Solution x2 ndash 5x ndash 10 = 0Comparing the above equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0 we get a=1 b = - 5 and c = - 10Therefore x = - (- 5)plusmnradic( -5)sup2- 4(1)(- 10)2(1) = 5 plusmn radic( 25 +40)2 = 5 plusmn radic(65 )2
= (5 plusmn 8bull06)2 = (5 + 8bull06)2 (5 ndash 8bull06)2 = 13bull062 - 3bull062= 6bull53 - 1bull5312) Solve the equation x ndash 18x = 6 Given your answer correct to two significant figureSolution x ndash18x = 6Or (x2 ndash 18 )x = 6Or x2ndash 18 = 6xOr x2 ndash 6x ndash18 = 0Comparing the above equation with ax2 + bc + c = 0 we gera= 1 b = - 6 and c = -18Therefore x = -(-6) plusmnradic(- (- 6)2 ndash 4(1)(- 18)2(1) = 6 plusmn radic( 36 + 72)2 = (6 plusmnradic( 108)2 =(6 plusmn 10bull39)2= 16bull392 - 4bull392= 8bull195 - 2bull195 asymp 8bull2 - 2bull2
Chemistry Chapter-2L-1Chemical Bonding
1) Chemical Bonding-
It is basically the force of attraction which holds the different types of atoms in a molecule together
Cause of Chemical Combination-
The main cause is the tendency of elements to acquire eight electrons in its outermost shell like that of noble gases other than Helium(He) So the atoms combine to acheive the nearest noble gas configuration of 8 electrons( or 2 electrons) in their outermost orbit and become stable
2) Ion-
It is a charged particle made from an atom by the loss or gain of electrons
There are 2 types of Ions They are-
a) Cations- It is formed by the loss of electrons eg - K+ Ca2+
Na+ etc
b) Anions- It is formed by the gain of electrons eg- Cl- O2- F- etc
Q Why do elements form Ions
A Atoms of all elements except those of noble gases have one to seven valence electrons and are not in a state of minimum energy Thus to acquire a state of minimum energy elements lose or gain electrons and form ions so that they acquire stable configuration (Duplet or Octet)
Q What is the Electronic Theory of Valency
A In 1916 Kossel and Lewis on the basis of octet rule of electrons described simply the electronic structure of molecules of many chemical compounds and elements Kossel mainly described the structure of ionic compounds formed by loss and gain of electrons and Lewis mainly described the structure of Covalent Compounds formed by mutual sharing of electron pair This is known as ELECTRONIC THEORY OF VALENCY proposed by Kossel and Lewis
Q What do you mean by Electropositive and Electronegative Elements
3) Types of Chemical Bond-3 types
A)ElectrovalentIonic Bond
B) Covalent Bond
C) Co-ordinate Dative Bond4) ELECTROVALENT IONIC BOND-
It is the electrostatic force of attraction between the opposite charged ions which holds them together
The chemical compounds formed as a result of electron transfer from one atom of an element to another are called IONIC or ELECTROVALENT COMPOUND
The number of electrons which an element loses or gains during the formation of an ionic bond is called its ELECTROVALENCY
Conditions for the formation of Ionic Compounds-
i Large electronegativity difference between the combining atoms
ii Low IP for one of the atoms from which the cation can be easily formed
iii High electron affinity for one of the atoms from which the anions can be easily formed
iv High Lattice Energy
A
1) Electropositive Elements- have the tendency to lose the electrons and form Cations
eg- Na K Fe -mostly metals
2) Electronegative Elements- have the tendency to gain the electrons and form Anions
eg- Cl F O - mostly Non-metals
Q Give the brief description about the formation of NaCl
A See your Text Book
Q Practise the two types of diagram of the formation of different ionic compound
A See your Text Book
English All Summer in a Answer the following questions-
literature Day 3) Why did the children hate herAns- The children sensed that Margot was different from them She hated the continuous rain while they were used to it She spoke only about the sun and they had no memory of it They hated her pale snow face her waiting silence her thinness and her possible future of going back to the Earth4) What is the it referred to by WilliamAns- The it referred to by William is the Sun which the scientists had predicted would shine for a short while that day5) What was Margot waiting for Why did William say it was a jokeAns- Margot was waiting to see the sun predicted to shine that day for a short while William did not want her to have the joy of seeing the sun
Geography Water Resources SOURCES OF WATER SURFACE WATER AND GROUNDWATER Earth is known as the Blue Planet because 71 per cent of the Earths surface is covered with water Wateralso exists below land surface and as water vapour in the air Water is not added or removed from the environment it simply changes state and location This constant movement of water throughout our environment is called the hydrological cycle or water cycle Earth cleans and replenishes the water supply through the hydrologic cycle Groundwater exists in an aquifer or
underground layer of permeable rock sediment (usually sand or gravel) or soil that yields water
Aquifers are like underground reservoirs of water
SURFACE WATER The visible bodies of water are referred to as surface water Surface waters can be simply described as the water that is on the surface of the Earth This includes the oceans rivers and streams lakes and reservoirs Surface waters are very important Rivers and streams constitute the flowing surface waters Surface water canbe captured for a variety of biospheric and humanusesRunoff During heavy precipitation water cannot infiltrate into the ground It flows on the surface of the ground and called as runoff
GROUNDWATER Groundwater is detained as water that is found beneath the surface of the Earth in conditions of100 per
Q1 Why the Earth is called as Blue PlanetA1 Earth is known as the Blue Planet because 71 per cent of the Earths surface is covered with water
Q2 Define hydrological cycleA2 Water is not added or removed from the environment it simply changes state and location This constant movement of water throughout our environment is called the hydrological cycle or water cycle Earth cleans and replenishes the water supply through the hydrologic cycle
Q3 What is AquifersA3 Aquifers are like underground reservoirs of water
Q4 Why there is a shortage of fresh waterA4 Although the earth has an abundance of water but unfortunately there is a shortage of fresh water because 997 per cent of it occupied by oceans soils icecaps and floating in the atmosphere and rest 03 percent can use for daily uses
cent saturation (if it is less than100 per cent saturation then the water is considered as soil moisture) Ninety-eight per cent of Earths available fresh water is groundwater It is about60 times as plentiful as the fresh water found in lakes and streams Water in the ground travels through pores in soil and rock and in fractures and weathered areas of bed rockThe majority of fresh water is therefore found under ground as soil moisture and in aquifers
Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 88 to 126 (Portia helliphellip Such as the day is when the sun is hid) [Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]
Summary Questions amp Answerso Launcelot then arrives and informs
Lorenzo that Bassanio will also be arriving soon Both Lorenzo and Jessica return to the house and ask Stephano to order the family musicians to play music in order to extend a fitting welcome to Portia
o Portia and Nerissa dressed in their normal self return home and enter the building Lorenzo recognizes Portias voice and comes to greet her She orders the servants to pretend as if she had never left and asks Lorenzo and Jessica to do the same
o Soon thereafter Bassanio Gratiano and Antonio arrive
(1) PORTIA That light we see is burning in my hall (L 89-101)
How far that little candle throws his beams So shines a good deed in a
naughty worldNERISSA When the moon shone we did not see the candlePORTIA So doth the greater glory dim the less
A substitute shines brightly as a king
Unto the king be by and then his state
Empties itself as doth an inland brook
Into the main of waters Music hark
NERISSA It is your music madam of the housePORTIA Nothing is good I see without respect
Methinks it sounds much sweeter than by day
NERISSA Silence bestows that virtue on it madam
(i) Where are Lorenzo and Jessica sitting What message have they received What are they doing
Lorenzo and Jessica are sitting in Portiarsquos house in Belmont They have just received the message informing them of the arrival of Portia and Bassanio separately They are waiting for their arrivals and enjoying the beauty of the moonlight night(ii) In which mood is Lorenzo found after Stephanorsquos departure
After Stephanorsquos departure Lorenzo reverts to his romantic mood He is carried away by the magic of the loveliness of the moonlight He draws Jessicarsquos attention and says that the moonlight is sleeping beautifully on the raised ground He says that they will sit there and enjoy the sweetness of the gentle
music which will shortly creep into their ears very softly(iii) Why has Lorenzo sent Stephano What kind of man is he who does not appreciate the sweet harmony of sounds
Lorenzo has sent Stephano to instruct the musicians to play soft music to welcome Portia home Lorenzo tells that the
tranquility and the beautiful night suit the sweet music Praising the ennobling (M lend greater dignity) effect of music Lorenzo tells Jessica that the person who has no music in him and does not appreciate the sweet harmony of sounds is a dangerous person and so should be watched very carefully(iv) Who are returning to Belmont What does Nerissa remark on seeing the light of the house
Portia and Nerissa are returning to Belmont after successfully conducting Antoniorsquos trial in Venice as the lawyer and the clerk respectively When they are near their home Nerissa seeing the light of the house remarks that they did not see this light of this candle when the moon was shining(v) What does Portia comment on Nerissarsquos observation Commenting on Nerissarsquos observation Portia says that the lesser glory becomes insignificant before the greater glory She adds that the kingrsquos representative assumes great splendor and authority when the king himself is not near But before the real king the substitute becomes devoid of all splendor and
authority as the big rivers lose their identity after emptying into the vast sea
SUBJECT PHYSICS [TOPIC FORCE]Answer the following questions ( ICSE questions of previous years from chapter FORCE)
1 Write the position of centre of mass for the following bodies(i) A circular ring (ii) A cylinder(iii) A hollow sphere (iv) A triangular lamina
2 Explain why screw drivers are provided with longer handles3 Compare the magnitude and direction of centripetal force and centrifugal force4 How does uniform circular motion differ from uniform linear motion5 Why is the motion of a body moving with a constant speed around a circular path is said to be
accelerated6 A brass ball is hanging from a cotton thread Draw a neat labeled diagram showing the force acting
on the brass ball and the cotton thread 7 Define moment of force Write the relationship between the SI and CGS unit of moment of force8 Define couple State the SI unit of moment of couple9 A uniform half meter scale balanced horizontally on a knife edge at 29 cm mark when a weight of 20
gmf is suspended from one end(i) Draw the diagram of the arrangementWhat is the weight of the half meter rule
ECO-10 250620 Topic-Supply Analysis
MEANING OF SUPPLYSupply a commodity by a firm or seller may be defined as the quantity of a commodity that a firm or seller offers for sale at a given price during a given time period But the actual sale of the commodity may be different from its supply For example a farmer (produced of wheat) is willing to sell 50 quintals of wheat at a price of ` 15 per kg but he is able to sell only 30 quintals at this price So this case the supply of wheat is 50 quintals but the actual sale is 30 quintals So these two concepts should not be confused with each other Like demand supply also has three elements The definition of supply include (i) the quantity of the commodity that a firm is willing to supply (ii) the price at which it is willing to supply that quantity and (iii) the time period during which it is willing to supply that quantity
FACTORS DETERMINING SUPPLY OR DETERMINANTS OF SUPPLY OF A GOOD
The main determinant of supply is the price of the commodity But the cost of production of a commodity is an important factor in determining profit maximized on output of a firm The cost of production depends on the prices of various inputs like raw material wages of workers interest of capital rent of building etc The supply of a commodity also depends on the technology used in the production of the commodity and many other factors The main factors determining supply of a commodity are(i) Price of the commodity(ii) Price of other related good(iii) Price of inputsfactors(iv) Taxation policy of government(v) Objective of the firm(i) Price of the commodity Other factors determining supply remaining constant there is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity It means the quantity supplied of a commodity increases with rise in price and decreases with fall in price of the commodity More quantity of a commodity is supplied at a higher price and less quantity is supplied at a lower price For example a seller of tomatoes is willing to sell 100 kgs of tomatoes at a price of ` 40 per keg and only 50 kgs at a price of ` 20 per kg Due to this direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity the supply curve has a positive slope Supply curve is upward sloping to the right(ii) Price of other related goods Supply of a commodity is also influenced by the change in the price of other related goods With the help of given resources we can produce several goods by using the same technology This helps the firm to diversify and tide over fluctuations in demand For example a farmer can produce either pulses or food grains by using the resources If the price of pulses increases it becomes more profitable for him to make more production of pulses So he will divert some resources from the production of food grains to the production of pulses The production of pulses will increase and that of food grains will decrease So the supply of pulses will increase if the price of pulses increases and the supply of food grain will decrease at the same price reverse will happen if the price of food grains increases(iii) Price of inputsfactors Change in the price of inputs like raw material wage rent or interest also influences the supply of a commodity For example in the production of cloth cotton is the main raw material If the price of cotton increases the cost of production of cloth will increase At the same price the margin of profit will decrease So the producer will decrease the supply of cloth at the same price On the other hand if the price of cotton falls the cost of production per unit of cloth will decrease and hence the supply of cloth will increase The price of other inputs will also influence the supply of a good in the same manner(iv) Technology of production an improvement in the technology of production of a commodity decreases the per unit cost of the commodity The margin of profit will increase at the same price So the supply of a commodity will increase with improvement in technology of production at the same price On the other hand if a firm uses absolute technology of production the cost of production per unit of the commodity will increase The margin of profit will decrease so the firm will decrease its supply at the same price This is the main reason that the firms are trying to use better technology of production because it not only reduces the cost of production per unit but also improves the quality of the product(v) Taxation policy of government If the government reduces the excise duty or the production of a commodity the cost of production per unit of the commodity will decrease the margin of profit will increase at the same price so the producer of the commodity will increase its supply It happens when the government wants to increase the production of the commodity On the other hand to discourage the production of some harmful goods like cigarettes liquor etc the government increases the rate of excise duty on the production of such goods So the cost of production per unit of the commodity increases and the supply of such commodities decreases(vi) Objective of the firm The objective of the producer also influences the supply of a commodity Generally the objective of a producer is get maximize his profits Profits are maximized at a higher price So he increases the supply of a commodity at a higher price and decreases its supply at a lower price But sometimes the producer may be in maximizing his sales and not in maximizing his profits as he wants to capture the market In that case he goes on increasing the supply so long his target is not achieved can profit is not adversely affected He may increase the supply at the same price to any extent
SUPPLY FUNCTION
When the relationship between quantity supplied and the determinants of supplied is expressed mathematically in an equation it is called a supply function So a supply function can be expressed asSn = f(Pn Pr Pf T Tr G)where Sn = Supply of commodity nPn = Price of the commodity nPr = Price of other related goodsPf = Price of inputsfactors
T = Technology of productionTr = Government policy or tax rateG = Goal or objective of the producer
Typically supply function shows the relationship between price and quantity supplied keeping all other determinants of supply as constant It shows the amount of a good that a seller supplies at different levels of price
LAW OF SUPPLYThe law of supply depicts the relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity when all other determinants of supply remain constant This law states that there is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity other factors determining supply remaining constant It means quantity supplied of a commodity increases with increase in price and decreases with decrease in price
Assumptions of the law of supplyThe phrase other determinants of supply remaining constant in the law of supply shows the assumptions of the law of supply The mains factors which influence the supply of a commodity one price of the commodity price of other related goods price of inputs technology of production taxation policy of the government and objective of the firm etc The law of supply is based on the assumptions that all these factors determining supply except price of the commodity should remain constant The following are the main assumptions of the law of supply(i) Price of other related goods should remain the same(ii) There should be no change in the price of inputs (factors)(iii) Technology of production should not change(iv) There is no change in the taxation policy of the government(v) Objective of the firm should not changeThe law of supply is based on the assumptions that the supply of commodity changes only due to change in price when all other determinant of supply remain constantClass XISubject Topic Summary Execution EVS Chapter-2
Ecology Answer the following questions briefly Q Draw a neat labeled diagram of carbon cycleAnsndash
Mathematics Principle of Mathematical Induction
1) What is statement Ans A sentence which may be true or false is called statement eg i) 5 is greater than 3 ii) New Delhi is the capital of India iii) 5 divides 7 These all are statements We see that statement (i) amp (ii) are true but (iii) is false 2 What is Mathematical StatementAns Statement involving mathematical relations are called mathematical statement We shall use mathematical statement in principle of
Example If n be a positive integer show that n(n+1) is an even positive integer Solution Let P(n) be the statement n(n+1) is an even positive integer Then (i) P(1) is the statement 1(1+1) ie 2 is an even positive integer Therefore P(1) is true (ii) If P(m) is true for some positive integer m then m(m+1) is an even integer Now (m+1) [(m+1)+1]=(m+1)sup2+ (m+1) =msup2+2m+1+m+1=msup2+m+2m+2=m(m+1) +2(m+1) = an even integer + an even positive integer [Since P(m) is true and 2(m+1) is an even
mathematical induction 3 What is the use of Principle of mathematical inductionAns Sometimes it is difficult to prove a statement theorem or a formula by direct method In this case we use an indirect method known as the Principle of mathematical induction There are two steps in this processSTEP 1 Varify that the statement or formula is true for one or two particular values of n say for n=1 2STEP 2 Assuming that the statement or formula is true for n=m where m is any positive integer show that it is true for n=m+1Conclusion Since the statement is true for n=2 it is true for n=2+1 that is 3 and since it is true for n=3 it is true for n=3 + 1 that is 4 and so on Hence the statement or formula is true for all positive integral values of n
positive integer]= an even positive integer Therefore P(m+1) is true when P(m) is true Therefore By the principle of Mathematical Induction P(n) is true for all positive integral values of n Hence n(n+1) is an even positive integer
Hindi 2ndlang एक फल की चाह 5 दख रहा था जस सो सथिर हो नही बठती थी कषण भर हाय ही चपचाप पडी थी अटल शागित शी धारण कर सनना यही चाहता था म उस सय ही
उकसा करमझको दी क परसाद का एक फल ही दो लाकर
शबदाथ ससथिर - परी तरह ठहरी हई अटल- पकका
उकसाकर - पररणा दकर
वयाखयाndash उपय[ पलि[यो म कगि सखिखया की ददशा का णन कर रहा ह जो उनक गिपता दवारा वय[ गिकया या ह अपनी बटी सखिखया कीददशा का
गितरण करत हए गिपता कहता ह गिक म अपनी आखो क सामन दख रहा था गिक मरी बटी जो पल भर क लिलए दिटककर नही बठती थी ह अब सथिर शात मरतित की तरह पढी थी अब म ह बार- बार इस बात क लिलए पररिरत कर रहा
था गिक ह मझ गिफर स ही शबद कह गिपताजी मझ दी क परसाद का एक फल लाकर दो
6 ऊच शल लिशखर क ऊपर मदिदर था गिसतीणर गिशाल सण कलशसरलिसज गिहलिसत थ पाकरसमदिदत रगि कर जाल दीप धल स अचछदिदत था मदिदर का
आन सारा ज रही थी भीतर बाहर मखरिरत उतस की धारा
शबदाथ - शल लिशखर- पहाड की ऊची चोटी
सतीणर - फला हआ
सण कलश - कमल क समान सदर सोन का कलश मखरिरत - परकट समदिदत - अचछी परकार खिखला हआ रगि कर जाल - सय की गिकरणो का समह
वयाखया- परसतत पलि[या म कगि न मदिदर की सदरता का णन गिकया ह कहत ह गिक मझ पहाड की चोटी पर एक गिलिशषट और गिशालमश था उसक
सोन क कलश सय की गिकरणो म चमकत हए ऐस परतीत हो रह थ जस सय की खिखली हईगिकरणो क ाा सपशपाकर सनहर कमल खिखल उठ हो मदिदर का
आन धप दीप की सध स भरा हआ था मदिदर क अदर और बाहर मनाए जा रह उसकी परसननता की ज सनाई द रही थी
Bengali (2nd language)
কোনি মনি নদী পরথম অধযোয়
হি_তীয় হিদরণে3র পাঠ-
হিবষটবাব গলাকটির কায় গররণে কা বলরণেত পাররণে0 3া শধ গচাখ হিদরণেয় রা পরকাশ করহি0ল কা বলরণেত বলরণেত গলাকটি পাঞজাহিব লহিn খরণেল জ কররণেত শর করল তাই গদরণেখ হিবষটবাব ত2মভ রণেয় গল চাটি ারার 2হিnরণেত গলাকটি হিবষটবাবর হিদরণেক এরণোরণেল হিতহি3 াা 3ীচ করণের 3াহিরণেয় গ33 হিদ গলাকটি হিবষটবাবরণেক চাটিরণেয় ায় তারণেল হিতহি3 তাাতাহিউরণেঠ গলাকটিরণেক ধররণেত পাররণেব3 3া কার তার শরীরণেরর ওজরণে3র জ3য এই শরণে3 হিবষটবাব বরণে3া গারণেষর ত গতরণেZরণে উরণেঠ দাাল তারণেত গলাকটি দাহিরণেয় শরীরটারণেক একট দহিলরণেয় হি3ল এই সব শরণে3 হিবষট ধর চপ করণের রইল শধ lsquoগঘাৎrsquo করণের একটা শবদ করল গলাকটি হিসহি হিদরণেয় ওঠা3াা কররণে0 গদরণেখ হিবষটবাব খাহি3কটা হিদরণেশারা রণেয় গলহিবষটবাবর গচারণেখ রারণের বদরণেল এখ3 গকৌতল হিতহি3 বরণেল3 ldquoখাওায় আার গলা2 গ3ই Uায়টিং কহিরrdquo হিকনত হিতহি3 কতটা Uায়টিং করণের তা তার শরীর আর খাবারণেরর তাহিলকা গদরণেখ গলাকটি বরণে= গল গলাকটি এহিরণেয় হিরণেয় হিবষটবাবর 2হিরণেত াত বহিলরণেয় হিদরণেল গস আরা অ32ব করণের3 এবং হিপহি0রণেয় া3 গলাকটি হিবষটবাবর সারণে3 তার শরীরণেরর কসরত পরদশ3 কররণেল হিবষটবাব রণে3 রণে3 হিব হিব করণের বরণেল3 হিতহি3ও গরাা রণেত চা3 গসই হরণেত nা গরণেক আবার হিচৎকার গ2রণেস আরণেস lsquoগকা হি3 গকা হি3rsquo
ldquoকী রক Uায়টিংrdquo-ক)বকতা গককারণেক বলরণে0খ)Uায়টিং কার অ কী ) Uায়টিং করা বযহিকতর গচারার ব3া দাও ঘ) তার Uায়টিং এর ব3া দাও
উঃ- ক) আরণেলাচয অংশটি হিত3ltীর গলখা lsquoগকাহি3rsquo উপ3যাস গরণেক গ3ওয়া রণেয়রণে0 আরণেলাচয কাটি বকতা রণেল3 সাদা লহিnপরা ারণেয় গরয়া পাঞজাহিব ও কারণেধ রহিn3 বযা ওয়ালা হিiহিতশ হিসং হিতহি3 কাটি বরণেলরণে03 হিবষট ধররণেকখ) Uারণেয়টিং কার অ ল পহিরহিত খাদয গর অাৎ খাদয তাহিলকায় সসত খারণেদযর গ3াগ3 বজায় গররণেখ খাদয গর) হিবষট ধরণেরর গচারা হিবশাল ওজ3 পরায় হিত3 গদখরণেত জলহিসতর রণেতা সারা শরীরণের চহিব ল ল কররণে0 বয়স পরায় চহিশ হিবশাল 2হি উপ রণেয় শরণেল হিচৎ রণেত পারণের3া গকউ গঠরণেল হিদরণেল হিচৎ রণেত পারণের তারণেক কায় নধ াদ3 পবরণেতর সরণেn তল3া করা য়ঘ) হিবষট ধর গকৌতলী রণেয় বরণেল তার খাওয়ার গকা3 গলা2 গ3ই গস Uায়টিং করণের আরণে গস আধ হিকরণেলা হিiর গখত এখ3 গস হিত3রণেশা গরা হিiর খায় জল খাবারণের কহিটা লহিচ গখত এখ3 পরণে3রণেরাটা লহিচ খায় আাইরণেশা গরা চারণেলর 2াত খায় হিঘ খাওয়া গ0রণে হিদরণেয়রণে0 রারণেত াতর বারণেরাটা রটি খায় হিবরণেকরণেল দ-গলাস হি0হিরর জল সরণেn চাররণেট কা পারণেকর সরণেltশ বাহিরণেত রাধাকষণ আরণে0 বরণেল হিবষট ধর া0 াংস খায়3া আর তারণেত তার গকা3 গলা2 লালসা গ3ই
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 276 to 313 (Sebastian helliphellipIt struck mine ear most terribly)[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]
Summary Questions amp AnswersConspiracy of Antonio and Sebastian
o Antonio further suggests murder of Alonso and eventually Sebastian agrees
o They draw their swords and proceed to murder Alonso and Gonzalo who are sleeping
(1) (Act II Sc 2 L 277-291)ANTONIO Ay sir where lies that If rsquotwere a kibe
rsquoTwould put me to my slipper but I feel notThis deity in my bosom Twenty consciencesThat stand rsquotwixt me and Milan candied be they And melt ere they molest Here lies your brotherNo better than the earth he lies uponIf he were that which now hes likemdashthats deadWhom I with this obedient steel three inches of itCan lay to bed for ever (whiles you doing thus
o As they approach Ariel appears again and wakes up Gonzalo by singing a tune in his ear Alonso also wakes up and they see both Sebastian and Antonio with drawn swords On being caught off guard they make up a story saying that they had heard a bellowing of bulls or lions
IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED
(Act II Sc 1 L 277-281)ANTONIOAy sir where lies that If rsquotwere a kibersquoTwould put me to my slipper but I feel notThis deity in my bosom Twenty consciencesThat stand rsquotwixt me and Milan candied be they And melt ere they molest
In these lines Antonio speaks how he is a conscienceless villain In inciting Sebastian to the kingship of Naples by murdering his brother he quotes his own example He too had banished his brother and made himself the Duke of Milan This kingship now sits upon him like a well fittinggarment So will be the case of Sebastian Sebastian then questions Antonio if this foul deed did not prick his conscience To this Antonio replies like a hardened villain He laughs at the word lsquoconsciencersquo and says that he has never heard of anything like conscience A guilty conscience gave him no more pain that is chilblain (M a painful itching and swelling on hand and foot caused by exposure to extreme cold) A man can get rid of the pain of chilblain by wearing slippers instead of shoes so does Antonio get rid of the qualms (M an uneasy feeling of doubt worry or fear especially about onersquos conduct) of conscience very easily Even if he were troubled by twenty consciences that barred his way to the throne of Milan however frozen they might be he would melt them into insensibility before they could cause him to twinge
To the perpetual wink of aye might putThis ancient morsel this Sir Prudence whoShould not upbraid our course) - for all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour
(i) To whom does Antonio speak these lines Who is referred to as lsquoyour brotherrsquo What does Antonio mean by saying lsquoNo better than the earth he lies uponrsquo
These lines are spoken by Antonio to Sebastian King Alonso is referred to as Sebastianrsquos brother Indicating towards Alonso who is lying asleep on the ground Antonio tells Sebastian that here sleeps his brother and at this time he is no better than a clod of the earth on which he lies asleep Antonio means to say that if he were actually to become what he looks like he would be a dead body(ii) According to Antonio what would he do if he were at the place of Sebastian
Antonio says that if he were in the position of Sebastian he would not care even for twenty consciences in order to win the kingship of Naples He would rather forget all his consciences if they happen to trouble him at all (iii) What does Antonio suggest to Sebastian What does Antonio assure him
Antonio suggests to Sebastian that in a moment Sebastian can put to death Gonzalo who pretends to be a very wise man and who on that account rebukes others (particularly Antonio and Sebastian) whereas he (Antonio) himself can put Alonso to death with only three inches of his willing sword Antonio further assures Sebastian that by killing both of them there will be none left to oppose him and in this way every obstacle in his way will be removed
(iv) Explain the lines lsquofor all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hourrsquo
In other words Antonio says that even if he were endowed with a stiff conscience he could easily relax or soften it for the execution of his purpose Then Antonio suggests that conscience should be no hindrance to a manrsquos future greatness
Comments These are terrible words coming from the mouth of a villain of the worst type He is utterly devoid of conscience or remorse He is an utter atheist of human virtue He speaks of conscience as a deity that he does not feel in his bosom
According to Antonio so far as the other lords (Adrian Francisco and others) are concerned they need not be murdered because they would obey the orders of Antonio and Sebastian as willingly and readily as cat licks milk These other lords would endorse and support everything that Sebastian and Antonio may say or suggest These other lords would adjust their views in accordance with the wishes of Antonio and Sebastian and they would regard all proposals made by Antonio and Sebastian as being opportune and also as being acceptable(v) What opinion do you form of Antonio from the above speech
The speech given above shows Antonio to be an absolutely unscrupulous man After saying that he does not believe in any such faculty as the conscience he suggests to Sebastian to
(Act II Sc 1 L 285-291)ANTONIOhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (whiles you doing thus To the perpetual wink of aye might putThis ancient morsel this Sir Prudence whoShould not upbraid our course) - for all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour
Antonio has convinced Sebastian that he has made himself Duke of Milan by a crime for which he has felt no pricks of conscience In these lines Antonio tells Sebastian that now that the chance has presented itself to him he should take it and be King of Naples So far as Alonso is concerned Antonio agrees to undertake the task of killing him by sticking only three inches of his sharp dagger Making a thrust in the air with his sword he tells Sebastian that by a similar method he can put to sleep forever Gonzalo ndash the old piece of flesh already rotten ndash this piece of antiquity ndash this ldquoSir Prudencerdquo who is never tired of reading his moral lectures to them If ldquoProfessor Wisdomrdquo is got rid of he will not be able to denounce their action as he would surely do if they did not dispatch him as well As for the rest of the kingrsquos counselors (Adrian and Francisco) it is their nature to adopt any statements and views which are placed before them just as it is the nature of a cat to lap milk Antonio assures Sebastian that ldquothese othersrdquo will back them up in whatever they say or do that they will count the strokes of the clock exactly as they bid them not according to the real time but according to the time that is right for their business Hence only two persons Alonso and Gonzalo are required to be removed to fulfill their ambition
murder Gonzalo at the very time when he (Antonio) stabs Alonso to death And yet this brutal man has a fertile wit also He can talk in a persuasive manner and also in a sarcastic and satirical manner He knows human nature thoroughly and he understands that Gonzalo is loyal to Alonso while the other lords are only sycophants who can easily be won over to Sebastianrsquos side after Alonso has been assassinated
(2) (Act II Sc 1 291-296)SEBASTIAN Thy case dear friend
Shall be my precedent as thou gotst MilanIll come by Naples Draw thy swordmdashone strokeShall free thee from the tribute which thou payest And I the King shall love thee
ANTONIO Draw together And when I rear my hand do you the likeTo fall it on Gonzalo
(i) Explain the situation and introduce the persons engaged in conversation
After the supposed shipwreck King Alonso with his lords his brother Sebastian and Antonio the Duke of Milan land on a strange island Prince Ferdinand is feared to be drowned While the King and others have fallen asleep after exertions of the day and Ariel with his sweet music acting as a catalyst Antonio and Sebastian are awake They have hatched a conspiracy to kill King Alonso and his loyal lord Gonzalo Then Sebastian will become King of NaplesIn these lines Antonio and Sebastian are engaged in conversation They are just ready to execute their plan to attack King Alonso and Gonzalo simultaneously(ii) Antoniorsquos case shall become Sebastianrsquos precedent What has been Antoniorsquos case
Antonio proved treacherous towards his brother Prospero who was the Duke of Milan Since Prospero spent his time in his scholarly pursuits he had delegated his powers to his younger brother Antonio to administer the dukedom Antonio grew ambitious He overthrew his brother and expelled him from his own dukedom In his place Antonio became the Duke of Milan which he continues to be now His case urges Sebastian to do the same(iii) How is Sebastian going to follow Antonio
Sebastian is going to take Antoniorsquos case as his precedent He is convinced that if Antonio could usurp the dukedom from his living brother Sebastian could become the King of Naples by killing his sleeping brother(iv) What will one stroke of Antoniorsquos sword do What will Sebastian do to reward Antonio
Sebastian asks Antonio to put an end to Alonsorsquos life with one stroke of his sword The same stroke will earn for him a reward Sebastian will become the King of Naples and he will exempt Antonio from paying the annual tribute to Naples The dukedom of Milan is a tributary to the kingdom of Naples Its Duke has to pay tribute to the King every year When Sebastian takes over as the King he will give a benefit to his friend who is helping him to realize his ambition
(v) What is Antoniorsquos suggestion
Antonio suggests that they may draw their swords together When he raises his hand to attack Alonso Sebastian should raise his sword to bring it down on Gonzalo
ACCOUNTS-11 25062020 Topic- depreciation ndashSTRAIGHT LINE METHOD
Illustration Salman and Usman Bros acquired a machine on July 1 2014 at a cost of Rs 70000 and spent Rs5000 on its installation The firm writes off depreciation 10 on straight line method The books are closed on December 31 every year Show the machinery and depreciation account for three years
Solution Machinery Account
Date Particulars LF amount Date Particulars LF` Amount ( Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014July 01 To Bank Ac 70000 Dec 31 Dec By Depreciation Ac 3750
(70000 x10x612)
July 01 To Bank Ac 5000 Dec31 By Balance cd 71250
75000 75000
2015 2015Jan 01 To Balance bd 71250 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 x10 ) Dec31 By Balance cd 63750
71250 71250
2016 2016Jan 01 To Balance bd 63750 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 (75000 x10 ) Dec 31 By Balance cd 56250
63750 63750
Depreciation Account
Date Particulars LF Amount Date Particulars LF Amount (Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 3750 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 3750
2015 2015
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
2016 2016
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
WORKING
Cost of Machine RS70000Cost of Installation Rs 5000
Total 75000
Rate of Depreciation 10
Then annual depreciation will be 10 of Rs 75000 = Rs 7500
Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution Geography DRIANAGE THE PENINSULAR RIVERS
1 The Mahanadi2 The Godavari3 The Krishna4 The Kaveri5 The Subarnarekha6 The Narmada7 The Tapi8 The Sabarmati and the Mahi9 The Chambal
The Mahanadi Basin The Mahanadi rises from Dandakaranya
Q1 Which is the largest river of peninsular plateau Write a brief note about its courseA1 The largest river of peninsular plateau is Godavari The river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has
near Sihawa in Raipur district in the highlands of Chhattisgarhand flows through Odisha to reach the Bay of BengalThe length of the river is about 857 kmIts drainagebasin is shared by Maharashtra Chhattisgarh Jharkhandand Odisha
THE MAHANADI RIVER SYSTEM
The GodavariThe river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
THE GODAVARI RIVER SYSTEM
many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
Q2 Which river is known as Dakshin GangaA2 The Godavari river is known as lsquoDakshin Gangarsquo It is also known as Vridha Ganga
Q3 Differentiate between east-flowing rivers and west-flowing riversA3
East-flowing rivers
West-flowing rivers
Godavari Krishna Kaveri Mahanadi are the east-flowing rivers
Narmada Tapiwest-flowing rivers
They fall into the Bay of Bengal
They fall into Arabian Sea
These rivers form big deltas
These rivers form comparativelysmall deltas
Catchment area of these river are larger
Catchment area of these river are smaller
The KrishnaThe Krishna river rises from the Western Ghatsnear Mahabaleshwar It flows into the Bay of Bengalbefore forming a large delta Its length is about1400 km The Tungabhadra Koyana Ghatprabha Musi and Bhima are some of its tributariesIt has covers parts of Maharashtra Karnataka and AndhraPradesh
THE KRISHNA RIVER SYSTEM
The KaveriIt rises in the Brahmagiri range of the Western Ghats and flows into the Bay ofBengal Southof Cuddalore in Tamil Nadu The length of the river is about 760 km Its main tributaries are the Amravati Bhavani Hemavati and Kabini The Kaveri drains inthe parts of Karnataka Kerala and drains in Tamil Nadu The river Kaveri makes the second biggest waterfall in India known as Sivasamudram
POLITICAL SCIENCE
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
MEANING OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS-Fundamental rights are those rights which are essential for intellectual moral and spiritual development of citizens of India As these rights are fundamental or essential for existence and all-round development of individuals hence they are called Fundamental rights These are enshrined in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India These include individual rights common to most such as equality before the law freedom of speech and freedom of expression religious and cultural freedom Freedom of assembly (peaceful assembly) freedom of religion (freedom to practice religion) right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writsThere are six fundamental rights recognized by the Indian constitution
1 Right to equality (Articles 14-18)2 Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22)3 Right Against exploitation (Articles 23-24)4 Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25- 28)5 Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29-30) and6 Right to Constitutional remedies (Articles 32-35)
1 The right to equality includes equality before the law the prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion race caste gender or place of birth equality of opportunity in matters of employment the abolition of untouchability and abolition of titles
2 The right to freedom includes freedom of speech and expression association or union or cooperatives movement residence and right to practice any profession or occupation
3 The right against exploitation prohibits all forms of forced labour child labour and trafficking of human beings
4 The right to freedom of religion includes freedom of conscience and free profession practice and propagation of religion freedom to manage religious affairs freedom from certain taxes and freedom from religious instructions in certain educational institutes
5 The Cultural and educational Rights preserve the right of any section of citizens to conserve their culture language or script and right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice
6 The right to constitutional remedies is present for enforcement of fundamental rightsThe right to privacy is an intrinsic part of Article 21 (the Right to Freedom) that protects the life and liberty of the citizens The right to privacy is the newest right assured by the Supreme court of India It assures the peoples data and personal security
Fundamental rights for Indians have also been aimed at overturning the inequalities of pre-independence social practices Specifically they have also been used to abolish untouchability and thus prohibit discrimination on the grounds of religion race caste sex or place of birth They also forbid trafficking of human beings and forced labour (a crime) They also protect cultural and educational rights of religious and linguistic minorities by allowing them to preserve their languages and also establish and administer their own education institutions They are covered in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India
Mathematics
Relation Study Item Types of RelationToday class xii students we will discuss about the types of RelationsFirst we discuss Void RelationWhat is Void RelationAns Let A be a non-empty set Then φ A A and so it is a relation R on set A Thissube ⨯ relation is called the void or empty relation on set ANow from the above definition we came to know that no element of A is related to any element of AHere A A is called Cartesian product⨯
is the symbol of subsetsubeAnd φ is called phi and refer to void or empty relationNow I give an example to understand the above said relationLet A = 1 2 3 4Here A A =(11)(12)(13)(14)(21)(22)(23)(24)(31)(32)(33)(34)(41)⨯(42)(43)(44)Now we consider R is a relation which is defined by R=(ab) a+b= 50We notice that a+b 50 for any two elements of AnotinTherefore (ab) R for any ab A is called belong to and is not belong tonotin isin isin notinTherefore we can say R does not contain any element of A A⨯Therefore R is empty set Therefore we can say that R is the void or empty relation on AWhat is universal RelationAns Let A is a set Then A A A A and so it is a relation on A This relation is called⨯ sube ⨯ the universal relation on ANow from the above definition we can say that each element of A is related to every element of ANow we consider the relation R on the set A =1 234 defined by R = (ab) R |a -b|isin
0≽We observe that|a - b | 0 for all ab A≽ isin
(ab) R for all (ab) A ArArr isin isin ⨯ Each element of set A is related to set A every element of set ArArr
Therefore we write R= AxATherefore we can say R is universal relation on set ANote we can say that void relation is smallest relation and the universal relation is largest relationSometime both void relation and universal relation is called trivial relationWhat is identity relationAns Let A is a non-empty set Then the relation R or IA = (aa) a A on A is called theisin identity relation on A Therefore from the above definition we can say that every element of A is related to itself only
Example Let A = 1234 then Ror IA = (11)(22)(33)(44) is the identity relation on set ANow I give you another example R1 = (11)(22)(33) and R2 = (11)(22)(33)(44)(24)From the above example we can say that R1 and R2 are not identify relation Because in the case of R1 (44)R1 and on the other hand R2 where element 2 is related to elements 2 and 4
Hindi 2ndlang
भलि[ (महादी मा)
भलि[ कहानी की लखिखका महादी मा न इस कहानी म यह दशान का परयास गिकया ह गिक आजकल क जमान म भी लो सक बन कर गिनसाथ सा करत ह ह
गिबना तन लिसा करत ह और उसक बदल ना कछ मात ह और ना ही कोई आशा करत ह नौकर सा करक तन चाहता ह और ह भी कई सगिधाओ की आशा करता ह पर सक सदा गिनजी साथ भा स सा म सलगन रह कर काम करता ह भलि[ कहानी की मखय पातर लकषमी ह जिजस भलि[ नाम लखिखका न दिदया ह ह गिकसी
ोपाल काकी कनया ह पाच रष की आय म उसकी गि माता न ौना ही कर दिदया कहानी म भलि[ क दखो का अत नही ह गिफर भी ह बडी साहसी धयान और परिरशरमी ह कदिठनाइयो स जझ ती ह पहल गिपता की मतय गिफर पगित की मतय और
गिफर घर जमाई की मतय होती ह उस साहसी मगिहला न साहस नही छोडा और तीनो पतरी ओक हाथ पील गिकए लाना द पान क कारण उसका जमीदार न अपमान गिकया गिफरकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहचीकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहची शहर पहच करा लखिखका की सगिका बनी ही पर उसका नाम भलि[ पडा ह एक भ[ की तरह अपन सामिमनी की इमानदारी स सा करती और तन का जिजकर भी नही करती ह लखिखका क घर पाठशाला आदिद को अचछी तरह स सभालती पढी-
लिलखी ना होकर भी ह लखिखका की बहत सा ए सहायता करती ह लखिखका का साया बनकर चलती लखिखका की सा करना उसक जीन का उददशय ह ह
लखिखका की खशी क लिलए ही काय करती ह ह लखिखका को दखी नही दख सकती लखिखका पर भलि[ का इतना परभा पडा गिक ह सय दहाती बन ई
यदध क दिदनो म ह अपन परिरार क साथ रहन की अपकषा लखिखका क साथ रहना पसद करती थी यदध क भत न जब ीटा क ान पर पलायन गित जा दी तो
भलि[ न न लखिखका को अपन ा ल जान का अनरोध करन ली लखिखका को डर ह गिक यदिद उसक गिदा होन क अगितम छठा ए तो ह दहातीन दधा कया कर ी
इस परकार हम दखत ह गिक लखिखका न सामिमनी और सगिका क ण बरसात हए सक धम पर परकाश डाला ह और लखिखका न एक आदश सगिका क रप को सदर
रप स परसतत गिकया हBengali আদাব পরশন) ldquoশরণের ১৪৪ ধারা আর কারহিZউ অU ার জারী রণেয়রণে0ldquo
ক) কার গলখা গকা3 রচ3ার অংশ খ)গকাায় গক3 ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়রণে0 )১৪৪ ধারা কী এর Zরণেল কী য়
উততর) ক)আরণেলাচ য অংশটি সরণেরশ বসর রহিচত lsquoআদাবlsquo গ0াট রণেলপর অংশ
খ) বাংলারণেদরণেশর ঢাকা শরণের ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়হি0ল সামপরদাহিয়ক াnাা ও দাnা পরহিতরণেরারণেধর জ3 য হিlt সলা3রণেদর গ3তারণেদর সামপরদাহিয়ক উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা বারণেধ উ2য় সমপরদায় 2ীত রণেয় ঘর বহিlt রণেয় পরণে পরসপর পরসপররণেক সরণেltরণের গচারণেখ গদরণেখ গকউ কাউরণেক আরণের রণেতা হিবশবাস কররণেত পারণের3া হিক0 া3রণেষর উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা য় ার পহির3া অরণেতক রকত iয় ও ত য
) ১৪৪ ধারা আইরণে3র এ3 একটা ধারা ার _ারা এলাকা হি3হিদ ষট করণের গদওয়া য় গসই এলাকার রণেধ য গবহিশ া3রণেষর জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় হিহি0ল জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় আই3 2nকারীরণেক গহিলর হি3রণেদশ জাহির করা য় তাই সাধার3 া3ষ আর বাইরণের গবর রণেত পারণের3া পরারণে3র 2রণেয় বহিlt রণেয় ারণেক এর Zল য় সাংঘাহিতক গদাকা3 পাট বনধ ারণেক
হিজহি3স পতর অহিল য় রাসতা ঘাট জ3 শ3 য রণেয় ায় লরণেঠরা তারণেদর লঠত রাজ চাহিলরণেয় হি3রণেজরণেদর আরণেখর গহি0রণেয় গ3য় া3ষরণেক 2ীহিতর হিব2ীহিষহিক গরাস করণের ঘরণেরর া3রণেষর ইkা াকরণেলও ঘরণের হিZররণেত পারণের3া হিZররণেত হিরণেয় বltরণেকর গহিলরণেত পরা3 ারায়
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today we will discuss about Types of Leaves
An organization provides several kinds of leaves to the employees These days employees working both in government and private sector are allowed several types of leaves Following are the leaves achieved by the employees from their organization
Casual LeaveChild care leave -HospitalLeaveSpecial disability leaveChild Adoption leaveEarned LeavesHalf pay leaveMaternity leavePaternityleaveStudy leave
1 Casual Leave- Casual leave is not a recognised form of leaves and is not subject to any rules made by the government of India And official on casual leave is not treated as Absent from duty and pay is not intimated Normally 8 days of casual leave is permissible in a calendar year
2 Child care leave - Women employees having minor children may be granted child care leave by an authority competent to grant leave for a maximum period of 730 days means two years during their entire service for taking care of up to two children weather for sharing or to look after any of their names like examination sickness it is a
3HospitalLeave - Hospital leave is admissible to group C employees whose duties involved handling of dangerous machinery explosive materials poisonous drugs and performance of hazardous task and to group D employees Medical certificate from an authorised medical attendant is necessary for the grant of these leave However total period of
leave does not exceed 28 months4Special disability leave- Special
disability leave admissible to all employees when disabled by injury intentionally or accidentally inflicted are caused in law in consequence of the due performance of official duties or in consequence of official position It also it is also add miscible when disabled by illness incurred in the performance of any particular duty which has the effect of increasing laboratory to illness or injury beyond the ordinary least attaching to the Civil post held and the same condition
5Child Adoption leave- This leave is granted to female Employees with fewer than two surviving children on valid adoption of a child below the age of one year for a period of 135 days immediately after the date of valid adoption Leave salary will be equal to the pain immediately before processing on leave
6Earned Leaves- This leave is earned by duty The credit for earned leave will be awarded at a rate of 15 days on the 1st of January and 1st of July every year It can be accumulated up to 300 days in addition to the number of days for which encashment has been allowed along with LTC
7 Half pay leave -All government servant are entitled to 20 days of HPL half pay leave for every completed year of service Half pay leave is calculated at 20 days for each completed year of service The service includes periods of duty and leave including extra ordinary leave with or without MC (medical certificate)
8 Maternity leave -Maternity leave is granted to women Government employees full stop it is as possible only to Employees with less than 2 surviving children The maternity leave is not debited to leave account and full pay is granted It cannot be combined with any other the leaves and count as service for increment and pension
9 PaternityleaveA male employee with less than 2 surviving children may be granted paternity leave for a period of 15 days during the confinement of
his wife During the period of such leaves he shall be paid leave salary equal to the pay drawn immediately before proceeding on leave
10 Study leave-Study leave may be granted to all Government Employees with not less than 5 years service for undergoing a special course consisting of higher studies are specialised training in a professional or technical subject having a direct and close connection with the sphere of his duties as a Civil Servant
Commerce
Chapter-5Management
Let us today discuss about the nature of Management
Nature of management Management is defined as
An art A science A profession
Management is defined as an art because of the following reasons
1 In art there is an existence of theoretical knowledge Similarly in management various theories are propounded by management thinkers in various areas of management like finance marketing human resources etc
2 Every manager apply his or her personal skills and knowledge in the day to day functioning of an enterprise
3 Like an art management is creative as it provides solutions to Complex problems making resources productive and profitable moulding the attitudes of people for the betterment of an organisation
Management is is considered as science because of the following reasons
1 Like science there is a systemised body of knowledge in management consisting of theories principles vocabulary and concept
2 Principles of management are evolved after continuous observations and experimentation
Management both as Science and ArtManagement is both a science and an art It is a science because it uses certain principles and is an art because it requires continuous practice and application of personal skillsManagement as a profession Following points highlight whether management is a profession or not1 Like profession management has well
defined body of knowledge It has its own principles which are based on experiments One can acquire such
knowledge by pursuing courses like MBA BBA etc and acquire managerial skills through instruction and training
2 In management no such restriction is there for managers to clear an examination for hold a degree However these days more and more people are appointed for managerial post who opposes management degrees
3 Membership to a professional Association like AIMA is not mandatory for managers All managers directly or indirectly work for the development of society
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Essay Questions (EQ-2)
Question No 2Sketch the character of Prospero Would you call him perfect
AnswerProspero in The Tempest appears to be an intensely human being with human failings and weaknesses With all his excellence Prospero is made to awaken our sympathy for a natural imperfection Prosperorsquos Previous HistoryIn his retrospective narration of his previous history to Miranda we get a glimpse into Prosperorsquos past life As the Duke of Milan Prospero buried himself in his magic books which he prized above his dukedom He was essentially a scholar with no practical wisdom He failed to perform his first duty by neglecting the governance of his state and gave an opportunity to his wicked brother to undermine his throne He was thus driven from his home and thrown in a leaky boat with his weeping daughter to drift in the perilous seas It is only the thought of his little child that kept him aliveThe Development of Prosperorsquos CharacterThe development of his character is evident from the contrast between what he was before his banishment and what he is now in the island Formerly when his ldquolibrary was dukedom enoughrdquo he was altogether too unsuspecting Now he is watchful as providence and takes care to guard himself against the possibility of evil He has learnt to know human nature in its worst forms even Caliban has taught him something He will no longer put his trust in appearance except as ldquostale to catch thievesrdquo nor in oaths of which the strongest he says ldquoare straw to the fire irsquo the bloodrdquo He who once neglected worldly ends now consistently asserts his dignity enforces obedience and deals out justice with impartial hand He who without a thought of evil gave his power and his revenues into his brotherrsquos hands now puts Ferdinand to the severest test as a trial of his love before entrusting his daughter to him He makes the most practical use imaginable of his magic art exacts prompt servitudefrom his attendants does not hesitate to punish them is resolved and firm and knows how to seize the proper moment for action He is a most careful father to his daughter a considerate master of Ariel severe against the brutal Caliban humane towards the repentant enemies full of experience and wisdomThe Exercise of his Power ndash his SternnessWhat appears to us at the first sight one of the least pleasing features of Prosperorsquos character is the sternness which he frequently displays more particularly in his dealings with Caliban His harshness towards Caliban resulted from the failure of gentler methods his severity towards Ferdinand was exercised in the interest of his daughter ldquolest too light winning make the prize lightrdquo and his punishment of Alonso Sebastian and Antonio is justified by the attainment of his objectiveProsperorsquos TendernessThe tender side of Prosperorsquos character is exhibited in his relation to Miranda Ariel Gonzalo and the repentant sinners His love for Miranda is unbounded She was almost life to him In his darkest hours of trial this love sustained him and gave him strength to put a bold front to suffering He addresses her always with tenderness She is to him a lsquoloved darlingrsquo lsquodear heartrsquo lsquoa rich giftrsquo lsquoa third of his own lifersquo The same affectionate nature is shown in his dealing with his brother Antonio He loved his brother Antonio only next to Miranda before Antonio conspired against him In the island when Antonio is brought before him he forgives him
readily To Gonzalo the good old councilor he is all affection He sheds tears of joy and gratitude when he meets him in the island To Ariel he is a loving and considerable master Ariel is always to him ldquomy brave spiritrdquo ldquofine spiritrdquo ldquodelicate Arielrdquo ldquomy Arielrdquo etc When he promises Ariel his freedom he says with real emotion ndash ldquoI shall miss theerdquoProsperorsquos Power as a MagicianThe practice of magic has placed wonderful powers in the hands of Prospero He uses his supernatural powers like a god only to bring about the happiest results He causes The Tempest and the shipwreck only to bring his enemies within his power and not to destroy them Not a soul perished in the storm He leads Ferdinand to Miranda his high charms work and as he wishes the two falls in love He frustrates the plots of the conspirators and makes them know that he was conscious of it He drives Sebastian and Alonso to sincere repentance and readily forgives them The drunken associates of Caliban are no doubt sternly treated but even then they are promised conditional pardon The whole play at last ends in reconciliation joy and peace The wrongs are set right the lovers are made happy Ariel is set free and thus the powerful magician retires into the solitude of his study at MilanProsperorsquos ForgivenessAllied to his wisdom is his forgiving nature Though deeply wronged he bears no spite against the wrong-doers Though his power is unlimited he uses it to noble purposes The lesson of adversity has taught him that ldquoThe rarer action is in virtue than in vengeancerdquoProspero does not debase his noble nature by revenge but forgives his enemies absolutely He drives his erstwhile enemies to a sincere penitence for their past misdeeds and when repentance has wrought its full effect on them he receives them into his arms and is reconciled to them Is Prospero perfectProspero creates a great impression upon our minds by his dignity his nobility the divine spirit of forgiveness in him his generous and sympathetic nature etc Even with all these virtues we cannot call him perfect We perceive certain faults in him He displays an occasional impatience irritability and even a certain harshness of feeling His severe treatment of Caliban might have been justified but the language in which he addresses the monster and the threats that he uses show him to be a kind of tyrant On learning of Calibanrsquos plot against his life he is as violently disturbed and agitated as any ordinary human being would be His manner towards Ariel when the latter demands his liberty also seems somewhat arbitrary and tyrannicalSubject ndashBiology Topic ndashChapter -5 Inheritance amp Variations Summary ExecutionToday we will discuss about NON-Mendelian Inheritance
NON_MENDELIAN INHERITANCE Incomplete Dominance It is an inheritance in which heterozygous offspring shows
intermediate character between two parental characteristics Eg Flower colour in snapdragon (dog flower or Antirrhinum sp) and
Mirabilis jalapa ( 4rsquoO clock plant) Here phenotypic and genotypic ratios are same Phenotypic Ratio 1Red 2 Pink 1 White Genotypic Ratio 1(RR) 2 (Rr) 1(rr) This means that R was not completely dominant over r Pea plants also show incomplete dominance in other traits
Co- dominance It is the inheritance in which both alleles of a gene are expressed in a
hybrid Eg ABO blood grouping in human ABO Blood groups are controlled by the gene I The plasma membrane of the RBC has sugar polymer that protrude
from its surface and is controlled By the gene The gene I has three alleles IA IB i The alleles IA and IB produce a slightly different form of the sugar
while allele i does not produce any sugar In AB blood group both IA and IB are present together This is co ndash
dominanceMultiple Alleles
Multiple alternatives of the same gene which influence the same character and produce different expressions in different individuals of a species or population same genes have more than two allelic
forms These different forms of a single gene are referred as multiple alleles Eg human Blood group
Ac-12 250620 Topic- retirement
Illustration Om Jai and Jagdish are partners sharing profit in the ratio of 3 2 l Their balance sheet as at December 31st 2014 is as under
Balance sheet as at December 31 2014
Liabilities Amount Assets Amount
(Rs`) (Rs`)
Creditors 80000 Building 180000 Bills Payable 26000 Plant 140000 General reserve 24000 Motor Car 40000 Capital Stock 100000 Om 160000 Debtors 63000 Jai 120000 Less Provision Jagdish 120000
400000 for Bad debts 3000
60000 Cash at Bank 10000
530000 530000
Jai retires on that date on the following terms(a) The Goodwill of the firm is valued at Rs 60000(b) Stock and Building to be appreciated by 10(c) Plant is depreciated by 10(d) Provision for Bad debts is increased upto Rs 5000(e) Jairsquos share of goodwill was adjusted through remaining partners capital accountThe amount due to Jai is paid out of the fund brought in by Om and Jagdish in theirnew profit sharing ratio Jai is paid full amountPrepare Revaluation Account and Partnerrsquos Capital account
Solution WorkingsIt is assumed that Om and Jagdish gaining ratio remains 3 lJairsquo Share of goodwill = Rs 60000 times 26 = Rs20000Adjusted through the remaining partners capital account in 3 1 ratio
Revaluation Account
Dr Cr
Particulars Amount Particulars Amount
(Rs`) (`Rs)
To Provision for Bad debts 2000 By Stock 10000TO Plant 14000 By Building 18000To Profit transferred toCapital Accounts Om 6000 Jai 4000 Jagdish 2000
12000
28000 28000
Capital AccountDr Cr Particulars Om Jai Jagdish Particulars Om Jai Jagdish
(Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (rs`) (`Rs)
To Capital 15000 mdash 5000 By Balance bd 160000 120000 120000 ToBank 152000 By General Reserve 12000 8000 4000To Balance cd 277000 mdash 159000 By Revaluation (Profit) 6000 4000 2000 By Om Capital mdash 15000 mdash ByJagdish Capital mdash 5000 By Bank 114000 38000
292000 152000 164000 292000 152000 164000
Solution
(i) Let P = Rs100 there4 A = Rs200 So I = A ndash P = Rs(200-100) = Rs100 and T = 8years [ P= Principal A = Amount I = Interest and T = Time]
there4 The rate of interest (R) = 100times IP times T = ( 100 times100
100times 8 ) = 252
= 125
(ii) Again P = Rs100 A = Rs300 So I = Rs(300-100) = Rs200 and R = 125
there4 T = 100times IP times R = ( 100 times 200
100 times12 5 ) years = ( 1000times 200100times125 )years= 16 years
4 Rs4000 amount to Rs5000 in 8years in what time will Rs2100 amount to Rs2800 at the same rate
Solution
1 st part P = Rs4000 A = Rs5000 there4 I = Rs(5000-4000) = Rs1000And T = 8 years
there4 R = 100times IP times T = ( 100 times1000
4000 times8 ) = 258
2 nd part Now P = Rs2100 A = Rs2800 there4 I = Rs(2800-2100) =Rs700 and R
= 258
there4 T = 100times IP times R = ( 100 times 700
2100 times 258 ) years = ( 100 times8
3 times25 )years= 323 years = 10
23 years
= 10years( 23
times 12)months = 10 years 8 months
6 A certain sum amounts to Rs3825 in 4 years and to Rs4050 in 6 years Find the rate percent and the sum
Solution Amount in 6 years = Rs4050Amount in 4 years = Rs3825
there4 Interest in 2years = Rs(4050-3825) = Rs225
there4 Interest in 1year = Rs225divide2 = Rs2252
there4 Interest in 4years =Rs(225times2) = Rs450
Now P = A ndash I = Rs(3825 ndash 450) = Rs3375
there4 R = 100times IP times T = ( 100 times225
3375 times2 ) = 103
= 313
Practice at Home5 What sum of money lent at 65 per annum will produce the same interest in 4 years as Rs7500 produce in 6 years at 5 per annum
GEOGRAPHY MIGRATION CLIMATE REFUGEES
Climate refugees who are forced to move out when their homes when threatened by imminent climate catastrophes Example many people many people migrated from the sinking south pacific Islands to Australia and New Zealand
MISCELLANEOUS MIGRATION
Miscellaneous migration often takes place due to the governmentrsquos decisions or due to political unrest Example the Indonesian government moved the farming population from the overpopulated areas of Java to the islands of Borneo and Sumatra
FORCED MIGRATION
Forced migration happens during times of disaster of warfare Abduction and transfer of African slaves to America to serve as labour force is an example of forced migration Today climate change and rising sea levels have led to forced migration in many of the island nations of the world
VOLUNTARY MIGRATION
Voluntary migration is shifting to HDC(highly developed countries) from LDC(lowly developed countries) for better job or educational opportunities and better standards of living There is a current trend in which a large number of students are migrating from developing nations to European and American universities for higher studies This type of voluntary migration leads to depopulation in the country which people leave and adds to the volume of immigrants in the country that receives these people
Q1 What do you understand by climate refugees Where it can be found
A1 Climate refugees who are forced to move out when their homes when threatened by imminent climate catastrophes or disasters
Example many people migrated from the sinking south pacific Islands to Australia and New Zealand
Q2Give an example on miscellaneous migration
A2 An example on miscellaneous migration like the Indonesian government moved the farming population from the overpopulated areas of Java to the islands of Borneo and Sumatra
Q3 Give some examples of highly developed countries (HDC) and lowly developed countries (LDC)
A3 European and North American countries such as Britain Spain Canada and New York are good examples of highly developed countries (HDC) On the other hand South-East Asian countries such as India Pakistan and Bangladesh are examples lowly developed countries (LDC)
COMPUTER ALGORITHMS AND FLOW CHARTS
EXAMPLES1) WRITE AN ALGORITHM AND DRAW A FLOW CHART TO FIND THE AREA OF A RECTANGLESOLUTIONALGORITHM
STEP1 STARTSTEP2 ACCEPT THE LENGTH OF THE RECTANGLESTEP3 ACCEPT THE BREADTH OF THE RECTANGLESTEP4 USE THE FORMULA OF AREA=LENGTH times BREADTH AND STORE THE
FINAL RESULT IN THE VARIABLE AREASTEP5DISPLAY THE ARE OF THE RECTANGLESTEP6STOP
FLOWCHART
2)CALCULATE THE INTEREST OF A BANK DEPOSITALGORITHMSTEP 1 READ AMOUNTSTEP 2 READ YEARSSTEP 3 READ RATE
STEP 4 CALCULATE THE INTEREST WITH FORMULA INTEREST=AMOUNTYEARSRATE100STEP 5 PRINT INTERESTFLOWCHART
3)DETERMINE AND OUTPUT WHETHER NUMBER N IS EVEN OR ODDALGORITHMSTEP 1 READ NUMBER NSTEP 2 SET REMAINDER AS N MODULO 2STEP 3 IF REMAINDER IS EQUAL TO 0 THEN NUMBER N IS EVEN ELSE NUMBER N IS ODDSTEP 4 PRINT OUTPUTFLOWCHART
4)DETERMINE WHETHER A TEMPERATURE IS BELOW OR ABOVE THE FREEZING POINTALGORITHM
STEP 1 INPUT TEMPERATURESTEP 2 IF IT IS LESS THAN 32 THEN PRINT BELOW FREEZING POINT OTHERWISE PRINT ABOVE FREEZING POINTFLOWCHART
PRACTICE THE GIVEN FLOWCHARTS AND ALGORITHMS
Class IXSubject Topic Summary Execution Bengali (2nd
language) চারণেদর পাাহিব2হিত2ষ বরণেltযাপাধযায় হি_তীয় অধযায়
ldquoআহি`কার হিবখযাত া0 শঙকর কতবার 0হিবরণেত গদরণেখরণে0rdquo ক) আহি`কার হিবখযাত া0টির 3া হিক া0টির হিবরণেশষতব হিকখ)শঙকর গকাায় হিকরণেসর জ3য হিরণেয়হি0ল ) গস গসখারণে3 হিক খরণেজ পায়
উঃ- হিব2হিত2ষ বরণেltযাপাধযায় রহিচত lsquoচারণেদর পাাrsquo উপ3যারণেস আহি`কার হিবখযাত া0টির 3া ল বাওবাব া0টির হিবরণেশষতব ল া0টি গবশ গাটা গসাটা া0টির জার হিবষয় ল া0টি তার গহিরণেত ১৬ হিলটার জল ধরণের রাখরণেত পারণের তষণায় কাতর পচারীরা অরণে3ক সয় এই ারণে0র গহিরণেত 0হির গরণের Zরণেটা করণের জল পা3 করণের
খ) শঙকর আহি`কায় হিরণেয়হি0ল অযাUরণে2ঞচারণেরর গ3শায় অনধকারয় এই ারণেদরণেশর পরহিতটি সথারণে3 গ3 রসয লহিকরণেয় আরণে0 এই ররণেসযর অ3সনধা3 কররণেত হিরণেয় অরণে3ক পটক পরা3 াহিররণেয়রণে0 আবার অরণে3রণেক হিসংরণের গপরণেট গরণে0 তবও অহি2াতরী া3ষ অহি2া3 বনধ করণের হি3আহি`কার ইউানডা গরলওরণেয়র 3Uরবা গসটশ3 গরণেক বাাততর াইল দহিi3 পহিj গকারণে3 একটা শাখা লাই3 হৈতহির হিkল গরল গকামপাহি3র গসখারণে3 শঙকর ক3সটরাকস3 কযারণেমপর গকরাহি3 ও সরকাহির গসটারহিকপার রণেয় গা হিদরণেয়হি0লপরণের শঙকর একটা গরলরণেসটশরণে3র গসটশ3াসটার য় এরপরণের গস আল2ারণেররণেজর সরণেn ীরার পাা খজরণেত গবহিররণেয় পরণে
) গ0াটরণেবলা গরণেক শঙকর শরণে3 আসরণে0 আহি`কায় গসা3া রপা ীরার 0া0হি একট গচষটা কররণেল গসা3া রপা ীরা আহিবসকার করণের বরণোরণেলাক ওয়া ায় এই সব খজরণেত হিরণেয় শঙকর আহি`কার পরাকহিতক ররণেপর গ সনধা3 গপরণেয়হি0ল তার তল3া গ3ই ঘ3 অর3য পবতরাহিজ =র3া 3দী জীবজনত সবই তারণেক হিদরণেয়রণে0 আ3lt শঙকর ীরার গখারণেজ হিরণেয় ীরা 3া গপরণেলও পরাকহিতক ররণেপর গরণে3 শঙকরণেরর 3 ীরায় পহিরত রণেয়হি0ল
EVS Chapter 2 ndash Species interaction with each other Long Answer Question
Living Things in Ecosystems
bull ParasitismParasitism is a relationship between two different organisms where one of the organisms actually harms the other through the relationship The organism that is harming the other one is called a parasite Examples of Parasitism Fleas or ticks that live on dogs and cats are parasites
bull MutualismMutualisms are defined as interactions between organisms of two different species in which each organism benefits the other
bull CommensalismCommensalism is a relationship between individuals of two species in which one species obtains food or other benefits from the other without either harming or benefiting the latter
bull SynergismThe interaction of things resulting in the overall effect that is greater than the sum of individual effects of any of them
Q) How biotic and abiotic components are inter-related Ans - In an eco system biotic and abiotic components depend on each other The biotic and abiotic components are connected in ecosystem in different way The sun is the energy source Producersplants use this energy to synthesize food in the presence of carbon dioxide and chlorophyll The herbivores are dependent on plants for the energy requirements The carnivores in turn feed on the herbivores and other carnivores At any level microbes then decompose any dead and decaying organic matter These decomposers after various chemical reactions release molecules back to the environment in the form of chemicals The chemicals are again used by the producers and the cycle starts againIn conclusion ecosystems have a complex set of interactions that happen between the biotic and abiotic components The components of an ecosystem are linked to each other through the energy flows and nutrient cycles
Commercial Studies
Chapter-7Joint Stock Company
In previous class we have explained about the meaning of Joint Stock Company features of Joint Stock Company
Let us explain about
Merits of Joint Stock Company
Merits of Joint stock CompanyStabilityPublic confidenceProfessional managementTransferability of sharesLimited Liability
Merits of Joint Stock Company StabilityA company enjoys stable durable enduring and uninterrupted business life A company continues to exist even if all its members die or deserted Maintenance of continuity of policy of administration is very much ensured in the case of Joint Stock CompanyPublic confidenceA public company enjoys the confidence of the public as the same is guided and controlled by strict regulations Since the companies financial accounts are published and circulated the public has enough faith on the activities of the company Thus a company enjoys better prestige and regulation greater public confidence as a wholeEfficient professional managementDue to its large financial resources and continuity a company can avail of the services of highly qualified
persons who are experts in different fields of business management In this way the benefits of specialization and centralized management can be securedTransferability of sharesSince the shares of a joint stock company are freely transferable they provide necessary liquidity to the investment of the people Shares of public companies are generally listed on a stock exchange so that people can easily buy and sell themLimited LiabilityThe liability of shareholders is limited only to the extent of face value of share held by them Shareholders are not personally liable for the debts of the company Thus the risk is known and also limited
Economics Chapter4 Basic Problems of An Economy
Today let discuss about the Meaning of Efficiency use of ResourcesNeeds of efficient use of resources
Resource efficiency is the maximising of the supply of money materials staff and other assets that can be drawn on by a person or organization in order to function effectively with minimum wasted (natural) resource expenses It means using the Earths limited resources in a sustainable manner while minimising environmental impact
Necessity for efficient use resources Once the flow of resources through the economy has reached its maximum sustainable limit (and many would argue that wersquove already passed that point for some resources) the only way to maintain economic growth in the long run is to become more resource efficient ndash finding ways to generate greater returns from the same amount of resources
Resource efficiency isnrsquot only valuable because it is essential for sustained economic growth Promoting resource efficiency can increase the competitiveness of industry create jobs stimulate innovation boost sectors such as recycling and resource recovery and help ensure secure supplies of key
QuestionWhat do you mean by Efficient use of Resources
Answer) Resource efficiency is the maximising of the supply of money materials staff and other assets that can be drawn on by a person or organization in order to function effectively with minimum wasted (natural) resource expenses It means using the Earths limited resources in a sustainable manner while minimising environmental impact
Why do we need to use our resources efficientlyAnswer) Once the flow of resources through the economy has reached its maximum sustainable limit (and many would argue that wersquove already passed that point for some resources) the only way to maintain economic growth in the long run is to become more resource efficient ndash finding ways to generate greater returns from the same amount of resources
Resource efficiency isnrsquot only valuable because it is essential for sustained economic growth Promoting resource efficiency can increase the competitiveness of industry create jobs stimulate innovation boost sectors such as recycling and resource recovery and help ensure secure
resources supplies of key resources
Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)
Topic Act II Scene 7 Lines 1 to 35 (Morocco hellip What if I stray no further but choose here )
[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase provided]
Summary Questions amp Answers
Having disposed of the minor story of Jessicarsquos elopement we now return to the main plot We are now shown how affairs are progressing with Portia in her home in Belmont
This is the first of the three scenes where a suitor makes a choice between golden silver and leaden caskets It will be noted that while making the choice all the lovers soliloquize and reveal their personality and character We have already observed the manly soldierly but primitive personality of the Prince of Morocco His has a simple nature and does not look deeply into the inner meaning of things but is dazzled by the outward appearance of gold He is inclined to over-estimate his own value and does not realize that it is a duty to ldquogive and hazardrdquo So his feeling is only one of fascination and romantic attraction We cannot believe that he has a deep and lasting love for Portia
In this scene two characters appear ndash Portia and the Prince of Morocco Portia explains to the Prince that the correct casket shall be the one that contains her picture She will be the wife of the person who will choose the correct casket and in the process get whatever she has
The Prince examines the inscriptions on each of the caskets and interprets them
(1) (Act II Sc 7 L 1-5)
Portia Go draw aside the curtains and discover
The several caskets to this noble princeNow make your choice
Morocco The first of gold who this inscription bearsWho chooseth me shall gain what many men desire
(i) Who is Morocco How did he introduce himself to Portia when they first met in an earlier scene
Prince Morocco is a dark skinned boastful warrior of African origin who seeks the hand of Portia He introduces himself as a person who lives near the equator where the exposure to sun rays have to be blamed for his complexion He says that Portia should not dislike him for his dark skin
(ii) How would Morocco know that he had made the right choice What would his reward be
Morocco would know he has chosen the right casket if he finds Portiarsquos portrait in one of them His reward would be Portiarsquos hand in marriage
(iii) Which casket did Morocco finally choose What reasons did he give for rejecting the casket made of lead
Morocco chooses the golden casket He says that lead is of lowly origin and the portrait of a lady as great as Portia cannot be placed in it He reads the inscription ldquoWho chooseth me must give and hazard all he hathrdquo This makes the box too threatening He wonders why anyone should risk everything for lead He also feels that a golden mind like his should not bow down to choose something worthless So he will not risk anything for lead
(iv) What two objects did Morocco find in the casket of his
before choosing
The inscription on the leaden casket says ldquoWho chooseth me must give and hazard all he hathrdquo The Prince was shocked and says as to why anyone should risk for the sake of lead The leaden casket is a threat Nobody would risk all they have for lead He says that no noble person would stoop to choose such a worthless thing as lead So he will not give nor risk anything for lead
The Prince then examines the inscription on the silver casket which says ldquoWho chooseth me shall get as much as he deservesrdquo The Prince says that he deserves Portia more than anybody else because of his high rank his noble birth and his great wealth and power But then he argues that silver is ten times inferior to gold and therefore he cannot believe that the portrait of such a beautiful lady as Portia can be contained in the silver casket He decides to see the inscription on the golden casket before making his decision
choice What reason does he give to Portia for leaving in haste
The Prince of Morocco chooses the golden casket and on opening it finds a human skull within whose hollow eye-socket was a scroll or a roll of paper in which it is written that those who are attracted by the glittering outside of things are always deceived as Morocco has been deceived
Morocco says he is moved and that he does not want to make his departure a painstaking process and he wants to leave immediately without revealing his emotions He should also obey the rule of the game which states the one who loses the test should leave immediately
(v) How does Portia respond to Moroccorsquos parting words What does this reveal of her nature
Portia is relieved that Morocco has left without making any scene It was a gentle riddance and all like him should go in a similar manner This shows that Portia has a kind heart and does not want anyone to he hurt Her love for Bassanio over-rides her passion that makes her wish that only he should be able to make the right choice At the same time like a dutiful daughter she does not want to disrespect her fatherrsquos wishes Hence she is willing to go through the casket injunctions
(2) (Act II Sc 7 L 15-35)
MOROCCO helliphelliphelliphelliphellip
What says this leaden casket Who chooseth me must give and hazard all he hath Must givemdashFor what for lead hazard for leadThis casket threatens Men that hazard allDo it in hope of fair advantagesA golden mind stoops not to shows of drossIll then nor give nor hazard aught for leadWhat says the silver with her virgin hueWho chooseth me shall get as much as he deservesAs much as he deservesmdashPause there MoroccoAnd weigh thy value with an even handIf thou best rated by thy estimationThou dost deserve enough and yet enoughMay not extend so far as to the ladyAnd yet to be afeard of my deservingWere but a weak disabling of myselfAs much as I deservemdashWhy thats the ladyI do in birth deserve her and in fortunesIn graces and in qualities of breeding
But more than these in love I do deserveWhat if I strayed no further but chose here
(i) What does the Prince of Morocco do before making his selection What does his comment reflect How does he analyse the inscription of the leaden casket and what is his interpretation
The Prince of Morocco surveys the three caskets before making his selection His comments reflect his thinking and attitude on life and things He comes to the lead casket and reads the inscription on it His interpretation which reflects his own character is that the inscription threatens because no one will be prepared to risk or sacrifice all one has for such a base thing as lead
(ii) What does the Prince of Morocco think of the leaden casket and why does he decide to reject the leaden casket
The Prince of Morocco thinks that when people risk anything they do so in order to gain something precious A person of royal ways will not bend so low as to be impressed by such an ordinary thing as lead Therefore he decides that he will not take any risk for a worthless thing like lead and rejects the lead casket
(iii) What does the Prince think while analyzing and interpreting the inscription of the silver casket
The Prince of Morocco analyses the inscription on the silver casket which runs thus ldquoWho chooseth me shall get as much as he deservesrdquo When he reads the inscription he bids himself to stop and ponder over the interpretation He asks himself to evaluate his worth objectively and impartially He says that if he is assessed on the basis of the opinion of people he deserves much But even this may not be sufficient to deserve to win Portia who is so virtuous and worthy
(iv) What promise does the silver casket make What self-assessment does the Prince make
The silver casket promises the reward according to the worth of the chooser The Prince makes a self-assessment and concludes that in all fairness he deserves to get Portia He thinks that he is a royal Prince by birth and so he deserves her by the right of his birth
Portia is very rich and so the Prince deserves her by this also The Prince deserves because he is also extremely handsome as most of the beautiful maidens of his kingdom covet him He is valiant and virtuous also So in his opinion he is the most suitable and deserving candidate for Portiarsquos hand
(v) Over which casket does the Prince ponder a long time What intrigue him In what way does he deserve Portia
Morocco reviews the inscriptions again and rejects the lead casket as being not worth the high stakes for which he gambles He ponders a long time over the silver casket The words ldquoget as much as he deservesrdquo intrigue him He is quite sure that he deserves Portia He deserves her in birth fortune grace qualities of breeding and most of all love
Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution EVS Ch ndash4 Managing
soil and land
Today we will discuss about mechanical practices of soil conservation
A few mechanical measures of soil conservation arei) Basin leaching In this method a number of small basins (water reservoirs) are made These collect and retain rain water for a long period and also catch and stabilize downwardly moving soils of the slopes
ii) Pan breaking by breaking of pan ( a hard sheet of clay a few feet below the surface ) drainage and percolation of rain water is improved and soil is saved from residual run-off and erosion
iii) Sub-soiling Soil is broken into fine grains to increase its absorptive capacity
iv) Contour terracing terraces are labeled areas constructed at right angles to the slope to reduce soil erosion
v) Contour trenching This method involves making a series of deep pits or trenches across the slope at convenient distance The soil excavated from the trenches is deposited along the lower edge in the form of bund On the ridges tree seeds are shown
vi) Terrace outlets To conserve soil pipe outlets are made which are thickly covered by grasses
vii) Digging of ponds and reservoirs to store water
viii) Stream bank protection To protect banks of rivers and channels construction of stone or concrete protective walls or planting of trees should be undertaken
Commercial Studies
Chapter- Banking Let us today discuss about theMeaning of Commercial BankFunctions of Commercial Banks
Commercial Banks are those banks which perform all kinds of banking functions such as accepting deposits advancing loans credit creation and
Question1 What do you mean by
Commercial BankAnswer) Commercial Banks are those banks which perform all kinds of banking functions such as accepting deposits advancing loans credit creation and agency functions
agency functions
Functions of Commercial BanksCommercial banks perform a variety of functions which can be divided as (1) Accepting Deposits (2) Advancing Loans (3) Credit Creation (4) Financing Foreign Trade(5) Agency Services (6) Miscellaneous Services To Customers
2 Explain the various functions of Commercial Bank
Answer) Following are the various functions of Commercial Banks
1 Accepting Deposits This is the oldest function of a bank and the banker used to charge a commission for keeping the money in its custody when banking was developing as an institution Nowadays a bank accepts three kinds of deposits from its customers The first is the savings deposits on which the bank pays small interest to the depositors who are usually small savers
2 Advancing LoansOne of primary functions of commercial banks is to advance loans to its customers A bank lends a certain percentage of the cash lying in deposits on a higher interest rate than it pays on such deposits This is how it earns profits and carries on its business 3 Credit CreationCredit creation is one of the most important functions of the commercial banks Like other financial institutions they aim at earning profits For this purpose they accept deposits and advance loans by keeping small cash in reserve for day-to-day transactions When a bank advances a loan it opens and account in the name of the customer and does not pay him in cash but allows him to draw the money by cheque according to his needs By granting a loan the bank creates credit or deposit4 Financing ForeignTrade commercial bank finances foreign trade of its customers by accepting foreign bills of exchange and collecting them from foreign banks It also transacts other foreign exchange business and buys and sells foreign currency5 Agency ServicesA bank acts as an agent of its customers in collecting and paying cheques bills of exchange drafts dividends etc It also buys and sells
shares securities debentures etc for it customers Further it pays subscriptions insurance premium rent electric and water bills and other similar charges on behalf of its clients It also acts as a trustee and executor of the property and will of its customers Moreover the bank acts as an income tax consultant to its clients For some of these services the bank charges a normal fee while it renders others free of charge6 Miscellaneous ServicesBesides the above noted services the commercial bank performs a number of other services It acts as the custodian of the valuables of its customers by providing them lockers where they can keep their jewellery and valuable documents It issues various forms of credit instruments such as cheques drafts travellers cheques etc which facilitate transactions
Bengali হিবপরীতশবদ করণেয়কটি হিবপরীত শবদ গদওয়া ল1)সজীব = হি3জsব 2)শরদধা= ঘা 3)আকষ = হিবকষ4)সধবা = হিবধবা 5)উৎস = গা3া 6)অ = অ37)জয় = পরাজয় 8)তাপ = হৈশত যয 9)হি3ltা = পরশংসা10)াদা = অদা 11)রহিসক = গবরহিসক 12) অনতর = বাহির13)অহিতবষটি = অ3াবষটি 14)পরত যযi = পরণেরাi 15)3াবালক = সাবালক
Hindi 2nd lang नया रासता भा 5 अपन जीन की परिरसथिगितयो स गिश होकर मीन क हदय म कई बार हीन भाना
और जीन की कडाहट अनभ हईपरत ह दढता और साहस की मरतित थी ह
अपन जीन को वयथ नही होन दना चाहती थी बचपन स ही उसकी कील बनन की
इचछा थी आज मीन की लन उस और दखकर माता- गिपता न उस कालत करन की
आजञा द दी मीन न मरठ म दाखिखला ल लिलया उसक हरदय म कछ बनन और कछ
कर दिदखान की इचछा थी उसक गिचार स चारो और पस का ही बोलबाला हहॉसटल
की कलपना करत ही ह लिसहर उठती थी उसन अपन लिलए नए नए कपड बनाए पहली बार हॉसटल जान का चा थाआखिखर
ह दिदन आ ही या जब उस हॉसटल जाना था पहली बार ह अपन घर स अल हो
रही थी हॉसटल पहच कर कछ दिदनो तक उसका मन नही ला बचपन की घटनाए
एक- एक करक उसक समतपटल पर उतर ई ह अपनी ककषा म हमशा परथम आती
थी 2 दिदन बाद गिपताजी मीन स मिमलन आए मा न काफी चीज उसक लिलए बनाकर
भजी थी गिपताजी स मिमलकर ह बहत खश
1 ह सय की दढता साहस की मरतित थी
परशन1 लखिखका मीन को दढता साहस
की मरतित कयो कह रही ह 2 गिाह क अलाा मीन क जीन
का कया लकषय था 3 मीन समाज क झठ आरण को
हटाकर सतय दिदखाना चाहती ह सपषट कीजिजए
4 परसतत पलि[यो का भा सपषट अपन शबदो म लिलखिखए
उततरndash1 मीन म समाज स लडन की शलि[ ह
ह समाज म फली बराइयो क सामन ढढता स जमी हई ह ह साहस क साथ अपन उलिचत गिनणय
पर सथिर रहती ह जिजदी क उतार चढा सा घबरा टी नही ह बलकिलक साहस स काम लती ह इनही कारणो स लखिखका न उस ढढता
और साहस की मरतित कहा ह2 मरठ ालो न जब उसका रिरशता
ठकरा दिदया तो उसन गिनशचय कर लिलया गिक ह अपन परो पर खडी होी और समाज को दिदखा दी की नारी अबला नही ह उसन अपना
हई करीब 1 घटा रक कर गिपताजी चल ए लकषय बना लिलया गिक ह एलएलबी करक कील बनी
3 समाज म नारी क ऊपर अबला आशरीता का आरण पडा हआ ह
मीन समाज क दवारा होत हए इस आरण को हटाकर यह सतय परमाणिणत करना चाहती ह गिक आज
की नारी अबला नही ह और ना ही गिकसी क हाथ की कठपतली ह
4 लखिखका न मीन क बार म कहा गिक ह सय घटा और साहस की मरतित
ह ह अपन न हम ध और मसीबत म साहस का परिरचय दती हउतार
चढा को हर इसान क जीन म आत ही रहत ह उनको साधारण रप
स ही लना चागिहए अपन गिाह क मामल म उसन साहस स काम
लिलया और गिाह क बार म सोचना छोड दिदया मीन क सामन अभी बहत लबी जिजदी पडी ह इसलिलए उसन समय का महत समझा और
एक कषण भी वयथ ना करन का गिनशचय गिकया
Mathematics(x) Algebra Quadratic Equation in one variable
Study Item Some solved sums from exercise- 539)Solve for x 2(2x ndash 1 )(x+3) ndash 3 (x + 3)(2x ndash 1 ) = 5 x -3 frac12Solution Let (2x ndash 1)(x + 3) = y then we get2(y) ndash 3( 1y) = 50r 2y ndash 3y = 5Or 2y2 ndash 3 = 5y [multiplying both side by y we get]0r 2y2 ndash 5y ndash 3 = 0Now comparing the above equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0 we geta=2 b = - 5 and c = - 3Therefore y = -(- 5 )plusmnradic((-5)sup2-4(2)(-3))2(2) = 5 plusmnradic( 25 + 24)4 = 5plusmn radic(49)4 = (5 plusmn 7)4= (5+7)4 (5 ndash 7)4= 124 -24= 3 - 12Therefore y = 3 (2x ndash 1)( x + 3) = 3 2x ndash 1 = 3x + 9 3x - 2x = - 10 x= - 10Or y = - frac12 ( 2x ndash 1)(x + 3) = - frac124x ndash 2 = - x ndash 3 4x+x = - 3 + 2 5x = - 1 x= - 15Hence the roots of the given equation are - 10 and ndash 1510)(i) x2 - 5x ndash10 =0Solution x2 ndash 5x ndash 10 = 0Comparing the above equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0 we get a=1 b = - 5 and c = - 10Therefore x = - (- 5)plusmnradic( -5)sup2- 4(1)(- 10)2(1) = 5 plusmn radic( 25 +40)2 = 5 plusmn radic(65 )2
= (5 plusmn 8bull06)2 = (5 + 8bull06)2 (5 ndash 8bull06)2 = 13bull062 - 3bull062= 6bull53 - 1bull5312) Solve the equation x ndash 18x = 6 Given your answer correct to two significant figureSolution x ndash18x = 6Or (x2 ndash 18 )x = 6Or x2ndash 18 = 6xOr x2 ndash 6x ndash18 = 0Comparing the above equation with ax2 + bc + c = 0 we gera= 1 b = - 6 and c = -18Therefore x = -(-6) plusmnradic(- (- 6)2 ndash 4(1)(- 18)2(1) = 6 plusmn radic( 36 + 72)2 = (6 plusmnradic( 108)2 =(6 plusmn 10bull39)2= 16bull392 - 4bull392= 8bull195 - 2bull195 asymp 8bull2 - 2bull2
Chemistry Chapter-2L-1Chemical Bonding
1) Chemical Bonding-
It is basically the force of attraction which holds the different types of atoms in a molecule together
Cause of Chemical Combination-
The main cause is the tendency of elements to acquire eight electrons in its outermost shell like that of noble gases other than Helium(He) So the atoms combine to acheive the nearest noble gas configuration of 8 electrons( or 2 electrons) in their outermost orbit and become stable
2) Ion-
It is a charged particle made from an atom by the loss or gain of electrons
There are 2 types of Ions They are-
a) Cations- It is formed by the loss of electrons eg - K+ Ca2+
Na+ etc
b) Anions- It is formed by the gain of electrons eg- Cl- O2- F- etc
Q Why do elements form Ions
A Atoms of all elements except those of noble gases have one to seven valence electrons and are not in a state of minimum energy Thus to acquire a state of minimum energy elements lose or gain electrons and form ions so that they acquire stable configuration (Duplet or Octet)
Q What is the Electronic Theory of Valency
A In 1916 Kossel and Lewis on the basis of octet rule of electrons described simply the electronic structure of molecules of many chemical compounds and elements Kossel mainly described the structure of ionic compounds formed by loss and gain of electrons and Lewis mainly described the structure of Covalent Compounds formed by mutual sharing of electron pair This is known as ELECTRONIC THEORY OF VALENCY proposed by Kossel and Lewis
Q What do you mean by Electropositive and Electronegative Elements
3) Types of Chemical Bond-3 types
A)ElectrovalentIonic Bond
B) Covalent Bond
C) Co-ordinate Dative Bond4) ELECTROVALENT IONIC BOND-
It is the electrostatic force of attraction between the opposite charged ions which holds them together
The chemical compounds formed as a result of electron transfer from one atom of an element to another are called IONIC or ELECTROVALENT COMPOUND
The number of electrons which an element loses or gains during the formation of an ionic bond is called its ELECTROVALENCY
Conditions for the formation of Ionic Compounds-
i Large electronegativity difference between the combining atoms
ii Low IP for one of the atoms from which the cation can be easily formed
iii High electron affinity for one of the atoms from which the anions can be easily formed
iv High Lattice Energy
A
1) Electropositive Elements- have the tendency to lose the electrons and form Cations
eg- Na K Fe -mostly metals
2) Electronegative Elements- have the tendency to gain the electrons and form Anions
eg- Cl F O - mostly Non-metals
Q Give the brief description about the formation of NaCl
A See your Text Book
Q Practise the two types of diagram of the formation of different ionic compound
A See your Text Book
English All Summer in a Answer the following questions-
literature Day 3) Why did the children hate herAns- The children sensed that Margot was different from them She hated the continuous rain while they were used to it She spoke only about the sun and they had no memory of it They hated her pale snow face her waiting silence her thinness and her possible future of going back to the Earth4) What is the it referred to by WilliamAns- The it referred to by William is the Sun which the scientists had predicted would shine for a short while that day5) What was Margot waiting for Why did William say it was a jokeAns- Margot was waiting to see the sun predicted to shine that day for a short while William did not want her to have the joy of seeing the sun
Geography Water Resources SOURCES OF WATER SURFACE WATER AND GROUNDWATER Earth is known as the Blue Planet because 71 per cent of the Earths surface is covered with water Wateralso exists below land surface and as water vapour in the air Water is not added or removed from the environment it simply changes state and location This constant movement of water throughout our environment is called the hydrological cycle or water cycle Earth cleans and replenishes the water supply through the hydrologic cycle Groundwater exists in an aquifer or
underground layer of permeable rock sediment (usually sand or gravel) or soil that yields water
Aquifers are like underground reservoirs of water
SURFACE WATER The visible bodies of water are referred to as surface water Surface waters can be simply described as the water that is on the surface of the Earth This includes the oceans rivers and streams lakes and reservoirs Surface waters are very important Rivers and streams constitute the flowing surface waters Surface water canbe captured for a variety of biospheric and humanusesRunoff During heavy precipitation water cannot infiltrate into the ground It flows on the surface of the ground and called as runoff
GROUNDWATER Groundwater is detained as water that is found beneath the surface of the Earth in conditions of100 per
Q1 Why the Earth is called as Blue PlanetA1 Earth is known as the Blue Planet because 71 per cent of the Earths surface is covered with water
Q2 Define hydrological cycleA2 Water is not added or removed from the environment it simply changes state and location This constant movement of water throughout our environment is called the hydrological cycle or water cycle Earth cleans and replenishes the water supply through the hydrologic cycle
Q3 What is AquifersA3 Aquifers are like underground reservoirs of water
Q4 Why there is a shortage of fresh waterA4 Although the earth has an abundance of water but unfortunately there is a shortage of fresh water because 997 per cent of it occupied by oceans soils icecaps and floating in the atmosphere and rest 03 percent can use for daily uses
cent saturation (if it is less than100 per cent saturation then the water is considered as soil moisture) Ninety-eight per cent of Earths available fresh water is groundwater It is about60 times as plentiful as the fresh water found in lakes and streams Water in the ground travels through pores in soil and rock and in fractures and weathered areas of bed rockThe majority of fresh water is therefore found under ground as soil moisture and in aquifers
Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 88 to 126 (Portia helliphellip Such as the day is when the sun is hid) [Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]
Summary Questions amp Answerso Launcelot then arrives and informs
Lorenzo that Bassanio will also be arriving soon Both Lorenzo and Jessica return to the house and ask Stephano to order the family musicians to play music in order to extend a fitting welcome to Portia
o Portia and Nerissa dressed in their normal self return home and enter the building Lorenzo recognizes Portias voice and comes to greet her She orders the servants to pretend as if she had never left and asks Lorenzo and Jessica to do the same
o Soon thereafter Bassanio Gratiano and Antonio arrive
(1) PORTIA That light we see is burning in my hall (L 89-101)
How far that little candle throws his beams So shines a good deed in a
naughty worldNERISSA When the moon shone we did not see the candlePORTIA So doth the greater glory dim the less
A substitute shines brightly as a king
Unto the king be by and then his state
Empties itself as doth an inland brook
Into the main of waters Music hark
NERISSA It is your music madam of the housePORTIA Nothing is good I see without respect
Methinks it sounds much sweeter than by day
NERISSA Silence bestows that virtue on it madam
(i) Where are Lorenzo and Jessica sitting What message have they received What are they doing
Lorenzo and Jessica are sitting in Portiarsquos house in Belmont They have just received the message informing them of the arrival of Portia and Bassanio separately They are waiting for their arrivals and enjoying the beauty of the moonlight night(ii) In which mood is Lorenzo found after Stephanorsquos departure
After Stephanorsquos departure Lorenzo reverts to his romantic mood He is carried away by the magic of the loveliness of the moonlight He draws Jessicarsquos attention and says that the moonlight is sleeping beautifully on the raised ground He says that they will sit there and enjoy the sweetness of the gentle
music which will shortly creep into their ears very softly(iii) Why has Lorenzo sent Stephano What kind of man is he who does not appreciate the sweet harmony of sounds
Lorenzo has sent Stephano to instruct the musicians to play soft music to welcome Portia home Lorenzo tells that the
tranquility and the beautiful night suit the sweet music Praising the ennobling (M lend greater dignity) effect of music Lorenzo tells Jessica that the person who has no music in him and does not appreciate the sweet harmony of sounds is a dangerous person and so should be watched very carefully(iv) Who are returning to Belmont What does Nerissa remark on seeing the light of the house
Portia and Nerissa are returning to Belmont after successfully conducting Antoniorsquos trial in Venice as the lawyer and the clerk respectively When they are near their home Nerissa seeing the light of the house remarks that they did not see this light of this candle when the moon was shining(v) What does Portia comment on Nerissarsquos observation Commenting on Nerissarsquos observation Portia says that the lesser glory becomes insignificant before the greater glory She adds that the kingrsquos representative assumes great splendor and authority when the king himself is not near But before the real king the substitute becomes devoid of all splendor and
authority as the big rivers lose their identity after emptying into the vast sea
SUBJECT PHYSICS [TOPIC FORCE]Answer the following questions ( ICSE questions of previous years from chapter FORCE)
1 Write the position of centre of mass for the following bodies(i) A circular ring (ii) A cylinder(iii) A hollow sphere (iv) A triangular lamina
2 Explain why screw drivers are provided with longer handles3 Compare the magnitude and direction of centripetal force and centrifugal force4 How does uniform circular motion differ from uniform linear motion5 Why is the motion of a body moving with a constant speed around a circular path is said to be
accelerated6 A brass ball is hanging from a cotton thread Draw a neat labeled diagram showing the force acting
on the brass ball and the cotton thread 7 Define moment of force Write the relationship between the SI and CGS unit of moment of force8 Define couple State the SI unit of moment of couple9 A uniform half meter scale balanced horizontally on a knife edge at 29 cm mark when a weight of 20
gmf is suspended from one end(i) Draw the diagram of the arrangementWhat is the weight of the half meter rule
ECO-10 250620 Topic-Supply Analysis
MEANING OF SUPPLYSupply a commodity by a firm or seller may be defined as the quantity of a commodity that a firm or seller offers for sale at a given price during a given time period But the actual sale of the commodity may be different from its supply For example a farmer (produced of wheat) is willing to sell 50 quintals of wheat at a price of ` 15 per kg but he is able to sell only 30 quintals at this price So this case the supply of wheat is 50 quintals but the actual sale is 30 quintals So these two concepts should not be confused with each other Like demand supply also has three elements The definition of supply include (i) the quantity of the commodity that a firm is willing to supply (ii) the price at which it is willing to supply that quantity and (iii) the time period during which it is willing to supply that quantity
FACTORS DETERMINING SUPPLY OR DETERMINANTS OF SUPPLY OF A GOOD
The main determinant of supply is the price of the commodity But the cost of production of a commodity is an important factor in determining profit maximized on output of a firm The cost of production depends on the prices of various inputs like raw material wages of workers interest of capital rent of building etc The supply of a commodity also depends on the technology used in the production of the commodity and many other factors The main factors determining supply of a commodity are(i) Price of the commodity(ii) Price of other related good(iii) Price of inputsfactors(iv) Taxation policy of government(v) Objective of the firm(i) Price of the commodity Other factors determining supply remaining constant there is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity It means the quantity supplied of a commodity increases with rise in price and decreases with fall in price of the commodity More quantity of a commodity is supplied at a higher price and less quantity is supplied at a lower price For example a seller of tomatoes is willing to sell 100 kgs of tomatoes at a price of ` 40 per keg and only 50 kgs at a price of ` 20 per kg Due to this direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity the supply curve has a positive slope Supply curve is upward sloping to the right(ii) Price of other related goods Supply of a commodity is also influenced by the change in the price of other related goods With the help of given resources we can produce several goods by using the same technology This helps the firm to diversify and tide over fluctuations in demand For example a farmer can produce either pulses or food grains by using the resources If the price of pulses increases it becomes more profitable for him to make more production of pulses So he will divert some resources from the production of food grains to the production of pulses The production of pulses will increase and that of food grains will decrease So the supply of pulses will increase if the price of pulses increases and the supply of food grain will decrease at the same price reverse will happen if the price of food grains increases(iii) Price of inputsfactors Change in the price of inputs like raw material wage rent or interest also influences the supply of a commodity For example in the production of cloth cotton is the main raw material If the price of cotton increases the cost of production of cloth will increase At the same price the margin of profit will decrease So the producer will decrease the supply of cloth at the same price On the other hand if the price of cotton falls the cost of production per unit of cloth will decrease and hence the supply of cloth will increase The price of other inputs will also influence the supply of a good in the same manner(iv) Technology of production an improvement in the technology of production of a commodity decreases the per unit cost of the commodity The margin of profit will increase at the same price So the supply of a commodity will increase with improvement in technology of production at the same price On the other hand if a firm uses absolute technology of production the cost of production per unit of the commodity will increase The margin of profit will decrease so the firm will decrease its supply at the same price This is the main reason that the firms are trying to use better technology of production because it not only reduces the cost of production per unit but also improves the quality of the product(v) Taxation policy of government If the government reduces the excise duty or the production of a commodity the cost of production per unit of the commodity will decrease the margin of profit will increase at the same price so the producer of the commodity will increase its supply It happens when the government wants to increase the production of the commodity On the other hand to discourage the production of some harmful goods like cigarettes liquor etc the government increases the rate of excise duty on the production of such goods So the cost of production per unit of the commodity increases and the supply of such commodities decreases(vi) Objective of the firm The objective of the producer also influences the supply of a commodity Generally the objective of a producer is get maximize his profits Profits are maximized at a higher price So he increases the supply of a commodity at a higher price and decreases its supply at a lower price But sometimes the producer may be in maximizing his sales and not in maximizing his profits as he wants to capture the market In that case he goes on increasing the supply so long his target is not achieved can profit is not adversely affected He may increase the supply at the same price to any extent
SUPPLY FUNCTION
When the relationship between quantity supplied and the determinants of supplied is expressed mathematically in an equation it is called a supply function So a supply function can be expressed asSn = f(Pn Pr Pf T Tr G)where Sn = Supply of commodity nPn = Price of the commodity nPr = Price of other related goodsPf = Price of inputsfactors
T = Technology of productionTr = Government policy or tax rateG = Goal or objective of the producer
Typically supply function shows the relationship between price and quantity supplied keeping all other determinants of supply as constant It shows the amount of a good that a seller supplies at different levels of price
LAW OF SUPPLYThe law of supply depicts the relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity when all other determinants of supply remain constant This law states that there is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity other factors determining supply remaining constant It means quantity supplied of a commodity increases with increase in price and decreases with decrease in price
Assumptions of the law of supplyThe phrase other determinants of supply remaining constant in the law of supply shows the assumptions of the law of supply The mains factors which influence the supply of a commodity one price of the commodity price of other related goods price of inputs technology of production taxation policy of the government and objective of the firm etc The law of supply is based on the assumptions that all these factors determining supply except price of the commodity should remain constant The following are the main assumptions of the law of supply(i) Price of other related goods should remain the same(ii) There should be no change in the price of inputs (factors)(iii) Technology of production should not change(iv) There is no change in the taxation policy of the government(v) Objective of the firm should not changeThe law of supply is based on the assumptions that the supply of commodity changes only due to change in price when all other determinant of supply remain constantClass XISubject Topic Summary Execution EVS Chapter-2
Ecology Answer the following questions briefly Q Draw a neat labeled diagram of carbon cycleAnsndash
Mathematics Principle of Mathematical Induction
1) What is statement Ans A sentence which may be true or false is called statement eg i) 5 is greater than 3 ii) New Delhi is the capital of India iii) 5 divides 7 These all are statements We see that statement (i) amp (ii) are true but (iii) is false 2 What is Mathematical StatementAns Statement involving mathematical relations are called mathematical statement We shall use mathematical statement in principle of
Example If n be a positive integer show that n(n+1) is an even positive integer Solution Let P(n) be the statement n(n+1) is an even positive integer Then (i) P(1) is the statement 1(1+1) ie 2 is an even positive integer Therefore P(1) is true (ii) If P(m) is true for some positive integer m then m(m+1) is an even integer Now (m+1) [(m+1)+1]=(m+1)sup2+ (m+1) =msup2+2m+1+m+1=msup2+m+2m+2=m(m+1) +2(m+1) = an even integer + an even positive integer [Since P(m) is true and 2(m+1) is an even
mathematical induction 3 What is the use of Principle of mathematical inductionAns Sometimes it is difficult to prove a statement theorem or a formula by direct method In this case we use an indirect method known as the Principle of mathematical induction There are two steps in this processSTEP 1 Varify that the statement or formula is true for one or two particular values of n say for n=1 2STEP 2 Assuming that the statement or formula is true for n=m where m is any positive integer show that it is true for n=m+1Conclusion Since the statement is true for n=2 it is true for n=2+1 that is 3 and since it is true for n=3 it is true for n=3 + 1 that is 4 and so on Hence the statement or formula is true for all positive integral values of n
positive integer]= an even positive integer Therefore P(m+1) is true when P(m) is true Therefore By the principle of Mathematical Induction P(n) is true for all positive integral values of n Hence n(n+1) is an even positive integer
Hindi 2ndlang एक फल की चाह 5 दख रहा था जस सो सथिर हो नही बठती थी कषण भर हाय ही चपचाप पडी थी अटल शागित शी धारण कर सनना यही चाहता था म उस सय ही
उकसा करमझको दी क परसाद का एक फल ही दो लाकर
शबदाथ ससथिर - परी तरह ठहरी हई अटल- पकका
उकसाकर - पररणा दकर
वयाखयाndash उपय[ पलि[यो म कगि सखिखया की ददशा का णन कर रहा ह जो उनक गिपता दवारा वय[ गिकया या ह अपनी बटी सखिखया कीददशा का
गितरण करत हए गिपता कहता ह गिक म अपनी आखो क सामन दख रहा था गिक मरी बटी जो पल भर क लिलए दिटककर नही बठती थी ह अब सथिर शात मरतित की तरह पढी थी अब म ह बार- बार इस बात क लिलए पररिरत कर रहा
था गिक ह मझ गिफर स ही शबद कह गिपताजी मझ दी क परसाद का एक फल लाकर दो
6 ऊच शल लिशखर क ऊपर मदिदर था गिसतीणर गिशाल सण कलशसरलिसज गिहलिसत थ पाकरसमदिदत रगि कर जाल दीप धल स अचछदिदत था मदिदर का
आन सारा ज रही थी भीतर बाहर मखरिरत उतस की धारा
शबदाथ - शल लिशखर- पहाड की ऊची चोटी
सतीणर - फला हआ
सण कलश - कमल क समान सदर सोन का कलश मखरिरत - परकट समदिदत - अचछी परकार खिखला हआ रगि कर जाल - सय की गिकरणो का समह
वयाखया- परसतत पलि[या म कगि न मदिदर की सदरता का णन गिकया ह कहत ह गिक मझ पहाड की चोटी पर एक गिलिशषट और गिशालमश था उसक
सोन क कलश सय की गिकरणो म चमकत हए ऐस परतीत हो रह थ जस सय की खिखली हईगिकरणो क ाा सपशपाकर सनहर कमल खिखल उठ हो मदिदर का
आन धप दीप की सध स भरा हआ था मदिदर क अदर और बाहर मनाए जा रह उसकी परसननता की ज सनाई द रही थी
Bengali (2nd language)
কোনি মনি নদী পরথম অধযোয়
হি_তীয় হিদরণে3র পাঠ-
হিবষটবাব গলাকটির কায় গররণে কা বলরণেত পাররণে0 3া শধ গচাখ হিদরণেয় রা পরকাশ করহি0ল কা বলরণেত বলরণেত গলাকটি পাঞজাহিব লহিn খরণেল জ কররণেত শর করল তাই গদরণেখ হিবষটবাব ত2মভ রণেয় গল চাটি ারার 2হিnরণেত গলাকটি হিবষটবাবর হিদরণেক এরণোরণেল হিতহি3 াা 3ীচ করণের 3াহিরণেয় গ33 হিদ গলাকটি হিবষটবাবরণেক চাটিরণেয় ায় তারণেল হিতহি3 তাাতাহিউরণেঠ গলাকটিরণেক ধররণেত পাররণেব3 3া কার তার শরীরণেরর ওজরণে3র জ3য এই শরণে3 হিবষটবাব বরণে3া গারণেষর ত গতরণেZরণে উরণেঠ দাাল তারণেত গলাকটি দাহিরণেয় শরীরটারণেক একট দহিলরণেয় হি3ল এই সব শরণে3 হিবষট ধর চপ করণের রইল শধ lsquoগঘাৎrsquo করণের একটা শবদ করল গলাকটি হিসহি হিদরণেয় ওঠা3াা কররণে0 গদরণেখ হিবষটবাব খাহি3কটা হিদরণেশারা রণেয় গলহিবষটবাবর গচারণেখ রারণের বদরণেল এখ3 গকৌতল হিতহি3 বরণেল3 ldquoখাওায় আার গলা2 গ3ই Uায়টিং কহিরrdquo হিকনত হিতহি3 কতটা Uায়টিং করণের তা তার শরীর আর খাবারণেরর তাহিলকা গদরণেখ গলাকটি বরণে= গল গলাকটি এহিরণেয় হিরণেয় হিবষটবাবর 2হিরণেত াত বহিলরণেয় হিদরণেল গস আরা অ32ব করণের3 এবং হিপহি0রণেয় া3 গলাকটি হিবষটবাবর সারণে3 তার শরীরণেরর কসরত পরদশ3 কররণেল হিবষটবাব রণে3 রণে3 হিব হিব করণের বরণেল3 হিতহি3ও গরাা রণেত চা3 গসই হরণেত nা গরণেক আবার হিচৎকার গ2রণেস আরণেস lsquoগকা হি3 গকা হি3rsquo
ldquoকী রক Uায়টিংrdquo-ক)বকতা গককারণেক বলরণে0খ)Uায়টিং কার অ কী ) Uায়টিং করা বযহিকতর গচারার ব3া দাও ঘ) তার Uায়টিং এর ব3া দাও
উঃ- ক) আরণেলাচয অংশটি হিত3ltীর গলখা lsquoগকাহি3rsquo উপ3যাস গরণেক গ3ওয়া রণেয়রণে0 আরণেলাচয কাটি বকতা রণেল3 সাদা লহিnপরা ারণেয় গরয়া পাঞজাহিব ও কারণেধ রহিn3 বযা ওয়ালা হিiহিতশ হিসং হিতহি3 কাটি বরণেলরণে03 হিবষট ধররণেকখ) Uারণেয়টিং কার অ ল পহিরহিত খাদয গর অাৎ খাদয তাহিলকায় সসত খারণেদযর গ3াগ3 বজায় গররণেখ খাদয গর) হিবষট ধরণেরর গচারা হিবশাল ওজ3 পরায় হিত3 গদখরণেত জলহিসতর রণেতা সারা শরীরণের চহিব ল ল কররণে0 বয়স পরায় চহিশ হিবশাল 2হি উপ রণেয় শরণেল হিচৎ রণেত পারণের3া গকউ গঠরণেল হিদরণেল হিচৎ রণেত পারণের তারণেক কায় নধ াদ3 পবরণেতর সরণেn তল3া করা য়ঘ) হিবষট ধর গকৌতলী রণেয় বরণেল তার খাওয়ার গকা3 গলা2 গ3ই গস Uায়টিং করণের আরণে গস আধ হিকরণেলা হিiর গখত এখ3 গস হিত3রণেশা গরা হিiর খায় জল খাবারণের কহিটা লহিচ গখত এখ3 পরণে3রণেরাটা লহিচ খায় আাইরণেশা গরা চারণেলর 2াত খায় হিঘ খাওয়া গ0রণে হিদরণেয়রণে0 রারণেত াতর বারণেরাটা রটি খায় হিবরণেকরণেল দ-গলাস হি0হিরর জল সরণেn চাররণেট কা পারণেকর সরণেltশ বাহিরণেত রাধাকষণ আরণে0 বরণেল হিবষট ধর া0 াংস খায়3া আর তারণেত তার গকা3 গলা2 লালসা গ3ই
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 276 to 313 (Sebastian helliphellipIt struck mine ear most terribly)[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]
Summary Questions amp AnswersConspiracy of Antonio and Sebastian
o Antonio further suggests murder of Alonso and eventually Sebastian agrees
o They draw their swords and proceed to murder Alonso and Gonzalo who are sleeping
(1) (Act II Sc 2 L 277-291)ANTONIO Ay sir where lies that If rsquotwere a kibe
rsquoTwould put me to my slipper but I feel notThis deity in my bosom Twenty consciencesThat stand rsquotwixt me and Milan candied be they And melt ere they molest Here lies your brotherNo better than the earth he lies uponIf he were that which now hes likemdashthats deadWhom I with this obedient steel three inches of itCan lay to bed for ever (whiles you doing thus
o As they approach Ariel appears again and wakes up Gonzalo by singing a tune in his ear Alonso also wakes up and they see both Sebastian and Antonio with drawn swords On being caught off guard they make up a story saying that they had heard a bellowing of bulls or lions
IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED
(Act II Sc 1 L 277-281)ANTONIOAy sir where lies that If rsquotwere a kibersquoTwould put me to my slipper but I feel notThis deity in my bosom Twenty consciencesThat stand rsquotwixt me and Milan candied be they And melt ere they molest
In these lines Antonio speaks how he is a conscienceless villain In inciting Sebastian to the kingship of Naples by murdering his brother he quotes his own example He too had banished his brother and made himself the Duke of Milan This kingship now sits upon him like a well fittinggarment So will be the case of Sebastian Sebastian then questions Antonio if this foul deed did not prick his conscience To this Antonio replies like a hardened villain He laughs at the word lsquoconsciencersquo and says that he has never heard of anything like conscience A guilty conscience gave him no more pain that is chilblain (M a painful itching and swelling on hand and foot caused by exposure to extreme cold) A man can get rid of the pain of chilblain by wearing slippers instead of shoes so does Antonio get rid of the qualms (M an uneasy feeling of doubt worry or fear especially about onersquos conduct) of conscience very easily Even if he were troubled by twenty consciences that barred his way to the throne of Milan however frozen they might be he would melt them into insensibility before they could cause him to twinge
To the perpetual wink of aye might putThis ancient morsel this Sir Prudence whoShould not upbraid our course) - for all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour
(i) To whom does Antonio speak these lines Who is referred to as lsquoyour brotherrsquo What does Antonio mean by saying lsquoNo better than the earth he lies uponrsquo
These lines are spoken by Antonio to Sebastian King Alonso is referred to as Sebastianrsquos brother Indicating towards Alonso who is lying asleep on the ground Antonio tells Sebastian that here sleeps his brother and at this time he is no better than a clod of the earth on which he lies asleep Antonio means to say that if he were actually to become what he looks like he would be a dead body(ii) According to Antonio what would he do if he were at the place of Sebastian
Antonio says that if he were in the position of Sebastian he would not care even for twenty consciences in order to win the kingship of Naples He would rather forget all his consciences if they happen to trouble him at all (iii) What does Antonio suggest to Sebastian What does Antonio assure him
Antonio suggests to Sebastian that in a moment Sebastian can put to death Gonzalo who pretends to be a very wise man and who on that account rebukes others (particularly Antonio and Sebastian) whereas he (Antonio) himself can put Alonso to death with only three inches of his willing sword Antonio further assures Sebastian that by killing both of them there will be none left to oppose him and in this way every obstacle in his way will be removed
(iv) Explain the lines lsquofor all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hourrsquo
In other words Antonio says that even if he were endowed with a stiff conscience he could easily relax or soften it for the execution of his purpose Then Antonio suggests that conscience should be no hindrance to a manrsquos future greatness
Comments These are terrible words coming from the mouth of a villain of the worst type He is utterly devoid of conscience or remorse He is an utter atheist of human virtue He speaks of conscience as a deity that he does not feel in his bosom
According to Antonio so far as the other lords (Adrian Francisco and others) are concerned they need not be murdered because they would obey the orders of Antonio and Sebastian as willingly and readily as cat licks milk These other lords would endorse and support everything that Sebastian and Antonio may say or suggest These other lords would adjust their views in accordance with the wishes of Antonio and Sebastian and they would regard all proposals made by Antonio and Sebastian as being opportune and also as being acceptable(v) What opinion do you form of Antonio from the above speech
The speech given above shows Antonio to be an absolutely unscrupulous man After saying that he does not believe in any such faculty as the conscience he suggests to Sebastian to
(Act II Sc 1 L 285-291)ANTONIOhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (whiles you doing thus To the perpetual wink of aye might putThis ancient morsel this Sir Prudence whoShould not upbraid our course) - for all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour
Antonio has convinced Sebastian that he has made himself Duke of Milan by a crime for which he has felt no pricks of conscience In these lines Antonio tells Sebastian that now that the chance has presented itself to him he should take it and be King of Naples So far as Alonso is concerned Antonio agrees to undertake the task of killing him by sticking only three inches of his sharp dagger Making a thrust in the air with his sword he tells Sebastian that by a similar method he can put to sleep forever Gonzalo ndash the old piece of flesh already rotten ndash this piece of antiquity ndash this ldquoSir Prudencerdquo who is never tired of reading his moral lectures to them If ldquoProfessor Wisdomrdquo is got rid of he will not be able to denounce their action as he would surely do if they did not dispatch him as well As for the rest of the kingrsquos counselors (Adrian and Francisco) it is their nature to adopt any statements and views which are placed before them just as it is the nature of a cat to lap milk Antonio assures Sebastian that ldquothese othersrdquo will back them up in whatever they say or do that they will count the strokes of the clock exactly as they bid them not according to the real time but according to the time that is right for their business Hence only two persons Alonso and Gonzalo are required to be removed to fulfill their ambition
murder Gonzalo at the very time when he (Antonio) stabs Alonso to death And yet this brutal man has a fertile wit also He can talk in a persuasive manner and also in a sarcastic and satirical manner He knows human nature thoroughly and he understands that Gonzalo is loyal to Alonso while the other lords are only sycophants who can easily be won over to Sebastianrsquos side after Alonso has been assassinated
(2) (Act II Sc 1 291-296)SEBASTIAN Thy case dear friend
Shall be my precedent as thou gotst MilanIll come by Naples Draw thy swordmdashone strokeShall free thee from the tribute which thou payest And I the King shall love thee
ANTONIO Draw together And when I rear my hand do you the likeTo fall it on Gonzalo
(i) Explain the situation and introduce the persons engaged in conversation
After the supposed shipwreck King Alonso with his lords his brother Sebastian and Antonio the Duke of Milan land on a strange island Prince Ferdinand is feared to be drowned While the King and others have fallen asleep after exertions of the day and Ariel with his sweet music acting as a catalyst Antonio and Sebastian are awake They have hatched a conspiracy to kill King Alonso and his loyal lord Gonzalo Then Sebastian will become King of NaplesIn these lines Antonio and Sebastian are engaged in conversation They are just ready to execute their plan to attack King Alonso and Gonzalo simultaneously(ii) Antoniorsquos case shall become Sebastianrsquos precedent What has been Antoniorsquos case
Antonio proved treacherous towards his brother Prospero who was the Duke of Milan Since Prospero spent his time in his scholarly pursuits he had delegated his powers to his younger brother Antonio to administer the dukedom Antonio grew ambitious He overthrew his brother and expelled him from his own dukedom In his place Antonio became the Duke of Milan which he continues to be now His case urges Sebastian to do the same(iii) How is Sebastian going to follow Antonio
Sebastian is going to take Antoniorsquos case as his precedent He is convinced that if Antonio could usurp the dukedom from his living brother Sebastian could become the King of Naples by killing his sleeping brother(iv) What will one stroke of Antoniorsquos sword do What will Sebastian do to reward Antonio
Sebastian asks Antonio to put an end to Alonsorsquos life with one stroke of his sword The same stroke will earn for him a reward Sebastian will become the King of Naples and he will exempt Antonio from paying the annual tribute to Naples The dukedom of Milan is a tributary to the kingdom of Naples Its Duke has to pay tribute to the King every year When Sebastian takes over as the King he will give a benefit to his friend who is helping him to realize his ambition
(v) What is Antoniorsquos suggestion
Antonio suggests that they may draw their swords together When he raises his hand to attack Alonso Sebastian should raise his sword to bring it down on Gonzalo
ACCOUNTS-11 25062020 Topic- depreciation ndashSTRAIGHT LINE METHOD
Illustration Salman and Usman Bros acquired a machine on July 1 2014 at a cost of Rs 70000 and spent Rs5000 on its installation The firm writes off depreciation 10 on straight line method The books are closed on December 31 every year Show the machinery and depreciation account for three years
Solution Machinery Account
Date Particulars LF amount Date Particulars LF` Amount ( Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014July 01 To Bank Ac 70000 Dec 31 Dec By Depreciation Ac 3750
(70000 x10x612)
July 01 To Bank Ac 5000 Dec31 By Balance cd 71250
75000 75000
2015 2015Jan 01 To Balance bd 71250 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 x10 ) Dec31 By Balance cd 63750
71250 71250
2016 2016Jan 01 To Balance bd 63750 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 (75000 x10 ) Dec 31 By Balance cd 56250
63750 63750
Depreciation Account
Date Particulars LF Amount Date Particulars LF Amount (Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 3750 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 3750
2015 2015
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
2016 2016
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
WORKING
Cost of Machine RS70000Cost of Installation Rs 5000
Total 75000
Rate of Depreciation 10
Then annual depreciation will be 10 of Rs 75000 = Rs 7500
Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution Geography DRIANAGE THE PENINSULAR RIVERS
1 The Mahanadi2 The Godavari3 The Krishna4 The Kaveri5 The Subarnarekha6 The Narmada7 The Tapi8 The Sabarmati and the Mahi9 The Chambal
The Mahanadi Basin The Mahanadi rises from Dandakaranya
Q1 Which is the largest river of peninsular plateau Write a brief note about its courseA1 The largest river of peninsular plateau is Godavari The river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has
near Sihawa in Raipur district in the highlands of Chhattisgarhand flows through Odisha to reach the Bay of BengalThe length of the river is about 857 kmIts drainagebasin is shared by Maharashtra Chhattisgarh Jharkhandand Odisha
THE MAHANADI RIVER SYSTEM
The GodavariThe river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
THE GODAVARI RIVER SYSTEM
many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
Q2 Which river is known as Dakshin GangaA2 The Godavari river is known as lsquoDakshin Gangarsquo It is also known as Vridha Ganga
Q3 Differentiate between east-flowing rivers and west-flowing riversA3
East-flowing rivers
West-flowing rivers
Godavari Krishna Kaveri Mahanadi are the east-flowing rivers
Narmada Tapiwest-flowing rivers
They fall into the Bay of Bengal
They fall into Arabian Sea
These rivers form big deltas
These rivers form comparativelysmall deltas
Catchment area of these river are larger
Catchment area of these river are smaller
The KrishnaThe Krishna river rises from the Western Ghatsnear Mahabaleshwar It flows into the Bay of Bengalbefore forming a large delta Its length is about1400 km The Tungabhadra Koyana Ghatprabha Musi and Bhima are some of its tributariesIt has covers parts of Maharashtra Karnataka and AndhraPradesh
THE KRISHNA RIVER SYSTEM
The KaveriIt rises in the Brahmagiri range of the Western Ghats and flows into the Bay ofBengal Southof Cuddalore in Tamil Nadu The length of the river is about 760 km Its main tributaries are the Amravati Bhavani Hemavati and Kabini The Kaveri drains inthe parts of Karnataka Kerala and drains in Tamil Nadu The river Kaveri makes the second biggest waterfall in India known as Sivasamudram
POLITICAL SCIENCE
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
MEANING OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS-Fundamental rights are those rights which are essential for intellectual moral and spiritual development of citizens of India As these rights are fundamental or essential for existence and all-round development of individuals hence they are called Fundamental rights These are enshrined in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India These include individual rights common to most such as equality before the law freedom of speech and freedom of expression religious and cultural freedom Freedom of assembly (peaceful assembly) freedom of religion (freedom to practice religion) right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writsThere are six fundamental rights recognized by the Indian constitution
1 Right to equality (Articles 14-18)2 Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22)3 Right Against exploitation (Articles 23-24)4 Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25- 28)5 Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29-30) and6 Right to Constitutional remedies (Articles 32-35)
1 The right to equality includes equality before the law the prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion race caste gender or place of birth equality of opportunity in matters of employment the abolition of untouchability and abolition of titles
2 The right to freedom includes freedom of speech and expression association or union or cooperatives movement residence and right to practice any profession or occupation
3 The right against exploitation prohibits all forms of forced labour child labour and trafficking of human beings
4 The right to freedom of religion includes freedom of conscience and free profession practice and propagation of religion freedom to manage religious affairs freedom from certain taxes and freedom from religious instructions in certain educational institutes
5 The Cultural and educational Rights preserve the right of any section of citizens to conserve their culture language or script and right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice
6 The right to constitutional remedies is present for enforcement of fundamental rightsThe right to privacy is an intrinsic part of Article 21 (the Right to Freedom) that protects the life and liberty of the citizens The right to privacy is the newest right assured by the Supreme court of India It assures the peoples data and personal security
Fundamental rights for Indians have also been aimed at overturning the inequalities of pre-independence social practices Specifically they have also been used to abolish untouchability and thus prohibit discrimination on the grounds of religion race caste sex or place of birth They also forbid trafficking of human beings and forced labour (a crime) They also protect cultural and educational rights of religious and linguistic minorities by allowing them to preserve their languages and also establish and administer their own education institutions They are covered in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India
Mathematics
Relation Study Item Types of RelationToday class xii students we will discuss about the types of RelationsFirst we discuss Void RelationWhat is Void RelationAns Let A be a non-empty set Then φ A A and so it is a relation R on set A Thissube ⨯ relation is called the void or empty relation on set ANow from the above definition we came to know that no element of A is related to any element of AHere A A is called Cartesian product⨯
is the symbol of subsetsubeAnd φ is called phi and refer to void or empty relationNow I give an example to understand the above said relationLet A = 1 2 3 4Here A A =(11)(12)(13)(14)(21)(22)(23)(24)(31)(32)(33)(34)(41)⨯(42)(43)(44)Now we consider R is a relation which is defined by R=(ab) a+b= 50We notice that a+b 50 for any two elements of AnotinTherefore (ab) R for any ab A is called belong to and is not belong tonotin isin isin notinTherefore we can say R does not contain any element of A A⨯Therefore R is empty set Therefore we can say that R is the void or empty relation on AWhat is universal RelationAns Let A is a set Then A A A A and so it is a relation on A This relation is called⨯ sube ⨯ the universal relation on ANow from the above definition we can say that each element of A is related to every element of ANow we consider the relation R on the set A =1 234 defined by R = (ab) R |a -b|isin
0≽We observe that|a - b | 0 for all ab A≽ isin
(ab) R for all (ab) A ArArr isin isin ⨯ Each element of set A is related to set A every element of set ArArr
Therefore we write R= AxATherefore we can say R is universal relation on set ANote we can say that void relation is smallest relation and the universal relation is largest relationSometime both void relation and universal relation is called trivial relationWhat is identity relationAns Let A is a non-empty set Then the relation R or IA = (aa) a A on A is called theisin identity relation on A Therefore from the above definition we can say that every element of A is related to itself only
Example Let A = 1234 then Ror IA = (11)(22)(33)(44) is the identity relation on set ANow I give you another example R1 = (11)(22)(33) and R2 = (11)(22)(33)(44)(24)From the above example we can say that R1 and R2 are not identify relation Because in the case of R1 (44)R1 and on the other hand R2 where element 2 is related to elements 2 and 4
Hindi 2ndlang
भलि[ (महादी मा)
भलि[ कहानी की लखिखका महादी मा न इस कहानी म यह दशान का परयास गिकया ह गिक आजकल क जमान म भी लो सक बन कर गिनसाथ सा करत ह ह
गिबना तन लिसा करत ह और उसक बदल ना कछ मात ह और ना ही कोई आशा करत ह नौकर सा करक तन चाहता ह और ह भी कई सगिधाओ की आशा करता ह पर सक सदा गिनजी साथ भा स सा म सलगन रह कर काम करता ह भलि[ कहानी की मखय पातर लकषमी ह जिजस भलि[ नाम लखिखका न दिदया ह ह गिकसी
ोपाल काकी कनया ह पाच रष की आय म उसकी गि माता न ौना ही कर दिदया कहानी म भलि[ क दखो का अत नही ह गिफर भी ह बडी साहसी धयान और परिरशरमी ह कदिठनाइयो स जझ ती ह पहल गिपता की मतय गिफर पगित की मतय और
गिफर घर जमाई की मतय होती ह उस साहसी मगिहला न साहस नही छोडा और तीनो पतरी ओक हाथ पील गिकए लाना द पान क कारण उसका जमीदार न अपमान गिकया गिफरकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहचीकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहची शहर पहच करा लखिखका की सगिका बनी ही पर उसका नाम भलि[ पडा ह एक भ[ की तरह अपन सामिमनी की इमानदारी स सा करती और तन का जिजकर भी नही करती ह लखिखका क घर पाठशाला आदिद को अचछी तरह स सभालती पढी-
लिलखी ना होकर भी ह लखिखका की बहत सा ए सहायता करती ह लखिखका का साया बनकर चलती लखिखका की सा करना उसक जीन का उददशय ह ह
लखिखका की खशी क लिलए ही काय करती ह ह लखिखका को दखी नही दख सकती लखिखका पर भलि[ का इतना परभा पडा गिक ह सय दहाती बन ई
यदध क दिदनो म ह अपन परिरार क साथ रहन की अपकषा लखिखका क साथ रहना पसद करती थी यदध क भत न जब ीटा क ान पर पलायन गित जा दी तो
भलि[ न न लखिखका को अपन ा ल जान का अनरोध करन ली लखिखका को डर ह गिक यदिद उसक गिदा होन क अगितम छठा ए तो ह दहातीन दधा कया कर ी
इस परकार हम दखत ह गिक लखिखका न सामिमनी और सगिका क ण बरसात हए सक धम पर परकाश डाला ह और लखिखका न एक आदश सगिका क रप को सदर
रप स परसतत गिकया हBengali আদাব পরশন) ldquoশরণের ১৪৪ ধারা আর কারহিZউ অU ার জারী রণেয়রণে0ldquo
ক) কার গলখা গকা3 রচ3ার অংশ খ)গকাায় গক3 ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়রণে0 )১৪৪ ধারা কী এর Zরণেল কী য়
উততর) ক)আরণেলাচ য অংশটি সরণেরশ বসর রহিচত lsquoআদাবlsquo গ0াট রণেলপর অংশ
খ) বাংলারণেদরণেশর ঢাকা শরণের ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়হি0ল সামপরদাহিয়ক াnাা ও দাnা পরহিতরণেরারণেধর জ3 য হিlt সলা3রণেদর গ3তারণেদর সামপরদাহিয়ক উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা বারণেধ উ2য় সমপরদায় 2ীত রণেয় ঘর বহিlt রণেয় পরণে পরসপর পরসপররণেক সরণেltরণের গচারণেখ গদরণেখ গকউ কাউরণেক আরণের রণেতা হিবশবাস কররণেত পারণের3া হিক0 া3রণেষর উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা য় ার পহির3া অরণেতক রকত iয় ও ত য
) ১৪৪ ধারা আইরণে3র এ3 একটা ধারা ার _ারা এলাকা হি3হিদ ষট করণের গদওয়া য় গসই এলাকার রণেধ য গবহিশ া3রণেষর জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় হিহি0ল জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় আই3 2nকারীরণেক গহিলর হি3রণেদশ জাহির করা য় তাই সাধার3 া3ষ আর বাইরণের গবর রণেত পারণের3া পরারণে3র 2রণেয় বহিlt রণেয় ারণেক এর Zল য় সাংঘাহিতক গদাকা3 পাট বনধ ারণেক
হিজহি3স পতর অহিল য় রাসতা ঘাট জ3 শ3 য রণেয় ায় লরণেঠরা তারণেদর লঠত রাজ চাহিলরণেয় হি3রণেজরণেদর আরণেখর গহি0রণেয় গ3য় া3ষরণেক 2ীহিতর হিব2ীহিষহিক গরাস করণের ঘরণেরর া3রণেষর ইkা াকরণেলও ঘরণের হিZররণেত পারণের3া হিZররণেত হিরণেয় বltরণেকর গহিলরণেত পরা3 ারায়
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today we will discuss about Types of Leaves
An organization provides several kinds of leaves to the employees These days employees working both in government and private sector are allowed several types of leaves Following are the leaves achieved by the employees from their organization
Casual LeaveChild care leave -HospitalLeaveSpecial disability leaveChild Adoption leaveEarned LeavesHalf pay leaveMaternity leavePaternityleaveStudy leave
1 Casual Leave- Casual leave is not a recognised form of leaves and is not subject to any rules made by the government of India And official on casual leave is not treated as Absent from duty and pay is not intimated Normally 8 days of casual leave is permissible in a calendar year
2 Child care leave - Women employees having minor children may be granted child care leave by an authority competent to grant leave for a maximum period of 730 days means two years during their entire service for taking care of up to two children weather for sharing or to look after any of their names like examination sickness it is a
3HospitalLeave - Hospital leave is admissible to group C employees whose duties involved handling of dangerous machinery explosive materials poisonous drugs and performance of hazardous task and to group D employees Medical certificate from an authorised medical attendant is necessary for the grant of these leave However total period of
leave does not exceed 28 months4Special disability leave- Special
disability leave admissible to all employees when disabled by injury intentionally or accidentally inflicted are caused in law in consequence of the due performance of official duties or in consequence of official position It also it is also add miscible when disabled by illness incurred in the performance of any particular duty which has the effect of increasing laboratory to illness or injury beyond the ordinary least attaching to the Civil post held and the same condition
5Child Adoption leave- This leave is granted to female Employees with fewer than two surviving children on valid adoption of a child below the age of one year for a period of 135 days immediately after the date of valid adoption Leave salary will be equal to the pain immediately before processing on leave
6Earned Leaves- This leave is earned by duty The credit for earned leave will be awarded at a rate of 15 days on the 1st of January and 1st of July every year It can be accumulated up to 300 days in addition to the number of days for which encashment has been allowed along with LTC
7 Half pay leave -All government servant are entitled to 20 days of HPL half pay leave for every completed year of service Half pay leave is calculated at 20 days for each completed year of service The service includes periods of duty and leave including extra ordinary leave with or without MC (medical certificate)
8 Maternity leave -Maternity leave is granted to women Government employees full stop it is as possible only to Employees with less than 2 surviving children The maternity leave is not debited to leave account and full pay is granted It cannot be combined with any other the leaves and count as service for increment and pension
9 PaternityleaveA male employee with less than 2 surviving children may be granted paternity leave for a period of 15 days during the confinement of
his wife During the period of such leaves he shall be paid leave salary equal to the pay drawn immediately before proceeding on leave
10 Study leave-Study leave may be granted to all Government Employees with not less than 5 years service for undergoing a special course consisting of higher studies are specialised training in a professional or technical subject having a direct and close connection with the sphere of his duties as a Civil Servant
Commerce
Chapter-5Management
Let us today discuss about the nature of Management
Nature of management Management is defined as
An art A science A profession
Management is defined as an art because of the following reasons
1 In art there is an existence of theoretical knowledge Similarly in management various theories are propounded by management thinkers in various areas of management like finance marketing human resources etc
2 Every manager apply his or her personal skills and knowledge in the day to day functioning of an enterprise
3 Like an art management is creative as it provides solutions to Complex problems making resources productive and profitable moulding the attitudes of people for the betterment of an organisation
Management is is considered as science because of the following reasons
1 Like science there is a systemised body of knowledge in management consisting of theories principles vocabulary and concept
2 Principles of management are evolved after continuous observations and experimentation
Management both as Science and ArtManagement is both a science and an art It is a science because it uses certain principles and is an art because it requires continuous practice and application of personal skillsManagement as a profession Following points highlight whether management is a profession or not1 Like profession management has well
defined body of knowledge It has its own principles which are based on experiments One can acquire such
knowledge by pursuing courses like MBA BBA etc and acquire managerial skills through instruction and training
2 In management no such restriction is there for managers to clear an examination for hold a degree However these days more and more people are appointed for managerial post who opposes management degrees
3 Membership to a professional Association like AIMA is not mandatory for managers All managers directly or indirectly work for the development of society
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Essay Questions (EQ-2)
Question No 2Sketch the character of Prospero Would you call him perfect
AnswerProspero in The Tempest appears to be an intensely human being with human failings and weaknesses With all his excellence Prospero is made to awaken our sympathy for a natural imperfection Prosperorsquos Previous HistoryIn his retrospective narration of his previous history to Miranda we get a glimpse into Prosperorsquos past life As the Duke of Milan Prospero buried himself in his magic books which he prized above his dukedom He was essentially a scholar with no practical wisdom He failed to perform his first duty by neglecting the governance of his state and gave an opportunity to his wicked brother to undermine his throne He was thus driven from his home and thrown in a leaky boat with his weeping daughter to drift in the perilous seas It is only the thought of his little child that kept him aliveThe Development of Prosperorsquos CharacterThe development of his character is evident from the contrast between what he was before his banishment and what he is now in the island Formerly when his ldquolibrary was dukedom enoughrdquo he was altogether too unsuspecting Now he is watchful as providence and takes care to guard himself against the possibility of evil He has learnt to know human nature in its worst forms even Caliban has taught him something He will no longer put his trust in appearance except as ldquostale to catch thievesrdquo nor in oaths of which the strongest he says ldquoare straw to the fire irsquo the bloodrdquo He who once neglected worldly ends now consistently asserts his dignity enforces obedience and deals out justice with impartial hand He who without a thought of evil gave his power and his revenues into his brotherrsquos hands now puts Ferdinand to the severest test as a trial of his love before entrusting his daughter to him He makes the most practical use imaginable of his magic art exacts prompt servitudefrom his attendants does not hesitate to punish them is resolved and firm and knows how to seize the proper moment for action He is a most careful father to his daughter a considerate master of Ariel severe against the brutal Caliban humane towards the repentant enemies full of experience and wisdomThe Exercise of his Power ndash his SternnessWhat appears to us at the first sight one of the least pleasing features of Prosperorsquos character is the sternness which he frequently displays more particularly in his dealings with Caliban His harshness towards Caliban resulted from the failure of gentler methods his severity towards Ferdinand was exercised in the interest of his daughter ldquolest too light winning make the prize lightrdquo and his punishment of Alonso Sebastian and Antonio is justified by the attainment of his objectiveProsperorsquos TendernessThe tender side of Prosperorsquos character is exhibited in his relation to Miranda Ariel Gonzalo and the repentant sinners His love for Miranda is unbounded She was almost life to him In his darkest hours of trial this love sustained him and gave him strength to put a bold front to suffering He addresses her always with tenderness She is to him a lsquoloved darlingrsquo lsquodear heartrsquo lsquoa rich giftrsquo lsquoa third of his own lifersquo The same affectionate nature is shown in his dealing with his brother Antonio He loved his brother Antonio only next to Miranda before Antonio conspired against him In the island when Antonio is brought before him he forgives him
readily To Gonzalo the good old councilor he is all affection He sheds tears of joy and gratitude when he meets him in the island To Ariel he is a loving and considerable master Ariel is always to him ldquomy brave spiritrdquo ldquofine spiritrdquo ldquodelicate Arielrdquo ldquomy Arielrdquo etc When he promises Ariel his freedom he says with real emotion ndash ldquoI shall miss theerdquoProsperorsquos Power as a MagicianThe practice of magic has placed wonderful powers in the hands of Prospero He uses his supernatural powers like a god only to bring about the happiest results He causes The Tempest and the shipwreck only to bring his enemies within his power and not to destroy them Not a soul perished in the storm He leads Ferdinand to Miranda his high charms work and as he wishes the two falls in love He frustrates the plots of the conspirators and makes them know that he was conscious of it He drives Sebastian and Alonso to sincere repentance and readily forgives them The drunken associates of Caliban are no doubt sternly treated but even then they are promised conditional pardon The whole play at last ends in reconciliation joy and peace The wrongs are set right the lovers are made happy Ariel is set free and thus the powerful magician retires into the solitude of his study at MilanProsperorsquos ForgivenessAllied to his wisdom is his forgiving nature Though deeply wronged he bears no spite against the wrong-doers Though his power is unlimited he uses it to noble purposes The lesson of adversity has taught him that ldquoThe rarer action is in virtue than in vengeancerdquoProspero does not debase his noble nature by revenge but forgives his enemies absolutely He drives his erstwhile enemies to a sincere penitence for their past misdeeds and when repentance has wrought its full effect on them he receives them into his arms and is reconciled to them Is Prospero perfectProspero creates a great impression upon our minds by his dignity his nobility the divine spirit of forgiveness in him his generous and sympathetic nature etc Even with all these virtues we cannot call him perfect We perceive certain faults in him He displays an occasional impatience irritability and even a certain harshness of feeling His severe treatment of Caliban might have been justified but the language in which he addresses the monster and the threats that he uses show him to be a kind of tyrant On learning of Calibanrsquos plot against his life he is as violently disturbed and agitated as any ordinary human being would be His manner towards Ariel when the latter demands his liberty also seems somewhat arbitrary and tyrannicalSubject ndashBiology Topic ndashChapter -5 Inheritance amp Variations Summary ExecutionToday we will discuss about NON-Mendelian Inheritance
NON_MENDELIAN INHERITANCE Incomplete Dominance It is an inheritance in which heterozygous offspring shows
intermediate character between two parental characteristics Eg Flower colour in snapdragon (dog flower or Antirrhinum sp) and
Mirabilis jalapa ( 4rsquoO clock plant) Here phenotypic and genotypic ratios are same Phenotypic Ratio 1Red 2 Pink 1 White Genotypic Ratio 1(RR) 2 (Rr) 1(rr) This means that R was not completely dominant over r Pea plants also show incomplete dominance in other traits
Co- dominance It is the inheritance in which both alleles of a gene are expressed in a
hybrid Eg ABO blood grouping in human ABO Blood groups are controlled by the gene I The plasma membrane of the RBC has sugar polymer that protrude
from its surface and is controlled By the gene The gene I has three alleles IA IB i The alleles IA and IB produce a slightly different form of the sugar
while allele i does not produce any sugar In AB blood group both IA and IB are present together This is co ndash
dominanceMultiple Alleles
Multiple alternatives of the same gene which influence the same character and produce different expressions in different individuals of a species or population same genes have more than two allelic
forms These different forms of a single gene are referred as multiple alleles Eg human Blood group
Ac-12 250620 Topic- retirement
Illustration Om Jai and Jagdish are partners sharing profit in the ratio of 3 2 l Their balance sheet as at December 31st 2014 is as under
Balance sheet as at December 31 2014
Liabilities Amount Assets Amount
(Rs`) (Rs`)
Creditors 80000 Building 180000 Bills Payable 26000 Plant 140000 General reserve 24000 Motor Car 40000 Capital Stock 100000 Om 160000 Debtors 63000 Jai 120000 Less Provision Jagdish 120000
400000 for Bad debts 3000
60000 Cash at Bank 10000
530000 530000
Jai retires on that date on the following terms(a) The Goodwill of the firm is valued at Rs 60000(b) Stock and Building to be appreciated by 10(c) Plant is depreciated by 10(d) Provision for Bad debts is increased upto Rs 5000(e) Jairsquos share of goodwill was adjusted through remaining partners capital accountThe amount due to Jai is paid out of the fund brought in by Om and Jagdish in theirnew profit sharing ratio Jai is paid full amountPrepare Revaluation Account and Partnerrsquos Capital account
Solution WorkingsIt is assumed that Om and Jagdish gaining ratio remains 3 lJairsquo Share of goodwill = Rs 60000 times 26 = Rs20000Adjusted through the remaining partners capital account in 3 1 ratio
Revaluation Account
Dr Cr
Particulars Amount Particulars Amount
(Rs`) (`Rs)
To Provision for Bad debts 2000 By Stock 10000TO Plant 14000 By Building 18000To Profit transferred toCapital Accounts Om 6000 Jai 4000 Jagdish 2000
12000
28000 28000
Capital AccountDr Cr Particulars Om Jai Jagdish Particulars Om Jai Jagdish
(Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (rs`) (`Rs)
To Capital 15000 mdash 5000 By Balance bd 160000 120000 120000 ToBank 152000 By General Reserve 12000 8000 4000To Balance cd 277000 mdash 159000 By Revaluation (Profit) 6000 4000 2000 By Om Capital mdash 15000 mdash ByJagdish Capital mdash 5000 By Bank 114000 38000
292000 152000 164000 292000 152000 164000
GEOGRAPHY MIGRATION CLIMATE REFUGEES
Climate refugees who are forced to move out when their homes when threatened by imminent climate catastrophes Example many people many people migrated from the sinking south pacific Islands to Australia and New Zealand
MISCELLANEOUS MIGRATION
Miscellaneous migration often takes place due to the governmentrsquos decisions or due to political unrest Example the Indonesian government moved the farming population from the overpopulated areas of Java to the islands of Borneo and Sumatra
FORCED MIGRATION
Forced migration happens during times of disaster of warfare Abduction and transfer of African slaves to America to serve as labour force is an example of forced migration Today climate change and rising sea levels have led to forced migration in many of the island nations of the world
VOLUNTARY MIGRATION
Voluntary migration is shifting to HDC(highly developed countries) from LDC(lowly developed countries) for better job or educational opportunities and better standards of living There is a current trend in which a large number of students are migrating from developing nations to European and American universities for higher studies This type of voluntary migration leads to depopulation in the country which people leave and adds to the volume of immigrants in the country that receives these people
Q1 What do you understand by climate refugees Where it can be found
A1 Climate refugees who are forced to move out when their homes when threatened by imminent climate catastrophes or disasters
Example many people migrated from the sinking south pacific Islands to Australia and New Zealand
Q2Give an example on miscellaneous migration
A2 An example on miscellaneous migration like the Indonesian government moved the farming population from the overpopulated areas of Java to the islands of Borneo and Sumatra
Q3 Give some examples of highly developed countries (HDC) and lowly developed countries (LDC)
A3 European and North American countries such as Britain Spain Canada and New York are good examples of highly developed countries (HDC) On the other hand South-East Asian countries such as India Pakistan and Bangladesh are examples lowly developed countries (LDC)
COMPUTER ALGORITHMS AND FLOW CHARTS
EXAMPLES1) WRITE AN ALGORITHM AND DRAW A FLOW CHART TO FIND THE AREA OF A RECTANGLESOLUTIONALGORITHM
STEP1 STARTSTEP2 ACCEPT THE LENGTH OF THE RECTANGLESTEP3 ACCEPT THE BREADTH OF THE RECTANGLESTEP4 USE THE FORMULA OF AREA=LENGTH times BREADTH AND STORE THE
FINAL RESULT IN THE VARIABLE AREASTEP5DISPLAY THE ARE OF THE RECTANGLESTEP6STOP
FLOWCHART
2)CALCULATE THE INTEREST OF A BANK DEPOSITALGORITHMSTEP 1 READ AMOUNTSTEP 2 READ YEARSSTEP 3 READ RATE
STEP 4 CALCULATE THE INTEREST WITH FORMULA INTEREST=AMOUNTYEARSRATE100STEP 5 PRINT INTERESTFLOWCHART
3)DETERMINE AND OUTPUT WHETHER NUMBER N IS EVEN OR ODDALGORITHMSTEP 1 READ NUMBER NSTEP 2 SET REMAINDER AS N MODULO 2STEP 3 IF REMAINDER IS EQUAL TO 0 THEN NUMBER N IS EVEN ELSE NUMBER N IS ODDSTEP 4 PRINT OUTPUTFLOWCHART
4)DETERMINE WHETHER A TEMPERATURE IS BELOW OR ABOVE THE FREEZING POINTALGORITHM
STEP 1 INPUT TEMPERATURESTEP 2 IF IT IS LESS THAN 32 THEN PRINT BELOW FREEZING POINT OTHERWISE PRINT ABOVE FREEZING POINTFLOWCHART
PRACTICE THE GIVEN FLOWCHARTS AND ALGORITHMS
Class IXSubject Topic Summary Execution Bengali (2nd
language) চারণেদর পাাহিব2হিত2ষ বরণেltযাপাধযায় হি_তীয় অধযায়
ldquoআহি`কার হিবখযাত া0 শঙকর কতবার 0হিবরণেত গদরণেখরণে0rdquo ক) আহি`কার হিবখযাত া0টির 3া হিক া0টির হিবরণেশষতব হিকখ)শঙকর গকাায় হিকরণেসর জ3য হিরণেয়হি0ল ) গস গসখারণে3 হিক খরণেজ পায়
উঃ- হিব2হিত2ষ বরণেltযাপাধযায় রহিচত lsquoচারণেদর পাাrsquo উপ3যারণেস আহি`কার হিবখযাত া0টির 3া ল বাওবাব া0টির হিবরণেশষতব ল া0টি গবশ গাটা গসাটা া0টির জার হিবষয় ল া0টি তার গহিরণেত ১৬ হিলটার জল ধরণের রাখরণেত পারণের তষণায় কাতর পচারীরা অরণে3ক সয় এই ারণে0র গহিরণেত 0হির গরণের Zরণেটা করণের জল পা3 করণের
খ) শঙকর আহি`কায় হিরণেয়হি0ল অযাUরণে2ঞচারণেরর গ3শায় অনধকারয় এই ারণেদরণেশর পরহিতটি সথারণে3 গ3 রসয লহিকরণেয় আরণে0 এই ররণেসযর অ3সনধা3 কররণেত হিরণেয় অরণে3ক পটক পরা3 াহিররণেয়রণে0 আবার অরণে3রণেক হিসংরণের গপরণেট গরণে0 তবও অহি2াতরী া3ষ অহি2া3 বনধ করণের হি3আহি`কার ইউানডা গরলওরণেয়র 3Uরবা গসটশ3 গরণেক বাাততর াইল দহিi3 পহিj গকারণে3 একটা শাখা লাই3 হৈতহির হিkল গরল গকামপাহি3র গসখারণে3 শঙকর ক3সটরাকস3 কযারণেমপর গকরাহি3 ও সরকাহির গসটারহিকপার রণেয় গা হিদরণেয়হি0লপরণের শঙকর একটা গরলরণেসটশরণে3র গসটশ3াসটার য় এরপরণের গস আল2ারণেররণেজর সরণেn ীরার পাা খজরণেত গবহিররণেয় পরণে
) গ0াটরণেবলা গরণেক শঙকর শরণে3 আসরণে0 আহি`কায় গসা3া রপা ীরার 0া0হি একট গচষটা কররণেল গসা3া রপা ীরা আহিবসকার করণের বরণোরণেলাক ওয়া ায় এই সব খজরণেত হিরণেয় শঙকর আহি`কার পরাকহিতক ররণেপর গ সনধা3 গপরণেয়হি0ল তার তল3া গ3ই ঘ3 অর3য পবতরাহিজ =র3া 3দী জীবজনত সবই তারণেক হিদরণেয়রণে0 আ3lt শঙকর ীরার গখারণেজ হিরণেয় ীরা 3া গপরণেলও পরাকহিতক ররণেপর গরণে3 শঙকরণেরর 3 ীরায় পহিরত রণেয়হি0ল
EVS Chapter 2 ndash Species interaction with each other Long Answer Question
Living Things in Ecosystems
bull ParasitismParasitism is a relationship between two different organisms where one of the organisms actually harms the other through the relationship The organism that is harming the other one is called a parasite Examples of Parasitism Fleas or ticks that live on dogs and cats are parasites
bull MutualismMutualisms are defined as interactions between organisms of two different species in which each organism benefits the other
bull CommensalismCommensalism is a relationship between individuals of two species in which one species obtains food or other benefits from the other without either harming or benefiting the latter
bull SynergismThe interaction of things resulting in the overall effect that is greater than the sum of individual effects of any of them
Q) How biotic and abiotic components are inter-related Ans - In an eco system biotic and abiotic components depend on each other The biotic and abiotic components are connected in ecosystem in different way The sun is the energy source Producersplants use this energy to synthesize food in the presence of carbon dioxide and chlorophyll The herbivores are dependent on plants for the energy requirements The carnivores in turn feed on the herbivores and other carnivores At any level microbes then decompose any dead and decaying organic matter These decomposers after various chemical reactions release molecules back to the environment in the form of chemicals The chemicals are again used by the producers and the cycle starts againIn conclusion ecosystems have a complex set of interactions that happen between the biotic and abiotic components The components of an ecosystem are linked to each other through the energy flows and nutrient cycles
Commercial Studies
Chapter-7Joint Stock Company
In previous class we have explained about the meaning of Joint Stock Company features of Joint Stock Company
Let us explain about
Merits of Joint Stock Company
Merits of Joint stock CompanyStabilityPublic confidenceProfessional managementTransferability of sharesLimited Liability
Merits of Joint Stock Company StabilityA company enjoys stable durable enduring and uninterrupted business life A company continues to exist even if all its members die or deserted Maintenance of continuity of policy of administration is very much ensured in the case of Joint Stock CompanyPublic confidenceA public company enjoys the confidence of the public as the same is guided and controlled by strict regulations Since the companies financial accounts are published and circulated the public has enough faith on the activities of the company Thus a company enjoys better prestige and regulation greater public confidence as a wholeEfficient professional managementDue to its large financial resources and continuity a company can avail of the services of highly qualified
persons who are experts in different fields of business management In this way the benefits of specialization and centralized management can be securedTransferability of sharesSince the shares of a joint stock company are freely transferable they provide necessary liquidity to the investment of the people Shares of public companies are generally listed on a stock exchange so that people can easily buy and sell themLimited LiabilityThe liability of shareholders is limited only to the extent of face value of share held by them Shareholders are not personally liable for the debts of the company Thus the risk is known and also limited
Economics Chapter4 Basic Problems of An Economy
Today let discuss about the Meaning of Efficiency use of ResourcesNeeds of efficient use of resources
Resource efficiency is the maximising of the supply of money materials staff and other assets that can be drawn on by a person or organization in order to function effectively with minimum wasted (natural) resource expenses It means using the Earths limited resources in a sustainable manner while minimising environmental impact
Necessity for efficient use resources Once the flow of resources through the economy has reached its maximum sustainable limit (and many would argue that wersquove already passed that point for some resources) the only way to maintain economic growth in the long run is to become more resource efficient ndash finding ways to generate greater returns from the same amount of resources
Resource efficiency isnrsquot only valuable because it is essential for sustained economic growth Promoting resource efficiency can increase the competitiveness of industry create jobs stimulate innovation boost sectors such as recycling and resource recovery and help ensure secure supplies of key
QuestionWhat do you mean by Efficient use of Resources
Answer) Resource efficiency is the maximising of the supply of money materials staff and other assets that can be drawn on by a person or organization in order to function effectively with minimum wasted (natural) resource expenses It means using the Earths limited resources in a sustainable manner while minimising environmental impact
Why do we need to use our resources efficientlyAnswer) Once the flow of resources through the economy has reached its maximum sustainable limit (and many would argue that wersquove already passed that point for some resources) the only way to maintain economic growth in the long run is to become more resource efficient ndash finding ways to generate greater returns from the same amount of resources
Resource efficiency isnrsquot only valuable because it is essential for sustained economic growth Promoting resource efficiency can increase the competitiveness of industry create jobs stimulate innovation boost sectors such as recycling and resource recovery and help ensure secure
resources supplies of key resources
Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)
Topic Act II Scene 7 Lines 1 to 35 (Morocco hellip What if I stray no further but choose here )
[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase provided]
Summary Questions amp Answers
Having disposed of the minor story of Jessicarsquos elopement we now return to the main plot We are now shown how affairs are progressing with Portia in her home in Belmont
This is the first of the three scenes where a suitor makes a choice between golden silver and leaden caskets It will be noted that while making the choice all the lovers soliloquize and reveal their personality and character We have already observed the manly soldierly but primitive personality of the Prince of Morocco His has a simple nature and does not look deeply into the inner meaning of things but is dazzled by the outward appearance of gold He is inclined to over-estimate his own value and does not realize that it is a duty to ldquogive and hazardrdquo So his feeling is only one of fascination and romantic attraction We cannot believe that he has a deep and lasting love for Portia
In this scene two characters appear ndash Portia and the Prince of Morocco Portia explains to the Prince that the correct casket shall be the one that contains her picture She will be the wife of the person who will choose the correct casket and in the process get whatever she has
The Prince examines the inscriptions on each of the caskets and interprets them
(1) (Act II Sc 7 L 1-5)
Portia Go draw aside the curtains and discover
The several caskets to this noble princeNow make your choice
Morocco The first of gold who this inscription bearsWho chooseth me shall gain what many men desire
(i) Who is Morocco How did he introduce himself to Portia when they first met in an earlier scene
Prince Morocco is a dark skinned boastful warrior of African origin who seeks the hand of Portia He introduces himself as a person who lives near the equator where the exposure to sun rays have to be blamed for his complexion He says that Portia should not dislike him for his dark skin
(ii) How would Morocco know that he had made the right choice What would his reward be
Morocco would know he has chosen the right casket if he finds Portiarsquos portrait in one of them His reward would be Portiarsquos hand in marriage
(iii) Which casket did Morocco finally choose What reasons did he give for rejecting the casket made of lead
Morocco chooses the golden casket He says that lead is of lowly origin and the portrait of a lady as great as Portia cannot be placed in it He reads the inscription ldquoWho chooseth me must give and hazard all he hathrdquo This makes the box too threatening He wonders why anyone should risk everything for lead He also feels that a golden mind like his should not bow down to choose something worthless So he will not risk anything for lead
(iv) What two objects did Morocco find in the casket of his
before choosing
The inscription on the leaden casket says ldquoWho chooseth me must give and hazard all he hathrdquo The Prince was shocked and says as to why anyone should risk for the sake of lead The leaden casket is a threat Nobody would risk all they have for lead He says that no noble person would stoop to choose such a worthless thing as lead So he will not give nor risk anything for lead
The Prince then examines the inscription on the silver casket which says ldquoWho chooseth me shall get as much as he deservesrdquo The Prince says that he deserves Portia more than anybody else because of his high rank his noble birth and his great wealth and power But then he argues that silver is ten times inferior to gold and therefore he cannot believe that the portrait of such a beautiful lady as Portia can be contained in the silver casket He decides to see the inscription on the golden casket before making his decision
choice What reason does he give to Portia for leaving in haste
The Prince of Morocco chooses the golden casket and on opening it finds a human skull within whose hollow eye-socket was a scroll or a roll of paper in which it is written that those who are attracted by the glittering outside of things are always deceived as Morocco has been deceived
Morocco says he is moved and that he does not want to make his departure a painstaking process and he wants to leave immediately without revealing his emotions He should also obey the rule of the game which states the one who loses the test should leave immediately
(v) How does Portia respond to Moroccorsquos parting words What does this reveal of her nature
Portia is relieved that Morocco has left without making any scene It was a gentle riddance and all like him should go in a similar manner This shows that Portia has a kind heart and does not want anyone to he hurt Her love for Bassanio over-rides her passion that makes her wish that only he should be able to make the right choice At the same time like a dutiful daughter she does not want to disrespect her fatherrsquos wishes Hence she is willing to go through the casket injunctions
(2) (Act II Sc 7 L 15-35)
MOROCCO helliphelliphelliphelliphellip
What says this leaden casket Who chooseth me must give and hazard all he hath Must givemdashFor what for lead hazard for leadThis casket threatens Men that hazard allDo it in hope of fair advantagesA golden mind stoops not to shows of drossIll then nor give nor hazard aught for leadWhat says the silver with her virgin hueWho chooseth me shall get as much as he deservesAs much as he deservesmdashPause there MoroccoAnd weigh thy value with an even handIf thou best rated by thy estimationThou dost deserve enough and yet enoughMay not extend so far as to the ladyAnd yet to be afeard of my deservingWere but a weak disabling of myselfAs much as I deservemdashWhy thats the ladyI do in birth deserve her and in fortunesIn graces and in qualities of breeding
But more than these in love I do deserveWhat if I strayed no further but chose here
(i) What does the Prince of Morocco do before making his selection What does his comment reflect How does he analyse the inscription of the leaden casket and what is his interpretation
The Prince of Morocco surveys the three caskets before making his selection His comments reflect his thinking and attitude on life and things He comes to the lead casket and reads the inscription on it His interpretation which reflects his own character is that the inscription threatens because no one will be prepared to risk or sacrifice all one has for such a base thing as lead
(ii) What does the Prince of Morocco think of the leaden casket and why does he decide to reject the leaden casket
The Prince of Morocco thinks that when people risk anything they do so in order to gain something precious A person of royal ways will not bend so low as to be impressed by such an ordinary thing as lead Therefore he decides that he will not take any risk for a worthless thing like lead and rejects the lead casket
(iii) What does the Prince think while analyzing and interpreting the inscription of the silver casket
The Prince of Morocco analyses the inscription on the silver casket which runs thus ldquoWho chooseth me shall get as much as he deservesrdquo When he reads the inscription he bids himself to stop and ponder over the interpretation He asks himself to evaluate his worth objectively and impartially He says that if he is assessed on the basis of the opinion of people he deserves much But even this may not be sufficient to deserve to win Portia who is so virtuous and worthy
(iv) What promise does the silver casket make What self-assessment does the Prince make
The silver casket promises the reward according to the worth of the chooser The Prince makes a self-assessment and concludes that in all fairness he deserves to get Portia He thinks that he is a royal Prince by birth and so he deserves her by the right of his birth
Portia is very rich and so the Prince deserves her by this also The Prince deserves because he is also extremely handsome as most of the beautiful maidens of his kingdom covet him He is valiant and virtuous also So in his opinion he is the most suitable and deserving candidate for Portiarsquos hand
(v) Over which casket does the Prince ponder a long time What intrigue him In what way does he deserve Portia
Morocco reviews the inscriptions again and rejects the lead casket as being not worth the high stakes for which he gambles He ponders a long time over the silver casket The words ldquoget as much as he deservesrdquo intrigue him He is quite sure that he deserves Portia He deserves her in birth fortune grace qualities of breeding and most of all love
Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution EVS Ch ndash4 Managing
soil and land
Today we will discuss about mechanical practices of soil conservation
A few mechanical measures of soil conservation arei) Basin leaching In this method a number of small basins (water reservoirs) are made These collect and retain rain water for a long period and also catch and stabilize downwardly moving soils of the slopes
ii) Pan breaking by breaking of pan ( a hard sheet of clay a few feet below the surface ) drainage and percolation of rain water is improved and soil is saved from residual run-off and erosion
iii) Sub-soiling Soil is broken into fine grains to increase its absorptive capacity
iv) Contour terracing terraces are labeled areas constructed at right angles to the slope to reduce soil erosion
v) Contour trenching This method involves making a series of deep pits or trenches across the slope at convenient distance The soil excavated from the trenches is deposited along the lower edge in the form of bund On the ridges tree seeds are shown
vi) Terrace outlets To conserve soil pipe outlets are made which are thickly covered by grasses
vii) Digging of ponds and reservoirs to store water
viii) Stream bank protection To protect banks of rivers and channels construction of stone or concrete protective walls or planting of trees should be undertaken
Commercial Studies
Chapter- Banking Let us today discuss about theMeaning of Commercial BankFunctions of Commercial Banks
Commercial Banks are those banks which perform all kinds of banking functions such as accepting deposits advancing loans credit creation and
Question1 What do you mean by
Commercial BankAnswer) Commercial Banks are those banks which perform all kinds of banking functions such as accepting deposits advancing loans credit creation and agency functions
agency functions
Functions of Commercial BanksCommercial banks perform a variety of functions which can be divided as (1) Accepting Deposits (2) Advancing Loans (3) Credit Creation (4) Financing Foreign Trade(5) Agency Services (6) Miscellaneous Services To Customers
2 Explain the various functions of Commercial Bank
Answer) Following are the various functions of Commercial Banks
1 Accepting Deposits This is the oldest function of a bank and the banker used to charge a commission for keeping the money in its custody when banking was developing as an institution Nowadays a bank accepts three kinds of deposits from its customers The first is the savings deposits on which the bank pays small interest to the depositors who are usually small savers
2 Advancing LoansOne of primary functions of commercial banks is to advance loans to its customers A bank lends a certain percentage of the cash lying in deposits on a higher interest rate than it pays on such deposits This is how it earns profits and carries on its business 3 Credit CreationCredit creation is one of the most important functions of the commercial banks Like other financial institutions they aim at earning profits For this purpose they accept deposits and advance loans by keeping small cash in reserve for day-to-day transactions When a bank advances a loan it opens and account in the name of the customer and does not pay him in cash but allows him to draw the money by cheque according to his needs By granting a loan the bank creates credit or deposit4 Financing ForeignTrade commercial bank finances foreign trade of its customers by accepting foreign bills of exchange and collecting them from foreign banks It also transacts other foreign exchange business and buys and sells foreign currency5 Agency ServicesA bank acts as an agent of its customers in collecting and paying cheques bills of exchange drafts dividends etc It also buys and sells
shares securities debentures etc for it customers Further it pays subscriptions insurance premium rent electric and water bills and other similar charges on behalf of its clients It also acts as a trustee and executor of the property and will of its customers Moreover the bank acts as an income tax consultant to its clients For some of these services the bank charges a normal fee while it renders others free of charge6 Miscellaneous ServicesBesides the above noted services the commercial bank performs a number of other services It acts as the custodian of the valuables of its customers by providing them lockers where they can keep their jewellery and valuable documents It issues various forms of credit instruments such as cheques drafts travellers cheques etc which facilitate transactions
Bengali হিবপরীতশবদ করণেয়কটি হিবপরীত শবদ গদওয়া ল1)সজীব = হি3জsব 2)শরদধা= ঘা 3)আকষ = হিবকষ4)সধবা = হিবধবা 5)উৎস = গা3া 6)অ = অ37)জয় = পরাজয় 8)তাপ = হৈশত যয 9)হি3ltা = পরশংসা10)াদা = অদা 11)রহিসক = গবরহিসক 12) অনতর = বাহির13)অহিতবষটি = অ3াবষটি 14)পরত যযi = পরণেরাi 15)3াবালক = সাবালক
Hindi 2nd lang नया रासता भा 5 अपन जीन की परिरसथिगितयो स गिश होकर मीन क हदय म कई बार हीन भाना
और जीन की कडाहट अनभ हईपरत ह दढता और साहस की मरतित थी ह
अपन जीन को वयथ नही होन दना चाहती थी बचपन स ही उसकी कील बनन की
इचछा थी आज मीन की लन उस और दखकर माता- गिपता न उस कालत करन की
आजञा द दी मीन न मरठ म दाखिखला ल लिलया उसक हरदय म कछ बनन और कछ
कर दिदखान की इचछा थी उसक गिचार स चारो और पस का ही बोलबाला हहॉसटल
की कलपना करत ही ह लिसहर उठती थी उसन अपन लिलए नए नए कपड बनाए पहली बार हॉसटल जान का चा थाआखिखर
ह दिदन आ ही या जब उस हॉसटल जाना था पहली बार ह अपन घर स अल हो
रही थी हॉसटल पहच कर कछ दिदनो तक उसका मन नही ला बचपन की घटनाए
एक- एक करक उसक समतपटल पर उतर ई ह अपनी ककषा म हमशा परथम आती
थी 2 दिदन बाद गिपताजी मीन स मिमलन आए मा न काफी चीज उसक लिलए बनाकर
भजी थी गिपताजी स मिमलकर ह बहत खश
1 ह सय की दढता साहस की मरतित थी
परशन1 लखिखका मीन को दढता साहस
की मरतित कयो कह रही ह 2 गिाह क अलाा मीन क जीन
का कया लकषय था 3 मीन समाज क झठ आरण को
हटाकर सतय दिदखाना चाहती ह सपषट कीजिजए
4 परसतत पलि[यो का भा सपषट अपन शबदो म लिलखिखए
उततरndash1 मीन म समाज स लडन की शलि[ ह
ह समाज म फली बराइयो क सामन ढढता स जमी हई ह ह साहस क साथ अपन उलिचत गिनणय
पर सथिर रहती ह जिजदी क उतार चढा सा घबरा टी नही ह बलकिलक साहस स काम लती ह इनही कारणो स लखिखका न उस ढढता
और साहस की मरतित कहा ह2 मरठ ालो न जब उसका रिरशता
ठकरा दिदया तो उसन गिनशचय कर लिलया गिक ह अपन परो पर खडी होी और समाज को दिदखा दी की नारी अबला नही ह उसन अपना
हई करीब 1 घटा रक कर गिपताजी चल ए लकषय बना लिलया गिक ह एलएलबी करक कील बनी
3 समाज म नारी क ऊपर अबला आशरीता का आरण पडा हआ ह
मीन समाज क दवारा होत हए इस आरण को हटाकर यह सतय परमाणिणत करना चाहती ह गिक आज
की नारी अबला नही ह और ना ही गिकसी क हाथ की कठपतली ह
4 लखिखका न मीन क बार म कहा गिक ह सय घटा और साहस की मरतित
ह ह अपन न हम ध और मसीबत म साहस का परिरचय दती हउतार
चढा को हर इसान क जीन म आत ही रहत ह उनको साधारण रप
स ही लना चागिहए अपन गिाह क मामल म उसन साहस स काम
लिलया और गिाह क बार म सोचना छोड दिदया मीन क सामन अभी बहत लबी जिजदी पडी ह इसलिलए उसन समय का महत समझा और
एक कषण भी वयथ ना करन का गिनशचय गिकया
Mathematics(x) Algebra Quadratic Equation in one variable
Study Item Some solved sums from exercise- 539)Solve for x 2(2x ndash 1 )(x+3) ndash 3 (x + 3)(2x ndash 1 ) = 5 x -3 frac12Solution Let (2x ndash 1)(x + 3) = y then we get2(y) ndash 3( 1y) = 50r 2y ndash 3y = 5Or 2y2 ndash 3 = 5y [multiplying both side by y we get]0r 2y2 ndash 5y ndash 3 = 0Now comparing the above equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0 we geta=2 b = - 5 and c = - 3Therefore y = -(- 5 )plusmnradic((-5)sup2-4(2)(-3))2(2) = 5 plusmnradic( 25 + 24)4 = 5plusmn radic(49)4 = (5 plusmn 7)4= (5+7)4 (5 ndash 7)4= 124 -24= 3 - 12Therefore y = 3 (2x ndash 1)( x + 3) = 3 2x ndash 1 = 3x + 9 3x - 2x = - 10 x= - 10Or y = - frac12 ( 2x ndash 1)(x + 3) = - frac124x ndash 2 = - x ndash 3 4x+x = - 3 + 2 5x = - 1 x= - 15Hence the roots of the given equation are - 10 and ndash 1510)(i) x2 - 5x ndash10 =0Solution x2 ndash 5x ndash 10 = 0Comparing the above equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0 we get a=1 b = - 5 and c = - 10Therefore x = - (- 5)plusmnradic( -5)sup2- 4(1)(- 10)2(1) = 5 plusmn radic( 25 +40)2 = 5 plusmn radic(65 )2
= (5 plusmn 8bull06)2 = (5 + 8bull06)2 (5 ndash 8bull06)2 = 13bull062 - 3bull062= 6bull53 - 1bull5312) Solve the equation x ndash 18x = 6 Given your answer correct to two significant figureSolution x ndash18x = 6Or (x2 ndash 18 )x = 6Or x2ndash 18 = 6xOr x2 ndash 6x ndash18 = 0Comparing the above equation with ax2 + bc + c = 0 we gera= 1 b = - 6 and c = -18Therefore x = -(-6) plusmnradic(- (- 6)2 ndash 4(1)(- 18)2(1) = 6 plusmn radic( 36 + 72)2 = (6 plusmnradic( 108)2 =(6 plusmn 10bull39)2= 16bull392 - 4bull392= 8bull195 - 2bull195 asymp 8bull2 - 2bull2
Chemistry Chapter-2L-1Chemical Bonding
1) Chemical Bonding-
It is basically the force of attraction which holds the different types of atoms in a molecule together
Cause of Chemical Combination-
The main cause is the tendency of elements to acquire eight electrons in its outermost shell like that of noble gases other than Helium(He) So the atoms combine to acheive the nearest noble gas configuration of 8 electrons( or 2 electrons) in their outermost orbit and become stable
2) Ion-
It is a charged particle made from an atom by the loss or gain of electrons
There are 2 types of Ions They are-
a) Cations- It is formed by the loss of electrons eg - K+ Ca2+
Na+ etc
b) Anions- It is formed by the gain of electrons eg- Cl- O2- F- etc
Q Why do elements form Ions
A Atoms of all elements except those of noble gases have one to seven valence electrons and are not in a state of minimum energy Thus to acquire a state of minimum energy elements lose or gain electrons and form ions so that they acquire stable configuration (Duplet or Octet)
Q What is the Electronic Theory of Valency
A In 1916 Kossel and Lewis on the basis of octet rule of electrons described simply the electronic structure of molecules of many chemical compounds and elements Kossel mainly described the structure of ionic compounds formed by loss and gain of electrons and Lewis mainly described the structure of Covalent Compounds formed by mutual sharing of electron pair This is known as ELECTRONIC THEORY OF VALENCY proposed by Kossel and Lewis
Q What do you mean by Electropositive and Electronegative Elements
3) Types of Chemical Bond-3 types
A)ElectrovalentIonic Bond
B) Covalent Bond
C) Co-ordinate Dative Bond4) ELECTROVALENT IONIC BOND-
It is the electrostatic force of attraction between the opposite charged ions which holds them together
The chemical compounds formed as a result of electron transfer from one atom of an element to another are called IONIC or ELECTROVALENT COMPOUND
The number of electrons which an element loses or gains during the formation of an ionic bond is called its ELECTROVALENCY
Conditions for the formation of Ionic Compounds-
i Large electronegativity difference between the combining atoms
ii Low IP for one of the atoms from which the cation can be easily formed
iii High electron affinity for one of the atoms from which the anions can be easily formed
iv High Lattice Energy
A
1) Electropositive Elements- have the tendency to lose the electrons and form Cations
eg- Na K Fe -mostly metals
2) Electronegative Elements- have the tendency to gain the electrons and form Anions
eg- Cl F O - mostly Non-metals
Q Give the brief description about the formation of NaCl
A See your Text Book
Q Practise the two types of diagram of the formation of different ionic compound
A See your Text Book
English All Summer in a Answer the following questions-
literature Day 3) Why did the children hate herAns- The children sensed that Margot was different from them She hated the continuous rain while they were used to it She spoke only about the sun and they had no memory of it They hated her pale snow face her waiting silence her thinness and her possible future of going back to the Earth4) What is the it referred to by WilliamAns- The it referred to by William is the Sun which the scientists had predicted would shine for a short while that day5) What was Margot waiting for Why did William say it was a jokeAns- Margot was waiting to see the sun predicted to shine that day for a short while William did not want her to have the joy of seeing the sun
Geography Water Resources SOURCES OF WATER SURFACE WATER AND GROUNDWATER Earth is known as the Blue Planet because 71 per cent of the Earths surface is covered with water Wateralso exists below land surface and as water vapour in the air Water is not added or removed from the environment it simply changes state and location This constant movement of water throughout our environment is called the hydrological cycle or water cycle Earth cleans and replenishes the water supply through the hydrologic cycle Groundwater exists in an aquifer or
underground layer of permeable rock sediment (usually sand or gravel) or soil that yields water
Aquifers are like underground reservoirs of water
SURFACE WATER The visible bodies of water are referred to as surface water Surface waters can be simply described as the water that is on the surface of the Earth This includes the oceans rivers and streams lakes and reservoirs Surface waters are very important Rivers and streams constitute the flowing surface waters Surface water canbe captured for a variety of biospheric and humanusesRunoff During heavy precipitation water cannot infiltrate into the ground It flows on the surface of the ground and called as runoff
GROUNDWATER Groundwater is detained as water that is found beneath the surface of the Earth in conditions of100 per
Q1 Why the Earth is called as Blue PlanetA1 Earth is known as the Blue Planet because 71 per cent of the Earths surface is covered with water
Q2 Define hydrological cycleA2 Water is not added or removed from the environment it simply changes state and location This constant movement of water throughout our environment is called the hydrological cycle or water cycle Earth cleans and replenishes the water supply through the hydrologic cycle
Q3 What is AquifersA3 Aquifers are like underground reservoirs of water
Q4 Why there is a shortage of fresh waterA4 Although the earth has an abundance of water but unfortunately there is a shortage of fresh water because 997 per cent of it occupied by oceans soils icecaps and floating in the atmosphere and rest 03 percent can use for daily uses
cent saturation (if it is less than100 per cent saturation then the water is considered as soil moisture) Ninety-eight per cent of Earths available fresh water is groundwater It is about60 times as plentiful as the fresh water found in lakes and streams Water in the ground travels through pores in soil and rock and in fractures and weathered areas of bed rockThe majority of fresh water is therefore found under ground as soil moisture and in aquifers
Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 88 to 126 (Portia helliphellip Such as the day is when the sun is hid) [Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]
Summary Questions amp Answerso Launcelot then arrives and informs
Lorenzo that Bassanio will also be arriving soon Both Lorenzo and Jessica return to the house and ask Stephano to order the family musicians to play music in order to extend a fitting welcome to Portia
o Portia and Nerissa dressed in their normal self return home and enter the building Lorenzo recognizes Portias voice and comes to greet her She orders the servants to pretend as if she had never left and asks Lorenzo and Jessica to do the same
o Soon thereafter Bassanio Gratiano and Antonio arrive
(1) PORTIA That light we see is burning in my hall (L 89-101)
How far that little candle throws his beams So shines a good deed in a
naughty worldNERISSA When the moon shone we did not see the candlePORTIA So doth the greater glory dim the less
A substitute shines brightly as a king
Unto the king be by and then his state
Empties itself as doth an inland brook
Into the main of waters Music hark
NERISSA It is your music madam of the housePORTIA Nothing is good I see without respect
Methinks it sounds much sweeter than by day
NERISSA Silence bestows that virtue on it madam
(i) Where are Lorenzo and Jessica sitting What message have they received What are they doing
Lorenzo and Jessica are sitting in Portiarsquos house in Belmont They have just received the message informing them of the arrival of Portia and Bassanio separately They are waiting for their arrivals and enjoying the beauty of the moonlight night(ii) In which mood is Lorenzo found after Stephanorsquos departure
After Stephanorsquos departure Lorenzo reverts to his romantic mood He is carried away by the magic of the loveliness of the moonlight He draws Jessicarsquos attention and says that the moonlight is sleeping beautifully on the raised ground He says that they will sit there and enjoy the sweetness of the gentle
music which will shortly creep into their ears very softly(iii) Why has Lorenzo sent Stephano What kind of man is he who does not appreciate the sweet harmony of sounds
Lorenzo has sent Stephano to instruct the musicians to play soft music to welcome Portia home Lorenzo tells that the
tranquility and the beautiful night suit the sweet music Praising the ennobling (M lend greater dignity) effect of music Lorenzo tells Jessica that the person who has no music in him and does not appreciate the sweet harmony of sounds is a dangerous person and so should be watched very carefully(iv) Who are returning to Belmont What does Nerissa remark on seeing the light of the house
Portia and Nerissa are returning to Belmont after successfully conducting Antoniorsquos trial in Venice as the lawyer and the clerk respectively When they are near their home Nerissa seeing the light of the house remarks that they did not see this light of this candle when the moon was shining(v) What does Portia comment on Nerissarsquos observation Commenting on Nerissarsquos observation Portia says that the lesser glory becomes insignificant before the greater glory She adds that the kingrsquos representative assumes great splendor and authority when the king himself is not near But before the real king the substitute becomes devoid of all splendor and
authority as the big rivers lose their identity after emptying into the vast sea
SUBJECT PHYSICS [TOPIC FORCE]Answer the following questions ( ICSE questions of previous years from chapter FORCE)
1 Write the position of centre of mass for the following bodies(i) A circular ring (ii) A cylinder(iii) A hollow sphere (iv) A triangular lamina
2 Explain why screw drivers are provided with longer handles3 Compare the magnitude and direction of centripetal force and centrifugal force4 How does uniform circular motion differ from uniform linear motion5 Why is the motion of a body moving with a constant speed around a circular path is said to be
accelerated6 A brass ball is hanging from a cotton thread Draw a neat labeled diagram showing the force acting
on the brass ball and the cotton thread 7 Define moment of force Write the relationship between the SI and CGS unit of moment of force8 Define couple State the SI unit of moment of couple9 A uniform half meter scale balanced horizontally on a knife edge at 29 cm mark when a weight of 20
gmf is suspended from one end(i) Draw the diagram of the arrangementWhat is the weight of the half meter rule
ECO-10 250620 Topic-Supply Analysis
MEANING OF SUPPLYSupply a commodity by a firm or seller may be defined as the quantity of a commodity that a firm or seller offers for sale at a given price during a given time period But the actual sale of the commodity may be different from its supply For example a farmer (produced of wheat) is willing to sell 50 quintals of wheat at a price of ` 15 per kg but he is able to sell only 30 quintals at this price So this case the supply of wheat is 50 quintals but the actual sale is 30 quintals So these two concepts should not be confused with each other Like demand supply also has three elements The definition of supply include (i) the quantity of the commodity that a firm is willing to supply (ii) the price at which it is willing to supply that quantity and (iii) the time period during which it is willing to supply that quantity
FACTORS DETERMINING SUPPLY OR DETERMINANTS OF SUPPLY OF A GOOD
The main determinant of supply is the price of the commodity But the cost of production of a commodity is an important factor in determining profit maximized on output of a firm The cost of production depends on the prices of various inputs like raw material wages of workers interest of capital rent of building etc The supply of a commodity also depends on the technology used in the production of the commodity and many other factors The main factors determining supply of a commodity are(i) Price of the commodity(ii) Price of other related good(iii) Price of inputsfactors(iv) Taxation policy of government(v) Objective of the firm(i) Price of the commodity Other factors determining supply remaining constant there is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity It means the quantity supplied of a commodity increases with rise in price and decreases with fall in price of the commodity More quantity of a commodity is supplied at a higher price and less quantity is supplied at a lower price For example a seller of tomatoes is willing to sell 100 kgs of tomatoes at a price of ` 40 per keg and only 50 kgs at a price of ` 20 per kg Due to this direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity the supply curve has a positive slope Supply curve is upward sloping to the right(ii) Price of other related goods Supply of a commodity is also influenced by the change in the price of other related goods With the help of given resources we can produce several goods by using the same technology This helps the firm to diversify and tide over fluctuations in demand For example a farmer can produce either pulses or food grains by using the resources If the price of pulses increases it becomes more profitable for him to make more production of pulses So he will divert some resources from the production of food grains to the production of pulses The production of pulses will increase and that of food grains will decrease So the supply of pulses will increase if the price of pulses increases and the supply of food grain will decrease at the same price reverse will happen if the price of food grains increases(iii) Price of inputsfactors Change in the price of inputs like raw material wage rent or interest also influences the supply of a commodity For example in the production of cloth cotton is the main raw material If the price of cotton increases the cost of production of cloth will increase At the same price the margin of profit will decrease So the producer will decrease the supply of cloth at the same price On the other hand if the price of cotton falls the cost of production per unit of cloth will decrease and hence the supply of cloth will increase The price of other inputs will also influence the supply of a good in the same manner(iv) Technology of production an improvement in the technology of production of a commodity decreases the per unit cost of the commodity The margin of profit will increase at the same price So the supply of a commodity will increase with improvement in technology of production at the same price On the other hand if a firm uses absolute technology of production the cost of production per unit of the commodity will increase The margin of profit will decrease so the firm will decrease its supply at the same price This is the main reason that the firms are trying to use better technology of production because it not only reduces the cost of production per unit but also improves the quality of the product(v) Taxation policy of government If the government reduces the excise duty or the production of a commodity the cost of production per unit of the commodity will decrease the margin of profit will increase at the same price so the producer of the commodity will increase its supply It happens when the government wants to increase the production of the commodity On the other hand to discourage the production of some harmful goods like cigarettes liquor etc the government increases the rate of excise duty on the production of such goods So the cost of production per unit of the commodity increases and the supply of such commodities decreases(vi) Objective of the firm The objective of the producer also influences the supply of a commodity Generally the objective of a producer is get maximize his profits Profits are maximized at a higher price So he increases the supply of a commodity at a higher price and decreases its supply at a lower price But sometimes the producer may be in maximizing his sales and not in maximizing his profits as he wants to capture the market In that case he goes on increasing the supply so long his target is not achieved can profit is not adversely affected He may increase the supply at the same price to any extent
SUPPLY FUNCTION
When the relationship between quantity supplied and the determinants of supplied is expressed mathematically in an equation it is called a supply function So a supply function can be expressed asSn = f(Pn Pr Pf T Tr G)where Sn = Supply of commodity nPn = Price of the commodity nPr = Price of other related goodsPf = Price of inputsfactors
T = Technology of productionTr = Government policy or tax rateG = Goal or objective of the producer
Typically supply function shows the relationship between price and quantity supplied keeping all other determinants of supply as constant It shows the amount of a good that a seller supplies at different levels of price
LAW OF SUPPLYThe law of supply depicts the relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity when all other determinants of supply remain constant This law states that there is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity other factors determining supply remaining constant It means quantity supplied of a commodity increases with increase in price and decreases with decrease in price
Assumptions of the law of supplyThe phrase other determinants of supply remaining constant in the law of supply shows the assumptions of the law of supply The mains factors which influence the supply of a commodity one price of the commodity price of other related goods price of inputs technology of production taxation policy of the government and objective of the firm etc The law of supply is based on the assumptions that all these factors determining supply except price of the commodity should remain constant The following are the main assumptions of the law of supply(i) Price of other related goods should remain the same(ii) There should be no change in the price of inputs (factors)(iii) Technology of production should not change(iv) There is no change in the taxation policy of the government(v) Objective of the firm should not changeThe law of supply is based on the assumptions that the supply of commodity changes only due to change in price when all other determinant of supply remain constantClass XISubject Topic Summary Execution EVS Chapter-2
Ecology Answer the following questions briefly Q Draw a neat labeled diagram of carbon cycleAnsndash
Mathematics Principle of Mathematical Induction
1) What is statement Ans A sentence which may be true or false is called statement eg i) 5 is greater than 3 ii) New Delhi is the capital of India iii) 5 divides 7 These all are statements We see that statement (i) amp (ii) are true but (iii) is false 2 What is Mathematical StatementAns Statement involving mathematical relations are called mathematical statement We shall use mathematical statement in principle of
Example If n be a positive integer show that n(n+1) is an even positive integer Solution Let P(n) be the statement n(n+1) is an even positive integer Then (i) P(1) is the statement 1(1+1) ie 2 is an even positive integer Therefore P(1) is true (ii) If P(m) is true for some positive integer m then m(m+1) is an even integer Now (m+1) [(m+1)+1]=(m+1)sup2+ (m+1) =msup2+2m+1+m+1=msup2+m+2m+2=m(m+1) +2(m+1) = an even integer + an even positive integer [Since P(m) is true and 2(m+1) is an even
mathematical induction 3 What is the use of Principle of mathematical inductionAns Sometimes it is difficult to prove a statement theorem or a formula by direct method In this case we use an indirect method known as the Principle of mathematical induction There are two steps in this processSTEP 1 Varify that the statement or formula is true for one or two particular values of n say for n=1 2STEP 2 Assuming that the statement or formula is true for n=m where m is any positive integer show that it is true for n=m+1Conclusion Since the statement is true for n=2 it is true for n=2+1 that is 3 and since it is true for n=3 it is true for n=3 + 1 that is 4 and so on Hence the statement or formula is true for all positive integral values of n
positive integer]= an even positive integer Therefore P(m+1) is true when P(m) is true Therefore By the principle of Mathematical Induction P(n) is true for all positive integral values of n Hence n(n+1) is an even positive integer
Hindi 2ndlang एक फल की चाह 5 दख रहा था जस सो सथिर हो नही बठती थी कषण भर हाय ही चपचाप पडी थी अटल शागित शी धारण कर सनना यही चाहता था म उस सय ही
उकसा करमझको दी क परसाद का एक फल ही दो लाकर
शबदाथ ससथिर - परी तरह ठहरी हई अटल- पकका
उकसाकर - पररणा दकर
वयाखयाndash उपय[ पलि[यो म कगि सखिखया की ददशा का णन कर रहा ह जो उनक गिपता दवारा वय[ गिकया या ह अपनी बटी सखिखया कीददशा का
गितरण करत हए गिपता कहता ह गिक म अपनी आखो क सामन दख रहा था गिक मरी बटी जो पल भर क लिलए दिटककर नही बठती थी ह अब सथिर शात मरतित की तरह पढी थी अब म ह बार- बार इस बात क लिलए पररिरत कर रहा
था गिक ह मझ गिफर स ही शबद कह गिपताजी मझ दी क परसाद का एक फल लाकर दो
6 ऊच शल लिशखर क ऊपर मदिदर था गिसतीणर गिशाल सण कलशसरलिसज गिहलिसत थ पाकरसमदिदत रगि कर जाल दीप धल स अचछदिदत था मदिदर का
आन सारा ज रही थी भीतर बाहर मखरिरत उतस की धारा
शबदाथ - शल लिशखर- पहाड की ऊची चोटी
सतीणर - फला हआ
सण कलश - कमल क समान सदर सोन का कलश मखरिरत - परकट समदिदत - अचछी परकार खिखला हआ रगि कर जाल - सय की गिकरणो का समह
वयाखया- परसतत पलि[या म कगि न मदिदर की सदरता का णन गिकया ह कहत ह गिक मझ पहाड की चोटी पर एक गिलिशषट और गिशालमश था उसक
सोन क कलश सय की गिकरणो म चमकत हए ऐस परतीत हो रह थ जस सय की खिखली हईगिकरणो क ाा सपशपाकर सनहर कमल खिखल उठ हो मदिदर का
आन धप दीप की सध स भरा हआ था मदिदर क अदर और बाहर मनाए जा रह उसकी परसननता की ज सनाई द रही थी
Bengali (2nd language)
কোনি মনি নদী পরথম অধযোয়
হি_তীয় হিদরণে3র পাঠ-
হিবষটবাব গলাকটির কায় গররণে কা বলরণেত পাররণে0 3া শধ গচাখ হিদরণেয় রা পরকাশ করহি0ল কা বলরণেত বলরণেত গলাকটি পাঞজাহিব লহিn খরণেল জ কররণেত শর করল তাই গদরণেখ হিবষটবাব ত2মভ রণেয় গল চাটি ারার 2হিnরণেত গলাকটি হিবষটবাবর হিদরণেক এরণোরণেল হিতহি3 াা 3ীচ করণের 3াহিরণেয় গ33 হিদ গলাকটি হিবষটবাবরণেক চাটিরণেয় ায় তারণেল হিতহি3 তাাতাহিউরণেঠ গলাকটিরণেক ধররণেত পাররণেব3 3া কার তার শরীরণেরর ওজরণে3র জ3য এই শরণে3 হিবষটবাব বরণে3া গারণেষর ত গতরণেZরণে উরণেঠ দাাল তারণেত গলাকটি দাহিরণেয় শরীরটারণেক একট দহিলরণেয় হি3ল এই সব শরণে3 হিবষট ধর চপ করণের রইল শধ lsquoগঘাৎrsquo করণের একটা শবদ করল গলাকটি হিসহি হিদরণেয় ওঠা3াা কররণে0 গদরণেখ হিবষটবাব খাহি3কটা হিদরণেশারা রণেয় গলহিবষটবাবর গচারণেখ রারণের বদরণেল এখ3 গকৌতল হিতহি3 বরণেল3 ldquoখাওায় আার গলা2 গ3ই Uায়টিং কহিরrdquo হিকনত হিতহি3 কতটা Uায়টিং করণের তা তার শরীর আর খাবারণেরর তাহিলকা গদরণেখ গলাকটি বরণে= গল গলাকটি এহিরণেয় হিরণেয় হিবষটবাবর 2হিরণেত াত বহিলরণেয় হিদরণেল গস আরা অ32ব করণের3 এবং হিপহি0রণেয় া3 গলাকটি হিবষটবাবর সারণে3 তার শরীরণেরর কসরত পরদশ3 কররণেল হিবষটবাব রণে3 রণে3 হিব হিব করণের বরণেল3 হিতহি3ও গরাা রণেত চা3 গসই হরণেত nা গরণেক আবার হিচৎকার গ2রণেস আরণেস lsquoগকা হি3 গকা হি3rsquo
ldquoকী রক Uায়টিংrdquo-ক)বকতা গককারণেক বলরণে0খ)Uায়টিং কার অ কী ) Uায়টিং করা বযহিকতর গচারার ব3া দাও ঘ) তার Uায়টিং এর ব3া দাও
উঃ- ক) আরণেলাচয অংশটি হিত3ltীর গলখা lsquoগকাহি3rsquo উপ3যাস গরণেক গ3ওয়া রণেয়রণে0 আরণেলাচয কাটি বকতা রণেল3 সাদা লহিnপরা ারণেয় গরয়া পাঞজাহিব ও কারণেধ রহিn3 বযা ওয়ালা হিiহিতশ হিসং হিতহি3 কাটি বরণেলরণে03 হিবষট ধররণেকখ) Uারণেয়টিং কার অ ল পহিরহিত খাদয গর অাৎ খাদয তাহিলকায় সসত খারণেদযর গ3াগ3 বজায় গররণেখ খাদয গর) হিবষট ধরণেরর গচারা হিবশাল ওজ3 পরায় হিত3 গদখরণেত জলহিসতর রণেতা সারা শরীরণের চহিব ল ল কররণে0 বয়স পরায় চহিশ হিবশাল 2হি উপ রণেয় শরণেল হিচৎ রণেত পারণের3া গকউ গঠরণেল হিদরণেল হিচৎ রণেত পারণের তারণেক কায় নধ াদ3 পবরণেতর সরণেn তল3া করা য়ঘ) হিবষট ধর গকৌতলী রণেয় বরণেল তার খাওয়ার গকা3 গলা2 গ3ই গস Uায়টিং করণের আরণে গস আধ হিকরণেলা হিiর গখত এখ3 গস হিত3রণেশা গরা হিiর খায় জল খাবারণের কহিটা লহিচ গখত এখ3 পরণে3রণেরাটা লহিচ খায় আাইরণেশা গরা চারণেলর 2াত খায় হিঘ খাওয়া গ0রণে হিদরণেয়রণে0 রারণেত াতর বারণেরাটা রটি খায় হিবরণেকরণেল দ-গলাস হি0হিরর জল সরণেn চাররণেট কা পারণেকর সরণেltশ বাহিরণেত রাধাকষণ আরণে0 বরণেল হিবষট ধর া0 াংস খায়3া আর তারণেত তার গকা3 গলা2 লালসা গ3ই
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 276 to 313 (Sebastian helliphellipIt struck mine ear most terribly)[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]
Summary Questions amp AnswersConspiracy of Antonio and Sebastian
o Antonio further suggests murder of Alonso and eventually Sebastian agrees
o They draw their swords and proceed to murder Alonso and Gonzalo who are sleeping
(1) (Act II Sc 2 L 277-291)ANTONIO Ay sir where lies that If rsquotwere a kibe
rsquoTwould put me to my slipper but I feel notThis deity in my bosom Twenty consciencesThat stand rsquotwixt me and Milan candied be they And melt ere they molest Here lies your brotherNo better than the earth he lies uponIf he were that which now hes likemdashthats deadWhom I with this obedient steel three inches of itCan lay to bed for ever (whiles you doing thus
o As they approach Ariel appears again and wakes up Gonzalo by singing a tune in his ear Alonso also wakes up and they see both Sebastian and Antonio with drawn swords On being caught off guard they make up a story saying that they had heard a bellowing of bulls or lions
IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED
(Act II Sc 1 L 277-281)ANTONIOAy sir where lies that If rsquotwere a kibersquoTwould put me to my slipper but I feel notThis deity in my bosom Twenty consciencesThat stand rsquotwixt me and Milan candied be they And melt ere they molest
In these lines Antonio speaks how he is a conscienceless villain In inciting Sebastian to the kingship of Naples by murdering his brother he quotes his own example He too had banished his brother and made himself the Duke of Milan This kingship now sits upon him like a well fittinggarment So will be the case of Sebastian Sebastian then questions Antonio if this foul deed did not prick his conscience To this Antonio replies like a hardened villain He laughs at the word lsquoconsciencersquo and says that he has never heard of anything like conscience A guilty conscience gave him no more pain that is chilblain (M a painful itching and swelling on hand and foot caused by exposure to extreme cold) A man can get rid of the pain of chilblain by wearing slippers instead of shoes so does Antonio get rid of the qualms (M an uneasy feeling of doubt worry or fear especially about onersquos conduct) of conscience very easily Even if he were troubled by twenty consciences that barred his way to the throne of Milan however frozen they might be he would melt them into insensibility before they could cause him to twinge
To the perpetual wink of aye might putThis ancient morsel this Sir Prudence whoShould not upbraid our course) - for all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour
(i) To whom does Antonio speak these lines Who is referred to as lsquoyour brotherrsquo What does Antonio mean by saying lsquoNo better than the earth he lies uponrsquo
These lines are spoken by Antonio to Sebastian King Alonso is referred to as Sebastianrsquos brother Indicating towards Alonso who is lying asleep on the ground Antonio tells Sebastian that here sleeps his brother and at this time he is no better than a clod of the earth on which he lies asleep Antonio means to say that if he were actually to become what he looks like he would be a dead body(ii) According to Antonio what would he do if he were at the place of Sebastian
Antonio says that if he were in the position of Sebastian he would not care even for twenty consciences in order to win the kingship of Naples He would rather forget all his consciences if they happen to trouble him at all (iii) What does Antonio suggest to Sebastian What does Antonio assure him
Antonio suggests to Sebastian that in a moment Sebastian can put to death Gonzalo who pretends to be a very wise man and who on that account rebukes others (particularly Antonio and Sebastian) whereas he (Antonio) himself can put Alonso to death with only three inches of his willing sword Antonio further assures Sebastian that by killing both of them there will be none left to oppose him and in this way every obstacle in his way will be removed
(iv) Explain the lines lsquofor all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hourrsquo
In other words Antonio says that even if he were endowed with a stiff conscience he could easily relax or soften it for the execution of his purpose Then Antonio suggests that conscience should be no hindrance to a manrsquos future greatness
Comments These are terrible words coming from the mouth of a villain of the worst type He is utterly devoid of conscience or remorse He is an utter atheist of human virtue He speaks of conscience as a deity that he does not feel in his bosom
According to Antonio so far as the other lords (Adrian Francisco and others) are concerned they need not be murdered because they would obey the orders of Antonio and Sebastian as willingly and readily as cat licks milk These other lords would endorse and support everything that Sebastian and Antonio may say or suggest These other lords would adjust their views in accordance with the wishes of Antonio and Sebastian and they would regard all proposals made by Antonio and Sebastian as being opportune and also as being acceptable(v) What opinion do you form of Antonio from the above speech
The speech given above shows Antonio to be an absolutely unscrupulous man After saying that he does not believe in any such faculty as the conscience he suggests to Sebastian to
(Act II Sc 1 L 285-291)ANTONIOhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (whiles you doing thus To the perpetual wink of aye might putThis ancient morsel this Sir Prudence whoShould not upbraid our course) - for all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour
Antonio has convinced Sebastian that he has made himself Duke of Milan by a crime for which he has felt no pricks of conscience In these lines Antonio tells Sebastian that now that the chance has presented itself to him he should take it and be King of Naples So far as Alonso is concerned Antonio agrees to undertake the task of killing him by sticking only three inches of his sharp dagger Making a thrust in the air with his sword he tells Sebastian that by a similar method he can put to sleep forever Gonzalo ndash the old piece of flesh already rotten ndash this piece of antiquity ndash this ldquoSir Prudencerdquo who is never tired of reading his moral lectures to them If ldquoProfessor Wisdomrdquo is got rid of he will not be able to denounce their action as he would surely do if they did not dispatch him as well As for the rest of the kingrsquos counselors (Adrian and Francisco) it is their nature to adopt any statements and views which are placed before them just as it is the nature of a cat to lap milk Antonio assures Sebastian that ldquothese othersrdquo will back them up in whatever they say or do that they will count the strokes of the clock exactly as they bid them not according to the real time but according to the time that is right for their business Hence only two persons Alonso and Gonzalo are required to be removed to fulfill their ambition
murder Gonzalo at the very time when he (Antonio) stabs Alonso to death And yet this brutal man has a fertile wit also He can talk in a persuasive manner and also in a sarcastic and satirical manner He knows human nature thoroughly and he understands that Gonzalo is loyal to Alonso while the other lords are only sycophants who can easily be won over to Sebastianrsquos side after Alonso has been assassinated
(2) (Act II Sc 1 291-296)SEBASTIAN Thy case dear friend
Shall be my precedent as thou gotst MilanIll come by Naples Draw thy swordmdashone strokeShall free thee from the tribute which thou payest And I the King shall love thee
ANTONIO Draw together And when I rear my hand do you the likeTo fall it on Gonzalo
(i) Explain the situation and introduce the persons engaged in conversation
After the supposed shipwreck King Alonso with his lords his brother Sebastian and Antonio the Duke of Milan land on a strange island Prince Ferdinand is feared to be drowned While the King and others have fallen asleep after exertions of the day and Ariel with his sweet music acting as a catalyst Antonio and Sebastian are awake They have hatched a conspiracy to kill King Alonso and his loyal lord Gonzalo Then Sebastian will become King of NaplesIn these lines Antonio and Sebastian are engaged in conversation They are just ready to execute their plan to attack King Alonso and Gonzalo simultaneously(ii) Antoniorsquos case shall become Sebastianrsquos precedent What has been Antoniorsquos case
Antonio proved treacherous towards his brother Prospero who was the Duke of Milan Since Prospero spent his time in his scholarly pursuits he had delegated his powers to his younger brother Antonio to administer the dukedom Antonio grew ambitious He overthrew his brother and expelled him from his own dukedom In his place Antonio became the Duke of Milan which he continues to be now His case urges Sebastian to do the same(iii) How is Sebastian going to follow Antonio
Sebastian is going to take Antoniorsquos case as his precedent He is convinced that if Antonio could usurp the dukedom from his living brother Sebastian could become the King of Naples by killing his sleeping brother(iv) What will one stroke of Antoniorsquos sword do What will Sebastian do to reward Antonio
Sebastian asks Antonio to put an end to Alonsorsquos life with one stroke of his sword The same stroke will earn for him a reward Sebastian will become the King of Naples and he will exempt Antonio from paying the annual tribute to Naples The dukedom of Milan is a tributary to the kingdom of Naples Its Duke has to pay tribute to the King every year When Sebastian takes over as the King he will give a benefit to his friend who is helping him to realize his ambition
(v) What is Antoniorsquos suggestion
Antonio suggests that they may draw their swords together When he raises his hand to attack Alonso Sebastian should raise his sword to bring it down on Gonzalo
ACCOUNTS-11 25062020 Topic- depreciation ndashSTRAIGHT LINE METHOD
Illustration Salman and Usman Bros acquired a machine on July 1 2014 at a cost of Rs 70000 and spent Rs5000 on its installation The firm writes off depreciation 10 on straight line method The books are closed on December 31 every year Show the machinery and depreciation account for three years
Solution Machinery Account
Date Particulars LF amount Date Particulars LF` Amount ( Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014July 01 To Bank Ac 70000 Dec 31 Dec By Depreciation Ac 3750
(70000 x10x612)
July 01 To Bank Ac 5000 Dec31 By Balance cd 71250
75000 75000
2015 2015Jan 01 To Balance bd 71250 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 x10 ) Dec31 By Balance cd 63750
71250 71250
2016 2016Jan 01 To Balance bd 63750 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 (75000 x10 ) Dec 31 By Balance cd 56250
63750 63750
Depreciation Account
Date Particulars LF Amount Date Particulars LF Amount (Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 3750 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 3750
2015 2015
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
2016 2016
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
WORKING
Cost of Machine RS70000Cost of Installation Rs 5000
Total 75000
Rate of Depreciation 10
Then annual depreciation will be 10 of Rs 75000 = Rs 7500
Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution Geography DRIANAGE THE PENINSULAR RIVERS
1 The Mahanadi2 The Godavari3 The Krishna4 The Kaveri5 The Subarnarekha6 The Narmada7 The Tapi8 The Sabarmati and the Mahi9 The Chambal
The Mahanadi Basin The Mahanadi rises from Dandakaranya
Q1 Which is the largest river of peninsular plateau Write a brief note about its courseA1 The largest river of peninsular plateau is Godavari The river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has
near Sihawa in Raipur district in the highlands of Chhattisgarhand flows through Odisha to reach the Bay of BengalThe length of the river is about 857 kmIts drainagebasin is shared by Maharashtra Chhattisgarh Jharkhandand Odisha
THE MAHANADI RIVER SYSTEM
The GodavariThe river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
THE GODAVARI RIVER SYSTEM
many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
Q2 Which river is known as Dakshin GangaA2 The Godavari river is known as lsquoDakshin Gangarsquo It is also known as Vridha Ganga
Q3 Differentiate between east-flowing rivers and west-flowing riversA3
East-flowing rivers
West-flowing rivers
Godavari Krishna Kaveri Mahanadi are the east-flowing rivers
Narmada Tapiwest-flowing rivers
They fall into the Bay of Bengal
They fall into Arabian Sea
These rivers form big deltas
These rivers form comparativelysmall deltas
Catchment area of these river are larger
Catchment area of these river are smaller
The KrishnaThe Krishna river rises from the Western Ghatsnear Mahabaleshwar It flows into the Bay of Bengalbefore forming a large delta Its length is about1400 km The Tungabhadra Koyana Ghatprabha Musi and Bhima are some of its tributariesIt has covers parts of Maharashtra Karnataka and AndhraPradesh
THE KRISHNA RIVER SYSTEM
The KaveriIt rises in the Brahmagiri range of the Western Ghats and flows into the Bay ofBengal Southof Cuddalore in Tamil Nadu The length of the river is about 760 km Its main tributaries are the Amravati Bhavani Hemavati and Kabini The Kaveri drains inthe parts of Karnataka Kerala and drains in Tamil Nadu The river Kaveri makes the second biggest waterfall in India known as Sivasamudram
POLITICAL SCIENCE
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
MEANING OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS-Fundamental rights are those rights which are essential for intellectual moral and spiritual development of citizens of India As these rights are fundamental or essential for existence and all-round development of individuals hence they are called Fundamental rights These are enshrined in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India These include individual rights common to most such as equality before the law freedom of speech and freedom of expression religious and cultural freedom Freedom of assembly (peaceful assembly) freedom of religion (freedom to practice religion) right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writsThere are six fundamental rights recognized by the Indian constitution
1 Right to equality (Articles 14-18)2 Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22)3 Right Against exploitation (Articles 23-24)4 Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25- 28)5 Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29-30) and6 Right to Constitutional remedies (Articles 32-35)
1 The right to equality includes equality before the law the prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion race caste gender or place of birth equality of opportunity in matters of employment the abolition of untouchability and abolition of titles
2 The right to freedom includes freedom of speech and expression association or union or cooperatives movement residence and right to practice any profession or occupation
3 The right against exploitation prohibits all forms of forced labour child labour and trafficking of human beings
4 The right to freedom of religion includes freedom of conscience and free profession practice and propagation of religion freedom to manage religious affairs freedom from certain taxes and freedom from religious instructions in certain educational institutes
5 The Cultural and educational Rights preserve the right of any section of citizens to conserve their culture language or script and right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice
6 The right to constitutional remedies is present for enforcement of fundamental rightsThe right to privacy is an intrinsic part of Article 21 (the Right to Freedom) that protects the life and liberty of the citizens The right to privacy is the newest right assured by the Supreme court of India It assures the peoples data and personal security
Fundamental rights for Indians have also been aimed at overturning the inequalities of pre-independence social practices Specifically they have also been used to abolish untouchability and thus prohibit discrimination on the grounds of religion race caste sex or place of birth They also forbid trafficking of human beings and forced labour (a crime) They also protect cultural and educational rights of religious and linguistic minorities by allowing them to preserve their languages and also establish and administer their own education institutions They are covered in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India
Mathematics
Relation Study Item Types of RelationToday class xii students we will discuss about the types of RelationsFirst we discuss Void RelationWhat is Void RelationAns Let A be a non-empty set Then φ A A and so it is a relation R on set A Thissube ⨯ relation is called the void or empty relation on set ANow from the above definition we came to know that no element of A is related to any element of AHere A A is called Cartesian product⨯
is the symbol of subsetsubeAnd φ is called phi and refer to void or empty relationNow I give an example to understand the above said relationLet A = 1 2 3 4Here A A =(11)(12)(13)(14)(21)(22)(23)(24)(31)(32)(33)(34)(41)⨯(42)(43)(44)Now we consider R is a relation which is defined by R=(ab) a+b= 50We notice that a+b 50 for any two elements of AnotinTherefore (ab) R for any ab A is called belong to and is not belong tonotin isin isin notinTherefore we can say R does not contain any element of A A⨯Therefore R is empty set Therefore we can say that R is the void or empty relation on AWhat is universal RelationAns Let A is a set Then A A A A and so it is a relation on A This relation is called⨯ sube ⨯ the universal relation on ANow from the above definition we can say that each element of A is related to every element of ANow we consider the relation R on the set A =1 234 defined by R = (ab) R |a -b|isin
0≽We observe that|a - b | 0 for all ab A≽ isin
(ab) R for all (ab) A ArArr isin isin ⨯ Each element of set A is related to set A every element of set ArArr
Therefore we write R= AxATherefore we can say R is universal relation on set ANote we can say that void relation is smallest relation and the universal relation is largest relationSometime both void relation and universal relation is called trivial relationWhat is identity relationAns Let A is a non-empty set Then the relation R or IA = (aa) a A on A is called theisin identity relation on A Therefore from the above definition we can say that every element of A is related to itself only
Example Let A = 1234 then Ror IA = (11)(22)(33)(44) is the identity relation on set ANow I give you another example R1 = (11)(22)(33) and R2 = (11)(22)(33)(44)(24)From the above example we can say that R1 and R2 are not identify relation Because in the case of R1 (44)R1 and on the other hand R2 where element 2 is related to elements 2 and 4
Hindi 2ndlang
भलि[ (महादी मा)
भलि[ कहानी की लखिखका महादी मा न इस कहानी म यह दशान का परयास गिकया ह गिक आजकल क जमान म भी लो सक बन कर गिनसाथ सा करत ह ह
गिबना तन लिसा करत ह और उसक बदल ना कछ मात ह और ना ही कोई आशा करत ह नौकर सा करक तन चाहता ह और ह भी कई सगिधाओ की आशा करता ह पर सक सदा गिनजी साथ भा स सा म सलगन रह कर काम करता ह भलि[ कहानी की मखय पातर लकषमी ह जिजस भलि[ नाम लखिखका न दिदया ह ह गिकसी
ोपाल काकी कनया ह पाच रष की आय म उसकी गि माता न ौना ही कर दिदया कहानी म भलि[ क दखो का अत नही ह गिफर भी ह बडी साहसी धयान और परिरशरमी ह कदिठनाइयो स जझ ती ह पहल गिपता की मतय गिफर पगित की मतय और
गिफर घर जमाई की मतय होती ह उस साहसी मगिहला न साहस नही छोडा और तीनो पतरी ओक हाथ पील गिकए लाना द पान क कारण उसका जमीदार न अपमान गिकया गिफरकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहचीकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहची शहर पहच करा लखिखका की सगिका बनी ही पर उसका नाम भलि[ पडा ह एक भ[ की तरह अपन सामिमनी की इमानदारी स सा करती और तन का जिजकर भी नही करती ह लखिखका क घर पाठशाला आदिद को अचछी तरह स सभालती पढी-
लिलखी ना होकर भी ह लखिखका की बहत सा ए सहायता करती ह लखिखका का साया बनकर चलती लखिखका की सा करना उसक जीन का उददशय ह ह
लखिखका की खशी क लिलए ही काय करती ह ह लखिखका को दखी नही दख सकती लखिखका पर भलि[ का इतना परभा पडा गिक ह सय दहाती बन ई
यदध क दिदनो म ह अपन परिरार क साथ रहन की अपकषा लखिखका क साथ रहना पसद करती थी यदध क भत न जब ीटा क ान पर पलायन गित जा दी तो
भलि[ न न लखिखका को अपन ा ल जान का अनरोध करन ली लखिखका को डर ह गिक यदिद उसक गिदा होन क अगितम छठा ए तो ह दहातीन दधा कया कर ी
इस परकार हम दखत ह गिक लखिखका न सामिमनी और सगिका क ण बरसात हए सक धम पर परकाश डाला ह और लखिखका न एक आदश सगिका क रप को सदर
रप स परसतत गिकया हBengali আদাব পরশন) ldquoশরণের ১৪৪ ধারা আর কারহিZউ অU ার জারী রণেয়রণে0ldquo
ক) কার গলখা গকা3 রচ3ার অংশ খ)গকাায় গক3 ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়রণে0 )১৪৪ ধারা কী এর Zরণেল কী য়
উততর) ক)আরণেলাচ য অংশটি সরণেরশ বসর রহিচত lsquoআদাবlsquo গ0াট রণেলপর অংশ
খ) বাংলারণেদরণেশর ঢাকা শরণের ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়হি0ল সামপরদাহিয়ক াnাা ও দাnা পরহিতরণেরারণেধর জ3 য হিlt সলা3রণেদর গ3তারণেদর সামপরদাহিয়ক উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা বারণেধ উ2য় সমপরদায় 2ীত রণেয় ঘর বহিlt রণেয় পরণে পরসপর পরসপররণেক সরণেltরণের গচারণেখ গদরণেখ গকউ কাউরণেক আরণের রণেতা হিবশবাস কররণেত পারণের3া হিক0 া3রণেষর উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা য় ার পহির3া অরণেতক রকত iয় ও ত য
) ১৪৪ ধারা আইরণে3র এ3 একটা ধারা ার _ারা এলাকা হি3হিদ ষট করণের গদওয়া য় গসই এলাকার রণেধ য গবহিশ া3রণেষর জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় হিহি0ল জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় আই3 2nকারীরণেক গহিলর হি3রণেদশ জাহির করা য় তাই সাধার3 া3ষ আর বাইরণের গবর রণেত পারণের3া পরারণে3র 2রণেয় বহিlt রণেয় ারণেক এর Zল য় সাংঘাহিতক গদাকা3 পাট বনধ ারণেক
হিজহি3স পতর অহিল য় রাসতা ঘাট জ3 শ3 য রণেয় ায় লরণেঠরা তারণেদর লঠত রাজ চাহিলরণেয় হি3রণেজরণেদর আরণেখর গহি0রণেয় গ3য় া3ষরণেক 2ীহিতর হিব2ীহিষহিক গরাস করণের ঘরণেরর া3রণেষর ইkা াকরণেলও ঘরণের হিZররণেত পারণের3া হিZররণেত হিরণেয় বltরণেকর গহিলরণেত পরা3 ারায়
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today we will discuss about Types of Leaves
An organization provides several kinds of leaves to the employees These days employees working both in government and private sector are allowed several types of leaves Following are the leaves achieved by the employees from their organization
Casual LeaveChild care leave -HospitalLeaveSpecial disability leaveChild Adoption leaveEarned LeavesHalf pay leaveMaternity leavePaternityleaveStudy leave
1 Casual Leave- Casual leave is not a recognised form of leaves and is not subject to any rules made by the government of India And official on casual leave is not treated as Absent from duty and pay is not intimated Normally 8 days of casual leave is permissible in a calendar year
2 Child care leave - Women employees having minor children may be granted child care leave by an authority competent to grant leave for a maximum period of 730 days means two years during their entire service for taking care of up to two children weather for sharing or to look after any of their names like examination sickness it is a
3HospitalLeave - Hospital leave is admissible to group C employees whose duties involved handling of dangerous machinery explosive materials poisonous drugs and performance of hazardous task and to group D employees Medical certificate from an authorised medical attendant is necessary for the grant of these leave However total period of
leave does not exceed 28 months4Special disability leave- Special
disability leave admissible to all employees when disabled by injury intentionally or accidentally inflicted are caused in law in consequence of the due performance of official duties or in consequence of official position It also it is also add miscible when disabled by illness incurred in the performance of any particular duty which has the effect of increasing laboratory to illness or injury beyond the ordinary least attaching to the Civil post held and the same condition
5Child Adoption leave- This leave is granted to female Employees with fewer than two surviving children on valid adoption of a child below the age of one year for a period of 135 days immediately after the date of valid adoption Leave salary will be equal to the pain immediately before processing on leave
6Earned Leaves- This leave is earned by duty The credit for earned leave will be awarded at a rate of 15 days on the 1st of January and 1st of July every year It can be accumulated up to 300 days in addition to the number of days for which encashment has been allowed along with LTC
7 Half pay leave -All government servant are entitled to 20 days of HPL half pay leave for every completed year of service Half pay leave is calculated at 20 days for each completed year of service The service includes periods of duty and leave including extra ordinary leave with or without MC (medical certificate)
8 Maternity leave -Maternity leave is granted to women Government employees full stop it is as possible only to Employees with less than 2 surviving children The maternity leave is not debited to leave account and full pay is granted It cannot be combined with any other the leaves and count as service for increment and pension
9 PaternityleaveA male employee with less than 2 surviving children may be granted paternity leave for a period of 15 days during the confinement of
his wife During the period of such leaves he shall be paid leave salary equal to the pay drawn immediately before proceeding on leave
10 Study leave-Study leave may be granted to all Government Employees with not less than 5 years service for undergoing a special course consisting of higher studies are specialised training in a professional or technical subject having a direct and close connection with the sphere of his duties as a Civil Servant
Commerce
Chapter-5Management
Let us today discuss about the nature of Management
Nature of management Management is defined as
An art A science A profession
Management is defined as an art because of the following reasons
1 In art there is an existence of theoretical knowledge Similarly in management various theories are propounded by management thinkers in various areas of management like finance marketing human resources etc
2 Every manager apply his or her personal skills and knowledge in the day to day functioning of an enterprise
3 Like an art management is creative as it provides solutions to Complex problems making resources productive and profitable moulding the attitudes of people for the betterment of an organisation
Management is is considered as science because of the following reasons
1 Like science there is a systemised body of knowledge in management consisting of theories principles vocabulary and concept
2 Principles of management are evolved after continuous observations and experimentation
Management both as Science and ArtManagement is both a science and an art It is a science because it uses certain principles and is an art because it requires continuous practice and application of personal skillsManagement as a profession Following points highlight whether management is a profession or not1 Like profession management has well
defined body of knowledge It has its own principles which are based on experiments One can acquire such
knowledge by pursuing courses like MBA BBA etc and acquire managerial skills through instruction and training
2 In management no such restriction is there for managers to clear an examination for hold a degree However these days more and more people are appointed for managerial post who opposes management degrees
3 Membership to a professional Association like AIMA is not mandatory for managers All managers directly or indirectly work for the development of society
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Essay Questions (EQ-2)
Question No 2Sketch the character of Prospero Would you call him perfect
AnswerProspero in The Tempest appears to be an intensely human being with human failings and weaknesses With all his excellence Prospero is made to awaken our sympathy for a natural imperfection Prosperorsquos Previous HistoryIn his retrospective narration of his previous history to Miranda we get a glimpse into Prosperorsquos past life As the Duke of Milan Prospero buried himself in his magic books which he prized above his dukedom He was essentially a scholar with no practical wisdom He failed to perform his first duty by neglecting the governance of his state and gave an opportunity to his wicked brother to undermine his throne He was thus driven from his home and thrown in a leaky boat with his weeping daughter to drift in the perilous seas It is only the thought of his little child that kept him aliveThe Development of Prosperorsquos CharacterThe development of his character is evident from the contrast between what he was before his banishment and what he is now in the island Formerly when his ldquolibrary was dukedom enoughrdquo he was altogether too unsuspecting Now he is watchful as providence and takes care to guard himself against the possibility of evil He has learnt to know human nature in its worst forms even Caliban has taught him something He will no longer put his trust in appearance except as ldquostale to catch thievesrdquo nor in oaths of which the strongest he says ldquoare straw to the fire irsquo the bloodrdquo He who once neglected worldly ends now consistently asserts his dignity enforces obedience and deals out justice with impartial hand He who without a thought of evil gave his power and his revenues into his brotherrsquos hands now puts Ferdinand to the severest test as a trial of his love before entrusting his daughter to him He makes the most practical use imaginable of his magic art exacts prompt servitudefrom his attendants does not hesitate to punish them is resolved and firm and knows how to seize the proper moment for action He is a most careful father to his daughter a considerate master of Ariel severe against the brutal Caliban humane towards the repentant enemies full of experience and wisdomThe Exercise of his Power ndash his SternnessWhat appears to us at the first sight one of the least pleasing features of Prosperorsquos character is the sternness which he frequently displays more particularly in his dealings with Caliban His harshness towards Caliban resulted from the failure of gentler methods his severity towards Ferdinand was exercised in the interest of his daughter ldquolest too light winning make the prize lightrdquo and his punishment of Alonso Sebastian and Antonio is justified by the attainment of his objectiveProsperorsquos TendernessThe tender side of Prosperorsquos character is exhibited in his relation to Miranda Ariel Gonzalo and the repentant sinners His love for Miranda is unbounded She was almost life to him In his darkest hours of trial this love sustained him and gave him strength to put a bold front to suffering He addresses her always with tenderness She is to him a lsquoloved darlingrsquo lsquodear heartrsquo lsquoa rich giftrsquo lsquoa third of his own lifersquo The same affectionate nature is shown in his dealing with his brother Antonio He loved his brother Antonio only next to Miranda before Antonio conspired against him In the island when Antonio is brought before him he forgives him
readily To Gonzalo the good old councilor he is all affection He sheds tears of joy and gratitude when he meets him in the island To Ariel he is a loving and considerable master Ariel is always to him ldquomy brave spiritrdquo ldquofine spiritrdquo ldquodelicate Arielrdquo ldquomy Arielrdquo etc When he promises Ariel his freedom he says with real emotion ndash ldquoI shall miss theerdquoProsperorsquos Power as a MagicianThe practice of magic has placed wonderful powers in the hands of Prospero He uses his supernatural powers like a god only to bring about the happiest results He causes The Tempest and the shipwreck only to bring his enemies within his power and not to destroy them Not a soul perished in the storm He leads Ferdinand to Miranda his high charms work and as he wishes the two falls in love He frustrates the plots of the conspirators and makes them know that he was conscious of it He drives Sebastian and Alonso to sincere repentance and readily forgives them The drunken associates of Caliban are no doubt sternly treated but even then they are promised conditional pardon The whole play at last ends in reconciliation joy and peace The wrongs are set right the lovers are made happy Ariel is set free and thus the powerful magician retires into the solitude of his study at MilanProsperorsquos ForgivenessAllied to his wisdom is his forgiving nature Though deeply wronged he bears no spite against the wrong-doers Though his power is unlimited he uses it to noble purposes The lesson of adversity has taught him that ldquoThe rarer action is in virtue than in vengeancerdquoProspero does not debase his noble nature by revenge but forgives his enemies absolutely He drives his erstwhile enemies to a sincere penitence for their past misdeeds and when repentance has wrought its full effect on them he receives them into his arms and is reconciled to them Is Prospero perfectProspero creates a great impression upon our minds by his dignity his nobility the divine spirit of forgiveness in him his generous and sympathetic nature etc Even with all these virtues we cannot call him perfect We perceive certain faults in him He displays an occasional impatience irritability and even a certain harshness of feeling His severe treatment of Caliban might have been justified but the language in which he addresses the monster and the threats that he uses show him to be a kind of tyrant On learning of Calibanrsquos plot against his life he is as violently disturbed and agitated as any ordinary human being would be His manner towards Ariel when the latter demands his liberty also seems somewhat arbitrary and tyrannicalSubject ndashBiology Topic ndashChapter -5 Inheritance amp Variations Summary ExecutionToday we will discuss about NON-Mendelian Inheritance
NON_MENDELIAN INHERITANCE Incomplete Dominance It is an inheritance in which heterozygous offspring shows
intermediate character between two parental characteristics Eg Flower colour in snapdragon (dog flower or Antirrhinum sp) and
Mirabilis jalapa ( 4rsquoO clock plant) Here phenotypic and genotypic ratios are same Phenotypic Ratio 1Red 2 Pink 1 White Genotypic Ratio 1(RR) 2 (Rr) 1(rr) This means that R was not completely dominant over r Pea plants also show incomplete dominance in other traits
Co- dominance It is the inheritance in which both alleles of a gene are expressed in a
hybrid Eg ABO blood grouping in human ABO Blood groups are controlled by the gene I The plasma membrane of the RBC has sugar polymer that protrude
from its surface and is controlled By the gene The gene I has three alleles IA IB i The alleles IA and IB produce a slightly different form of the sugar
while allele i does not produce any sugar In AB blood group both IA and IB are present together This is co ndash
dominanceMultiple Alleles
Multiple alternatives of the same gene which influence the same character and produce different expressions in different individuals of a species or population same genes have more than two allelic
forms These different forms of a single gene are referred as multiple alleles Eg human Blood group
Ac-12 250620 Topic- retirement
Illustration Om Jai and Jagdish are partners sharing profit in the ratio of 3 2 l Their balance sheet as at December 31st 2014 is as under
Balance sheet as at December 31 2014
Liabilities Amount Assets Amount
(Rs`) (Rs`)
Creditors 80000 Building 180000 Bills Payable 26000 Plant 140000 General reserve 24000 Motor Car 40000 Capital Stock 100000 Om 160000 Debtors 63000 Jai 120000 Less Provision Jagdish 120000
400000 for Bad debts 3000
60000 Cash at Bank 10000
530000 530000
Jai retires on that date on the following terms(a) The Goodwill of the firm is valued at Rs 60000(b) Stock and Building to be appreciated by 10(c) Plant is depreciated by 10(d) Provision for Bad debts is increased upto Rs 5000(e) Jairsquos share of goodwill was adjusted through remaining partners capital accountThe amount due to Jai is paid out of the fund brought in by Om and Jagdish in theirnew profit sharing ratio Jai is paid full amountPrepare Revaluation Account and Partnerrsquos Capital account
Solution WorkingsIt is assumed that Om and Jagdish gaining ratio remains 3 lJairsquo Share of goodwill = Rs 60000 times 26 = Rs20000Adjusted through the remaining partners capital account in 3 1 ratio
Revaluation Account
Dr Cr
Particulars Amount Particulars Amount
(Rs`) (`Rs)
To Provision for Bad debts 2000 By Stock 10000TO Plant 14000 By Building 18000To Profit transferred toCapital Accounts Om 6000 Jai 4000 Jagdish 2000
12000
28000 28000
Capital AccountDr Cr Particulars Om Jai Jagdish Particulars Om Jai Jagdish
(Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (rs`) (`Rs)
To Capital 15000 mdash 5000 By Balance bd 160000 120000 120000 ToBank 152000 By General Reserve 12000 8000 4000To Balance cd 277000 mdash 159000 By Revaluation (Profit) 6000 4000 2000 By Om Capital mdash 15000 mdash ByJagdish Capital mdash 5000 By Bank 114000 38000
292000 152000 164000 292000 152000 164000
STEP1 STARTSTEP2 ACCEPT THE LENGTH OF THE RECTANGLESTEP3 ACCEPT THE BREADTH OF THE RECTANGLESTEP4 USE THE FORMULA OF AREA=LENGTH times BREADTH AND STORE THE
FINAL RESULT IN THE VARIABLE AREASTEP5DISPLAY THE ARE OF THE RECTANGLESTEP6STOP
FLOWCHART
2)CALCULATE THE INTEREST OF A BANK DEPOSITALGORITHMSTEP 1 READ AMOUNTSTEP 2 READ YEARSSTEP 3 READ RATE
STEP 4 CALCULATE THE INTEREST WITH FORMULA INTEREST=AMOUNTYEARSRATE100STEP 5 PRINT INTERESTFLOWCHART
3)DETERMINE AND OUTPUT WHETHER NUMBER N IS EVEN OR ODDALGORITHMSTEP 1 READ NUMBER NSTEP 2 SET REMAINDER AS N MODULO 2STEP 3 IF REMAINDER IS EQUAL TO 0 THEN NUMBER N IS EVEN ELSE NUMBER N IS ODDSTEP 4 PRINT OUTPUTFLOWCHART
4)DETERMINE WHETHER A TEMPERATURE IS BELOW OR ABOVE THE FREEZING POINTALGORITHM
STEP 1 INPUT TEMPERATURESTEP 2 IF IT IS LESS THAN 32 THEN PRINT BELOW FREEZING POINT OTHERWISE PRINT ABOVE FREEZING POINTFLOWCHART
PRACTICE THE GIVEN FLOWCHARTS AND ALGORITHMS
Class IXSubject Topic Summary Execution Bengali (2nd
language) চারণেদর পাাহিব2হিত2ষ বরণেltযাপাধযায় হি_তীয় অধযায়
ldquoআহি`কার হিবখযাত া0 শঙকর কতবার 0হিবরণেত গদরণেখরণে0rdquo ক) আহি`কার হিবখযাত া0টির 3া হিক া0টির হিবরণেশষতব হিকখ)শঙকর গকাায় হিকরণেসর জ3য হিরণেয়হি0ল ) গস গসখারণে3 হিক খরণেজ পায়
উঃ- হিব2হিত2ষ বরণেltযাপাধযায় রহিচত lsquoচারণেদর পাাrsquo উপ3যারণেস আহি`কার হিবখযাত া0টির 3া ল বাওবাব া0টির হিবরণেশষতব ল া0টি গবশ গাটা গসাটা া0টির জার হিবষয় ল া0টি তার গহিরণেত ১৬ হিলটার জল ধরণের রাখরণেত পারণের তষণায় কাতর পচারীরা অরণে3ক সয় এই ারণে0র গহিরণেত 0হির গরণের Zরণেটা করণের জল পা3 করণের
খ) শঙকর আহি`কায় হিরণেয়হি0ল অযাUরণে2ঞচারণেরর গ3শায় অনধকারয় এই ারণেদরণেশর পরহিতটি সথারণে3 গ3 রসয লহিকরণেয় আরণে0 এই ররণেসযর অ3সনধা3 কররণেত হিরণেয় অরণে3ক পটক পরা3 াহিররণেয়রণে0 আবার অরণে3রণেক হিসংরণের গপরণেট গরণে0 তবও অহি2াতরী া3ষ অহি2া3 বনধ করণের হি3আহি`কার ইউানডা গরলওরণেয়র 3Uরবা গসটশ3 গরণেক বাাততর াইল দহিi3 পহিj গকারণে3 একটা শাখা লাই3 হৈতহির হিkল গরল গকামপাহি3র গসখারণে3 শঙকর ক3সটরাকস3 কযারণেমপর গকরাহি3 ও সরকাহির গসটারহিকপার রণেয় গা হিদরণেয়হি0লপরণের শঙকর একটা গরলরণেসটশরণে3র গসটশ3াসটার য় এরপরণের গস আল2ারণেররণেজর সরণেn ীরার পাা খজরণেত গবহিররণেয় পরণে
) গ0াটরণেবলা গরণেক শঙকর শরণে3 আসরণে0 আহি`কায় গসা3া রপা ীরার 0া0হি একট গচষটা কররণেল গসা3া রপা ীরা আহিবসকার করণের বরণোরণেলাক ওয়া ায় এই সব খজরণেত হিরণেয় শঙকর আহি`কার পরাকহিতক ররণেপর গ সনধা3 গপরণেয়হি0ল তার তল3া গ3ই ঘ3 অর3য পবতরাহিজ =র3া 3দী জীবজনত সবই তারণেক হিদরণেয়রণে0 আ3lt শঙকর ীরার গখারণেজ হিরণেয় ীরা 3া গপরণেলও পরাকহিতক ররণেপর গরণে3 শঙকরণেরর 3 ীরায় পহিরত রণেয়হি0ল
EVS Chapter 2 ndash Species interaction with each other Long Answer Question
Living Things in Ecosystems
bull ParasitismParasitism is a relationship between two different organisms where one of the organisms actually harms the other through the relationship The organism that is harming the other one is called a parasite Examples of Parasitism Fleas or ticks that live on dogs and cats are parasites
bull MutualismMutualisms are defined as interactions between organisms of two different species in which each organism benefits the other
bull CommensalismCommensalism is a relationship between individuals of two species in which one species obtains food or other benefits from the other without either harming or benefiting the latter
bull SynergismThe interaction of things resulting in the overall effect that is greater than the sum of individual effects of any of them
Q) How biotic and abiotic components are inter-related Ans - In an eco system biotic and abiotic components depend on each other The biotic and abiotic components are connected in ecosystem in different way The sun is the energy source Producersplants use this energy to synthesize food in the presence of carbon dioxide and chlorophyll The herbivores are dependent on plants for the energy requirements The carnivores in turn feed on the herbivores and other carnivores At any level microbes then decompose any dead and decaying organic matter These decomposers after various chemical reactions release molecules back to the environment in the form of chemicals The chemicals are again used by the producers and the cycle starts againIn conclusion ecosystems have a complex set of interactions that happen between the biotic and abiotic components The components of an ecosystem are linked to each other through the energy flows and nutrient cycles
Commercial Studies
Chapter-7Joint Stock Company
In previous class we have explained about the meaning of Joint Stock Company features of Joint Stock Company
Let us explain about
Merits of Joint Stock Company
Merits of Joint stock CompanyStabilityPublic confidenceProfessional managementTransferability of sharesLimited Liability
Merits of Joint Stock Company StabilityA company enjoys stable durable enduring and uninterrupted business life A company continues to exist even if all its members die or deserted Maintenance of continuity of policy of administration is very much ensured in the case of Joint Stock CompanyPublic confidenceA public company enjoys the confidence of the public as the same is guided and controlled by strict regulations Since the companies financial accounts are published and circulated the public has enough faith on the activities of the company Thus a company enjoys better prestige and regulation greater public confidence as a wholeEfficient professional managementDue to its large financial resources and continuity a company can avail of the services of highly qualified
persons who are experts in different fields of business management In this way the benefits of specialization and centralized management can be securedTransferability of sharesSince the shares of a joint stock company are freely transferable they provide necessary liquidity to the investment of the people Shares of public companies are generally listed on a stock exchange so that people can easily buy and sell themLimited LiabilityThe liability of shareholders is limited only to the extent of face value of share held by them Shareholders are not personally liable for the debts of the company Thus the risk is known and also limited
Economics Chapter4 Basic Problems of An Economy
Today let discuss about the Meaning of Efficiency use of ResourcesNeeds of efficient use of resources
Resource efficiency is the maximising of the supply of money materials staff and other assets that can be drawn on by a person or organization in order to function effectively with minimum wasted (natural) resource expenses It means using the Earths limited resources in a sustainable manner while minimising environmental impact
Necessity for efficient use resources Once the flow of resources through the economy has reached its maximum sustainable limit (and many would argue that wersquove already passed that point for some resources) the only way to maintain economic growth in the long run is to become more resource efficient ndash finding ways to generate greater returns from the same amount of resources
Resource efficiency isnrsquot only valuable because it is essential for sustained economic growth Promoting resource efficiency can increase the competitiveness of industry create jobs stimulate innovation boost sectors such as recycling and resource recovery and help ensure secure supplies of key
QuestionWhat do you mean by Efficient use of Resources
Answer) Resource efficiency is the maximising of the supply of money materials staff and other assets that can be drawn on by a person or organization in order to function effectively with minimum wasted (natural) resource expenses It means using the Earths limited resources in a sustainable manner while minimising environmental impact
Why do we need to use our resources efficientlyAnswer) Once the flow of resources through the economy has reached its maximum sustainable limit (and many would argue that wersquove already passed that point for some resources) the only way to maintain economic growth in the long run is to become more resource efficient ndash finding ways to generate greater returns from the same amount of resources
Resource efficiency isnrsquot only valuable because it is essential for sustained economic growth Promoting resource efficiency can increase the competitiveness of industry create jobs stimulate innovation boost sectors such as recycling and resource recovery and help ensure secure
resources supplies of key resources
Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)
Topic Act II Scene 7 Lines 1 to 35 (Morocco hellip What if I stray no further but choose here )
[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase provided]
Summary Questions amp Answers
Having disposed of the minor story of Jessicarsquos elopement we now return to the main plot We are now shown how affairs are progressing with Portia in her home in Belmont
This is the first of the three scenes where a suitor makes a choice between golden silver and leaden caskets It will be noted that while making the choice all the lovers soliloquize and reveal their personality and character We have already observed the manly soldierly but primitive personality of the Prince of Morocco His has a simple nature and does not look deeply into the inner meaning of things but is dazzled by the outward appearance of gold He is inclined to over-estimate his own value and does not realize that it is a duty to ldquogive and hazardrdquo So his feeling is only one of fascination and romantic attraction We cannot believe that he has a deep and lasting love for Portia
In this scene two characters appear ndash Portia and the Prince of Morocco Portia explains to the Prince that the correct casket shall be the one that contains her picture She will be the wife of the person who will choose the correct casket and in the process get whatever she has
The Prince examines the inscriptions on each of the caskets and interprets them
(1) (Act II Sc 7 L 1-5)
Portia Go draw aside the curtains and discover
The several caskets to this noble princeNow make your choice
Morocco The first of gold who this inscription bearsWho chooseth me shall gain what many men desire
(i) Who is Morocco How did he introduce himself to Portia when they first met in an earlier scene
Prince Morocco is a dark skinned boastful warrior of African origin who seeks the hand of Portia He introduces himself as a person who lives near the equator where the exposure to sun rays have to be blamed for his complexion He says that Portia should not dislike him for his dark skin
(ii) How would Morocco know that he had made the right choice What would his reward be
Morocco would know he has chosen the right casket if he finds Portiarsquos portrait in one of them His reward would be Portiarsquos hand in marriage
(iii) Which casket did Morocco finally choose What reasons did he give for rejecting the casket made of lead
Morocco chooses the golden casket He says that lead is of lowly origin and the portrait of a lady as great as Portia cannot be placed in it He reads the inscription ldquoWho chooseth me must give and hazard all he hathrdquo This makes the box too threatening He wonders why anyone should risk everything for lead He also feels that a golden mind like his should not bow down to choose something worthless So he will not risk anything for lead
(iv) What two objects did Morocco find in the casket of his
before choosing
The inscription on the leaden casket says ldquoWho chooseth me must give and hazard all he hathrdquo The Prince was shocked and says as to why anyone should risk for the sake of lead The leaden casket is a threat Nobody would risk all they have for lead He says that no noble person would stoop to choose such a worthless thing as lead So he will not give nor risk anything for lead
The Prince then examines the inscription on the silver casket which says ldquoWho chooseth me shall get as much as he deservesrdquo The Prince says that he deserves Portia more than anybody else because of his high rank his noble birth and his great wealth and power But then he argues that silver is ten times inferior to gold and therefore he cannot believe that the portrait of such a beautiful lady as Portia can be contained in the silver casket He decides to see the inscription on the golden casket before making his decision
choice What reason does he give to Portia for leaving in haste
The Prince of Morocco chooses the golden casket and on opening it finds a human skull within whose hollow eye-socket was a scroll or a roll of paper in which it is written that those who are attracted by the glittering outside of things are always deceived as Morocco has been deceived
Morocco says he is moved and that he does not want to make his departure a painstaking process and he wants to leave immediately without revealing his emotions He should also obey the rule of the game which states the one who loses the test should leave immediately
(v) How does Portia respond to Moroccorsquos parting words What does this reveal of her nature
Portia is relieved that Morocco has left without making any scene It was a gentle riddance and all like him should go in a similar manner This shows that Portia has a kind heart and does not want anyone to he hurt Her love for Bassanio over-rides her passion that makes her wish that only he should be able to make the right choice At the same time like a dutiful daughter she does not want to disrespect her fatherrsquos wishes Hence she is willing to go through the casket injunctions
(2) (Act II Sc 7 L 15-35)
MOROCCO helliphelliphelliphelliphellip
What says this leaden casket Who chooseth me must give and hazard all he hath Must givemdashFor what for lead hazard for leadThis casket threatens Men that hazard allDo it in hope of fair advantagesA golden mind stoops not to shows of drossIll then nor give nor hazard aught for leadWhat says the silver with her virgin hueWho chooseth me shall get as much as he deservesAs much as he deservesmdashPause there MoroccoAnd weigh thy value with an even handIf thou best rated by thy estimationThou dost deserve enough and yet enoughMay not extend so far as to the ladyAnd yet to be afeard of my deservingWere but a weak disabling of myselfAs much as I deservemdashWhy thats the ladyI do in birth deserve her and in fortunesIn graces and in qualities of breeding
But more than these in love I do deserveWhat if I strayed no further but chose here
(i) What does the Prince of Morocco do before making his selection What does his comment reflect How does he analyse the inscription of the leaden casket and what is his interpretation
The Prince of Morocco surveys the three caskets before making his selection His comments reflect his thinking and attitude on life and things He comes to the lead casket and reads the inscription on it His interpretation which reflects his own character is that the inscription threatens because no one will be prepared to risk or sacrifice all one has for such a base thing as lead
(ii) What does the Prince of Morocco think of the leaden casket and why does he decide to reject the leaden casket
The Prince of Morocco thinks that when people risk anything they do so in order to gain something precious A person of royal ways will not bend so low as to be impressed by such an ordinary thing as lead Therefore he decides that he will not take any risk for a worthless thing like lead and rejects the lead casket
(iii) What does the Prince think while analyzing and interpreting the inscription of the silver casket
The Prince of Morocco analyses the inscription on the silver casket which runs thus ldquoWho chooseth me shall get as much as he deservesrdquo When he reads the inscription he bids himself to stop and ponder over the interpretation He asks himself to evaluate his worth objectively and impartially He says that if he is assessed on the basis of the opinion of people he deserves much But even this may not be sufficient to deserve to win Portia who is so virtuous and worthy
(iv) What promise does the silver casket make What self-assessment does the Prince make
The silver casket promises the reward according to the worth of the chooser The Prince makes a self-assessment and concludes that in all fairness he deserves to get Portia He thinks that he is a royal Prince by birth and so he deserves her by the right of his birth
Portia is very rich and so the Prince deserves her by this also The Prince deserves because he is also extremely handsome as most of the beautiful maidens of his kingdom covet him He is valiant and virtuous also So in his opinion he is the most suitable and deserving candidate for Portiarsquos hand
(v) Over which casket does the Prince ponder a long time What intrigue him In what way does he deserve Portia
Morocco reviews the inscriptions again and rejects the lead casket as being not worth the high stakes for which he gambles He ponders a long time over the silver casket The words ldquoget as much as he deservesrdquo intrigue him He is quite sure that he deserves Portia He deserves her in birth fortune grace qualities of breeding and most of all love
Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution EVS Ch ndash4 Managing
soil and land
Today we will discuss about mechanical practices of soil conservation
A few mechanical measures of soil conservation arei) Basin leaching In this method a number of small basins (water reservoirs) are made These collect and retain rain water for a long period and also catch and stabilize downwardly moving soils of the slopes
ii) Pan breaking by breaking of pan ( a hard sheet of clay a few feet below the surface ) drainage and percolation of rain water is improved and soil is saved from residual run-off and erosion
iii) Sub-soiling Soil is broken into fine grains to increase its absorptive capacity
iv) Contour terracing terraces are labeled areas constructed at right angles to the slope to reduce soil erosion
v) Contour trenching This method involves making a series of deep pits or trenches across the slope at convenient distance The soil excavated from the trenches is deposited along the lower edge in the form of bund On the ridges tree seeds are shown
vi) Terrace outlets To conserve soil pipe outlets are made which are thickly covered by grasses
vii) Digging of ponds and reservoirs to store water
viii) Stream bank protection To protect banks of rivers and channels construction of stone or concrete protective walls or planting of trees should be undertaken
Commercial Studies
Chapter- Banking Let us today discuss about theMeaning of Commercial BankFunctions of Commercial Banks
Commercial Banks are those banks which perform all kinds of banking functions such as accepting deposits advancing loans credit creation and
Question1 What do you mean by
Commercial BankAnswer) Commercial Banks are those banks which perform all kinds of banking functions such as accepting deposits advancing loans credit creation and agency functions
agency functions
Functions of Commercial BanksCommercial banks perform a variety of functions which can be divided as (1) Accepting Deposits (2) Advancing Loans (3) Credit Creation (4) Financing Foreign Trade(5) Agency Services (6) Miscellaneous Services To Customers
2 Explain the various functions of Commercial Bank
Answer) Following are the various functions of Commercial Banks
1 Accepting Deposits This is the oldest function of a bank and the banker used to charge a commission for keeping the money in its custody when banking was developing as an institution Nowadays a bank accepts three kinds of deposits from its customers The first is the savings deposits on which the bank pays small interest to the depositors who are usually small savers
2 Advancing LoansOne of primary functions of commercial banks is to advance loans to its customers A bank lends a certain percentage of the cash lying in deposits on a higher interest rate than it pays on such deposits This is how it earns profits and carries on its business 3 Credit CreationCredit creation is one of the most important functions of the commercial banks Like other financial institutions they aim at earning profits For this purpose they accept deposits and advance loans by keeping small cash in reserve for day-to-day transactions When a bank advances a loan it opens and account in the name of the customer and does not pay him in cash but allows him to draw the money by cheque according to his needs By granting a loan the bank creates credit or deposit4 Financing ForeignTrade commercial bank finances foreign trade of its customers by accepting foreign bills of exchange and collecting them from foreign banks It also transacts other foreign exchange business and buys and sells foreign currency5 Agency ServicesA bank acts as an agent of its customers in collecting and paying cheques bills of exchange drafts dividends etc It also buys and sells
shares securities debentures etc for it customers Further it pays subscriptions insurance premium rent electric and water bills and other similar charges on behalf of its clients It also acts as a trustee and executor of the property and will of its customers Moreover the bank acts as an income tax consultant to its clients For some of these services the bank charges a normal fee while it renders others free of charge6 Miscellaneous ServicesBesides the above noted services the commercial bank performs a number of other services It acts as the custodian of the valuables of its customers by providing them lockers where they can keep their jewellery and valuable documents It issues various forms of credit instruments such as cheques drafts travellers cheques etc which facilitate transactions
Bengali হিবপরীতশবদ করণেয়কটি হিবপরীত শবদ গদওয়া ল1)সজীব = হি3জsব 2)শরদধা= ঘা 3)আকষ = হিবকষ4)সধবা = হিবধবা 5)উৎস = গা3া 6)অ = অ37)জয় = পরাজয় 8)তাপ = হৈশত যয 9)হি3ltা = পরশংসা10)াদা = অদা 11)রহিসক = গবরহিসক 12) অনতর = বাহির13)অহিতবষটি = অ3াবষটি 14)পরত যযi = পরণেরাi 15)3াবালক = সাবালক
Hindi 2nd lang नया रासता भा 5 अपन जीन की परिरसथिगितयो स गिश होकर मीन क हदय म कई बार हीन भाना
और जीन की कडाहट अनभ हईपरत ह दढता और साहस की मरतित थी ह
अपन जीन को वयथ नही होन दना चाहती थी बचपन स ही उसकी कील बनन की
इचछा थी आज मीन की लन उस और दखकर माता- गिपता न उस कालत करन की
आजञा द दी मीन न मरठ म दाखिखला ल लिलया उसक हरदय म कछ बनन और कछ
कर दिदखान की इचछा थी उसक गिचार स चारो और पस का ही बोलबाला हहॉसटल
की कलपना करत ही ह लिसहर उठती थी उसन अपन लिलए नए नए कपड बनाए पहली बार हॉसटल जान का चा थाआखिखर
ह दिदन आ ही या जब उस हॉसटल जाना था पहली बार ह अपन घर स अल हो
रही थी हॉसटल पहच कर कछ दिदनो तक उसका मन नही ला बचपन की घटनाए
एक- एक करक उसक समतपटल पर उतर ई ह अपनी ककषा म हमशा परथम आती
थी 2 दिदन बाद गिपताजी मीन स मिमलन आए मा न काफी चीज उसक लिलए बनाकर
भजी थी गिपताजी स मिमलकर ह बहत खश
1 ह सय की दढता साहस की मरतित थी
परशन1 लखिखका मीन को दढता साहस
की मरतित कयो कह रही ह 2 गिाह क अलाा मीन क जीन
का कया लकषय था 3 मीन समाज क झठ आरण को
हटाकर सतय दिदखाना चाहती ह सपषट कीजिजए
4 परसतत पलि[यो का भा सपषट अपन शबदो म लिलखिखए
उततरndash1 मीन म समाज स लडन की शलि[ ह
ह समाज म फली बराइयो क सामन ढढता स जमी हई ह ह साहस क साथ अपन उलिचत गिनणय
पर सथिर रहती ह जिजदी क उतार चढा सा घबरा टी नही ह बलकिलक साहस स काम लती ह इनही कारणो स लखिखका न उस ढढता
और साहस की मरतित कहा ह2 मरठ ालो न जब उसका रिरशता
ठकरा दिदया तो उसन गिनशचय कर लिलया गिक ह अपन परो पर खडी होी और समाज को दिदखा दी की नारी अबला नही ह उसन अपना
हई करीब 1 घटा रक कर गिपताजी चल ए लकषय बना लिलया गिक ह एलएलबी करक कील बनी
3 समाज म नारी क ऊपर अबला आशरीता का आरण पडा हआ ह
मीन समाज क दवारा होत हए इस आरण को हटाकर यह सतय परमाणिणत करना चाहती ह गिक आज
की नारी अबला नही ह और ना ही गिकसी क हाथ की कठपतली ह
4 लखिखका न मीन क बार म कहा गिक ह सय घटा और साहस की मरतित
ह ह अपन न हम ध और मसीबत म साहस का परिरचय दती हउतार
चढा को हर इसान क जीन म आत ही रहत ह उनको साधारण रप
स ही लना चागिहए अपन गिाह क मामल म उसन साहस स काम
लिलया और गिाह क बार म सोचना छोड दिदया मीन क सामन अभी बहत लबी जिजदी पडी ह इसलिलए उसन समय का महत समझा और
एक कषण भी वयथ ना करन का गिनशचय गिकया
Mathematics(x) Algebra Quadratic Equation in one variable
Study Item Some solved sums from exercise- 539)Solve for x 2(2x ndash 1 )(x+3) ndash 3 (x + 3)(2x ndash 1 ) = 5 x -3 frac12Solution Let (2x ndash 1)(x + 3) = y then we get2(y) ndash 3( 1y) = 50r 2y ndash 3y = 5Or 2y2 ndash 3 = 5y [multiplying both side by y we get]0r 2y2 ndash 5y ndash 3 = 0Now comparing the above equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0 we geta=2 b = - 5 and c = - 3Therefore y = -(- 5 )plusmnradic((-5)sup2-4(2)(-3))2(2) = 5 plusmnradic( 25 + 24)4 = 5plusmn radic(49)4 = (5 plusmn 7)4= (5+7)4 (5 ndash 7)4= 124 -24= 3 - 12Therefore y = 3 (2x ndash 1)( x + 3) = 3 2x ndash 1 = 3x + 9 3x - 2x = - 10 x= - 10Or y = - frac12 ( 2x ndash 1)(x + 3) = - frac124x ndash 2 = - x ndash 3 4x+x = - 3 + 2 5x = - 1 x= - 15Hence the roots of the given equation are - 10 and ndash 1510)(i) x2 - 5x ndash10 =0Solution x2 ndash 5x ndash 10 = 0Comparing the above equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0 we get a=1 b = - 5 and c = - 10Therefore x = - (- 5)plusmnradic( -5)sup2- 4(1)(- 10)2(1) = 5 plusmn radic( 25 +40)2 = 5 plusmn radic(65 )2
= (5 plusmn 8bull06)2 = (5 + 8bull06)2 (5 ndash 8bull06)2 = 13bull062 - 3bull062= 6bull53 - 1bull5312) Solve the equation x ndash 18x = 6 Given your answer correct to two significant figureSolution x ndash18x = 6Or (x2 ndash 18 )x = 6Or x2ndash 18 = 6xOr x2 ndash 6x ndash18 = 0Comparing the above equation with ax2 + bc + c = 0 we gera= 1 b = - 6 and c = -18Therefore x = -(-6) plusmnradic(- (- 6)2 ndash 4(1)(- 18)2(1) = 6 plusmn radic( 36 + 72)2 = (6 plusmnradic( 108)2 =(6 plusmn 10bull39)2= 16bull392 - 4bull392= 8bull195 - 2bull195 asymp 8bull2 - 2bull2
Chemistry Chapter-2L-1Chemical Bonding
1) Chemical Bonding-
It is basically the force of attraction which holds the different types of atoms in a molecule together
Cause of Chemical Combination-
The main cause is the tendency of elements to acquire eight electrons in its outermost shell like that of noble gases other than Helium(He) So the atoms combine to acheive the nearest noble gas configuration of 8 electrons( or 2 electrons) in their outermost orbit and become stable
2) Ion-
It is a charged particle made from an atom by the loss or gain of electrons
There are 2 types of Ions They are-
a) Cations- It is formed by the loss of electrons eg - K+ Ca2+
Na+ etc
b) Anions- It is formed by the gain of electrons eg- Cl- O2- F- etc
Q Why do elements form Ions
A Atoms of all elements except those of noble gases have one to seven valence electrons and are not in a state of minimum energy Thus to acquire a state of minimum energy elements lose or gain electrons and form ions so that they acquire stable configuration (Duplet or Octet)
Q What is the Electronic Theory of Valency
A In 1916 Kossel and Lewis on the basis of octet rule of electrons described simply the electronic structure of molecules of many chemical compounds and elements Kossel mainly described the structure of ionic compounds formed by loss and gain of electrons and Lewis mainly described the structure of Covalent Compounds formed by mutual sharing of electron pair This is known as ELECTRONIC THEORY OF VALENCY proposed by Kossel and Lewis
Q What do you mean by Electropositive and Electronegative Elements
3) Types of Chemical Bond-3 types
A)ElectrovalentIonic Bond
B) Covalent Bond
C) Co-ordinate Dative Bond4) ELECTROVALENT IONIC BOND-
It is the electrostatic force of attraction between the opposite charged ions which holds them together
The chemical compounds formed as a result of electron transfer from one atom of an element to another are called IONIC or ELECTROVALENT COMPOUND
The number of electrons which an element loses or gains during the formation of an ionic bond is called its ELECTROVALENCY
Conditions for the formation of Ionic Compounds-
i Large electronegativity difference between the combining atoms
ii Low IP for one of the atoms from which the cation can be easily formed
iii High electron affinity for one of the atoms from which the anions can be easily formed
iv High Lattice Energy
A
1) Electropositive Elements- have the tendency to lose the electrons and form Cations
eg- Na K Fe -mostly metals
2) Electronegative Elements- have the tendency to gain the electrons and form Anions
eg- Cl F O - mostly Non-metals
Q Give the brief description about the formation of NaCl
A See your Text Book
Q Practise the two types of diagram of the formation of different ionic compound
A See your Text Book
English All Summer in a Answer the following questions-
literature Day 3) Why did the children hate herAns- The children sensed that Margot was different from them She hated the continuous rain while they were used to it She spoke only about the sun and they had no memory of it They hated her pale snow face her waiting silence her thinness and her possible future of going back to the Earth4) What is the it referred to by WilliamAns- The it referred to by William is the Sun which the scientists had predicted would shine for a short while that day5) What was Margot waiting for Why did William say it was a jokeAns- Margot was waiting to see the sun predicted to shine that day for a short while William did not want her to have the joy of seeing the sun
Geography Water Resources SOURCES OF WATER SURFACE WATER AND GROUNDWATER Earth is known as the Blue Planet because 71 per cent of the Earths surface is covered with water Wateralso exists below land surface and as water vapour in the air Water is not added or removed from the environment it simply changes state and location This constant movement of water throughout our environment is called the hydrological cycle or water cycle Earth cleans and replenishes the water supply through the hydrologic cycle Groundwater exists in an aquifer or
underground layer of permeable rock sediment (usually sand or gravel) or soil that yields water
Aquifers are like underground reservoirs of water
SURFACE WATER The visible bodies of water are referred to as surface water Surface waters can be simply described as the water that is on the surface of the Earth This includes the oceans rivers and streams lakes and reservoirs Surface waters are very important Rivers and streams constitute the flowing surface waters Surface water canbe captured for a variety of biospheric and humanusesRunoff During heavy precipitation water cannot infiltrate into the ground It flows on the surface of the ground and called as runoff
GROUNDWATER Groundwater is detained as water that is found beneath the surface of the Earth in conditions of100 per
Q1 Why the Earth is called as Blue PlanetA1 Earth is known as the Blue Planet because 71 per cent of the Earths surface is covered with water
Q2 Define hydrological cycleA2 Water is not added or removed from the environment it simply changes state and location This constant movement of water throughout our environment is called the hydrological cycle or water cycle Earth cleans and replenishes the water supply through the hydrologic cycle
Q3 What is AquifersA3 Aquifers are like underground reservoirs of water
Q4 Why there is a shortage of fresh waterA4 Although the earth has an abundance of water but unfortunately there is a shortage of fresh water because 997 per cent of it occupied by oceans soils icecaps and floating in the atmosphere and rest 03 percent can use for daily uses
cent saturation (if it is less than100 per cent saturation then the water is considered as soil moisture) Ninety-eight per cent of Earths available fresh water is groundwater It is about60 times as plentiful as the fresh water found in lakes and streams Water in the ground travels through pores in soil and rock and in fractures and weathered areas of bed rockThe majority of fresh water is therefore found under ground as soil moisture and in aquifers
Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 88 to 126 (Portia helliphellip Such as the day is when the sun is hid) [Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]
Summary Questions amp Answerso Launcelot then arrives and informs
Lorenzo that Bassanio will also be arriving soon Both Lorenzo and Jessica return to the house and ask Stephano to order the family musicians to play music in order to extend a fitting welcome to Portia
o Portia and Nerissa dressed in their normal self return home and enter the building Lorenzo recognizes Portias voice and comes to greet her She orders the servants to pretend as if she had never left and asks Lorenzo and Jessica to do the same
o Soon thereafter Bassanio Gratiano and Antonio arrive
(1) PORTIA That light we see is burning in my hall (L 89-101)
How far that little candle throws his beams So shines a good deed in a
naughty worldNERISSA When the moon shone we did not see the candlePORTIA So doth the greater glory dim the less
A substitute shines brightly as a king
Unto the king be by and then his state
Empties itself as doth an inland brook
Into the main of waters Music hark
NERISSA It is your music madam of the housePORTIA Nothing is good I see without respect
Methinks it sounds much sweeter than by day
NERISSA Silence bestows that virtue on it madam
(i) Where are Lorenzo and Jessica sitting What message have they received What are they doing
Lorenzo and Jessica are sitting in Portiarsquos house in Belmont They have just received the message informing them of the arrival of Portia and Bassanio separately They are waiting for their arrivals and enjoying the beauty of the moonlight night(ii) In which mood is Lorenzo found after Stephanorsquos departure
After Stephanorsquos departure Lorenzo reverts to his romantic mood He is carried away by the magic of the loveliness of the moonlight He draws Jessicarsquos attention and says that the moonlight is sleeping beautifully on the raised ground He says that they will sit there and enjoy the sweetness of the gentle
music which will shortly creep into their ears very softly(iii) Why has Lorenzo sent Stephano What kind of man is he who does not appreciate the sweet harmony of sounds
Lorenzo has sent Stephano to instruct the musicians to play soft music to welcome Portia home Lorenzo tells that the
tranquility and the beautiful night suit the sweet music Praising the ennobling (M lend greater dignity) effect of music Lorenzo tells Jessica that the person who has no music in him and does not appreciate the sweet harmony of sounds is a dangerous person and so should be watched very carefully(iv) Who are returning to Belmont What does Nerissa remark on seeing the light of the house
Portia and Nerissa are returning to Belmont after successfully conducting Antoniorsquos trial in Venice as the lawyer and the clerk respectively When they are near their home Nerissa seeing the light of the house remarks that they did not see this light of this candle when the moon was shining(v) What does Portia comment on Nerissarsquos observation Commenting on Nerissarsquos observation Portia says that the lesser glory becomes insignificant before the greater glory She adds that the kingrsquos representative assumes great splendor and authority when the king himself is not near But before the real king the substitute becomes devoid of all splendor and
authority as the big rivers lose their identity after emptying into the vast sea
SUBJECT PHYSICS [TOPIC FORCE]Answer the following questions ( ICSE questions of previous years from chapter FORCE)
1 Write the position of centre of mass for the following bodies(i) A circular ring (ii) A cylinder(iii) A hollow sphere (iv) A triangular lamina
2 Explain why screw drivers are provided with longer handles3 Compare the magnitude and direction of centripetal force and centrifugal force4 How does uniform circular motion differ from uniform linear motion5 Why is the motion of a body moving with a constant speed around a circular path is said to be
accelerated6 A brass ball is hanging from a cotton thread Draw a neat labeled diagram showing the force acting
on the brass ball and the cotton thread 7 Define moment of force Write the relationship between the SI and CGS unit of moment of force8 Define couple State the SI unit of moment of couple9 A uniform half meter scale balanced horizontally on a knife edge at 29 cm mark when a weight of 20
gmf is suspended from one end(i) Draw the diagram of the arrangementWhat is the weight of the half meter rule
ECO-10 250620 Topic-Supply Analysis
MEANING OF SUPPLYSupply a commodity by a firm or seller may be defined as the quantity of a commodity that a firm or seller offers for sale at a given price during a given time period But the actual sale of the commodity may be different from its supply For example a farmer (produced of wheat) is willing to sell 50 quintals of wheat at a price of ` 15 per kg but he is able to sell only 30 quintals at this price So this case the supply of wheat is 50 quintals but the actual sale is 30 quintals So these two concepts should not be confused with each other Like demand supply also has three elements The definition of supply include (i) the quantity of the commodity that a firm is willing to supply (ii) the price at which it is willing to supply that quantity and (iii) the time period during which it is willing to supply that quantity
FACTORS DETERMINING SUPPLY OR DETERMINANTS OF SUPPLY OF A GOOD
The main determinant of supply is the price of the commodity But the cost of production of a commodity is an important factor in determining profit maximized on output of a firm The cost of production depends on the prices of various inputs like raw material wages of workers interest of capital rent of building etc The supply of a commodity also depends on the technology used in the production of the commodity and many other factors The main factors determining supply of a commodity are(i) Price of the commodity(ii) Price of other related good(iii) Price of inputsfactors(iv) Taxation policy of government(v) Objective of the firm(i) Price of the commodity Other factors determining supply remaining constant there is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity It means the quantity supplied of a commodity increases with rise in price and decreases with fall in price of the commodity More quantity of a commodity is supplied at a higher price and less quantity is supplied at a lower price For example a seller of tomatoes is willing to sell 100 kgs of tomatoes at a price of ` 40 per keg and only 50 kgs at a price of ` 20 per kg Due to this direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity the supply curve has a positive slope Supply curve is upward sloping to the right(ii) Price of other related goods Supply of a commodity is also influenced by the change in the price of other related goods With the help of given resources we can produce several goods by using the same technology This helps the firm to diversify and tide over fluctuations in demand For example a farmer can produce either pulses or food grains by using the resources If the price of pulses increases it becomes more profitable for him to make more production of pulses So he will divert some resources from the production of food grains to the production of pulses The production of pulses will increase and that of food grains will decrease So the supply of pulses will increase if the price of pulses increases and the supply of food grain will decrease at the same price reverse will happen if the price of food grains increases(iii) Price of inputsfactors Change in the price of inputs like raw material wage rent or interest also influences the supply of a commodity For example in the production of cloth cotton is the main raw material If the price of cotton increases the cost of production of cloth will increase At the same price the margin of profit will decrease So the producer will decrease the supply of cloth at the same price On the other hand if the price of cotton falls the cost of production per unit of cloth will decrease and hence the supply of cloth will increase The price of other inputs will also influence the supply of a good in the same manner(iv) Technology of production an improvement in the technology of production of a commodity decreases the per unit cost of the commodity The margin of profit will increase at the same price So the supply of a commodity will increase with improvement in technology of production at the same price On the other hand if a firm uses absolute technology of production the cost of production per unit of the commodity will increase The margin of profit will decrease so the firm will decrease its supply at the same price This is the main reason that the firms are trying to use better technology of production because it not only reduces the cost of production per unit but also improves the quality of the product(v) Taxation policy of government If the government reduces the excise duty or the production of a commodity the cost of production per unit of the commodity will decrease the margin of profit will increase at the same price so the producer of the commodity will increase its supply It happens when the government wants to increase the production of the commodity On the other hand to discourage the production of some harmful goods like cigarettes liquor etc the government increases the rate of excise duty on the production of such goods So the cost of production per unit of the commodity increases and the supply of such commodities decreases(vi) Objective of the firm The objective of the producer also influences the supply of a commodity Generally the objective of a producer is get maximize his profits Profits are maximized at a higher price So he increases the supply of a commodity at a higher price and decreases its supply at a lower price But sometimes the producer may be in maximizing his sales and not in maximizing his profits as he wants to capture the market In that case he goes on increasing the supply so long his target is not achieved can profit is not adversely affected He may increase the supply at the same price to any extent
SUPPLY FUNCTION
When the relationship between quantity supplied and the determinants of supplied is expressed mathematically in an equation it is called a supply function So a supply function can be expressed asSn = f(Pn Pr Pf T Tr G)where Sn = Supply of commodity nPn = Price of the commodity nPr = Price of other related goodsPf = Price of inputsfactors
T = Technology of productionTr = Government policy or tax rateG = Goal or objective of the producer
Typically supply function shows the relationship between price and quantity supplied keeping all other determinants of supply as constant It shows the amount of a good that a seller supplies at different levels of price
LAW OF SUPPLYThe law of supply depicts the relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity when all other determinants of supply remain constant This law states that there is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity other factors determining supply remaining constant It means quantity supplied of a commodity increases with increase in price and decreases with decrease in price
Assumptions of the law of supplyThe phrase other determinants of supply remaining constant in the law of supply shows the assumptions of the law of supply The mains factors which influence the supply of a commodity one price of the commodity price of other related goods price of inputs technology of production taxation policy of the government and objective of the firm etc The law of supply is based on the assumptions that all these factors determining supply except price of the commodity should remain constant The following are the main assumptions of the law of supply(i) Price of other related goods should remain the same(ii) There should be no change in the price of inputs (factors)(iii) Technology of production should not change(iv) There is no change in the taxation policy of the government(v) Objective of the firm should not changeThe law of supply is based on the assumptions that the supply of commodity changes only due to change in price when all other determinant of supply remain constantClass XISubject Topic Summary Execution EVS Chapter-2
Ecology Answer the following questions briefly Q Draw a neat labeled diagram of carbon cycleAnsndash
Mathematics Principle of Mathematical Induction
1) What is statement Ans A sentence which may be true or false is called statement eg i) 5 is greater than 3 ii) New Delhi is the capital of India iii) 5 divides 7 These all are statements We see that statement (i) amp (ii) are true but (iii) is false 2 What is Mathematical StatementAns Statement involving mathematical relations are called mathematical statement We shall use mathematical statement in principle of
Example If n be a positive integer show that n(n+1) is an even positive integer Solution Let P(n) be the statement n(n+1) is an even positive integer Then (i) P(1) is the statement 1(1+1) ie 2 is an even positive integer Therefore P(1) is true (ii) If P(m) is true for some positive integer m then m(m+1) is an even integer Now (m+1) [(m+1)+1]=(m+1)sup2+ (m+1) =msup2+2m+1+m+1=msup2+m+2m+2=m(m+1) +2(m+1) = an even integer + an even positive integer [Since P(m) is true and 2(m+1) is an even
mathematical induction 3 What is the use of Principle of mathematical inductionAns Sometimes it is difficult to prove a statement theorem or a formula by direct method In this case we use an indirect method known as the Principle of mathematical induction There are two steps in this processSTEP 1 Varify that the statement or formula is true for one or two particular values of n say for n=1 2STEP 2 Assuming that the statement or formula is true for n=m where m is any positive integer show that it is true for n=m+1Conclusion Since the statement is true for n=2 it is true for n=2+1 that is 3 and since it is true for n=3 it is true for n=3 + 1 that is 4 and so on Hence the statement or formula is true for all positive integral values of n
positive integer]= an even positive integer Therefore P(m+1) is true when P(m) is true Therefore By the principle of Mathematical Induction P(n) is true for all positive integral values of n Hence n(n+1) is an even positive integer
Hindi 2ndlang एक फल की चाह 5 दख रहा था जस सो सथिर हो नही बठती थी कषण भर हाय ही चपचाप पडी थी अटल शागित शी धारण कर सनना यही चाहता था म उस सय ही
उकसा करमझको दी क परसाद का एक फल ही दो लाकर
शबदाथ ससथिर - परी तरह ठहरी हई अटल- पकका
उकसाकर - पररणा दकर
वयाखयाndash उपय[ पलि[यो म कगि सखिखया की ददशा का णन कर रहा ह जो उनक गिपता दवारा वय[ गिकया या ह अपनी बटी सखिखया कीददशा का
गितरण करत हए गिपता कहता ह गिक म अपनी आखो क सामन दख रहा था गिक मरी बटी जो पल भर क लिलए दिटककर नही बठती थी ह अब सथिर शात मरतित की तरह पढी थी अब म ह बार- बार इस बात क लिलए पररिरत कर रहा
था गिक ह मझ गिफर स ही शबद कह गिपताजी मझ दी क परसाद का एक फल लाकर दो
6 ऊच शल लिशखर क ऊपर मदिदर था गिसतीणर गिशाल सण कलशसरलिसज गिहलिसत थ पाकरसमदिदत रगि कर जाल दीप धल स अचछदिदत था मदिदर का
आन सारा ज रही थी भीतर बाहर मखरिरत उतस की धारा
शबदाथ - शल लिशखर- पहाड की ऊची चोटी
सतीणर - फला हआ
सण कलश - कमल क समान सदर सोन का कलश मखरिरत - परकट समदिदत - अचछी परकार खिखला हआ रगि कर जाल - सय की गिकरणो का समह
वयाखया- परसतत पलि[या म कगि न मदिदर की सदरता का णन गिकया ह कहत ह गिक मझ पहाड की चोटी पर एक गिलिशषट और गिशालमश था उसक
सोन क कलश सय की गिकरणो म चमकत हए ऐस परतीत हो रह थ जस सय की खिखली हईगिकरणो क ाा सपशपाकर सनहर कमल खिखल उठ हो मदिदर का
आन धप दीप की सध स भरा हआ था मदिदर क अदर और बाहर मनाए जा रह उसकी परसननता की ज सनाई द रही थी
Bengali (2nd language)
কোনি মনি নদী পরথম অধযোয়
হি_তীয় হিদরণে3র পাঠ-
হিবষটবাব গলাকটির কায় গররণে কা বলরণেত পাররণে0 3া শধ গচাখ হিদরণেয় রা পরকাশ করহি0ল কা বলরণেত বলরণেত গলাকটি পাঞজাহিব লহিn খরণেল জ কররণেত শর করল তাই গদরণেখ হিবষটবাব ত2মভ রণেয় গল চাটি ারার 2হিnরণেত গলাকটি হিবষটবাবর হিদরণেক এরণোরণেল হিতহি3 াা 3ীচ করণের 3াহিরণেয় গ33 হিদ গলাকটি হিবষটবাবরণেক চাটিরণেয় ায় তারণেল হিতহি3 তাাতাহিউরণেঠ গলাকটিরণেক ধররণেত পাররণেব3 3া কার তার শরীরণেরর ওজরণে3র জ3য এই শরণে3 হিবষটবাব বরণে3া গারণেষর ত গতরণেZরণে উরণেঠ দাাল তারণেত গলাকটি দাহিরণেয় শরীরটারণেক একট দহিলরণেয় হি3ল এই সব শরণে3 হিবষট ধর চপ করণের রইল শধ lsquoগঘাৎrsquo করণের একটা শবদ করল গলাকটি হিসহি হিদরণেয় ওঠা3াা কররণে0 গদরণেখ হিবষটবাব খাহি3কটা হিদরণেশারা রণেয় গলহিবষটবাবর গচারণেখ রারণের বদরণেল এখ3 গকৌতল হিতহি3 বরণেল3 ldquoখাওায় আার গলা2 গ3ই Uায়টিং কহিরrdquo হিকনত হিতহি3 কতটা Uায়টিং করণের তা তার শরীর আর খাবারণেরর তাহিলকা গদরণেখ গলাকটি বরণে= গল গলাকটি এহিরণেয় হিরণেয় হিবষটবাবর 2হিরণেত াত বহিলরণেয় হিদরণেল গস আরা অ32ব করণের3 এবং হিপহি0রণেয় া3 গলাকটি হিবষটবাবর সারণে3 তার শরীরণেরর কসরত পরদশ3 কররণেল হিবষটবাব রণে3 রণে3 হিব হিব করণের বরণেল3 হিতহি3ও গরাা রণেত চা3 গসই হরণেত nা গরণেক আবার হিচৎকার গ2রণেস আরণেস lsquoগকা হি3 গকা হি3rsquo
ldquoকী রক Uায়টিংrdquo-ক)বকতা গককারণেক বলরণে0খ)Uায়টিং কার অ কী ) Uায়টিং করা বযহিকতর গচারার ব3া দাও ঘ) তার Uায়টিং এর ব3া দাও
উঃ- ক) আরণেলাচয অংশটি হিত3ltীর গলখা lsquoগকাহি3rsquo উপ3যাস গরণেক গ3ওয়া রণেয়রণে0 আরণেলাচয কাটি বকতা রণেল3 সাদা লহিnপরা ারণেয় গরয়া পাঞজাহিব ও কারণেধ রহিn3 বযা ওয়ালা হিiহিতশ হিসং হিতহি3 কাটি বরণেলরণে03 হিবষট ধররণেকখ) Uারণেয়টিং কার অ ল পহিরহিত খাদয গর অাৎ খাদয তাহিলকায় সসত খারণেদযর গ3াগ3 বজায় গররণেখ খাদয গর) হিবষট ধরণেরর গচারা হিবশাল ওজ3 পরায় হিত3 গদখরণেত জলহিসতর রণেতা সারা শরীরণের চহিব ল ল কররণে0 বয়স পরায় চহিশ হিবশাল 2হি উপ রণেয় শরণেল হিচৎ রণেত পারণের3া গকউ গঠরণেল হিদরণেল হিচৎ রণেত পারণের তারণেক কায় নধ াদ3 পবরণেতর সরণেn তল3া করা য়ঘ) হিবষট ধর গকৌতলী রণেয় বরণেল তার খাওয়ার গকা3 গলা2 গ3ই গস Uায়টিং করণের আরণে গস আধ হিকরণেলা হিiর গখত এখ3 গস হিত3রণেশা গরা হিiর খায় জল খাবারণের কহিটা লহিচ গখত এখ3 পরণে3রণেরাটা লহিচ খায় আাইরণেশা গরা চারণেলর 2াত খায় হিঘ খাওয়া গ0রণে হিদরণেয়রণে0 রারণেত াতর বারণেরাটা রটি খায় হিবরণেকরণেল দ-গলাস হি0হিরর জল সরণেn চাররণেট কা পারণেকর সরণেltশ বাহিরণেত রাধাকষণ আরণে0 বরণেল হিবষট ধর া0 াংস খায়3া আর তারণেত তার গকা3 গলা2 লালসা গ3ই
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 276 to 313 (Sebastian helliphellipIt struck mine ear most terribly)[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]
Summary Questions amp AnswersConspiracy of Antonio and Sebastian
o Antonio further suggests murder of Alonso and eventually Sebastian agrees
o They draw their swords and proceed to murder Alonso and Gonzalo who are sleeping
(1) (Act II Sc 2 L 277-291)ANTONIO Ay sir where lies that If rsquotwere a kibe
rsquoTwould put me to my slipper but I feel notThis deity in my bosom Twenty consciencesThat stand rsquotwixt me and Milan candied be they And melt ere they molest Here lies your brotherNo better than the earth he lies uponIf he were that which now hes likemdashthats deadWhom I with this obedient steel three inches of itCan lay to bed for ever (whiles you doing thus
o As they approach Ariel appears again and wakes up Gonzalo by singing a tune in his ear Alonso also wakes up and they see both Sebastian and Antonio with drawn swords On being caught off guard they make up a story saying that they had heard a bellowing of bulls or lions
IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED
(Act II Sc 1 L 277-281)ANTONIOAy sir where lies that If rsquotwere a kibersquoTwould put me to my slipper but I feel notThis deity in my bosom Twenty consciencesThat stand rsquotwixt me and Milan candied be they And melt ere they molest
In these lines Antonio speaks how he is a conscienceless villain In inciting Sebastian to the kingship of Naples by murdering his brother he quotes his own example He too had banished his brother and made himself the Duke of Milan This kingship now sits upon him like a well fittinggarment So will be the case of Sebastian Sebastian then questions Antonio if this foul deed did not prick his conscience To this Antonio replies like a hardened villain He laughs at the word lsquoconsciencersquo and says that he has never heard of anything like conscience A guilty conscience gave him no more pain that is chilblain (M a painful itching and swelling on hand and foot caused by exposure to extreme cold) A man can get rid of the pain of chilblain by wearing slippers instead of shoes so does Antonio get rid of the qualms (M an uneasy feeling of doubt worry or fear especially about onersquos conduct) of conscience very easily Even if he were troubled by twenty consciences that barred his way to the throne of Milan however frozen they might be he would melt them into insensibility before they could cause him to twinge
To the perpetual wink of aye might putThis ancient morsel this Sir Prudence whoShould not upbraid our course) - for all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour
(i) To whom does Antonio speak these lines Who is referred to as lsquoyour brotherrsquo What does Antonio mean by saying lsquoNo better than the earth he lies uponrsquo
These lines are spoken by Antonio to Sebastian King Alonso is referred to as Sebastianrsquos brother Indicating towards Alonso who is lying asleep on the ground Antonio tells Sebastian that here sleeps his brother and at this time he is no better than a clod of the earth on which he lies asleep Antonio means to say that if he were actually to become what he looks like he would be a dead body(ii) According to Antonio what would he do if he were at the place of Sebastian
Antonio says that if he were in the position of Sebastian he would not care even for twenty consciences in order to win the kingship of Naples He would rather forget all his consciences if they happen to trouble him at all (iii) What does Antonio suggest to Sebastian What does Antonio assure him
Antonio suggests to Sebastian that in a moment Sebastian can put to death Gonzalo who pretends to be a very wise man and who on that account rebukes others (particularly Antonio and Sebastian) whereas he (Antonio) himself can put Alonso to death with only three inches of his willing sword Antonio further assures Sebastian that by killing both of them there will be none left to oppose him and in this way every obstacle in his way will be removed
(iv) Explain the lines lsquofor all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hourrsquo
In other words Antonio says that even if he were endowed with a stiff conscience he could easily relax or soften it for the execution of his purpose Then Antonio suggests that conscience should be no hindrance to a manrsquos future greatness
Comments These are terrible words coming from the mouth of a villain of the worst type He is utterly devoid of conscience or remorse He is an utter atheist of human virtue He speaks of conscience as a deity that he does not feel in his bosom
According to Antonio so far as the other lords (Adrian Francisco and others) are concerned they need not be murdered because they would obey the orders of Antonio and Sebastian as willingly and readily as cat licks milk These other lords would endorse and support everything that Sebastian and Antonio may say or suggest These other lords would adjust their views in accordance with the wishes of Antonio and Sebastian and they would regard all proposals made by Antonio and Sebastian as being opportune and also as being acceptable(v) What opinion do you form of Antonio from the above speech
The speech given above shows Antonio to be an absolutely unscrupulous man After saying that he does not believe in any such faculty as the conscience he suggests to Sebastian to
(Act II Sc 1 L 285-291)ANTONIOhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (whiles you doing thus To the perpetual wink of aye might putThis ancient morsel this Sir Prudence whoShould not upbraid our course) - for all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour
Antonio has convinced Sebastian that he has made himself Duke of Milan by a crime for which he has felt no pricks of conscience In these lines Antonio tells Sebastian that now that the chance has presented itself to him he should take it and be King of Naples So far as Alonso is concerned Antonio agrees to undertake the task of killing him by sticking only three inches of his sharp dagger Making a thrust in the air with his sword he tells Sebastian that by a similar method he can put to sleep forever Gonzalo ndash the old piece of flesh already rotten ndash this piece of antiquity ndash this ldquoSir Prudencerdquo who is never tired of reading his moral lectures to them If ldquoProfessor Wisdomrdquo is got rid of he will not be able to denounce their action as he would surely do if they did not dispatch him as well As for the rest of the kingrsquos counselors (Adrian and Francisco) it is their nature to adopt any statements and views which are placed before them just as it is the nature of a cat to lap milk Antonio assures Sebastian that ldquothese othersrdquo will back them up in whatever they say or do that they will count the strokes of the clock exactly as they bid them not according to the real time but according to the time that is right for their business Hence only two persons Alonso and Gonzalo are required to be removed to fulfill their ambition
murder Gonzalo at the very time when he (Antonio) stabs Alonso to death And yet this brutal man has a fertile wit also He can talk in a persuasive manner and also in a sarcastic and satirical manner He knows human nature thoroughly and he understands that Gonzalo is loyal to Alonso while the other lords are only sycophants who can easily be won over to Sebastianrsquos side after Alonso has been assassinated
(2) (Act II Sc 1 291-296)SEBASTIAN Thy case dear friend
Shall be my precedent as thou gotst MilanIll come by Naples Draw thy swordmdashone strokeShall free thee from the tribute which thou payest And I the King shall love thee
ANTONIO Draw together And when I rear my hand do you the likeTo fall it on Gonzalo
(i) Explain the situation and introduce the persons engaged in conversation
After the supposed shipwreck King Alonso with his lords his brother Sebastian and Antonio the Duke of Milan land on a strange island Prince Ferdinand is feared to be drowned While the King and others have fallen asleep after exertions of the day and Ariel with his sweet music acting as a catalyst Antonio and Sebastian are awake They have hatched a conspiracy to kill King Alonso and his loyal lord Gonzalo Then Sebastian will become King of NaplesIn these lines Antonio and Sebastian are engaged in conversation They are just ready to execute their plan to attack King Alonso and Gonzalo simultaneously(ii) Antoniorsquos case shall become Sebastianrsquos precedent What has been Antoniorsquos case
Antonio proved treacherous towards his brother Prospero who was the Duke of Milan Since Prospero spent his time in his scholarly pursuits he had delegated his powers to his younger brother Antonio to administer the dukedom Antonio grew ambitious He overthrew his brother and expelled him from his own dukedom In his place Antonio became the Duke of Milan which he continues to be now His case urges Sebastian to do the same(iii) How is Sebastian going to follow Antonio
Sebastian is going to take Antoniorsquos case as his precedent He is convinced that if Antonio could usurp the dukedom from his living brother Sebastian could become the King of Naples by killing his sleeping brother(iv) What will one stroke of Antoniorsquos sword do What will Sebastian do to reward Antonio
Sebastian asks Antonio to put an end to Alonsorsquos life with one stroke of his sword The same stroke will earn for him a reward Sebastian will become the King of Naples and he will exempt Antonio from paying the annual tribute to Naples The dukedom of Milan is a tributary to the kingdom of Naples Its Duke has to pay tribute to the King every year When Sebastian takes over as the King he will give a benefit to his friend who is helping him to realize his ambition
(v) What is Antoniorsquos suggestion
Antonio suggests that they may draw their swords together When he raises his hand to attack Alonso Sebastian should raise his sword to bring it down on Gonzalo
ACCOUNTS-11 25062020 Topic- depreciation ndashSTRAIGHT LINE METHOD
Illustration Salman and Usman Bros acquired a machine on July 1 2014 at a cost of Rs 70000 and spent Rs5000 on its installation The firm writes off depreciation 10 on straight line method The books are closed on December 31 every year Show the machinery and depreciation account for three years
Solution Machinery Account
Date Particulars LF amount Date Particulars LF` Amount ( Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014July 01 To Bank Ac 70000 Dec 31 Dec By Depreciation Ac 3750
(70000 x10x612)
July 01 To Bank Ac 5000 Dec31 By Balance cd 71250
75000 75000
2015 2015Jan 01 To Balance bd 71250 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 x10 ) Dec31 By Balance cd 63750
71250 71250
2016 2016Jan 01 To Balance bd 63750 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 (75000 x10 ) Dec 31 By Balance cd 56250
63750 63750
Depreciation Account
Date Particulars LF Amount Date Particulars LF Amount (Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 3750 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 3750
2015 2015
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
2016 2016
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
WORKING
Cost of Machine RS70000Cost of Installation Rs 5000
Total 75000
Rate of Depreciation 10
Then annual depreciation will be 10 of Rs 75000 = Rs 7500
Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution Geography DRIANAGE THE PENINSULAR RIVERS
1 The Mahanadi2 The Godavari3 The Krishna4 The Kaveri5 The Subarnarekha6 The Narmada7 The Tapi8 The Sabarmati and the Mahi9 The Chambal
The Mahanadi Basin The Mahanadi rises from Dandakaranya
Q1 Which is the largest river of peninsular plateau Write a brief note about its courseA1 The largest river of peninsular plateau is Godavari The river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has
near Sihawa in Raipur district in the highlands of Chhattisgarhand flows through Odisha to reach the Bay of BengalThe length of the river is about 857 kmIts drainagebasin is shared by Maharashtra Chhattisgarh Jharkhandand Odisha
THE MAHANADI RIVER SYSTEM
The GodavariThe river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
THE GODAVARI RIVER SYSTEM
many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
Q2 Which river is known as Dakshin GangaA2 The Godavari river is known as lsquoDakshin Gangarsquo It is also known as Vridha Ganga
Q3 Differentiate between east-flowing rivers and west-flowing riversA3
East-flowing rivers
West-flowing rivers
Godavari Krishna Kaveri Mahanadi are the east-flowing rivers
Narmada Tapiwest-flowing rivers
They fall into the Bay of Bengal
They fall into Arabian Sea
These rivers form big deltas
These rivers form comparativelysmall deltas
Catchment area of these river are larger
Catchment area of these river are smaller
The KrishnaThe Krishna river rises from the Western Ghatsnear Mahabaleshwar It flows into the Bay of Bengalbefore forming a large delta Its length is about1400 km The Tungabhadra Koyana Ghatprabha Musi and Bhima are some of its tributariesIt has covers parts of Maharashtra Karnataka and AndhraPradesh
THE KRISHNA RIVER SYSTEM
The KaveriIt rises in the Brahmagiri range of the Western Ghats and flows into the Bay ofBengal Southof Cuddalore in Tamil Nadu The length of the river is about 760 km Its main tributaries are the Amravati Bhavani Hemavati and Kabini The Kaveri drains inthe parts of Karnataka Kerala and drains in Tamil Nadu The river Kaveri makes the second biggest waterfall in India known as Sivasamudram
POLITICAL SCIENCE
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
MEANING OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS-Fundamental rights are those rights which are essential for intellectual moral and spiritual development of citizens of India As these rights are fundamental or essential for existence and all-round development of individuals hence they are called Fundamental rights These are enshrined in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India These include individual rights common to most such as equality before the law freedom of speech and freedom of expression religious and cultural freedom Freedom of assembly (peaceful assembly) freedom of religion (freedom to practice religion) right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writsThere are six fundamental rights recognized by the Indian constitution
1 Right to equality (Articles 14-18)2 Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22)3 Right Against exploitation (Articles 23-24)4 Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25- 28)5 Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29-30) and6 Right to Constitutional remedies (Articles 32-35)
1 The right to equality includes equality before the law the prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion race caste gender or place of birth equality of opportunity in matters of employment the abolition of untouchability and abolition of titles
2 The right to freedom includes freedom of speech and expression association or union or cooperatives movement residence and right to practice any profession or occupation
3 The right against exploitation prohibits all forms of forced labour child labour and trafficking of human beings
4 The right to freedom of religion includes freedom of conscience and free profession practice and propagation of religion freedom to manage religious affairs freedom from certain taxes and freedom from religious instructions in certain educational institutes
5 The Cultural and educational Rights preserve the right of any section of citizens to conserve their culture language or script and right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice
6 The right to constitutional remedies is present for enforcement of fundamental rightsThe right to privacy is an intrinsic part of Article 21 (the Right to Freedom) that protects the life and liberty of the citizens The right to privacy is the newest right assured by the Supreme court of India It assures the peoples data and personal security
Fundamental rights for Indians have also been aimed at overturning the inequalities of pre-independence social practices Specifically they have also been used to abolish untouchability and thus prohibit discrimination on the grounds of religion race caste sex or place of birth They also forbid trafficking of human beings and forced labour (a crime) They also protect cultural and educational rights of religious and linguistic minorities by allowing them to preserve their languages and also establish and administer their own education institutions They are covered in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India
Mathematics
Relation Study Item Types of RelationToday class xii students we will discuss about the types of RelationsFirst we discuss Void RelationWhat is Void RelationAns Let A be a non-empty set Then φ A A and so it is a relation R on set A Thissube ⨯ relation is called the void or empty relation on set ANow from the above definition we came to know that no element of A is related to any element of AHere A A is called Cartesian product⨯
is the symbol of subsetsubeAnd φ is called phi and refer to void or empty relationNow I give an example to understand the above said relationLet A = 1 2 3 4Here A A =(11)(12)(13)(14)(21)(22)(23)(24)(31)(32)(33)(34)(41)⨯(42)(43)(44)Now we consider R is a relation which is defined by R=(ab) a+b= 50We notice that a+b 50 for any two elements of AnotinTherefore (ab) R for any ab A is called belong to and is not belong tonotin isin isin notinTherefore we can say R does not contain any element of A A⨯Therefore R is empty set Therefore we can say that R is the void or empty relation on AWhat is universal RelationAns Let A is a set Then A A A A and so it is a relation on A This relation is called⨯ sube ⨯ the universal relation on ANow from the above definition we can say that each element of A is related to every element of ANow we consider the relation R on the set A =1 234 defined by R = (ab) R |a -b|isin
0≽We observe that|a - b | 0 for all ab A≽ isin
(ab) R for all (ab) A ArArr isin isin ⨯ Each element of set A is related to set A every element of set ArArr
Therefore we write R= AxATherefore we can say R is universal relation on set ANote we can say that void relation is smallest relation and the universal relation is largest relationSometime both void relation and universal relation is called trivial relationWhat is identity relationAns Let A is a non-empty set Then the relation R or IA = (aa) a A on A is called theisin identity relation on A Therefore from the above definition we can say that every element of A is related to itself only
Example Let A = 1234 then Ror IA = (11)(22)(33)(44) is the identity relation on set ANow I give you another example R1 = (11)(22)(33) and R2 = (11)(22)(33)(44)(24)From the above example we can say that R1 and R2 are not identify relation Because in the case of R1 (44)R1 and on the other hand R2 where element 2 is related to elements 2 and 4
Hindi 2ndlang
भलि[ (महादी मा)
भलि[ कहानी की लखिखका महादी मा न इस कहानी म यह दशान का परयास गिकया ह गिक आजकल क जमान म भी लो सक बन कर गिनसाथ सा करत ह ह
गिबना तन लिसा करत ह और उसक बदल ना कछ मात ह और ना ही कोई आशा करत ह नौकर सा करक तन चाहता ह और ह भी कई सगिधाओ की आशा करता ह पर सक सदा गिनजी साथ भा स सा म सलगन रह कर काम करता ह भलि[ कहानी की मखय पातर लकषमी ह जिजस भलि[ नाम लखिखका न दिदया ह ह गिकसी
ोपाल काकी कनया ह पाच रष की आय म उसकी गि माता न ौना ही कर दिदया कहानी म भलि[ क दखो का अत नही ह गिफर भी ह बडी साहसी धयान और परिरशरमी ह कदिठनाइयो स जझ ती ह पहल गिपता की मतय गिफर पगित की मतय और
गिफर घर जमाई की मतय होती ह उस साहसी मगिहला न साहस नही छोडा और तीनो पतरी ओक हाथ पील गिकए लाना द पान क कारण उसका जमीदार न अपमान गिकया गिफरकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहचीकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहची शहर पहच करा लखिखका की सगिका बनी ही पर उसका नाम भलि[ पडा ह एक भ[ की तरह अपन सामिमनी की इमानदारी स सा करती और तन का जिजकर भी नही करती ह लखिखका क घर पाठशाला आदिद को अचछी तरह स सभालती पढी-
लिलखी ना होकर भी ह लखिखका की बहत सा ए सहायता करती ह लखिखका का साया बनकर चलती लखिखका की सा करना उसक जीन का उददशय ह ह
लखिखका की खशी क लिलए ही काय करती ह ह लखिखका को दखी नही दख सकती लखिखका पर भलि[ का इतना परभा पडा गिक ह सय दहाती बन ई
यदध क दिदनो म ह अपन परिरार क साथ रहन की अपकषा लखिखका क साथ रहना पसद करती थी यदध क भत न जब ीटा क ान पर पलायन गित जा दी तो
भलि[ न न लखिखका को अपन ा ल जान का अनरोध करन ली लखिखका को डर ह गिक यदिद उसक गिदा होन क अगितम छठा ए तो ह दहातीन दधा कया कर ी
इस परकार हम दखत ह गिक लखिखका न सामिमनी और सगिका क ण बरसात हए सक धम पर परकाश डाला ह और लखिखका न एक आदश सगिका क रप को सदर
रप स परसतत गिकया हBengali আদাব পরশন) ldquoশরণের ১৪৪ ধারা আর কারহিZউ অU ার জারী রণেয়রণে0ldquo
ক) কার গলখা গকা3 রচ3ার অংশ খ)গকাায় গক3 ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়রণে0 )১৪৪ ধারা কী এর Zরণেল কী য়
উততর) ক)আরণেলাচ য অংশটি সরণেরশ বসর রহিচত lsquoআদাবlsquo গ0াট রণেলপর অংশ
খ) বাংলারণেদরণেশর ঢাকা শরণের ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়হি0ল সামপরদাহিয়ক াnাা ও দাnা পরহিতরণেরারণেধর জ3 য হিlt সলা3রণেদর গ3তারণেদর সামপরদাহিয়ক উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা বারণেধ উ2য় সমপরদায় 2ীত রণেয় ঘর বহিlt রণেয় পরণে পরসপর পরসপররণেক সরণেltরণের গচারণেখ গদরণেখ গকউ কাউরণেক আরণের রণেতা হিবশবাস কররণেত পারণের3া হিক0 া3রণেষর উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা য় ার পহির3া অরণেতক রকত iয় ও ত য
) ১৪৪ ধারা আইরণে3র এ3 একটা ধারা ার _ারা এলাকা হি3হিদ ষট করণের গদওয়া য় গসই এলাকার রণেধ য গবহিশ া3রণেষর জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় হিহি0ল জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় আই3 2nকারীরণেক গহিলর হি3রণেদশ জাহির করা য় তাই সাধার3 া3ষ আর বাইরণের গবর রণেত পারণের3া পরারণে3র 2রণেয় বহিlt রণেয় ারণেক এর Zল য় সাংঘাহিতক গদাকা3 পাট বনধ ারণেক
হিজহি3স পতর অহিল য় রাসতা ঘাট জ3 শ3 য রণেয় ায় লরণেঠরা তারণেদর লঠত রাজ চাহিলরণেয় হি3রণেজরণেদর আরণেখর গহি0রণেয় গ3য় া3ষরণেক 2ীহিতর হিব2ীহিষহিক গরাস করণের ঘরণেরর া3রণেষর ইkা াকরণেলও ঘরণের হিZররণেত পারণের3া হিZররণেত হিরণেয় বltরণেকর গহিলরণেত পরা3 ারায়
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today we will discuss about Types of Leaves
An organization provides several kinds of leaves to the employees These days employees working both in government and private sector are allowed several types of leaves Following are the leaves achieved by the employees from their organization
Casual LeaveChild care leave -HospitalLeaveSpecial disability leaveChild Adoption leaveEarned LeavesHalf pay leaveMaternity leavePaternityleaveStudy leave
1 Casual Leave- Casual leave is not a recognised form of leaves and is not subject to any rules made by the government of India And official on casual leave is not treated as Absent from duty and pay is not intimated Normally 8 days of casual leave is permissible in a calendar year
2 Child care leave - Women employees having minor children may be granted child care leave by an authority competent to grant leave for a maximum period of 730 days means two years during their entire service for taking care of up to two children weather for sharing or to look after any of their names like examination sickness it is a
3HospitalLeave - Hospital leave is admissible to group C employees whose duties involved handling of dangerous machinery explosive materials poisonous drugs and performance of hazardous task and to group D employees Medical certificate from an authorised medical attendant is necessary for the grant of these leave However total period of
leave does not exceed 28 months4Special disability leave- Special
disability leave admissible to all employees when disabled by injury intentionally or accidentally inflicted are caused in law in consequence of the due performance of official duties or in consequence of official position It also it is also add miscible when disabled by illness incurred in the performance of any particular duty which has the effect of increasing laboratory to illness or injury beyond the ordinary least attaching to the Civil post held and the same condition
5Child Adoption leave- This leave is granted to female Employees with fewer than two surviving children on valid adoption of a child below the age of one year for a period of 135 days immediately after the date of valid adoption Leave salary will be equal to the pain immediately before processing on leave
6Earned Leaves- This leave is earned by duty The credit for earned leave will be awarded at a rate of 15 days on the 1st of January and 1st of July every year It can be accumulated up to 300 days in addition to the number of days for which encashment has been allowed along with LTC
7 Half pay leave -All government servant are entitled to 20 days of HPL half pay leave for every completed year of service Half pay leave is calculated at 20 days for each completed year of service The service includes periods of duty and leave including extra ordinary leave with or without MC (medical certificate)
8 Maternity leave -Maternity leave is granted to women Government employees full stop it is as possible only to Employees with less than 2 surviving children The maternity leave is not debited to leave account and full pay is granted It cannot be combined with any other the leaves and count as service for increment and pension
9 PaternityleaveA male employee with less than 2 surviving children may be granted paternity leave for a period of 15 days during the confinement of
his wife During the period of such leaves he shall be paid leave salary equal to the pay drawn immediately before proceeding on leave
10 Study leave-Study leave may be granted to all Government Employees with not less than 5 years service for undergoing a special course consisting of higher studies are specialised training in a professional or technical subject having a direct and close connection with the sphere of his duties as a Civil Servant
Commerce
Chapter-5Management
Let us today discuss about the nature of Management
Nature of management Management is defined as
An art A science A profession
Management is defined as an art because of the following reasons
1 In art there is an existence of theoretical knowledge Similarly in management various theories are propounded by management thinkers in various areas of management like finance marketing human resources etc
2 Every manager apply his or her personal skills and knowledge in the day to day functioning of an enterprise
3 Like an art management is creative as it provides solutions to Complex problems making resources productive and profitable moulding the attitudes of people for the betterment of an organisation
Management is is considered as science because of the following reasons
1 Like science there is a systemised body of knowledge in management consisting of theories principles vocabulary and concept
2 Principles of management are evolved after continuous observations and experimentation
Management both as Science and ArtManagement is both a science and an art It is a science because it uses certain principles and is an art because it requires continuous practice and application of personal skillsManagement as a profession Following points highlight whether management is a profession or not1 Like profession management has well
defined body of knowledge It has its own principles which are based on experiments One can acquire such
knowledge by pursuing courses like MBA BBA etc and acquire managerial skills through instruction and training
2 In management no such restriction is there for managers to clear an examination for hold a degree However these days more and more people are appointed for managerial post who opposes management degrees
3 Membership to a professional Association like AIMA is not mandatory for managers All managers directly or indirectly work for the development of society
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Essay Questions (EQ-2)
Question No 2Sketch the character of Prospero Would you call him perfect
AnswerProspero in The Tempest appears to be an intensely human being with human failings and weaknesses With all his excellence Prospero is made to awaken our sympathy for a natural imperfection Prosperorsquos Previous HistoryIn his retrospective narration of his previous history to Miranda we get a glimpse into Prosperorsquos past life As the Duke of Milan Prospero buried himself in his magic books which he prized above his dukedom He was essentially a scholar with no practical wisdom He failed to perform his first duty by neglecting the governance of his state and gave an opportunity to his wicked brother to undermine his throne He was thus driven from his home and thrown in a leaky boat with his weeping daughter to drift in the perilous seas It is only the thought of his little child that kept him aliveThe Development of Prosperorsquos CharacterThe development of his character is evident from the contrast between what he was before his banishment and what he is now in the island Formerly when his ldquolibrary was dukedom enoughrdquo he was altogether too unsuspecting Now he is watchful as providence and takes care to guard himself against the possibility of evil He has learnt to know human nature in its worst forms even Caliban has taught him something He will no longer put his trust in appearance except as ldquostale to catch thievesrdquo nor in oaths of which the strongest he says ldquoare straw to the fire irsquo the bloodrdquo He who once neglected worldly ends now consistently asserts his dignity enforces obedience and deals out justice with impartial hand He who without a thought of evil gave his power and his revenues into his brotherrsquos hands now puts Ferdinand to the severest test as a trial of his love before entrusting his daughter to him He makes the most practical use imaginable of his magic art exacts prompt servitudefrom his attendants does not hesitate to punish them is resolved and firm and knows how to seize the proper moment for action He is a most careful father to his daughter a considerate master of Ariel severe against the brutal Caliban humane towards the repentant enemies full of experience and wisdomThe Exercise of his Power ndash his SternnessWhat appears to us at the first sight one of the least pleasing features of Prosperorsquos character is the sternness which he frequently displays more particularly in his dealings with Caliban His harshness towards Caliban resulted from the failure of gentler methods his severity towards Ferdinand was exercised in the interest of his daughter ldquolest too light winning make the prize lightrdquo and his punishment of Alonso Sebastian and Antonio is justified by the attainment of his objectiveProsperorsquos TendernessThe tender side of Prosperorsquos character is exhibited in his relation to Miranda Ariel Gonzalo and the repentant sinners His love for Miranda is unbounded She was almost life to him In his darkest hours of trial this love sustained him and gave him strength to put a bold front to suffering He addresses her always with tenderness She is to him a lsquoloved darlingrsquo lsquodear heartrsquo lsquoa rich giftrsquo lsquoa third of his own lifersquo The same affectionate nature is shown in his dealing with his brother Antonio He loved his brother Antonio only next to Miranda before Antonio conspired against him In the island when Antonio is brought before him he forgives him
readily To Gonzalo the good old councilor he is all affection He sheds tears of joy and gratitude when he meets him in the island To Ariel he is a loving and considerable master Ariel is always to him ldquomy brave spiritrdquo ldquofine spiritrdquo ldquodelicate Arielrdquo ldquomy Arielrdquo etc When he promises Ariel his freedom he says with real emotion ndash ldquoI shall miss theerdquoProsperorsquos Power as a MagicianThe practice of magic has placed wonderful powers in the hands of Prospero He uses his supernatural powers like a god only to bring about the happiest results He causes The Tempest and the shipwreck only to bring his enemies within his power and not to destroy them Not a soul perished in the storm He leads Ferdinand to Miranda his high charms work and as he wishes the two falls in love He frustrates the plots of the conspirators and makes them know that he was conscious of it He drives Sebastian and Alonso to sincere repentance and readily forgives them The drunken associates of Caliban are no doubt sternly treated but even then they are promised conditional pardon The whole play at last ends in reconciliation joy and peace The wrongs are set right the lovers are made happy Ariel is set free and thus the powerful magician retires into the solitude of his study at MilanProsperorsquos ForgivenessAllied to his wisdom is his forgiving nature Though deeply wronged he bears no spite against the wrong-doers Though his power is unlimited he uses it to noble purposes The lesson of adversity has taught him that ldquoThe rarer action is in virtue than in vengeancerdquoProspero does not debase his noble nature by revenge but forgives his enemies absolutely He drives his erstwhile enemies to a sincere penitence for their past misdeeds and when repentance has wrought its full effect on them he receives them into his arms and is reconciled to them Is Prospero perfectProspero creates a great impression upon our minds by his dignity his nobility the divine spirit of forgiveness in him his generous and sympathetic nature etc Even with all these virtues we cannot call him perfect We perceive certain faults in him He displays an occasional impatience irritability and even a certain harshness of feeling His severe treatment of Caliban might have been justified but the language in which he addresses the monster and the threats that he uses show him to be a kind of tyrant On learning of Calibanrsquos plot against his life he is as violently disturbed and agitated as any ordinary human being would be His manner towards Ariel when the latter demands his liberty also seems somewhat arbitrary and tyrannicalSubject ndashBiology Topic ndashChapter -5 Inheritance amp Variations Summary ExecutionToday we will discuss about NON-Mendelian Inheritance
NON_MENDELIAN INHERITANCE Incomplete Dominance It is an inheritance in which heterozygous offspring shows
intermediate character between two parental characteristics Eg Flower colour in snapdragon (dog flower or Antirrhinum sp) and
Mirabilis jalapa ( 4rsquoO clock plant) Here phenotypic and genotypic ratios are same Phenotypic Ratio 1Red 2 Pink 1 White Genotypic Ratio 1(RR) 2 (Rr) 1(rr) This means that R was not completely dominant over r Pea plants also show incomplete dominance in other traits
Co- dominance It is the inheritance in which both alleles of a gene are expressed in a
hybrid Eg ABO blood grouping in human ABO Blood groups are controlled by the gene I The plasma membrane of the RBC has sugar polymer that protrude
from its surface and is controlled By the gene The gene I has three alleles IA IB i The alleles IA and IB produce a slightly different form of the sugar
while allele i does not produce any sugar In AB blood group both IA and IB are present together This is co ndash
dominanceMultiple Alleles
Multiple alternatives of the same gene which influence the same character and produce different expressions in different individuals of a species or population same genes have more than two allelic
forms These different forms of a single gene are referred as multiple alleles Eg human Blood group
Ac-12 250620 Topic- retirement
Illustration Om Jai and Jagdish are partners sharing profit in the ratio of 3 2 l Their balance sheet as at December 31st 2014 is as under
Balance sheet as at December 31 2014
Liabilities Amount Assets Amount
(Rs`) (Rs`)
Creditors 80000 Building 180000 Bills Payable 26000 Plant 140000 General reserve 24000 Motor Car 40000 Capital Stock 100000 Om 160000 Debtors 63000 Jai 120000 Less Provision Jagdish 120000
400000 for Bad debts 3000
60000 Cash at Bank 10000
530000 530000
Jai retires on that date on the following terms(a) The Goodwill of the firm is valued at Rs 60000(b) Stock and Building to be appreciated by 10(c) Plant is depreciated by 10(d) Provision for Bad debts is increased upto Rs 5000(e) Jairsquos share of goodwill was adjusted through remaining partners capital accountThe amount due to Jai is paid out of the fund brought in by Om and Jagdish in theirnew profit sharing ratio Jai is paid full amountPrepare Revaluation Account and Partnerrsquos Capital account
Solution WorkingsIt is assumed that Om and Jagdish gaining ratio remains 3 lJairsquo Share of goodwill = Rs 60000 times 26 = Rs20000Adjusted through the remaining partners capital account in 3 1 ratio
Revaluation Account
Dr Cr
Particulars Amount Particulars Amount
(Rs`) (`Rs)
To Provision for Bad debts 2000 By Stock 10000TO Plant 14000 By Building 18000To Profit transferred toCapital Accounts Om 6000 Jai 4000 Jagdish 2000
12000
28000 28000
Capital AccountDr Cr Particulars Om Jai Jagdish Particulars Om Jai Jagdish
(Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (rs`) (`Rs)
To Capital 15000 mdash 5000 By Balance bd 160000 120000 120000 ToBank 152000 By General Reserve 12000 8000 4000To Balance cd 277000 mdash 159000 By Revaluation (Profit) 6000 4000 2000 By Om Capital mdash 15000 mdash ByJagdish Capital mdash 5000 By Bank 114000 38000
292000 152000 164000 292000 152000 164000
PRACTICE THE GIVEN FLOWCHARTS AND ALGORITHMS
Class IXSubject Topic Summary Execution Bengali (2nd
language) চারণেদর পাাহিব2হিত2ষ বরণেltযাপাধযায় হি_তীয় অধযায়
ldquoআহি`কার হিবখযাত া0 শঙকর কতবার 0হিবরণেত গদরণেখরণে0rdquo ক) আহি`কার হিবখযাত া0টির 3া হিক া0টির হিবরণেশষতব হিকখ)শঙকর গকাায় হিকরণেসর জ3য হিরণেয়হি0ল ) গস গসখারণে3 হিক খরণেজ পায়
উঃ- হিব2হিত2ষ বরণেltযাপাধযায় রহিচত lsquoচারণেদর পাাrsquo উপ3যারণেস আহি`কার হিবখযাত া0টির 3া ল বাওবাব া0টির হিবরণেশষতব ল া0টি গবশ গাটা গসাটা া0টির জার হিবষয় ল া0টি তার গহিরণেত ১৬ হিলটার জল ধরণের রাখরণেত পারণের তষণায় কাতর পচারীরা অরণে3ক সয় এই ারণে0র গহিরণেত 0হির গরণের Zরণেটা করণের জল পা3 করণের
খ) শঙকর আহি`কায় হিরণেয়হি0ল অযাUরণে2ঞচারণেরর গ3শায় অনধকারয় এই ারণেদরণেশর পরহিতটি সথারণে3 গ3 রসয লহিকরণেয় আরণে0 এই ররণেসযর অ3সনধা3 কররণেত হিরণেয় অরণে3ক পটক পরা3 াহিররণেয়রণে0 আবার অরণে3রণেক হিসংরণের গপরণেট গরণে0 তবও অহি2াতরী া3ষ অহি2া3 বনধ করণের হি3আহি`কার ইউানডা গরলওরণেয়র 3Uরবা গসটশ3 গরণেক বাাততর াইল দহিi3 পহিj গকারণে3 একটা শাখা লাই3 হৈতহির হিkল গরল গকামপাহি3র গসখারণে3 শঙকর ক3সটরাকস3 কযারণেমপর গকরাহি3 ও সরকাহির গসটারহিকপার রণেয় গা হিদরণেয়হি0লপরণের শঙকর একটা গরলরণেসটশরণে3র গসটশ3াসটার য় এরপরণের গস আল2ারণেররণেজর সরণেn ীরার পাা খজরণেত গবহিররণেয় পরণে
) গ0াটরণেবলা গরণেক শঙকর শরণে3 আসরণে0 আহি`কায় গসা3া রপা ীরার 0া0হি একট গচষটা কররণেল গসা3া রপা ীরা আহিবসকার করণের বরণোরণেলাক ওয়া ায় এই সব খজরণেত হিরণেয় শঙকর আহি`কার পরাকহিতক ররণেপর গ সনধা3 গপরণেয়হি0ল তার তল3া গ3ই ঘ3 অর3য পবতরাহিজ =র3া 3দী জীবজনত সবই তারণেক হিদরণেয়রণে0 আ3lt শঙকর ীরার গখারণেজ হিরণেয় ীরা 3া গপরণেলও পরাকহিতক ররণেপর গরণে3 শঙকরণেরর 3 ীরায় পহিরত রণেয়হি0ল
EVS Chapter 2 ndash Species interaction with each other Long Answer Question
Living Things in Ecosystems
bull ParasitismParasitism is a relationship between two different organisms where one of the organisms actually harms the other through the relationship The organism that is harming the other one is called a parasite Examples of Parasitism Fleas or ticks that live on dogs and cats are parasites
bull MutualismMutualisms are defined as interactions between organisms of two different species in which each organism benefits the other
bull CommensalismCommensalism is a relationship between individuals of two species in which one species obtains food or other benefits from the other without either harming or benefiting the latter
bull SynergismThe interaction of things resulting in the overall effect that is greater than the sum of individual effects of any of them
Q) How biotic and abiotic components are inter-related Ans - In an eco system biotic and abiotic components depend on each other The biotic and abiotic components are connected in ecosystem in different way The sun is the energy source Producersplants use this energy to synthesize food in the presence of carbon dioxide and chlorophyll The herbivores are dependent on plants for the energy requirements The carnivores in turn feed on the herbivores and other carnivores At any level microbes then decompose any dead and decaying organic matter These decomposers after various chemical reactions release molecules back to the environment in the form of chemicals The chemicals are again used by the producers and the cycle starts againIn conclusion ecosystems have a complex set of interactions that happen between the biotic and abiotic components The components of an ecosystem are linked to each other through the energy flows and nutrient cycles
Commercial Studies
Chapter-7Joint Stock Company
In previous class we have explained about the meaning of Joint Stock Company features of Joint Stock Company
Let us explain about
Merits of Joint Stock Company
Merits of Joint stock CompanyStabilityPublic confidenceProfessional managementTransferability of sharesLimited Liability
Merits of Joint Stock Company StabilityA company enjoys stable durable enduring and uninterrupted business life A company continues to exist even if all its members die or deserted Maintenance of continuity of policy of administration is very much ensured in the case of Joint Stock CompanyPublic confidenceA public company enjoys the confidence of the public as the same is guided and controlled by strict regulations Since the companies financial accounts are published and circulated the public has enough faith on the activities of the company Thus a company enjoys better prestige and regulation greater public confidence as a wholeEfficient professional managementDue to its large financial resources and continuity a company can avail of the services of highly qualified
persons who are experts in different fields of business management In this way the benefits of specialization and centralized management can be securedTransferability of sharesSince the shares of a joint stock company are freely transferable they provide necessary liquidity to the investment of the people Shares of public companies are generally listed on a stock exchange so that people can easily buy and sell themLimited LiabilityThe liability of shareholders is limited only to the extent of face value of share held by them Shareholders are not personally liable for the debts of the company Thus the risk is known and also limited
Economics Chapter4 Basic Problems of An Economy
Today let discuss about the Meaning of Efficiency use of ResourcesNeeds of efficient use of resources
Resource efficiency is the maximising of the supply of money materials staff and other assets that can be drawn on by a person or organization in order to function effectively with minimum wasted (natural) resource expenses It means using the Earths limited resources in a sustainable manner while minimising environmental impact
Necessity for efficient use resources Once the flow of resources through the economy has reached its maximum sustainable limit (and many would argue that wersquove already passed that point for some resources) the only way to maintain economic growth in the long run is to become more resource efficient ndash finding ways to generate greater returns from the same amount of resources
Resource efficiency isnrsquot only valuable because it is essential for sustained economic growth Promoting resource efficiency can increase the competitiveness of industry create jobs stimulate innovation boost sectors such as recycling and resource recovery and help ensure secure supplies of key
QuestionWhat do you mean by Efficient use of Resources
Answer) Resource efficiency is the maximising of the supply of money materials staff and other assets that can be drawn on by a person or organization in order to function effectively with minimum wasted (natural) resource expenses It means using the Earths limited resources in a sustainable manner while minimising environmental impact
Why do we need to use our resources efficientlyAnswer) Once the flow of resources through the economy has reached its maximum sustainable limit (and many would argue that wersquove already passed that point for some resources) the only way to maintain economic growth in the long run is to become more resource efficient ndash finding ways to generate greater returns from the same amount of resources
Resource efficiency isnrsquot only valuable because it is essential for sustained economic growth Promoting resource efficiency can increase the competitiveness of industry create jobs stimulate innovation boost sectors such as recycling and resource recovery and help ensure secure
resources supplies of key resources
Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)
Topic Act II Scene 7 Lines 1 to 35 (Morocco hellip What if I stray no further but choose here )
[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase provided]
Summary Questions amp Answers
Having disposed of the minor story of Jessicarsquos elopement we now return to the main plot We are now shown how affairs are progressing with Portia in her home in Belmont
This is the first of the three scenes where a suitor makes a choice between golden silver and leaden caskets It will be noted that while making the choice all the lovers soliloquize and reveal their personality and character We have already observed the manly soldierly but primitive personality of the Prince of Morocco His has a simple nature and does not look deeply into the inner meaning of things but is dazzled by the outward appearance of gold He is inclined to over-estimate his own value and does not realize that it is a duty to ldquogive and hazardrdquo So his feeling is only one of fascination and romantic attraction We cannot believe that he has a deep and lasting love for Portia
In this scene two characters appear ndash Portia and the Prince of Morocco Portia explains to the Prince that the correct casket shall be the one that contains her picture She will be the wife of the person who will choose the correct casket and in the process get whatever she has
The Prince examines the inscriptions on each of the caskets and interprets them
(1) (Act II Sc 7 L 1-5)
Portia Go draw aside the curtains and discover
The several caskets to this noble princeNow make your choice
Morocco The first of gold who this inscription bearsWho chooseth me shall gain what many men desire
(i) Who is Morocco How did he introduce himself to Portia when they first met in an earlier scene
Prince Morocco is a dark skinned boastful warrior of African origin who seeks the hand of Portia He introduces himself as a person who lives near the equator where the exposure to sun rays have to be blamed for his complexion He says that Portia should not dislike him for his dark skin
(ii) How would Morocco know that he had made the right choice What would his reward be
Morocco would know he has chosen the right casket if he finds Portiarsquos portrait in one of them His reward would be Portiarsquos hand in marriage
(iii) Which casket did Morocco finally choose What reasons did he give for rejecting the casket made of lead
Morocco chooses the golden casket He says that lead is of lowly origin and the portrait of a lady as great as Portia cannot be placed in it He reads the inscription ldquoWho chooseth me must give and hazard all he hathrdquo This makes the box too threatening He wonders why anyone should risk everything for lead He also feels that a golden mind like his should not bow down to choose something worthless So he will not risk anything for lead
(iv) What two objects did Morocco find in the casket of his
before choosing
The inscription on the leaden casket says ldquoWho chooseth me must give and hazard all he hathrdquo The Prince was shocked and says as to why anyone should risk for the sake of lead The leaden casket is a threat Nobody would risk all they have for lead He says that no noble person would stoop to choose such a worthless thing as lead So he will not give nor risk anything for lead
The Prince then examines the inscription on the silver casket which says ldquoWho chooseth me shall get as much as he deservesrdquo The Prince says that he deserves Portia more than anybody else because of his high rank his noble birth and his great wealth and power But then he argues that silver is ten times inferior to gold and therefore he cannot believe that the portrait of such a beautiful lady as Portia can be contained in the silver casket He decides to see the inscription on the golden casket before making his decision
choice What reason does he give to Portia for leaving in haste
The Prince of Morocco chooses the golden casket and on opening it finds a human skull within whose hollow eye-socket was a scroll or a roll of paper in which it is written that those who are attracted by the glittering outside of things are always deceived as Morocco has been deceived
Morocco says he is moved and that he does not want to make his departure a painstaking process and he wants to leave immediately without revealing his emotions He should also obey the rule of the game which states the one who loses the test should leave immediately
(v) How does Portia respond to Moroccorsquos parting words What does this reveal of her nature
Portia is relieved that Morocco has left without making any scene It was a gentle riddance and all like him should go in a similar manner This shows that Portia has a kind heart and does not want anyone to he hurt Her love for Bassanio over-rides her passion that makes her wish that only he should be able to make the right choice At the same time like a dutiful daughter she does not want to disrespect her fatherrsquos wishes Hence she is willing to go through the casket injunctions
(2) (Act II Sc 7 L 15-35)
MOROCCO helliphelliphelliphelliphellip
What says this leaden casket Who chooseth me must give and hazard all he hath Must givemdashFor what for lead hazard for leadThis casket threatens Men that hazard allDo it in hope of fair advantagesA golden mind stoops not to shows of drossIll then nor give nor hazard aught for leadWhat says the silver with her virgin hueWho chooseth me shall get as much as he deservesAs much as he deservesmdashPause there MoroccoAnd weigh thy value with an even handIf thou best rated by thy estimationThou dost deserve enough and yet enoughMay not extend so far as to the ladyAnd yet to be afeard of my deservingWere but a weak disabling of myselfAs much as I deservemdashWhy thats the ladyI do in birth deserve her and in fortunesIn graces and in qualities of breeding
But more than these in love I do deserveWhat if I strayed no further but chose here
(i) What does the Prince of Morocco do before making his selection What does his comment reflect How does he analyse the inscription of the leaden casket and what is his interpretation
The Prince of Morocco surveys the three caskets before making his selection His comments reflect his thinking and attitude on life and things He comes to the lead casket and reads the inscription on it His interpretation which reflects his own character is that the inscription threatens because no one will be prepared to risk or sacrifice all one has for such a base thing as lead
(ii) What does the Prince of Morocco think of the leaden casket and why does he decide to reject the leaden casket
The Prince of Morocco thinks that when people risk anything they do so in order to gain something precious A person of royal ways will not bend so low as to be impressed by such an ordinary thing as lead Therefore he decides that he will not take any risk for a worthless thing like lead and rejects the lead casket
(iii) What does the Prince think while analyzing and interpreting the inscription of the silver casket
The Prince of Morocco analyses the inscription on the silver casket which runs thus ldquoWho chooseth me shall get as much as he deservesrdquo When he reads the inscription he bids himself to stop and ponder over the interpretation He asks himself to evaluate his worth objectively and impartially He says that if he is assessed on the basis of the opinion of people he deserves much But even this may not be sufficient to deserve to win Portia who is so virtuous and worthy
(iv) What promise does the silver casket make What self-assessment does the Prince make
The silver casket promises the reward according to the worth of the chooser The Prince makes a self-assessment and concludes that in all fairness he deserves to get Portia He thinks that he is a royal Prince by birth and so he deserves her by the right of his birth
Portia is very rich and so the Prince deserves her by this also The Prince deserves because he is also extremely handsome as most of the beautiful maidens of his kingdom covet him He is valiant and virtuous also So in his opinion he is the most suitable and deserving candidate for Portiarsquos hand
(v) Over which casket does the Prince ponder a long time What intrigue him In what way does he deserve Portia
Morocco reviews the inscriptions again and rejects the lead casket as being not worth the high stakes for which he gambles He ponders a long time over the silver casket The words ldquoget as much as he deservesrdquo intrigue him He is quite sure that he deserves Portia He deserves her in birth fortune grace qualities of breeding and most of all love
Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution EVS Ch ndash4 Managing
soil and land
Today we will discuss about mechanical practices of soil conservation
A few mechanical measures of soil conservation arei) Basin leaching In this method a number of small basins (water reservoirs) are made These collect and retain rain water for a long period and also catch and stabilize downwardly moving soils of the slopes
ii) Pan breaking by breaking of pan ( a hard sheet of clay a few feet below the surface ) drainage and percolation of rain water is improved and soil is saved from residual run-off and erosion
iii) Sub-soiling Soil is broken into fine grains to increase its absorptive capacity
iv) Contour terracing terraces are labeled areas constructed at right angles to the slope to reduce soil erosion
v) Contour trenching This method involves making a series of deep pits or trenches across the slope at convenient distance The soil excavated from the trenches is deposited along the lower edge in the form of bund On the ridges tree seeds are shown
vi) Terrace outlets To conserve soil pipe outlets are made which are thickly covered by grasses
vii) Digging of ponds and reservoirs to store water
viii) Stream bank protection To protect banks of rivers and channels construction of stone or concrete protective walls or planting of trees should be undertaken
Commercial Studies
Chapter- Banking Let us today discuss about theMeaning of Commercial BankFunctions of Commercial Banks
Commercial Banks are those banks which perform all kinds of banking functions such as accepting deposits advancing loans credit creation and
Question1 What do you mean by
Commercial BankAnswer) Commercial Banks are those banks which perform all kinds of banking functions such as accepting deposits advancing loans credit creation and agency functions
agency functions
Functions of Commercial BanksCommercial banks perform a variety of functions which can be divided as (1) Accepting Deposits (2) Advancing Loans (3) Credit Creation (4) Financing Foreign Trade(5) Agency Services (6) Miscellaneous Services To Customers
2 Explain the various functions of Commercial Bank
Answer) Following are the various functions of Commercial Banks
1 Accepting Deposits This is the oldest function of a bank and the banker used to charge a commission for keeping the money in its custody when banking was developing as an institution Nowadays a bank accepts three kinds of deposits from its customers The first is the savings deposits on which the bank pays small interest to the depositors who are usually small savers
2 Advancing LoansOne of primary functions of commercial banks is to advance loans to its customers A bank lends a certain percentage of the cash lying in deposits on a higher interest rate than it pays on such deposits This is how it earns profits and carries on its business 3 Credit CreationCredit creation is one of the most important functions of the commercial banks Like other financial institutions they aim at earning profits For this purpose they accept deposits and advance loans by keeping small cash in reserve for day-to-day transactions When a bank advances a loan it opens and account in the name of the customer and does not pay him in cash but allows him to draw the money by cheque according to his needs By granting a loan the bank creates credit or deposit4 Financing ForeignTrade commercial bank finances foreign trade of its customers by accepting foreign bills of exchange and collecting them from foreign banks It also transacts other foreign exchange business and buys and sells foreign currency5 Agency ServicesA bank acts as an agent of its customers in collecting and paying cheques bills of exchange drafts dividends etc It also buys and sells
shares securities debentures etc for it customers Further it pays subscriptions insurance premium rent electric and water bills and other similar charges on behalf of its clients It also acts as a trustee and executor of the property and will of its customers Moreover the bank acts as an income tax consultant to its clients For some of these services the bank charges a normal fee while it renders others free of charge6 Miscellaneous ServicesBesides the above noted services the commercial bank performs a number of other services It acts as the custodian of the valuables of its customers by providing them lockers where they can keep their jewellery and valuable documents It issues various forms of credit instruments such as cheques drafts travellers cheques etc which facilitate transactions
Bengali হিবপরীতশবদ করণেয়কটি হিবপরীত শবদ গদওয়া ল1)সজীব = হি3জsব 2)শরদধা= ঘা 3)আকষ = হিবকষ4)সধবা = হিবধবা 5)উৎস = গা3া 6)অ = অ37)জয় = পরাজয় 8)তাপ = হৈশত যয 9)হি3ltা = পরশংসা10)াদা = অদা 11)রহিসক = গবরহিসক 12) অনতর = বাহির13)অহিতবষটি = অ3াবষটি 14)পরত যযi = পরণেরাi 15)3াবালক = সাবালক
Hindi 2nd lang नया रासता भा 5 अपन जीन की परिरसथिगितयो स गिश होकर मीन क हदय म कई बार हीन भाना
और जीन की कडाहट अनभ हईपरत ह दढता और साहस की मरतित थी ह
अपन जीन को वयथ नही होन दना चाहती थी बचपन स ही उसकी कील बनन की
इचछा थी आज मीन की लन उस और दखकर माता- गिपता न उस कालत करन की
आजञा द दी मीन न मरठ म दाखिखला ल लिलया उसक हरदय म कछ बनन और कछ
कर दिदखान की इचछा थी उसक गिचार स चारो और पस का ही बोलबाला हहॉसटल
की कलपना करत ही ह लिसहर उठती थी उसन अपन लिलए नए नए कपड बनाए पहली बार हॉसटल जान का चा थाआखिखर
ह दिदन आ ही या जब उस हॉसटल जाना था पहली बार ह अपन घर स अल हो
रही थी हॉसटल पहच कर कछ दिदनो तक उसका मन नही ला बचपन की घटनाए
एक- एक करक उसक समतपटल पर उतर ई ह अपनी ककषा म हमशा परथम आती
थी 2 दिदन बाद गिपताजी मीन स मिमलन आए मा न काफी चीज उसक लिलए बनाकर
भजी थी गिपताजी स मिमलकर ह बहत खश
1 ह सय की दढता साहस की मरतित थी
परशन1 लखिखका मीन को दढता साहस
की मरतित कयो कह रही ह 2 गिाह क अलाा मीन क जीन
का कया लकषय था 3 मीन समाज क झठ आरण को
हटाकर सतय दिदखाना चाहती ह सपषट कीजिजए
4 परसतत पलि[यो का भा सपषट अपन शबदो म लिलखिखए
उततरndash1 मीन म समाज स लडन की शलि[ ह
ह समाज म फली बराइयो क सामन ढढता स जमी हई ह ह साहस क साथ अपन उलिचत गिनणय
पर सथिर रहती ह जिजदी क उतार चढा सा घबरा टी नही ह बलकिलक साहस स काम लती ह इनही कारणो स लखिखका न उस ढढता
और साहस की मरतित कहा ह2 मरठ ालो न जब उसका रिरशता
ठकरा दिदया तो उसन गिनशचय कर लिलया गिक ह अपन परो पर खडी होी और समाज को दिदखा दी की नारी अबला नही ह उसन अपना
हई करीब 1 घटा रक कर गिपताजी चल ए लकषय बना लिलया गिक ह एलएलबी करक कील बनी
3 समाज म नारी क ऊपर अबला आशरीता का आरण पडा हआ ह
मीन समाज क दवारा होत हए इस आरण को हटाकर यह सतय परमाणिणत करना चाहती ह गिक आज
की नारी अबला नही ह और ना ही गिकसी क हाथ की कठपतली ह
4 लखिखका न मीन क बार म कहा गिक ह सय घटा और साहस की मरतित
ह ह अपन न हम ध और मसीबत म साहस का परिरचय दती हउतार
चढा को हर इसान क जीन म आत ही रहत ह उनको साधारण रप
स ही लना चागिहए अपन गिाह क मामल म उसन साहस स काम
लिलया और गिाह क बार म सोचना छोड दिदया मीन क सामन अभी बहत लबी जिजदी पडी ह इसलिलए उसन समय का महत समझा और
एक कषण भी वयथ ना करन का गिनशचय गिकया
Mathematics(x) Algebra Quadratic Equation in one variable
Study Item Some solved sums from exercise- 539)Solve for x 2(2x ndash 1 )(x+3) ndash 3 (x + 3)(2x ndash 1 ) = 5 x -3 frac12Solution Let (2x ndash 1)(x + 3) = y then we get2(y) ndash 3( 1y) = 50r 2y ndash 3y = 5Or 2y2 ndash 3 = 5y [multiplying both side by y we get]0r 2y2 ndash 5y ndash 3 = 0Now comparing the above equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0 we geta=2 b = - 5 and c = - 3Therefore y = -(- 5 )plusmnradic((-5)sup2-4(2)(-3))2(2) = 5 plusmnradic( 25 + 24)4 = 5plusmn radic(49)4 = (5 plusmn 7)4= (5+7)4 (5 ndash 7)4= 124 -24= 3 - 12Therefore y = 3 (2x ndash 1)( x + 3) = 3 2x ndash 1 = 3x + 9 3x - 2x = - 10 x= - 10Or y = - frac12 ( 2x ndash 1)(x + 3) = - frac124x ndash 2 = - x ndash 3 4x+x = - 3 + 2 5x = - 1 x= - 15Hence the roots of the given equation are - 10 and ndash 1510)(i) x2 - 5x ndash10 =0Solution x2 ndash 5x ndash 10 = 0Comparing the above equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0 we get a=1 b = - 5 and c = - 10Therefore x = - (- 5)plusmnradic( -5)sup2- 4(1)(- 10)2(1) = 5 plusmn radic( 25 +40)2 = 5 plusmn radic(65 )2
= (5 plusmn 8bull06)2 = (5 + 8bull06)2 (5 ndash 8bull06)2 = 13bull062 - 3bull062= 6bull53 - 1bull5312) Solve the equation x ndash 18x = 6 Given your answer correct to two significant figureSolution x ndash18x = 6Or (x2 ndash 18 )x = 6Or x2ndash 18 = 6xOr x2 ndash 6x ndash18 = 0Comparing the above equation with ax2 + bc + c = 0 we gera= 1 b = - 6 and c = -18Therefore x = -(-6) plusmnradic(- (- 6)2 ndash 4(1)(- 18)2(1) = 6 plusmn radic( 36 + 72)2 = (6 plusmnradic( 108)2 =(6 plusmn 10bull39)2= 16bull392 - 4bull392= 8bull195 - 2bull195 asymp 8bull2 - 2bull2
Chemistry Chapter-2L-1Chemical Bonding
1) Chemical Bonding-
It is basically the force of attraction which holds the different types of atoms in a molecule together
Cause of Chemical Combination-
The main cause is the tendency of elements to acquire eight electrons in its outermost shell like that of noble gases other than Helium(He) So the atoms combine to acheive the nearest noble gas configuration of 8 electrons( or 2 electrons) in their outermost orbit and become stable
2) Ion-
It is a charged particle made from an atom by the loss or gain of electrons
There are 2 types of Ions They are-
a) Cations- It is formed by the loss of electrons eg - K+ Ca2+
Na+ etc
b) Anions- It is formed by the gain of electrons eg- Cl- O2- F- etc
Q Why do elements form Ions
A Atoms of all elements except those of noble gases have one to seven valence electrons and are not in a state of minimum energy Thus to acquire a state of minimum energy elements lose or gain electrons and form ions so that they acquire stable configuration (Duplet or Octet)
Q What is the Electronic Theory of Valency
A In 1916 Kossel and Lewis on the basis of octet rule of electrons described simply the electronic structure of molecules of many chemical compounds and elements Kossel mainly described the structure of ionic compounds formed by loss and gain of electrons and Lewis mainly described the structure of Covalent Compounds formed by mutual sharing of electron pair This is known as ELECTRONIC THEORY OF VALENCY proposed by Kossel and Lewis
Q What do you mean by Electropositive and Electronegative Elements
3) Types of Chemical Bond-3 types
A)ElectrovalentIonic Bond
B) Covalent Bond
C) Co-ordinate Dative Bond4) ELECTROVALENT IONIC BOND-
It is the electrostatic force of attraction between the opposite charged ions which holds them together
The chemical compounds formed as a result of electron transfer from one atom of an element to another are called IONIC or ELECTROVALENT COMPOUND
The number of electrons which an element loses or gains during the formation of an ionic bond is called its ELECTROVALENCY
Conditions for the formation of Ionic Compounds-
i Large electronegativity difference between the combining atoms
ii Low IP for one of the atoms from which the cation can be easily formed
iii High electron affinity for one of the atoms from which the anions can be easily formed
iv High Lattice Energy
A
1) Electropositive Elements- have the tendency to lose the electrons and form Cations
eg- Na K Fe -mostly metals
2) Electronegative Elements- have the tendency to gain the electrons and form Anions
eg- Cl F O - mostly Non-metals
Q Give the brief description about the formation of NaCl
A See your Text Book
Q Practise the two types of diagram of the formation of different ionic compound
A See your Text Book
English All Summer in a Answer the following questions-
literature Day 3) Why did the children hate herAns- The children sensed that Margot was different from them She hated the continuous rain while they were used to it She spoke only about the sun and they had no memory of it They hated her pale snow face her waiting silence her thinness and her possible future of going back to the Earth4) What is the it referred to by WilliamAns- The it referred to by William is the Sun which the scientists had predicted would shine for a short while that day5) What was Margot waiting for Why did William say it was a jokeAns- Margot was waiting to see the sun predicted to shine that day for a short while William did not want her to have the joy of seeing the sun
Geography Water Resources SOURCES OF WATER SURFACE WATER AND GROUNDWATER Earth is known as the Blue Planet because 71 per cent of the Earths surface is covered with water Wateralso exists below land surface and as water vapour in the air Water is not added or removed from the environment it simply changes state and location This constant movement of water throughout our environment is called the hydrological cycle or water cycle Earth cleans and replenishes the water supply through the hydrologic cycle Groundwater exists in an aquifer or
underground layer of permeable rock sediment (usually sand or gravel) or soil that yields water
Aquifers are like underground reservoirs of water
SURFACE WATER The visible bodies of water are referred to as surface water Surface waters can be simply described as the water that is on the surface of the Earth This includes the oceans rivers and streams lakes and reservoirs Surface waters are very important Rivers and streams constitute the flowing surface waters Surface water canbe captured for a variety of biospheric and humanusesRunoff During heavy precipitation water cannot infiltrate into the ground It flows on the surface of the ground and called as runoff
GROUNDWATER Groundwater is detained as water that is found beneath the surface of the Earth in conditions of100 per
Q1 Why the Earth is called as Blue PlanetA1 Earth is known as the Blue Planet because 71 per cent of the Earths surface is covered with water
Q2 Define hydrological cycleA2 Water is not added or removed from the environment it simply changes state and location This constant movement of water throughout our environment is called the hydrological cycle or water cycle Earth cleans and replenishes the water supply through the hydrologic cycle
Q3 What is AquifersA3 Aquifers are like underground reservoirs of water
Q4 Why there is a shortage of fresh waterA4 Although the earth has an abundance of water but unfortunately there is a shortage of fresh water because 997 per cent of it occupied by oceans soils icecaps and floating in the atmosphere and rest 03 percent can use for daily uses
cent saturation (if it is less than100 per cent saturation then the water is considered as soil moisture) Ninety-eight per cent of Earths available fresh water is groundwater It is about60 times as plentiful as the fresh water found in lakes and streams Water in the ground travels through pores in soil and rock and in fractures and weathered areas of bed rockThe majority of fresh water is therefore found under ground as soil moisture and in aquifers
Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 88 to 126 (Portia helliphellip Such as the day is when the sun is hid) [Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]
Summary Questions amp Answerso Launcelot then arrives and informs
Lorenzo that Bassanio will also be arriving soon Both Lorenzo and Jessica return to the house and ask Stephano to order the family musicians to play music in order to extend a fitting welcome to Portia
o Portia and Nerissa dressed in their normal self return home and enter the building Lorenzo recognizes Portias voice and comes to greet her She orders the servants to pretend as if she had never left and asks Lorenzo and Jessica to do the same
o Soon thereafter Bassanio Gratiano and Antonio arrive
(1) PORTIA That light we see is burning in my hall (L 89-101)
How far that little candle throws his beams So shines a good deed in a
naughty worldNERISSA When the moon shone we did not see the candlePORTIA So doth the greater glory dim the less
A substitute shines brightly as a king
Unto the king be by and then his state
Empties itself as doth an inland brook
Into the main of waters Music hark
NERISSA It is your music madam of the housePORTIA Nothing is good I see without respect
Methinks it sounds much sweeter than by day
NERISSA Silence bestows that virtue on it madam
(i) Where are Lorenzo and Jessica sitting What message have they received What are they doing
Lorenzo and Jessica are sitting in Portiarsquos house in Belmont They have just received the message informing them of the arrival of Portia and Bassanio separately They are waiting for their arrivals and enjoying the beauty of the moonlight night(ii) In which mood is Lorenzo found after Stephanorsquos departure
After Stephanorsquos departure Lorenzo reverts to his romantic mood He is carried away by the magic of the loveliness of the moonlight He draws Jessicarsquos attention and says that the moonlight is sleeping beautifully on the raised ground He says that they will sit there and enjoy the sweetness of the gentle
music which will shortly creep into their ears very softly(iii) Why has Lorenzo sent Stephano What kind of man is he who does not appreciate the sweet harmony of sounds
Lorenzo has sent Stephano to instruct the musicians to play soft music to welcome Portia home Lorenzo tells that the
tranquility and the beautiful night suit the sweet music Praising the ennobling (M lend greater dignity) effect of music Lorenzo tells Jessica that the person who has no music in him and does not appreciate the sweet harmony of sounds is a dangerous person and so should be watched very carefully(iv) Who are returning to Belmont What does Nerissa remark on seeing the light of the house
Portia and Nerissa are returning to Belmont after successfully conducting Antoniorsquos trial in Venice as the lawyer and the clerk respectively When they are near their home Nerissa seeing the light of the house remarks that they did not see this light of this candle when the moon was shining(v) What does Portia comment on Nerissarsquos observation Commenting on Nerissarsquos observation Portia says that the lesser glory becomes insignificant before the greater glory She adds that the kingrsquos representative assumes great splendor and authority when the king himself is not near But before the real king the substitute becomes devoid of all splendor and
authority as the big rivers lose their identity after emptying into the vast sea
SUBJECT PHYSICS [TOPIC FORCE]Answer the following questions ( ICSE questions of previous years from chapter FORCE)
1 Write the position of centre of mass for the following bodies(i) A circular ring (ii) A cylinder(iii) A hollow sphere (iv) A triangular lamina
2 Explain why screw drivers are provided with longer handles3 Compare the magnitude and direction of centripetal force and centrifugal force4 How does uniform circular motion differ from uniform linear motion5 Why is the motion of a body moving with a constant speed around a circular path is said to be
accelerated6 A brass ball is hanging from a cotton thread Draw a neat labeled diagram showing the force acting
on the brass ball and the cotton thread 7 Define moment of force Write the relationship between the SI and CGS unit of moment of force8 Define couple State the SI unit of moment of couple9 A uniform half meter scale balanced horizontally on a knife edge at 29 cm mark when a weight of 20
gmf is suspended from one end(i) Draw the diagram of the arrangementWhat is the weight of the half meter rule
ECO-10 250620 Topic-Supply Analysis
MEANING OF SUPPLYSupply a commodity by a firm or seller may be defined as the quantity of a commodity that a firm or seller offers for sale at a given price during a given time period But the actual sale of the commodity may be different from its supply For example a farmer (produced of wheat) is willing to sell 50 quintals of wheat at a price of ` 15 per kg but he is able to sell only 30 quintals at this price So this case the supply of wheat is 50 quintals but the actual sale is 30 quintals So these two concepts should not be confused with each other Like demand supply also has three elements The definition of supply include (i) the quantity of the commodity that a firm is willing to supply (ii) the price at which it is willing to supply that quantity and (iii) the time period during which it is willing to supply that quantity
FACTORS DETERMINING SUPPLY OR DETERMINANTS OF SUPPLY OF A GOOD
The main determinant of supply is the price of the commodity But the cost of production of a commodity is an important factor in determining profit maximized on output of a firm The cost of production depends on the prices of various inputs like raw material wages of workers interest of capital rent of building etc The supply of a commodity also depends on the technology used in the production of the commodity and many other factors The main factors determining supply of a commodity are(i) Price of the commodity(ii) Price of other related good(iii) Price of inputsfactors(iv) Taxation policy of government(v) Objective of the firm(i) Price of the commodity Other factors determining supply remaining constant there is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity It means the quantity supplied of a commodity increases with rise in price and decreases with fall in price of the commodity More quantity of a commodity is supplied at a higher price and less quantity is supplied at a lower price For example a seller of tomatoes is willing to sell 100 kgs of tomatoes at a price of ` 40 per keg and only 50 kgs at a price of ` 20 per kg Due to this direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity the supply curve has a positive slope Supply curve is upward sloping to the right(ii) Price of other related goods Supply of a commodity is also influenced by the change in the price of other related goods With the help of given resources we can produce several goods by using the same technology This helps the firm to diversify and tide over fluctuations in demand For example a farmer can produce either pulses or food grains by using the resources If the price of pulses increases it becomes more profitable for him to make more production of pulses So he will divert some resources from the production of food grains to the production of pulses The production of pulses will increase and that of food grains will decrease So the supply of pulses will increase if the price of pulses increases and the supply of food grain will decrease at the same price reverse will happen if the price of food grains increases(iii) Price of inputsfactors Change in the price of inputs like raw material wage rent or interest also influences the supply of a commodity For example in the production of cloth cotton is the main raw material If the price of cotton increases the cost of production of cloth will increase At the same price the margin of profit will decrease So the producer will decrease the supply of cloth at the same price On the other hand if the price of cotton falls the cost of production per unit of cloth will decrease and hence the supply of cloth will increase The price of other inputs will also influence the supply of a good in the same manner(iv) Technology of production an improvement in the technology of production of a commodity decreases the per unit cost of the commodity The margin of profit will increase at the same price So the supply of a commodity will increase with improvement in technology of production at the same price On the other hand if a firm uses absolute technology of production the cost of production per unit of the commodity will increase The margin of profit will decrease so the firm will decrease its supply at the same price This is the main reason that the firms are trying to use better technology of production because it not only reduces the cost of production per unit but also improves the quality of the product(v) Taxation policy of government If the government reduces the excise duty or the production of a commodity the cost of production per unit of the commodity will decrease the margin of profit will increase at the same price so the producer of the commodity will increase its supply It happens when the government wants to increase the production of the commodity On the other hand to discourage the production of some harmful goods like cigarettes liquor etc the government increases the rate of excise duty on the production of such goods So the cost of production per unit of the commodity increases and the supply of such commodities decreases(vi) Objective of the firm The objective of the producer also influences the supply of a commodity Generally the objective of a producer is get maximize his profits Profits are maximized at a higher price So he increases the supply of a commodity at a higher price and decreases its supply at a lower price But sometimes the producer may be in maximizing his sales and not in maximizing his profits as he wants to capture the market In that case he goes on increasing the supply so long his target is not achieved can profit is not adversely affected He may increase the supply at the same price to any extent
SUPPLY FUNCTION
When the relationship between quantity supplied and the determinants of supplied is expressed mathematically in an equation it is called a supply function So a supply function can be expressed asSn = f(Pn Pr Pf T Tr G)where Sn = Supply of commodity nPn = Price of the commodity nPr = Price of other related goodsPf = Price of inputsfactors
T = Technology of productionTr = Government policy or tax rateG = Goal or objective of the producer
Typically supply function shows the relationship between price and quantity supplied keeping all other determinants of supply as constant It shows the amount of a good that a seller supplies at different levels of price
LAW OF SUPPLYThe law of supply depicts the relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity when all other determinants of supply remain constant This law states that there is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity other factors determining supply remaining constant It means quantity supplied of a commodity increases with increase in price and decreases with decrease in price
Assumptions of the law of supplyThe phrase other determinants of supply remaining constant in the law of supply shows the assumptions of the law of supply The mains factors which influence the supply of a commodity one price of the commodity price of other related goods price of inputs technology of production taxation policy of the government and objective of the firm etc The law of supply is based on the assumptions that all these factors determining supply except price of the commodity should remain constant The following are the main assumptions of the law of supply(i) Price of other related goods should remain the same(ii) There should be no change in the price of inputs (factors)(iii) Technology of production should not change(iv) There is no change in the taxation policy of the government(v) Objective of the firm should not changeThe law of supply is based on the assumptions that the supply of commodity changes only due to change in price when all other determinant of supply remain constantClass XISubject Topic Summary Execution EVS Chapter-2
Ecology Answer the following questions briefly Q Draw a neat labeled diagram of carbon cycleAnsndash
Mathematics Principle of Mathematical Induction
1) What is statement Ans A sentence which may be true or false is called statement eg i) 5 is greater than 3 ii) New Delhi is the capital of India iii) 5 divides 7 These all are statements We see that statement (i) amp (ii) are true but (iii) is false 2 What is Mathematical StatementAns Statement involving mathematical relations are called mathematical statement We shall use mathematical statement in principle of
Example If n be a positive integer show that n(n+1) is an even positive integer Solution Let P(n) be the statement n(n+1) is an even positive integer Then (i) P(1) is the statement 1(1+1) ie 2 is an even positive integer Therefore P(1) is true (ii) If P(m) is true for some positive integer m then m(m+1) is an even integer Now (m+1) [(m+1)+1]=(m+1)sup2+ (m+1) =msup2+2m+1+m+1=msup2+m+2m+2=m(m+1) +2(m+1) = an even integer + an even positive integer [Since P(m) is true and 2(m+1) is an even
mathematical induction 3 What is the use of Principle of mathematical inductionAns Sometimes it is difficult to prove a statement theorem or a formula by direct method In this case we use an indirect method known as the Principle of mathematical induction There are two steps in this processSTEP 1 Varify that the statement or formula is true for one or two particular values of n say for n=1 2STEP 2 Assuming that the statement or formula is true for n=m where m is any positive integer show that it is true for n=m+1Conclusion Since the statement is true for n=2 it is true for n=2+1 that is 3 and since it is true for n=3 it is true for n=3 + 1 that is 4 and so on Hence the statement or formula is true for all positive integral values of n
positive integer]= an even positive integer Therefore P(m+1) is true when P(m) is true Therefore By the principle of Mathematical Induction P(n) is true for all positive integral values of n Hence n(n+1) is an even positive integer
Hindi 2ndlang एक फल की चाह 5 दख रहा था जस सो सथिर हो नही बठती थी कषण भर हाय ही चपचाप पडी थी अटल शागित शी धारण कर सनना यही चाहता था म उस सय ही
उकसा करमझको दी क परसाद का एक फल ही दो लाकर
शबदाथ ससथिर - परी तरह ठहरी हई अटल- पकका
उकसाकर - पररणा दकर
वयाखयाndash उपय[ पलि[यो म कगि सखिखया की ददशा का णन कर रहा ह जो उनक गिपता दवारा वय[ गिकया या ह अपनी बटी सखिखया कीददशा का
गितरण करत हए गिपता कहता ह गिक म अपनी आखो क सामन दख रहा था गिक मरी बटी जो पल भर क लिलए दिटककर नही बठती थी ह अब सथिर शात मरतित की तरह पढी थी अब म ह बार- बार इस बात क लिलए पररिरत कर रहा
था गिक ह मझ गिफर स ही शबद कह गिपताजी मझ दी क परसाद का एक फल लाकर दो
6 ऊच शल लिशखर क ऊपर मदिदर था गिसतीणर गिशाल सण कलशसरलिसज गिहलिसत थ पाकरसमदिदत रगि कर जाल दीप धल स अचछदिदत था मदिदर का
आन सारा ज रही थी भीतर बाहर मखरिरत उतस की धारा
शबदाथ - शल लिशखर- पहाड की ऊची चोटी
सतीणर - फला हआ
सण कलश - कमल क समान सदर सोन का कलश मखरिरत - परकट समदिदत - अचछी परकार खिखला हआ रगि कर जाल - सय की गिकरणो का समह
वयाखया- परसतत पलि[या म कगि न मदिदर की सदरता का णन गिकया ह कहत ह गिक मझ पहाड की चोटी पर एक गिलिशषट और गिशालमश था उसक
सोन क कलश सय की गिकरणो म चमकत हए ऐस परतीत हो रह थ जस सय की खिखली हईगिकरणो क ाा सपशपाकर सनहर कमल खिखल उठ हो मदिदर का
आन धप दीप की सध स भरा हआ था मदिदर क अदर और बाहर मनाए जा रह उसकी परसननता की ज सनाई द रही थी
Bengali (2nd language)
কোনি মনি নদী পরথম অধযোয়
হি_তীয় হিদরণে3র পাঠ-
হিবষটবাব গলাকটির কায় গররণে কা বলরণেত পাররণে0 3া শধ গচাখ হিদরণেয় রা পরকাশ করহি0ল কা বলরণেত বলরণেত গলাকটি পাঞজাহিব লহিn খরণেল জ কররণেত শর করল তাই গদরণেখ হিবষটবাব ত2মভ রণেয় গল চাটি ারার 2হিnরণেত গলাকটি হিবষটবাবর হিদরণেক এরণোরণেল হিতহি3 াা 3ীচ করণের 3াহিরণেয় গ33 হিদ গলাকটি হিবষটবাবরণেক চাটিরণেয় ায় তারণেল হিতহি3 তাাতাহিউরণেঠ গলাকটিরণেক ধররণেত পাররণেব3 3া কার তার শরীরণেরর ওজরণে3র জ3য এই শরণে3 হিবষটবাব বরণে3া গারণেষর ত গতরণেZরণে উরণেঠ দাাল তারণেত গলাকটি দাহিরণেয় শরীরটারণেক একট দহিলরণেয় হি3ল এই সব শরণে3 হিবষট ধর চপ করণের রইল শধ lsquoগঘাৎrsquo করণের একটা শবদ করল গলাকটি হিসহি হিদরণেয় ওঠা3াা কররণে0 গদরণেখ হিবষটবাব খাহি3কটা হিদরণেশারা রণেয় গলহিবষটবাবর গচারণেখ রারণের বদরণেল এখ3 গকৌতল হিতহি3 বরণেল3 ldquoখাওায় আার গলা2 গ3ই Uায়টিং কহিরrdquo হিকনত হিতহি3 কতটা Uায়টিং করণের তা তার শরীর আর খাবারণেরর তাহিলকা গদরণেখ গলাকটি বরণে= গল গলাকটি এহিরণেয় হিরণেয় হিবষটবাবর 2হিরণেত াত বহিলরণেয় হিদরণেল গস আরা অ32ব করণের3 এবং হিপহি0রণেয় া3 গলাকটি হিবষটবাবর সারণে3 তার শরীরণেরর কসরত পরদশ3 কররণেল হিবষটবাব রণে3 রণে3 হিব হিব করণের বরণেল3 হিতহি3ও গরাা রণেত চা3 গসই হরণেত nা গরণেক আবার হিচৎকার গ2রণেস আরণেস lsquoগকা হি3 গকা হি3rsquo
ldquoকী রক Uায়টিংrdquo-ক)বকতা গককারণেক বলরণে0খ)Uায়টিং কার অ কী ) Uায়টিং করা বযহিকতর গচারার ব3া দাও ঘ) তার Uায়টিং এর ব3া দাও
উঃ- ক) আরণেলাচয অংশটি হিত3ltীর গলখা lsquoগকাহি3rsquo উপ3যাস গরণেক গ3ওয়া রণেয়রণে0 আরণেলাচয কাটি বকতা রণেল3 সাদা লহিnপরা ারণেয় গরয়া পাঞজাহিব ও কারণেধ রহিn3 বযা ওয়ালা হিiহিতশ হিসং হিতহি3 কাটি বরণেলরণে03 হিবষট ধররণেকখ) Uারণেয়টিং কার অ ল পহিরহিত খাদয গর অাৎ খাদয তাহিলকায় সসত খারণেদযর গ3াগ3 বজায় গররণেখ খাদয গর) হিবষট ধরণেরর গচারা হিবশাল ওজ3 পরায় হিত3 গদখরণেত জলহিসতর রণেতা সারা শরীরণের চহিব ল ল কররণে0 বয়স পরায় চহিশ হিবশাল 2হি উপ রণেয় শরণেল হিচৎ রণেত পারণের3া গকউ গঠরণেল হিদরণেল হিচৎ রণেত পারণের তারণেক কায় নধ াদ3 পবরণেতর সরণেn তল3া করা য়ঘ) হিবষট ধর গকৌতলী রণেয় বরণেল তার খাওয়ার গকা3 গলা2 গ3ই গস Uায়টিং করণের আরণে গস আধ হিকরণেলা হিiর গখত এখ3 গস হিত3রণেশা গরা হিiর খায় জল খাবারণের কহিটা লহিচ গখত এখ3 পরণে3রণেরাটা লহিচ খায় আাইরণেশা গরা চারণেলর 2াত খায় হিঘ খাওয়া গ0রণে হিদরণেয়রণে0 রারণেত াতর বারণেরাটা রটি খায় হিবরণেকরণেল দ-গলাস হি0হিরর জল সরণেn চাররণেট কা পারণেকর সরণেltশ বাহিরণেত রাধাকষণ আরণে0 বরণেল হিবষট ধর া0 াংস খায়3া আর তারণেত তার গকা3 গলা2 লালসা গ3ই
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 276 to 313 (Sebastian helliphellipIt struck mine ear most terribly)[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]
Summary Questions amp AnswersConspiracy of Antonio and Sebastian
o Antonio further suggests murder of Alonso and eventually Sebastian agrees
o They draw their swords and proceed to murder Alonso and Gonzalo who are sleeping
(1) (Act II Sc 2 L 277-291)ANTONIO Ay sir where lies that If rsquotwere a kibe
rsquoTwould put me to my slipper but I feel notThis deity in my bosom Twenty consciencesThat stand rsquotwixt me and Milan candied be they And melt ere they molest Here lies your brotherNo better than the earth he lies uponIf he were that which now hes likemdashthats deadWhom I with this obedient steel three inches of itCan lay to bed for ever (whiles you doing thus
o As they approach Ariel appears again and wakes up Gonzalo by singing a tune in his ear Alonso also wakes up and they see both Sebastian and Antonio with drawn swords On being caught off guard they make up a story saying that they had heard a bellowing of bulls or lions
IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED
(Act II Sc 1 L 277-281)ANTONIOAy sir where lies that If rsquotwere a kibersquoTwould put me to my slipper but I feel notThis deity in my bosom Twenty consciencesThat stand rsquotwixt me and Milan candied be they And melt ere they molest
In these lines Antonio speaks how he is a conscienceless villain In inciting Sebastian to the kingship of Naples by murdering his brother he quotes his own example He too had banished his brother and made himself the Duke of Milan This kingship now sits upon him like a well fittinggarment So will be the case of Sebastian Sebastian then questions Antonio if this foul deed did not prick his conscience To this Antonio replies like a hardened villain He laughs at the word lsquoconsciencersquo and says that he has never heard of anything like conscience A guilty conscience gave him no more pain that is chilblain (M a painful itching and swelling on hand and foot caused by exposure to extreme cold) A man can get rid of the pain of chilblain by wearing slippers instead of shoes so does Antonio get rid of the qualms (M an uneasy feeling of doubt worry or fear especially about onersquos conduct) of conscience very easily Even if he were troubled by twenty consciences that barred his way to the throne of Milan however frozen they might be he would melt them into insensibility before they could cause him to twinge
To the perpetual wink of aye might putThis ancient morsel this Sir Prudence whoShould not upbraid our course) - for all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour
(i) To whom does Antonio speak these lines Who is referred to as lsquoyour brotherrsquo What does Antonio mean by saying lsquoNo better than the earth he lies uponrsquo
These lines are spoken by Antonio to Sebastian King Alonso is referred to as Sebastianrsquos brother Indicating towards Alonso who is lying asleep on the ground Antonio tells Sebastian that here sleeps his brother and at this time he is no better than a clod of the earth on which he lies asleep Antonio means to say that if he were actually to become what he looks like he would be a dead body(ii) According to Antonio what would he do if he were at the place of Sebastian
Antonio says that if he were in the position of Sebastian he would not care even for twenty consciences in order to win the kingship of Naples He would rather forget all his consciences if they happen to trouble him at all (iii) What does Antonio suggest to Sebastian What does Antonio assure him
Antonio suggests to Sebastian that in a moment Sebastian can put to death Gonzalo who pretends to be a very wise man and who on that account rebukes others (particularly Antonio and Sebastian) whereas he (Antonio) himself can put Alonso to death with only three inches of his willing sword Antonio further assures Sebastian that by killing both of them there will be none left to oppose him and in this way every obstacle in his way will be removed
(iv) Explain the lines lsquofor all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hourrsquo
In other words Antonio says that even if he were endowed with a stiff conscience he could easily relax or soften it for the execution of his purpose Then Antonio suggests that conscience should be no hindrance to a manrsquos future greatness
Comments These are terrible words coming from the mouth of a villain of the worst type He is utterly devoid of conscience or remorse He is an utter atheist of human virtue He speaks of conscience as a deity that he does not feel in his bosom
According to Antonio so far as the other lords (Adrian Francisco and others) are concerned they need not be murdered because they would obey the orders of Antonio and Sebastian as willingly and readily as cat licks milk These other lords would endorse and support everything that Sebastian and Antonio may say or suggest These other lords would adjust their views in accordance with the wishes of Antonio and Sebastian and they would regard all proposals made by Antonio and Sebastian as being opportune and also as being acceptable(v) What opinion do you form of Antonio from the above speech
The speech given above shows Antonio to be an absolutely unscrupulous man After saying that he does not believe in any such faculty as the conscience he suggests to Sebastian to
(Act II Sc 1 L 285-291)ANTONIOhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (whiles you doing thus To the perpetual wink of aye might putThis ancient morsel this Sir Prudence whoShould not upbraid our course) - for all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour
Antonio has convinced Sebastian that he has made himself Duke of Milan by a crime for which he has felt no pricks of conscience In these lines Antonio tells Sebastian that now that the chance has presented itself to him he should take it and be King of Naples So far as Alonso is concerned Antonio agrees to undertake the task of killing him by sticking only three inches of his sharp dagger Making a thrust in the air with his sword he tells Sebastian that by a similar method he can put to sleep forever Gonzalo ndash the old piece of flesh already rotten ndash this piece of antiquity ndash this ldquoSir Prudencerdquo who is never tired of reading his moral lectures to them If ldquoProfessor Wisdomrdquo is got rid of he will not be able to denounce their action as he would surely do if they did not dispatch him as well As for the rest of the kingrsquos counselors (Adrian and Francisco) it is their nature to adopt any statements and views which are placed before them just as it is the nature of a cat to lap milk Antonio assures Sebastian that ldquothese othersrdquo will back them up in whatever they say or do that they will count the strokes of the clock exactly as they bid them not according to the real time but according to the time that is right for their business Hence only two persons Alonso and Gonzalo are required to be removed to fulfill their ambition
murder Gonzalo at the very time when he (Antonio) stabs Alonso to death And yet this brutal man has a fertile wit also He can talk in a persuasive manner and also in a sarcastic and satirical manner He knows human nature thoroughly and he understands that Gonzalo is loyal to Alonso while the other lords are only sycophants who can easily be won over to Sebastianrsquos side after Alonso has been assassinated
(2) (Act II Sc 1 291-296)SEBASTIAN Thy case dear friend
Shall be my precedent as thou gotst MilanIll come by Naples Draw thy swordmdashone strokeShall free thee from the tribute which thou payest And I the King shall love thee
ANTONIO Draw together And when I rear my hand do you the likeTo fall it on Gonzalo
(i) Explain the situation and introduce the persons engaged in conversation
After the supposed shipwreck King Alonso with his lords his brother Sebastian and Antonio the Duke of Milan land on a strange island Prince Ferdinand is feared to be drowned While the King and others have fallen asleep after exertions of the day and Ariel with his sweet music acting as a catalyst Antonio and Sebastian are awake They have hatched a conspiracy to kill King Alonso and his loyal lord Gonzalo Then Sebastian will become King of NaplesIn these lines Antonio and Sebastian are engaged in conversation They are just ready to execute their plan to attack King Alonso and Gonzalo simultaneously(ii) Antoniorsquos case shall become Sebastianrsquos precedent What has been Antoniorsquos case
Antonio proved treacherous towards his brother Prospero who was the Duke of Milan Since Prospero spent his time in his scholarly pursuits he had delegated his powers to his younger brother Antonio to administer the dukedom Antonio grew ambitious He overthrew his brother and expelled him from his own dukedom In his place Antonio became the Duke of Milan which he continues to be now His case urges Sebastian to do the same(iii) How is Sebastian going to follow Antonio
Sebastian is going to take Antoniorsquos case as his precedent He is convinced that if Antonio could usurp the dukedom from his living brother Sebastian could become the King of Naples by killing his sleeping brother(iv) What will one stroke of Antoniorsquos sword do What will Sebastian do to reward Antonio
Sebastian asks Antonio to put an end to Alonsorsquos life with one stroke of his sword The same stroke will earn for him a reward Sebastian will become the King of Naples and he will exempt Antonio from paying the annual tribute to Naples The dukedom of Milan is a tributary to the kingdom of Naples Its Duke has to pay tribute to the King every year When Sebastian takes over as the King he will give a benefit to his friend who is helping him to realize his ambition
(v) What is Antoniorsquos suggestion
Antonio suggests that they may draw their swords together When he raises his hand to attack Alonso Sebastian should raise his sword to bring it down on Gonzalo
ACCOUNTS-11 25062020 Topic- depreciation ndashSTRAIGHT LINE METHOD
Illustration Salman and Usman Bros acquired a machine on July 1 2014 at a cost of Rs 70000 and spent Rs5000 on its installation The firm writes off depreciation 10 on straight line method The books are closed on December 31 every year Show the machinery and depreciation account for three years
Solution Machinery Account
Date Particulars LF amount Date Particulars LF` Amount ( Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014July 01 To Bank Ac 70000 Dec 31 Dec By Depreciation Ac 3750
(70000 x10x612)
July 01 To Bank Ac 5000 Dec31 By Balance cd 71250
75000 75000
2015 2015Jan 01 To Balance bd 71250 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 x10 ) Dec31 By Balance cd 63750
71250 71250
2016 2016Jan 01 To Balance bd 63750 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 (75000 x10 ) Dec 31 By Balance cd 56250
63750 63750
Depreciation Account
Date Particulars LF Amount Date Particulars LF Amount (Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 3750 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 3750
2015 2015
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
2016 2016
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
WORKING
Cost of Machine RS70000Cost of Installation Rs 5000
Total 75000
Rate of Depreciation 10
Then annual depreciation will be 10 of Rs 75000 = Rs 7500
Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution Geography DRIANAGE THE PENINSULAR RIVERS
1 The Mahanadi2 The Godavari3 The Krishna4 The Kaveri5 The Subarnarekha6 The Narmada7 The Tapi8 The Sabarmati and the Mahi9 The Chambal
The Mahanadi Basin The Mahanadi rises from Dandakaranya
Q1 Which is the largest river of peninsular plateau Write a brief note about its courseA1 The largest river of peninsular plateau is Godavari The river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has
near Sihawa in Raipur district in the highlands of Chhattisgarhand flows through Odisha to reach the Bay of BengalThe length of the river is about 857 kmIts drainagebasin is shared by Maharashtra Chhattisgarh Jharkhandand Odisha
THE MAHANADI RIVER SYSTEM
The GodavariThe river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
THE GODAVARI RIVER SYSTEM
many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
Q2 Which river is known as Dakshin GangaA2 The Godavari river is known as lsquoDakshin Gangarsquo It is also known as Vridha Ganga
Q3 Differentiate between east-flowing rivers and west-flowing riversA3
East-flowing rivers
West-flowing rivers
Godavari Krishna Kaveri Mahanadi are the east-flowing rivers
Narmada Tapiwest-flowing rivers
They fall into the Bay of Bengal
They fall into Arabian Sea
These rivers form big deltas
These rivers form comparativelysmall deltas
Catchment area of these river are larger
Catchment area of these river are smaller
The KrishnaThe Krishna river rises from the Western Ghatsnear Mahabaleshwar It flows into the Bay of Bengalbefore forming a large delta Its length is about1400 km The Tungabhadra Koyana Ghatprabha Musi and Bhima are some of its tributariesIt has covers parts of Maharashtra Karnataka and AndhraPradesh
THE KRISHNA RIVER SYSTEM
The KaveriIt rises in the Brahmagiri range of the Western Ghats and flows into the Bay ofBengal Southof Cuddalore in Tamil Nadu The length of the river is about 760 km Its main tributaries are the Amravati Bhavani Hemavati and Kabini The Kaveri drains inthe parts of Karnataka Kerala and drains in Tamil Nadu The river Kaveri makes the second biggest waterfall in India known as Sivasamudram
POLITICAL SCIENCE
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
MEANING OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS-Fundamental rights are those rights which are essential for intellectual moral and spiritual development of citizens of India As these rights are fundamental or essential for existence and all-round development of individuals hence they are called Fundamental rights These are enshrined in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India These include individual rights common to most such as equality before the law freedom of speech and freedom of expression religious and cultural freedom Freedom of assembly (peaceful assembly) freedom of religion (freedom to practice religion) right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writsThere are six fundamental rights recognized by the Indian constitution
1 Right to equality (Articles 14-18)2 Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22)3 Right Against exploitation (Articles 23-24)4 Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25- 28)5 Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29-30) and6 Right to Constitutional remedies (Articles 32-35)
1 The right to equality includes equality before the law the prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion race caste gender or place of birth equality of opportunity in matters of employment the abolition of untouchability and abolition of titles
2 The right to freedom includes freedom of speech and expression association or union or cooperatives movement residence and right to practice any profession or occupation
3 The right against exploitation prohibits all forms of forced labour child labour and trafficking of human beings
4 The right to freedom of religion includes freedom of conscience and free profession practice and propagation of religion freedom to manage religious affairs freedom from certain taxes and freedom from religious instructions in certain educational institutes
5 The Cultural and educational Rights preserve the right of any section of citizens to conserve their culture language or script and right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice
6 The right to constitutional remedies is present for enforcement of fundamental rightsThe right to privacy is an intrinsic part of Article 21 (the Right to Freedom) that protects the life and liberty of the citizens The right to privacy is the newest right assured by the Supreme court of India It assures the peoples data and personal security
Fundamental rights for Indians have also been aimed at overturning the inequalities of pre-independence social practices Specifically they have also been used to abolish untouchability and thus prohibit discrimination on the grounds of religion race caste sex or place of birth They also forbid trafficking of human beings and forced labour (a crime) They also protect cultural and educational rights of religious and linguistic minorities by allowing them to preserve their languages and also establish and administer their own education institutions They are covered in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India
Mathematics
Relation Study Item Types of RelationToday class xii students we will discuss about the types of RelationsFirst we discuss Void RelationWhat is Void RelationAns Let A be a non-empty set Then φ A A and so it is a relation R on set A Thissube ⨯ relation is called the void or empty relation on set ANow from the above definition we came to know that no element of A is related to any element of AHere A A is called Cartesian product⨯
is the symbol of subsetsubeAnd φ is called phi and refer to void or empty relationNow I give an example to understand the above said relationLet A = 1 2 3 4Here A A =(11)(12)(13)(14)(21)(22)(23)(24)(31)(32)(33)(34)(41)⨯(42)(43)(44)Now we consider R is a relation which is defined by R=(ab) a+b= 50We notice that a+b 50 for any two elements of AnotinTherefore (ab) R for any ab A is called belong to and is not belong tonotin isin isin notinTherefore we can say R does not contain any element of A A⨯Therefore R is empty set Therefore we can say that R is the void or empty relation on AWhat is universal RelationAns Let A is a set Then A A A A and so it is a relation on A This relation is called⨯ sube ⨯ the universal relation on ANow from the above definition we can say that each element of A is related to every element of ANow we consider the relation R on the set A =1 234 defined by R = (ab) R |a -b|isin
0≽We observe that|a - b | 0 for all ab A≽ isin
(ab) R for all (ab) A ArArr isin isin ⨯ Each element of set A is related to set A every element of set ArArr
Therefore we write R= AxATherefore we can say R is universal relation on set ANote we can say that void relation is smallest relation and the universal relation is largest relationSometime both void relation and universal relation is called trivial relationWhat is identity relationAns Let A is a non-empty set Then the relation R or IA = (aa) a A on A is called theisin identity relation on A Therefore from the above definition we can say that every element of A is related to itself only
Example Let A = 1234 then Ror IA = (11)(22)(33)(44) is the identity relation on set ANow I give you another example R1 = (11)(22)(33) and R2 = (11)(22)(33)(44)(24)From the above example we can say that R1 and R2 are not identify relation Because in the case of R1 (44)R1 and on the other hand R2 where element 2 is related to elements 2 and 4
Hindi 2ndlang
भलि[ (महादी मा)
भलि[ कहानी की लखिखका महादी मा न इस कहानी म यह दशान का परयास गिकया ह गिक आजकल क जमान म भी लो सक बन कर गिनसाथ सा करत ह ह
गिबना तन लिसा करत ह और उसक बदल ना कछ मात ह और ना ही कोई आशा करत ह नौकर सा करक तन चाहता ह और ह भी कई सगिधाओ की आशा करता ह पर सक सदा गिनजी साथ भा स सा म सलगन रह कर काम करता ह भलि[ कहानी की मखय पातर लकषमी ह जिजस भलि[ नाम लखिखका न दिदया ह ह गिकसी
ोपाल काकी कनया ह पाच रष की आय म उसकी गि माता न ौना ही कर दिदया कहानी म भलि[ क दखो का अत नही ह गिफर भी ह बडी साहसी धयान और परिरशरमी ह कदिठनाइयो स जझ ती ह पहल गिपता की मतय गिफर पगित की मतय और
गिफर घर जमाई की मतय होती ह उस साहसी मगिहला न साहस नही छोडा और तीनो पतरी ओक हाथ पील गिकए लाना द पान क कारण उसका जमीदार न अपमान गिकया गिफरकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहचीकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहची शहर पहच करा लखिखका की सगिका बनी ही पर उसका नाम भलि[ पडा ह एक भ[ की तरह अपन सामिमनी की इमानदारी स सा करती और तन का जिजकर भी नही करती ह लखिखका क घर पाठशाला आदिद को अचछी तरह स सभालती पढी-
लिलखी ना होकर भी ह लखिखका की बहत सा ए सहायता करती ह लखिखका का साया बनकर चलती लखिखका की सा करना उसक जीन का उददशय ह ह
लखिखका की खशी क लिलए ही काय करती ह ह लखिखका को दखी नही दख सकती लखिखका पर भलि[ का इतना परभा पडा गिक ह सय दहाती बन ई
यदध क दिदनो म ह अपन परिरार क साथ रहन की अपकषा लखिखका क साथ रहना पसद करती थी यदध क भत न जब ीटा क ान पर पलायन गित जा दी तो
भलि[ न न लखिखका को अपन ा ल जान का अनरोध करन ली लखिखका को डर ह गिक यदिद उसक गिदा होन क अगितम छठा ए तो ह दहातीन दधा कया कर ी
इस परकार हम दखत ह गिक लखिखका न सामिमनी और सगिका क ण बरसात हए सक धम पर परकाश डाला ह और लखिखका न एक आदश सगिका क रप को सदर
रप स परसतत गिकया हBengali আদাব পরশন) ldquoশরণের ১৪৪ ধারা আর কারহিZউ অU ার জারী রণেয়রণে0ldquo
ক) কার গলখা গকা3 রচ3ার অংশ খ)গকাায় গক3 ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়রণে0 )১৪৪ ধারা কী এর Zরণেল কী য়
উততর) ক)আরণেলাচ য অংশটি সরণেরশ বসর রহিচত lsquoআদাবlsquo গ0াট রণেলপর অংশ
খ) বাংলারণেদরণেশর ঢাকা শরণের ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়হি0ল সামপরদাহিয়ক াnাা ও দাnা পরহিতরণেরারণেধর জ3 য হিlt সলা3রণেদর গ3তারণেদর সামপরদাহিয়ক উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা বারণেধ উ2য় সমপরদায় 2ীত রণেয় ঘর বহিlt রণেয় পরণে পরসপর পরসপররণেক সরণেltরণের গচারণেখ গদরণেখ গকউ কাউরণেক আরণের রণেতা হিবশবাস কররণেত পারণের3া হিক0 া3রণেষর উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা য় ার পহির3া অরণেতক রকত iয় ও ত য
) ১৪৪ ধারা আইরণে3র এ3 একটা ধারা ার _ারা এলাকা হি3হিদ ষট করণের গদওয়া য় গসই এলাকার রণেধ য গবহিশ া3রণেষর জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় হিহি0ল জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় আই3 2nকারীরণেক গহিলর হি3রণেদশ জাহির করা য় তাই সাধার3 া3ষ আর বাইরণের গবর রণেত পারণের3া পরারণে3র 2রণেয় বহিlt রণেয় ারণেক এর Zল য় সাংঘাহিতক গদাকা3 পাট বনধ ারণেক
হিজহি3স পতর অহিল য় রাসতা ঘাট জ3 শ3 য রণেয় ায় লরণেঠরা তারণেদর লঠত রাজ চাহিলরণেয় হি3রণেজরণেদর আরণেখর গহি0রণেয় গ3য় া3ষরণেক 2ীহিতর হিব2ীহিষহিক গরাস করণের ঘরণেরর া3রণেষর ইkা াকরণেলও ঘরণের হিZররণেত পারণের3া হিZররণেত হিরণেয় বltরণেকর গহিলরণেত পরা3 ারায়
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today we will discuss about Types of Leaves
An organization provides several kinds of leaves to the employees These days employees working both in government and private sector are allowed several types of leaves Following are the leaves achieved by the employees from their organization
Casual LeaveChild care leave -HospitalLeaveSpecial disability leaveChild Adoption leaveEarned LeavesHalf pay leaveMaternity leavePaternityleaveStudy leave
1 Casual Leave- Casual leave is not a recognised form of leaves and is not subject to any rules made by the government of India And official on casual leave is not treated as Absent from duty and pay is not intimated Normally 8 days of casual leave is permissible in a calendar year
2 Child care leave - Women employees having minor children may be granted child care leave by an authority competent to grant leave for a maximum period of 730 days means two years during their entire service for taking care of up to two children weather for sharing or to look after any of their names like examination sickness it is a
3HospitalLeave - Hospital leave is admissible to group C employees whose duties involved handling of dangerous machinery explosive materials poisonous drugs and performance of hazardous task and to group D employees Medical certificate from an authorised medical attendant is necessary for the grant of these leave However total period of
leave does not exceed 28 months4Special disability leave- Special
disability leave admissible to all employees when disabled by injury intentionally or accidentally inflicted are caused in law in consequence of the due performance of official duties or in consequence of official position It also it is also add miscible when disabled by illness incurred in the performance of any particular duty which has the effect of increasing laboratory to illness or injury beyond the ordinary least attaching to the Civil post held and the same condition
5Child Adoption leave- This leave is granted to female Employees with fewer than two surviving children on valid adoption of a child below the age of one year for a period of 135 days immediately after the date of valid adoption Leave salary will be equal to the pain immediately before processing on leave
6Earned Leaves- This leave is earned by duty The credit for earned leave will be awarded at a rate of 15 days on the 1st of January and 1st of July every year It can be accumulated up to 300 days in addition to the number of days for which encashment has been allowed along with LTC
7 Half pay leave -All government servant are entitled to 20 days of HPL half pay leave for every completed year of service Half pay leave is calculated at 20 days for each completed year of service The service includes periods of duty and leave including extra ordinary leave with or without MC (medical certificate)
8 Maternity leave -Maternity leave is granted to women Government employees full stop it is as possible only to Employees with less than 2 surviving children The maternity leave is not debited to leave account and full pay is granted It cannot be combined with any other the leaves and count as service for increment and pension
9 PaternityleaveA male employee with less than 2 surviving children may be granted paternity leave for a period of 15 days during the confinement of
his wife During the period of such leaves he shall be paid leave salary equal to the pay drawn immediately before proceeding on leave
10 Study leave-Study leave may be granted to all Government Employees with not less than 5 years service for undergoing a special course consisting of higher studies are specialised training in a professional or technical subject having a direct and close connection with the sphere of his duties as a Civil Servant
Commerce
Chapter-5Management
Let us today discuss about the nature of Management
Nature of management Management is defined as
An art A science A profession
Management is defined as an art because of the following reasons
1 In art there is an existence of theoretical knowledge Similarly in management various theories are propounded by management thinkers in various areas of management like finance marketing human resources etc
2 Every manager apply his or her personal skills and knowledge in the day to day functioning of an enterprise
3 Like an art management is creative as it provides solutions to Complex problems making resources productive and profitable moulding the attitudes of people for the betterment of an organisation
Management is is considered as science because of the following reasons
1 Like science there is a systemised body of knowledge in management consisting of theories principles vocabulary and concept
2 Principles of management are evolved after continuous observations and experimentation
Management both as Science and ArtManagement is both a science and an art It is a science because it uses certain principles and is an art because it requires continuous practice and application of personal skillsManagement as a profession Following points highlight whether management is a profession or not1 Like profession management has well
defined body of knowledge It has its own principles which are based on experiments One can acquire such
knowledge by pursuing courses like MBA BBA etc and acquire managerial skills through instruction and training
2 In management no such restriction is there for managers to clear an examination for hold a degree However these days more and more people are appointed for managerial post who opposes management degrees
3 Membership to a professional Association like AIMA is not mandatory for managers All managers directly or indirectly work for the development of society
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Essay Questions (EQ-2)
Question No 2Sketch the character of Prospero Would you call him perfect
AnswerProspero in The Tempest appears to be an intensely human being with human failings and weaknesses With all his excellence Prospero is made to awaken our sympathy for a natural imperfection Prosperorsquos Previous HistoryIn his retrospective narration of his previous history to Miranda we get a glimpse into Prosperorsquos past life As the Duke of Milan Prospero buried himself in his magic books which he prized above his dukedom He was essentially a scholar with no practical wisdom He failed to perform his first duty by neglecting the governance of his state and gave an opportunity to his wicked brother to undermine his throne He was thus driven from his home and thrown in a leaky boat with his weeping daughter to drift in the perilous seas It is only the thought of his little child that kept him aliveThe Development of Prosperorsquos CharacterThe development of his character is evident from the contrast between what he was before his banishment and what he is now in the island Formerly when his ldquolibrary was dukedom enoughrdquo he was altogether too unsuspecting Now he is watchful as providence and takes care to guard himself against the possibility of evil He has learnt to know human nature in its worst forms even Caliban has taught him something He will no longer put his trust in appearance except as ldquostale to catch thievesrdquo nor in oaths of which the strongest he says ldquoare straw to the fire irsquo the bloodrdquo He who once neglected worldly ends now consistently asserts his dignity enforces obedience and deals out justice with impartial hand He who without a thought of evil gave his power and his revenues into his brotherrsquos hands now puts Ferdinand to the severest test as a trial of his love before entrusting his daughter to him He makes the most practical use imaginable of his magic art exacts prompt servitudefrom his attendants does not hesitate to punish them is resolved and firm and knows how to seize the proper moment for action He is a most careful father to his daughter a considerate master of Ariel severe against the brutal Caliban humane towards the repentant enemies full of experience and wisdomThe Exercise of his Power ndash his SternnessWhat appears to us at the first sight one of the least pleasing features of Prosperorsquos character is the sternness which he frequently displays more particularly in his dealings with Caliban His harshness towards Caliban resulted from the failure of gentler methods his severity towards Ferdinand was exercised in the interest of his daughter ldquolest too light winning make the prize lightrdquo and his punishment of Alonso Sebastian and Antonio is justified by the attainment of his objectiveProsperorsquos TendernessThe tender side of Prosperorsquos character is exhibited in his relation to Miranda Ariel Gonzalo and the repentant sinners His love for Miranda is unbounded She was almost life to him In his darkest hours of trial this love sustained him and gave him strength to put a bold front to suffering He addresses her always with tenderness She is to him a lsquoloved darlingrsquo lsquodear heartrsquo lsquoa rich giftrsquo lsquoa third of his own lifersquo The same affectionate nature is shown in his dealing with his brother Antonio He loved his brother Antonio only next to Miranda before Antonio conspired against him In the island when Antonio is brought before him he forgives him
readily To Gonzalo the good old councilor he is all affection He sheds tears of joy and gratitude when he meets him in the island To Ariel he is a loving and considerable master Ariel is always to him ldquomy brave spiritrdquo ldquofine spiritrdquo ldquodelicate Arielrdquo ldquomy Arielrdquo etc When he promises Ariel his freedom he says with real emotion ndash ldquoI shall miss theerdquoProsperorsquos Power as a MagicianThe practice of magic has placed wonderful powers in the hands of Prospero He uses his supernatural powers like a god only to bring about the happiest results He causes The Tempest and the shipwreck only to bring his enemies within his power and not to destroy them Not a soul perished in the storm He leads Ferdinand to Miranda his high charms work and as he wishes the two falls in love He frustrates the plots of the conspirators and makes them know that he was conscious of it He drives Sebastian and Alonso to sincere repentance and readily forgives them The drunken associates of Caliban are no doubt sternly treated but even then they are promised conditional pardon The whole play at last ends in reconciliation joy and peace The wrongs are set right the lovers are made happy Ariel is set free and thus the powerful magician retires into the solitude of his study at MilanProsperorsquos ForgivenessAllied to his wisdom is his forgiving nature Though deeply wronged he bears no spite against the wrong-doers Though his power is unlimited he uses it to noble purposes The lesson of adversity has taught him that ldquoThe rarer action is in virtue than in vengeancerdquoProspero does not debase his noble nature by revenge but forgives his enemies absolutely He drives his erstwhile enemies to a sincere penitence for their past misdeeds and when repentance has wrought its full effect on them he receives them into his arms and is reconciled to them Is Prospero perfectProspero creates a great impression upon our minds by his dignity his nobility the divine spirit of forgiveness in him his generous and sympathetic nature etc Even with all these virtues we cannot call him perfect We perceive certain faults in him He displays an occasional impatience irritability and even a certain harshness of feeling His severe treatment of Caliban might have been justified but the language in which he addresses the monster and the threats that he uses show him to be a kind of tyrant On learning of Calibanrsquos plot against his life he is as violently disturbed and agitated as any ordinary human being would be His manner towards Ariel when the latter demands his liberty also seems somewhat arbitrary and tyrannicalSubject ndashBiology Topic ndashChapter -5 Inheritance amp Variations Summary ExecutionToday we will discuss about NON-Mendelian Inheritance
NON_MENDELIAN INHERITANCE Incomplete Dominance It is an inheritance in which heterozygous offspring shows
intermediate character between two parental characteristics Eg Flower colour in snapdragon (dog flower or Antirrhinum sp) and
Mirabilis jalapa ( 4rsquoO clock plant) Here phenotypic and genotypic ratios are same Phenotypic Ratio 1Red 2 Pink 1 White Genotypic Ratio 1(RR) 2 (Rr) 1(rr) This means that R was not completely dominant over r Pea plants also show incomplete dominance in other traits
Co- dominance It is the inheritance in which both alleles of a gene are expressed in a
hybrid Eg ABO blood grouping in human ABO Blood groups are controlled by the gene I The plasma membrane of the RBC has sugar polymer that protrude
from its surface and is controlled By the gene The gene I has three alleles IA IB i The alleles IA and IB produce a slightly different form of the sugar
while allele i does not produce any sugar In AB blood group both IA and IB are present together This is co ndash
dominanceMultiple Alleles
Multiple alternatives of the same gene which influence the same character and produce different expressions in different individuals of a species or population same genes have more than two allelic
forms These different forms of a single gene are referred as multiple alleles Eg human Blood group
Ac-12 250620 Topic- retirement
Illustration Om Jai and Jagdish are partners sharing profit in the ratio of 3 2 l Their balance sheet as at December 31st 2014 is as under
Balance sheet as at December 31 2014
Liabilities Amount Assets Amount
(Rs`) (Rs`)
Creditors 80000 Building 180000 Bills Payable 26000 Plant 140000 General reserve 24000 Motor Car 40000 Capital Stock 100000 Om 160000 Debtors 63000 Jai 120000 Less Provision Jagdish 120000
400000 for Bad debts 3000
60000 Cash at Bank 10000
530000 530000
Jai retires on that date on the following terms(a) The Goodwill of the firm is valued at Rs 60000(b) Stock and Building to be appreciated by 10(c) Plant is depreciated by 10(d) Provision for Bad debts is increased upto Rs 5000(e) Jairsquos share of goodwill was adjusted through remaining partners capital accountThe amount due to Jai is paid out of the fund brought in by Om and Jagdish in theirnew profit sharing ratio Jai is paid full amountPrepare Revaluation Account and Partnerrsquos Capital account
Solution WorkingsIt is assumed that Om and Jagdish gaining ratio remains 3 lJairsquo Share of goodwill = Rs 60000 times 26 = Rs20000Adjusted through the remaining partners capital account in 3 1 ratio
Revaluation Account
Dr Cr
Particulars Amount Particulars Amount
(Rs`) (`Rs)
To Provision for Bad debts 2000 By Stock 10000TO Plant 14000 By Building 18000To Profit transferred toCapital Accounts Om 6000 Jai 4000 Jagdish 2000
12000
28000 28000
Capital AccountDr Cr Particulars Om Jai Jagdish Particulars Om Jai Jagdish
(Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (rs`) (`Rs)
To Capital 15000 mdash 5000 By Balance bd 160000 120000 120000 ToBank 152000 By General Reserve 12000 8000 4000To Balance cd 277000 mdash 159000 By Revaluation (Profit) 6000 4000 2000 By Om Capital mdash 15000 mdash ByJagdish Capital mdash 5000 By Bank 114000 38000
292000 152000 164000 292000 152000 164000
Living Things in Ecosystems
bull ParasitismParasitism is a relationship between two different organisms where one of the organisms actually harms the other through the relationship The organism that is harming the other one is called a parasite Examples of Parasitism Fleas or ticks that live on dogs and cats are parasites
bull MutualismMutualisms are defined as interactions between organisms of two different species in which each organism benefits the other
bull CommensalismCommensalism is a relationship between individuals of two species in which one species obtains food or other benefits from the other without either harming or benefiting the latter
bull SynergismThe interaction of things resulting in the overall effect that is greater than the sum of individual effects of any of them
Q) How biotic and abiotic components are inter-related Ans - In an eco system biotic and abiotic components depend on each other The biotic and abiotic components are connected in ecosystem in different way The sun is the energy source Producersplants use this energy to synthesize food in the presence of carbon dioxide and chlorophyll The herbivores are dependent on plants for the energy requirements The carnivores in turn feed on the herbivores and other carnivores At any level microbes then decompose any dead and decaying organic matter These decomposers after various chemical reactions release molecules back to the environment in the form of chemicals The chemicals are again used by the producers and the cycle starts againIn conclusion ecosystems have a complex set of interactions that happen between the biotic and abiotic components The components of an ecosystem are linked to each other through the energy flows and nutrient cycles
Commercial Studies
Chapter-7Joint Stock Company
In previous class we have explained about the meaning of Joint Stock Company features of Joint Stock Company
Let us explain about
Merits of Joint Stock Company
Merits of Joint stock CompanyStabilityPublic confidenceProfessional managementTransferability of sharesLimited Liability
Merits of Joint Stock Company StabilityA company enjoys stable durable enduring and uninterrupted business life A company continues to exist even if all its members die or deserted Maintenance of continuity of policy of administration is very much ensured in the case of Joint Stock CompanyPublic confidenceA public company enjoys the confidence of the public as the same is guided and controlled by strict regulations Since the companies financial accounts are published and circulated the public has enough faith on the activities of the company Thus a company enjoys better prestige and regulation greater public confidence as a wholeEfficient professional managementDue to its large financial resources and continuity a company can avail of the services of highly qualified
persons who are experts in different fields of business management In this way the benefits of specialization and centralized management can be securedTransferability of sharesSince the shares of a joint stock company are freely transferable they provide necessary liquidity to the investment of the people Shares of public companies are generally listed on a stock exchange so that people can easily buy and sell themLimited LiabilityThe liability of shareholders is limited only to the extent of face value of share held by them Shareholders are not personally liable for the debts of the company Thus the risk is known and also limited
Economics Chapter4 Basic Problems of An Economy
Today let discuss about the Meaning of Efficiency use of ResourcesNeeds of efficient use of resources
Resource efficiency is the maximising of the supply of money materials staff and other assets that can be drawn on by a person or organization in order to function effectively with minimum wasted (natural) resource expenses It means using the Earths limited resources in a sustainable manner while minimising environmental impact
Necessity for efficient use resources Once the flow of resources through the economy has reached its maximum sustainable limit (and many would argue that wersquove already passed that point for some resources) the only way to maintain economic growth in the long run is to become more resource efficient ndash finding ways to generate greater returns from the same amount of resources
Resource efficiency isnrsquot only valuable because it is essential for sustained economic growth Promoting resource efficiency can increase the competitiveness of industry create jobs stimulate innovation boost sectors such as recycling and resource recovery and help ensure secure supplies of key
QuestionWhat do you mean by Efficient use of Resources
Answer) Resource efficiency is the maximising of the supply of money materials staff and other assets that can be drawn on by a person or organization in order to function effectively with minimum wasted (natural) resource expenses It means using the Earths limited resources in a sustainable manner while minimising environmental impact
Why do we need to use our resources efficientlyAnswer) Once the flow of resources through the economy has reached its maximum sustainable limit (and many would argue that wersquove already passed that point for some resources) the only way to maintain economic growth in the long run is to become more resource efficient ndash finding ways to generate greater returns from the same amount of resources
Resource efficiency isnrsquot only valuable because it is essential for sustained economic growth Promoting resource efficiency can increase the competitiveness of industry create jobs stimulate innovation boost sectors such as recycling and resource recovery and help ensure secure
resources supplies of key resources
Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)
Topic Act II Scene 7 Lines 1 to 35 (Morocco hellip What if I stray no further but choose here )
[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase provided]
Summary Questions amp Answers
Having disposed of the minor story of Jessicarsquos elopement we now return to the main plot We are now shown how affairs are progressing with Portia in her home in Belmont
This is the first of the three scenes where a suitor makes a choice between golden silver and leaden caskets It will be noted that while making the choice all the lovers soliloquize and reveal their personality and character We have already observed the manly soldierly but primitive personality of the Prince of Morocco His has a simple nature and does not look deeply into the inner meaning of things but is dazzled by the outward appearance of gold He is inclined to over-estimate his own value and does not realize that it is a duty to ldquogive and hazardrdquo So his feeling is only one of fascination and romantic attraction We cannot believe that he has a deep and lasting love for Portia
In this scene two characters appear ndash Portia and the Prince of Morocco Portia explains to the Prince that the correct casket shall be the one that contains her picture She will be the wife of the person who will choose the correct casket and in the process get whatever she has
The Prince examines the inscriptions on each of the caskets and interprets them
(1) (Act II Sc 7 L 1-5)
Portia Go draw aside the curtains and discover
The several caskets to this noble princeNow make your choice
Morocco The first of gold who this inscription bearsWho chooseth me shall gain what many men desire
(i) Who is Morocco How did he introduce himself to Portia when they first met in an earlier scene
Prince Morocco is a dark skinned boastful warrior of African origin who seeks the hand of Portia He introduces himself as a person who lives near the equator where the exposure to sun rays have to be blamed for his complexion He says that Portia should not dislike him for his dark skin
(ii) How would Morocco know that he had made the right choice What would his reward be
Morocco would know he has chosen the right casket if he finds Portiarsquos portrait in one of them His reward would be Portiarsquos hand in marriage
(iii) Which casket did Morocco finally choose What reasons did he give for rejecting the casket made of lead
Morocco chooses the golden casket He says that lead is of lowly origin and the portrait of a lady as great as Portia cannot be placed in it He reads the inscription ldquoWho chooseth me must give and hazard all he hathrdquo This makes the box too threatening He wonders why anyone should risk everything for lead He also feels that a golden mind like his should not bow down to choose something worthless So he will not risk anything for lead
(iv) What two objects did Morocco find in the casket of his
before choosing
The inscription on the leaden casket says ldquoWho chooseth me must give and hazard all he hathrdquo The Prince was shocked and says as to why anyone should risk for the sake of lead The leaden casket is a threat Nobody would risk all they have for lead He says that no noble person would stoop to choose such a worthless thing as lead So he will not give nor risk anything for lead
The Prince then examines the inscription on the silver casket which says ldquoWho chooseth me shall get as much as he deservesrdquo The Prince says that he deserves Portia more than anybody else because of his high rank his noble birth and his great wealth and power But then he argues that silver is ten times inferior to gold and therefore he cannot believe that the portrait of such a beautiful lady as Portia can be contained in the silver casket He decides to see the inscription on the golden casket before making his decision
choice What reason does he give to Portia for leaving in haste
The Prince of Morocco chooses the golden casket and on opening it finds a human skull within whose hollow eye-socket was a scroll or a roll of paper in which it is written that those who are attracted by the glittering outside of things are always deceived as Morocco has been deceived
Morocco says he is moved and that he does not want to make his departure a painstaking process and he wants to leave immediately without revealing his emotions He should also obey the rule of the game which states the one who loses the test should leave immediately
(v) How does Portia respond to Moroccorsquos parting words What does this reveal of her nature
Portia is relieved that Morocco has left without making any scene It was a gentle riddance and all like him should go in a similar manner This shows that Portia has a kind heart and does not want anyone to he hurt Her love for Bassanio over-rides her passion that makes her wish that only he should be able to make the right choice At the same time like a dutiful daughter she does not want to disrespect her fatherrsquos wishes Hence she is willing to go through the casket injunctions
(2) (Act II Sc 7 L 15-35)
MOROCCO helliphelliphelliphelliphellip
What says this leaden casket Who chooseth me must give and hazard all he hath Must givemdashFor what for lead hazard for leadThis casket threatens Men that hazard allDo it in hope of fair advantagesA golden mind stoops not to shows of drossIll then nor give nor hazard aught for leadWhat says the silver with her virgin hueWho chooseth me shall get as much as he deservesAs much as he deservesmdashPause there MoroccoAnd weigh thy value with an even handIf thou best rated by thy estimationThou dost deserve enough and yet enoughMay not extend so far as to the ladyAnd yet to be afeard of my deservingWere but a weak disabling of myselfAs much as I deservemdashWhy thats the ladyI do in birth deserve her and in fortunesIn graces and in qualities of breeding
But more than these in love I do deserveWhat if I strayed no further but chose here
(i) What does the Prince of Morocco do before making his selection What does his comment reflect How does he analyse the inscription of the leaden casket and what is his interpretation
The Prince of Morocco surveys the three caskets before making his selection His comments reflect his thinking and attitude on life and things He comes to the lead casket and reads the inscription on it His interpretation which reflects his own character is that the inscription threatens because no one will be prepared to risk or sacrifice all one has for such a base thing as lead
(ii) What does the Prince of Morocco think of the leaden casket and why does he decide to reject the leaden casket
The Prince of Morocco thinks that when people risk anything they do so in order to gain something precious A person of royal ways will not bend so low as to be impressed by such an ordinary thing as lead Therefore he decides that he will not take any risk for a worthless thing like lead and rejects the lead casket
(iii) What does the Prince think while analyzing and interpreting the inscription of the silver casket
The Prince of Morocco analyses the inscription on the silver casket which runs thus ldquoWho chooseth me shall get as much as he deservesrdquo When he reads the inscription he bids himself to stop and ponder over the interpretation He asks himself to evaluate his worth objectively and impartially He says that if he is assessed on the basis of the opinion of people he deserves much But even this may not be sufficient to deserve to win Portia who is so virtuous and worthy
(iv) What promise does the silver casket make What self-assessment does the Prince make
The silver casket promises the reward according to the worth of the chooser The Prince makes a self-assessment and concludes that in all fairness he deserves to get Portia He thinks that he is a royal Prince by birth and so he deserves her by the right of his birth
Portia is very rich and so the Prince deserves her by this also The Prince deserves because he is also extremely handsome as most of the beautiful maidens of his kingdom covet him He is valiant and virtuous also So in his opinion he is the most suitable and deserving candidate for Portiarsquos hand
(v) Over which casket does the Prince ponder a long time What intrigue him In what way does he deserve Portia
Morocco reviews the inscriptions again and rejects the lead casket as being not worth the high stakes for which he gambles He ponders a long time over the silver casket The words ldquoget as much as he deservesrdquo intrigue him He is quite sure that he deserves Portia He deserves her in birth fortune grace qualities of breeding and most of all love
Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution EVS Ch ndash4 Managing
soil and land
Today we will discuss about mechanical practices of soil conservation
A few mechanical measures of soil conservation arei) Basin leaching In this method a number of small basins (water reservoirs) are made These collect and retain rain water for a long period and also catch and stabilize downwardly moving soils of the slopes
ii) Pan breaking by breaking of pan ( a hard sheet of clay a few feet below the surface ) drainage and percolation of rain water is improved and soil is saved from residual run-off and erosion
iii) Sub-soiling Soil is broken into fine grains to increase its absorptive capacity
iv) Contour terracing terraces are labeled areas constructed at right angles to the slope to reduce soil erosion
v) Contour trenching This method involves making a series of deep pits or trenches across the slope at convenient distance The soil excavated from the trenches is deposited along the lower edge in the form of bund On the ridges tree seeds are shown
vi) Terrace outlets To conserve soil pipe outlets are made which are thickly covered by grasses
vii) Digging of ponds and reservoirs to store water
viii) Stream bank protection To protect banks of rivers and channels construction of stone or concrete protective walls or planting of trees should be undertaken
Commercial Studies
Chapter- Banking Let us today discuss about theMeaning of Commercial BankFunctions of Commercial Banks
Commercial Banks are those banks which perform all kinds of banking functions such as accepting deposits advancing loans credit creation and
Question1 What do you mean by
Commercial BankAnswer) Commercial Banks are those banks which perform all kinds of banking functions such as accepting deposits advancing loans credit creation and agency functions
agency functions
Functions of Commercial BanksCommercial banks perform a variety of functions which can be divided as (1) Accepting Deposits (2) Advancing Loans (3) Credit Creation (4) Financing Foreign Trade(5) Agency Services (6) Miscellaneous Services To Customers
2 Explain the various functions of Commercial Bank
Answer) Following are the various functions of Commercial Banks
1 Accepting Deposits This is the oldest function of a bank and the banker used to charge a commission for keeping the money in its custody when banking was developing as an institution Nowadays a bank accepts three kinds of deposits from its customers The first is the savings deposits on which the bank pays small interest to the depositors who are usually small savers
2 Advancing LoansOne of primary functions of commercial banks is to advance loans to its customers A bank lends a certain percentage of the cash lying in deposits on a higher interest rate than it pays on such deposits This is how it earns profits and carries on its business 3 Credit CreationCredit creation is one of the most important functions of the commercial banks Like other financial institutions they aim at earning profits For this purpose they accept deposits and advance loans by keeping small cash in reserve for day-to-day transactions When a bank advances a loan it opens and account in the name of the customer and does not pay him in cash but allows him to draw the money by cheque according to his needs By granting a loan the bank creates credit or deposit4 Financing ForeignTrade commercial bank finances foreign trade of its customers by accepting foreign bills of exchange and collecting them from foreign banks It also transacts other foreign exchange business and buys and sells foreign currency5 Agency ServicesA bank acts as an agent of its customers in collecting and paying cheques bills of exchange drafts dividends etc It also buys and sells
shares securities debentures etc for it customers Further it pays subscriptions insurance premium rent electric and water bills and other similar charges on behalf of its clients It also acts as a trustee and executor of the property and will of its customers Moreover the bank acts as an income tax consultant to its clients For some of these services the bank charges a normal fee while it renders others free of charge6 Miscellaneous ServicesBesides the above noted services the commercial bank performs a number of other services It acts as the custodian of the valuables of its customers by providing them lockers where they can keep their jewellery and valuable documents It issues various forms of credit instruments such as cheques drafts travellers cheques etc which facilitate transactions
Bengali হিবপরীতশবদ করণেয়কটি হিবপরীত শবদ গদওয়া ল1)সজীব = হি3জsব 2)শরদধা= ঘা 3)আকষ = হিবকষ4)সধবা = হিবধবা 5)উৎস = গা3া 6)অ = অ37)জয় = পরাজয় 8)তাপ = হৈশত যয 9)হি3ltা = পরশংসা10)াদা = অদা 11)রহিসক = গবরহিসক 12) অনতর = বাহির13)অহিতবষটি = অ3াবষটি 14)পরত যযi = পরণেরাi 15)3াবালক = সাবালক
Hindi 2nd lang नया रासता भा 5 अपन जीन की परिरसथिगितयो स गिश होकर मीन क हदय म कई बार हीन भाना
और जीन की कडाहट अनभ हईपरत ह दढता और साहस की मरतित थी ह
अपन जीन को वयथ नही होन दना चाहती थी बचपन स ही उसकी कील बनन की
इचछा थी आज मीन की लन उस और दखकर माता- गिपता न उस कालत करन की
आजञा द दी मीन न मरठ म दाखिखला ल लिलया उसक हरदय म कछ बनन और कछ
कर दिदखान की इचछा थी उसक गिचार स चारो और पस का ही बोलबाला हहॉसटल
की कलपना करत ही ह लिसहर उठती थी उसन अपन लिलए नए नए कपड बनाए पहली बार हॉसटल जान का चा थाआखिखर
ह दिदन आ ही या जब उस हॉसटल जाना था पहली बार ह अपन घर स अल हो
रही थी हॉसटल पहच कर कछ दिदनो तक उसका मन नही ला बचपन की घटनाए
एक- एक करक उसक समतपटल पर उतर ई ह अपनी ककषा म हमशा परथम आती
थी 2 दिदन बाद गिपताजी मीन स मिमलन आए मा न काफी चीज उसक लिलए बनाकर
भजी थी गिपताजी स मिमलकर ह बहत खश
1 ह सय की दढता साहस की मरतित थी
परशन1 लखिखका मीन को दढता साहस
की मरतित कयो कह रही ह 2 गिाह क अलाा मीन क जीन
का कया लकषय था 3 मीन समाज क झठ आरण को
हटाकर सतय दिदखाना चाहती ह सपषट कीजिजए
4 परसतत पलि[यो का भा सपषट अपन शबदो म लिलखिखए
उततरndash1 मीन म समाज स लडन की शलि[ ह
ह समाज म फली बराइयो क सामन ढढता स जमी हई ह ह साहस क साथ अपन उलिचत गिनणय
पर सथिर रहती ह जिजदी क उतार चढा सा घबरा टी नही ह बलकिलक साहस स काम लती ह इनही कारणो स लखिखका न उस ढढता
और साहस की मरतित कहा ह2 मरठ ालो न जब उसका रिरशता
ठकरा दिदया तो उसन गिनशचय कर लिलया गिक ह अपन परो पर खडी होी और समाज को दिदखा दी की नारी अबला नही ह उसन अपना
हई करीब 1 घटा रक कर गिपताजी चल ए लकषय बना लिलया गिक ह एलएलबी करक कील बनी
3 समाज म नारी क ऊपर अबला आशरीता का आरण पडा हआ ह
मीन समाज क दवारा होत हए इस आरण को हटाकर यह सतय परमाणिणत करना चाहती ह गिक आज
की नारी अबला नही ह और ना ही गिकसी क हाथ की कठपतली ह
4 लखिखका न मीन क बार म कहा गिक ह सय घटा और साहस की मरतित
ह ह अपन न हम ध और मसीबत म साहस का परिरचय दती हउतार
चढा को हर इसान क जीन म आत ही रहत ह उनको साधारण रप
स ही लना चागिहए अपन गिाह क मामल म उसन साहस स काम
लिलया और गिाह क बार म सोचना छोड दिदया मीन क सामन अभी बहत लबी जिजदी पडी ह इसलिलए उसन समय का महत समझा और
एक कषण भी वयथ ना करन का गिनशचय गिकया
Mathematics(x) Algebra Quadratic Equation in one variable
Study Item Some solved sums from exercise- 539)Solve for x 2(2x ndash 1 )(x+3) ndash 3 (x + 3)(2x ndash 1 ) = 5 x -3 frac12Solution Let (2x ndash 1)(x + 3) = y then we get2(y) ndash 3( 1y) = 50r 2y ndash 3y = 5Or 2y2 ndash 3 = 5y [multiplying both side by y we get]0r 2y2 ndash 5y ndash 3 = 0Now comparing the above equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0 we geta=2 b = - 5 and c = - 3Therefore y = -(- 5 )plusmnradic((-5)sup2-4(2)(-3))2(2) = 5 plusmnradic( 25 + 24)4 = 5plusmn radic(49)4 = (5 plusmn 7)4= (5+7)4 (5 ndash 7)4= 124 -24= 3 - 12Therefore y = 3 (2x ndash 1)( x + 3) = 3 2x ndash 1 = 3x + 9 3x - 2x = - 10 x= - 10Or y = - frac12 ( 2x ndash 1)(x + 3) = - frac124x ndash 2 = - x ndash 3 4x+x = - 3 + 2 5x = - 1 x= - 15Hence the roots of the given equation are - 10 and ndash 1510)(i) x2 - 5x ndash10 =0Solution x2 ndash 5x ndash 10 = 0Comparing the above equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0 we get a=1 b = - 5 and c = - 10Therefore x = - (- 5)plusmnradic( -5)sup2- 4(1)(- 10)2(1) = 5 plusmn radic( 25 +40)2 = 5 plusmn radic(65 )2
= (5 plusmn 8bull06)2 = (5 + 8bull06)2 (5 ndash 8bull06)2 = 13bull062 - 3bull062= 6bull53 - 1bull5312) Solve the equation x ndash 18x = 6 Given your answer correct to two significant figureSolution x ndash18x = 6Or (x2 ndash 18 )x = 6Or x2ndash 18 = 6xOr x2 ndash 6x ndash18 = 0Comparing the above equation with ax2 + bc + c = 0 we gera= 1 b = - 6 and c = -18Therefore x = -(-6) plusmnradic(- (- 6)2 ndash 4(1)(- 18)2(1) = 6 plusmn radic( 36 + 72)2 = (6 plusmnradic( 108)2 =(6 plusmn 10bull39)2= 16bull392 - 4bull392= 8bull195 - 2bull195 asymp 8bull2 - 2bull2
Chemistry Chapter-2L-1Chemical Bonding
1) Chemical Bonding-
It is basically the force of attraction which holds the different types of atoms in a molecule together
Cause of Chemical Combination-
The main cause is the tendency of elements to acquire eight electrons in its outermost shell like that of noble gases other than Helium(He) So the atoms combine to acheive the nearest noble gas configuration of 8 electrons( or 2 electrons) in their outermost orbit and become stable
2) Ion-
It is a charged particle made from an atom by the loss or gain of electrons
There are 2 types of Ions They are-
a) Cations- It is formed by the loss of electrons eg - K+ Ca2+
Na+ etc
b) Anions- It is formed by the gain of electrons eg- Cl- O2- F- etc
Q Why do elements form Ions
A Atoms of all elements except those of noble gases have one to seven valence electrons and are not in a state of minimum energy Thus to acquire a state of minimum energy elements lose or gain electrons and form ions so that they acquire stable configuration (Duplet or Octet)
Q What is the Electronic Theory of Valency
A In 1916 Kossel and Lewis on the basis of octet rule of electrons described simply the electronic structure of molecules of many chemical compounds and elements Kossel mainly described the structure of ionic compounds formed by loss and gain of electrons and Lewis mainly described the structure of Covalent Compounds formed by mutual sharing of electron pair This is known as ELECTRONIC THEORY OF VALENCY proposed by Kossel and Lewis
Q What do you mean by Electropositive and Electronegative Elements
3) Types of Chemical Bond-3 types
A)ElectrovalentIonic Bond
B) Covalent Bond
C) Co-ordinate Dative Bond4) ELECTROVALENT IONIC BOND-
It is the electrostatic force of attraction between the opposite charged ions which holds them together
The chemical compounds formed as a result of electron transfer from one atom of an element to another are called IONIC or ELECTROVALENT COMPOUND
The number of electrons which an element loses or gains during the formation of an ionic bond is called its ELECTROVALENCY
Conditions for the formation of Ionic Compounds-
i Large electronegativity difference between the combining atoms
ii Low IP for one of the atoms from which the cation can be easily formed
iii High electron affinity for one of the atoms from which the anions can be easily formed
iv High Lattice Energy
A
1) Electropositive Elements- have the tendency to lose the electrons and form Cations
eg- Na K Fe -mostly metals
2) Electronegative Elements- have the tendency to gain the electrons and form Anions
eg- Cl F O - mostly Non-metals
Q Give the brief description about the formation of NaCl
A See your Text Book
Q Practise the two types of diagram of the formation of different ionic compound
A See your Text Book
English All Summer in a Answer the following questions-
literature Day 3) Why did the children hate herAns- The children sensed that Margot was different from them She hated the continuous rain while they were used to it She spoke only about the sun and they had no memory of it They hated her pale snow face her waiting silence her thinness and her possible future of going back to the Earth4) What is the it referred to by WilliamAns- The it referred to by William is the Sun which the scientists had predicted would shine for a short while that day5) What was Margot waiting for Why did William say it was a jokeAns- Margot was waiting to see the sun predicted to shine that day for a short while William did not want her to have the joy of seeing the sun
Geography Water Resources SOURCES OF WATER SURFACE WATER AND GROUNDWATER Earth is known as the Blue Planet because 71 per cent of the Earths surface is covered with water Wateralso exists below land surface and as water vapour in the air Water is not added or removed from the environment it simply changes state and location This constant movement of water throughout our environment is called the hydrological cycle or water cycle Earth cleans and replenishes the water supply through the hydrologic cycle Groundwater exists in an aquifer or
underground layer of permeable rock sediment (usually sand or gravel) or soil that yields water
Aquifers are like underground reservoirs of water
SURFACE WATER The visible bodies of water are referred to as surface water Surface waters can be simply described as the water that is on the surface of the Earth This includes the oceans rivers and streams lakes and reservoirs Surface waters are very important Rivers and streams constitute the flowing surface waters Surface water canbe captured for a variety of biospheric and humanusesRunoff During heavy precipitation water cannot infiltrate into the ground It flows on the surface of the ground and called as runoff
GROUNDWATER Groundwater is detained as water that is found beneath the surface of the Earth in conditions of100 per
Q1 Why the Earth is called as Blue PlanetA1 Earth is known as the Blue Planet because 71 per cent of the Earths surface is covered with water
Q2 Define hydrological cycleA2 Water is not added or removed from the environment it simply changes state and location This constant movement of water throughout our environment is called the hydrological cycle or water cycle Earth cleans and replenishes the water supply through the hydrologic cycle
Q3 What is AquifersA3 Aquifers are like underground reservoirs of water
Q4 Why there is a shortage of fresh waterA4 Although the earth has an abundance of water but unfortunately there is a shortage of fresh water because 997 per cent of it occupied by oceans soils icecaps and floating in the atmosphere and rest 03 percent can use for daily uses
cent saturation (if it is less than100 per cent saturation then the water is considered as soil moisture) Ninety-eight per cent of Earths available fresh water is groundwater It is about60 times as plentiful as the fresh water found in lakes and streams Water in the ground travels through pores in soil and rock and in fractures and weathered areas of bed rockThe majority of fresh water is therefore found under ground as soil moisture and in aquifers
Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 88 to 126 (Portia helliphellip Such as the day is when the sun is hid) [Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]
Summary Questions amp Answerso Launcelot then arrives and informs
Lorenzo that Bassanio will also be arriving soon Both Lorenzo and Jessica return to the house and ask Stephano to order the family musicians to play music in order to extend a fitting welcome to Portia
o Portia and Nerissa dressed in their normal self return home and enter the building Lorenzo recognizes Portias voice and comes to greet her She orders the servants to pretend as if she had never left and asks Lorenzo and Jessica to do the same
o Soon thereafter Bassanio Gratiano and Antonio arrive
(1) PORTIA That light we see is burning in my hall (L 89-101)
How far that little candle throws his beams So shines a good deed in a
naughty worldNERISSA When the moon shone we did not see the candlePORTIA So doth the greater glory dim the less
A substitute shines brightly as a king
Unto the king be by and then his state
Empties itself as doth an inland brook
Into the main of waters Music hark
NERISSA It is your music madam of the housePORTIA Nothing is good I see without respect
Methinks it sounds much sweeter than by day
NERISSA Silence bestows that virtue on it madam
(i) Where are Lorenzo and Jessica sitting What message have they received What are they doing
Lorenzo and Jessica are sitting in Portiarsquos house in Belmont They have just received the message informing them of the arrival of Portia and Bassanio separately They are waiting for their arrivals and enjoying the beauty of the moonlight night(ii) In which mood is Lorenzo found after Stephanorsquos departure
After Stephanorsquos departure Lorenzo reverts to his romantic mood He is carried away by the magic of the loveliness of the moonlight He draws Jessicarsquos attention and says that the moonlight is sleeping beautifully on the raised ground He says that they will sit there and enjoy the sweetness of the gentle
music which will shortly creep into their ears very softly(iii) Why has Lorenzo sent Stephano What kind of man is he who does not appreciate the sweet harmony of sounds
Lorenzo has sent Stephano to instruct the musicians to play soft music to welcome Portia home Lorenzo tells that the
tranquility and the beautiful night suit the sweet music Praising the ennobling (M lend greater dignity) effect of music Lorenzo tells Jessica that the person who has no music in him and does not appreciate the sweet harmony of sounds is a dangerous person and so should be watched very carefully(iv) Who are returning to Belmont What does Nerissa remark on seeing the light of the house
Portia and Nerissa are returning to Belmont after successfully conducting Antoniorsquos trial in Venice as the lawyer and the clerk respectively When they are near their home Nerissa seeing the light of the house remarks that they did not see this light of this candle when the moon was shining(v) What does Portia comment on Nerissarsquos observation Commenting on Nerissarsquos observation Portia says that the lesser glory becomes insignificant before the greater glory She adds that the kingrsquos representative assumes great splendor and authority when the king himself is not near But before the real king the substitute becomes devoid of all splendor and
authority as the big rivers lose their identity after emptying into the vast sea
SUBJECT PHYSICS [TOPIC FORCE]Answer the following questions ( ICSE questions of previous years from chapter FORCE)
1 Write the position of centre of mass for the following bodies(i) A circular ring (ii) A cylinder(iii) A hollow sphere (iv) A triangular lamina
2 Explain why screw drivers are provided with longer handles3 Compare the magnitude and direction of centripetal force and centrifugal force4 How does uniform circular motion differ from uniform linear motion5 Why is the motion of a body moving with a constant speed around a circular path is said to be
accelerated6 A brass ball is hanging from a cotton thread Draw a neat labeled diagram showing the force acting
on the brass ball and the cotton thread 7 Define moment of force Write the relationship between the SI and CGS unit of moment of force8 Define couple State the SI unit of moment of couple9 A uniform half meter scale balanced horizontally on a knife edge at 29 cm mark when a weight of 20
gmf is suspended from one end(i) Draw the diagram of the arrangementWhat is the weight of the half meter rule
ECO-10 250620 Topic-Supply Analysis
MEANING OF SUPPLYSupply a commodity by a firm or seller may be defined as the quantity of a commodity that a firm or seller offers for sale at a given price during a given time period But the actual sale of the commodity may be different from its supply For example a farmer (produced of wheat) is willing to sell 50 quintals of wheat at a price of ` 15 per kg but he is able to sell only 30 quintals at this price So this case the supply of wheat is 50 quintals but the actual sale is 30 quintals So these two concepts should not be confused with each other Like demand supply also has three elements The definition of supply include (i) the quantity of the commodity that a firm is willing to supply (ii) the price at which it is willing to supply that quantity and (iii) the time period during which it is willing to supply that quantity
FACTORS DETERMINING SUPPLY OR DETERMINANTS OF SUPPLY OF A GOOD
The main determinant of supply is the price of the commodity But the cost of production of a commodity is an important factor in determining profit maximized on output of a firm The cost of production depends on the prices of various inputs like raw material wages of workers interest of capital rent of building etc The supply of a commodity also depends on the technology used in the production of the commodity and many other factors The main factors determining supply of a commodity are(i) Price of the commodity(ii) Price of other related good(iii) Price of inputsfactors(iv) Taxation policy of government(v) Objective of the firm(i) Price of the commodity Other factors determining supply remaining constant there is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity It means the quantity supplied of a commodity increases with rise in price and decreases with fall in price of the commodity More quantity of a commodity is supplied at a higher price and less quantity is supplied at a lower price For example a seller of tomatoes is willing to sell 100 kgs of tomatoes at a price of ` 40 per keg and only 50 kgs at a price of ` 20 per kg Due to this direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity the supply curve has a positive slope Supply curve is upward sloping to the right(ii) Price of other related goods Supply of a commodity is also influenced by the change in the price of other related goods With the help of given resources we can produce several goods by using the same technology This helps the firm to diversify and tide over fluctuations in demand For example a farmer can produce either pulses or food grains by using the resources If the price of pulses increases it becomes more profitable for him to make more production of pulses So he will divert some resources from the production of food grains to the production of pulses The production of pulses will increase and that of food grains will decrease So the supply of pulses will increase if the price of pulses increases and the supply of food grain will decrease at the same price reverse will happen if the price of food grains increases(iii) Price of inputsfactors Change in the price of inputs like raw material wage rent or interest also influences the supply of a commodity For example in the production of cloth cotton is the main raw material If the price of cotton increases the cost of production of cloth will increase At the same price the margin of profit will decrease So the producer will decrease the supply of cloth at the same price On the other hand if the price of cotton falls the cost of production per unit of cloth will decrease and hence the supply of cloth will increase The price of other inputs will also influence the supply of a good in the same manner(iv) Technology of production an improvement in the technology of production of a commodity decreases the per unit cost of the commodity The margin of profit will increase at the same price So the supply of a commodity will increase with improvement in technology of production at the same price On the other hand if a firm uses absolute technology of production the cost of production per unit of the commodity will increase The margin of profit will decrease so the firm will decrease its supply at the same price This is the main reason that the firms are trying to use better technology of production because it not only reduces the cost of production per unit but also improves the quality of the product(v) Taxation policy of government If the government reduces the excise duty or the production of a commodity the cost of production per unit of the commodity will decrease the margin of profit will increase at the same price so the producer of the commodity will increase its supply It happens when the government wants to increase the production of the commodity On the other hand to discourage the production of some harmful goods like cigarettes liquor etc the government increases the rate of excise duty on the production of such goods So the cost of production per unit of the commodity increases and the supply of such commodities decreases(vi) Objective of the firm The objective of the producer also influences the supply of a commodity Generally the objective of a producer is get maximize his profits Profits are maximized at a higher price So he increases the supply of a commodity at a higher price and decreases its supply at a lower price But sometimes the producer may be in maximizing his sales and not in maximizing his profits as he wants to capture the market In that case he goes on increasing the supply so long his target is not achieved can profit is not adversely affected He may increase the supply at the same price to any extent
SUPPLY FUNCTION
When the relationship between quantity supplied and the determinants of supplied is expressed mathematically in an equation it is called a supply function So a supply function can be expressed asSn = f(Pn Pr Pf T Tr G)where Sn = Supply of commodity nPn = Price of the commodity nPr = Price of other related goodsPf = Price of inputsfactors
T = Technology of productionTr = Government policy or tax rateG = Goal or objective of the producer
Typically supply function shows the relationship between price and quantity supplied keeping all other determinants of supply as constant It shows the amount of a good that a seller supplies at different levels of price
LAW OF SUPPLYThe law of supply depicts the relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity when all other determinants of supply remain constant This law states that there is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity other factors determining supply remaining constant It means quantity supplied of a commodity increases with increase in price and decreases with decrease in price
Assumptions of the law of supplyThe phrase other determinants of supply remaining constant in the law of supply shows the assumptions of the law of supply The mains factors which influence the supply of a commodity one price of the commodity price of other related goods price of inputs technology of production taxation policy of the government and objective of the firm etc The law of supply is based on the assumptions that all these factors determining supply except price of the commodity should remain constant The following are the main assumptions of the law of supply(i) Price of other related goods should remain the same(ii) There should be no change in the price of inputs (factors)(iii) Technology of production should not change(iv) There is no change in the taxation policy of the government(v) Objective of the firm should not changeThe law of supply is based on the assumptions that the supply of commodity changes only due to change in price when all other determinant of supply remain constantClass XISubject Topic Summary Execution EVS Chapter-2
Ecology Answer the following questions briefly Q Draw a neat labeled diagram of carbon cycleAnsndash
Mathematics Principle of Mathematical Induction
1) What is statement Ans A sentence which may be true or false is called statement eg i) 5 is greater than 3 ii) New Delhi is the capital of India iii) 5 divides 7 These all are statements We see that statement (i) amp (ii) are true but (iii) is false 2 What is Mathematical StatementAns Statement involving mathematical relations are called mathematical statement We shall use mathematical statement in principle of
Example If n be a positive integer show that n(n+1) is an even positive integer Solution Let P(n) be the statement n(n+1) is an even positive integer Then (i) P(1) is the statement 1(1+1) ie 2 is an even positive integer Therefore P(1) is true (ii) If P(m) is true for some positive integer m then m(m+1) is an even integer Now (m+1) [(m+1)+1]=(m+1)sup2+ (m+1) =msup2+2m+1+m+1=msup2+m+2m+2=m(m+1) +2(m+1) = an even integer + an even positive integer [Since P(m) is true and 2(m+1) is an even
mathematical induction 3 What is the use of Principle of mathematical inductionAns Sometimes it is difficult to prove a statement theorem or a formula by direct method In this case we use an indirect method known as the Principle of mathematical induction There are two steps in this processSTEP 1 Varify that the statement or formula is true for one or two particular values of n say for n=1 2STEP 2 Assuming that the statement or formula is true for n=m where m is any positive integer show that it is true for n=m+1Conclusion Since the statement is true for n=2 it is true for n=2+1 that is 3 and since it is true for n=3 it is true for n=3 + 1 that is 4 and so on Hence the statement or formula is true for all positive integral values of n
positive integer]= an even positive integer Therefore P(m+1) is true when P(m) is true Therefore By the principle of Mathematical Induction P(n) is true for all positive integral values of n Hence n(n+1) is an even positive integer
Hindi 2ndlang एक फल की चाह 5 दख रहा था जस सो सथिर हो नही बठती थी कषण भर हाय ही चपचाप पडी थी अटल शागित शी धारण कर सनना यही चाहता था म उस सय ही
उकसा करमझको दी क परसाद का एक फल ही दो लाकर
शबदाथ ससथिर - परी तरह ठहरी हई अटल- पकका
उकसाकर - पररणा दकर
वयाखयाndash उपय[ पलि[यो म कगि सखिखया की ददशा का णन कर रहा ह जो उनक गिपता दवारा वय[ गिकया या ह अपनी बटी सखिखया कीददशा का
गितरण करत हए गिपता कहता ह गिक म अपनी आखो क सामन दख रहा था गिक मरी बटी जो पल भर क लिलए दिटककर नही बठती थी ह अब सथिर शात मरतित की तरह पढी थी अब म ह बार- बार इस बात क लिलए पररिरत कर रहा
था गिक ह मझ गिफर स ही शबद कह गिपताजी मझ दी क परसाद का एक फल लाकर दो
6 ऊच शल लिशखर क ऊपर मदिदर था गिसतीणर गिशाल सण कलशसरलिसज गिहलिसत थ पाकरसमदिदत रगि कर जाल दीप धल स अचछदिदत था मदिदर का
आन सारा ज रही थी भीतर बाहर मखरिरत उतस की धारा
शबदाथ - शल लिशखर- पहाड की ऊची चोटी
सतीणर - फला हआ
सण कलश - कमल क समान सदर सोन का कलश मखरिरत - परकट समदिदत - अचछी परकार खिखला हआ रगि कर जाल - सय की गिकरणो का समह
वयाखया- परसतत पलि[या म कगि न मदिदर की सदरता का णन गिकया ह कहत ह गिक मझ पहाड की चोटी पर एक गिलिशषट और गिशालमश था उसक
सोन क कलश सय की गिकरणो म चमकत हए ऐस परतीत हो रह थ जस सय की खिखली हईगिकरणो क ाा सपशपाकर सनहर कमल खिखल उठ हो मदिदर का
आन धप दीप की सध स भरा हआ था मदिदर क अदर और बाहर मनाए जा रह उसकी परसननता की ज सनाई द रही थी
Bengali (2nd language)
কোনি মনি নদী পরথম অধযোয়
হি_তীয় হিদরণে3র পাঠ-
হিবষটবাব গলাকটির কায় গররণে কা বলরণেত পাররণে0 3া শধ গচাখ হিদরণেয় রা পরকাশ করহি0ল কা বলরণেত বলরণেত গলাকটি পাঞজাহিব লহিn খরণেল জ কররণেত শর করল তাই গদরণেখ হিবষটবাব ত2মভ রণেয় গল চাটি ারার 2হিnরণেত গলাকটি হিবষটবাবর হিদরণেক এরণোরণেল হিতহি3 াা 3ীচ করণের 3াহিরণেয় গ33 হিদ গলাকটি হিবষটবাবরণেক চাটিরণেয় ায় তারণেল হিতহি3 তাাতাহিউরণেঠ গলাকটিরণেক ধররণেত পাররণেব3 3া কার তার শরীরণেরর ওজরণে3র জ3য এই শরণে3 হিবষটবাব বরণে3া গারণেষর ত গতরণেZরণে উরণেঠ দাাল তারণেত গলাকটি দাহিরণেয় শরীরটারণেক একট দহিলরণেয় হি3ল এই সব শরণে3 হিবষট ধর চপ করণের রইল শধ lsquoগঘাৎrsquo করণের একটা শবদ করল গলাকটি হিসহি হিদরণেয় ওঠা3াা কররণে0 গদরণেখ হিবষটবাব খাহি3কটা হিদরণেশারা রণেয় গলহিবষটবাবর গচারণেখ রারণের বদরণেল এখ3 গকৌতল হিতহি3 বরণেল3 ldquoখাওায় আার গলা2 গ3ই Uায়টিং কহিরrdquo হিকনত হিতহি3 কতটা Uায়টিং করণের তা তার শরীর আর খাবারণেরর তাহিলকা গদরণেখ গলাকটি বরণে= গল গলাকটি এহিরণেয় হিরণেয় হিবষটবাবর 2হিরণেত াত বহিলরণেয় হিদরণেল গস আরা অ32ব করণের3 এবং হিপহি0রণেয় া3 গলাকটি হিবষটবাবর সারণে3 তার শরীরণেরর কসরত পরদশ3 কররণেল হিবষটবাব রণে3 রণে3 হিব হিব করণের বরণেল3 হিতহি3ও গরাা রণেত চা3 গসই হরণেত nা গরণেক আবার হিচৎকার গ2রণেস আরণেস lsquoগকা হি3 গকা হি3rsquo
ldquoকী রক Uায়টিংrdquo-ক)বকতা গককারণেক বলরণে0খ)Uায়টিং কার অ কী ) Uায়টিং করা বযহিকতর গচারার ব3া দাও ঘ) তার Uায়টিং এর ব3া দাও
উঃ- ক) আরণেলাচয অংশটি হিত3ltীর গলখা lsquoগকাহি3rsquo উপ3যাস গরণেক গ3ওয়া রণেয়রণে0 আরণেলাচয কাটি বকতা রণেল3 সাদা লহিnপরা ারণেয় গরয়া পাঞজাহিব ও কারণেধ রহিn3 বযা ওয়ালা হিiহিতশ হিসং হিতহি3 কাটি বরণেলরণে03 হিবষট ধররণেকখ) Uারণেয়টিং কার অ ল পহিরহিত খাদয গর অাৎ খাদয তাহিলকায় সসত খারণেদযর গ3াগ3 বজায় গররণেখ খাদয গর) হিবষট ধরণেরর গচারা হিবশাল ওজ3 পরায় হিত3 গদখরণেত জলহিসতর রণেতা সারা শরীরণের চহিব ল ল কররণে0 বয়স পরায় চহিশ হিবশাল 2হি উপ রণেয় শরণেল হিচৎ রণেত পারণের3া গকউ গঠরণেল হিদরণেল হিচৎ রণেত পারণের তারণেক কায় নধ াদ3 পবরণেতর সরণেn তল3া করা য়ঘ) হিবষট ধর গকৌতলী রণেয় বরণেল তার খাওয়ার গকা3 গলা2 গ3ই গস Uায়টিং করণের আরণে গস আধ হিকরণেলা হিiর গখত এখ3 গস হিত3রণেশা গরা হিiর খায় জল খাবারণের কহিটা লহিচ গখত এখ3 পরণে3রণেরাটা লহিচ খায় আাইরণেশা গরা চারণেলর 2াত খায় হিঘ খাওয়া গ0রণে হিদরণেয়রণে0 রারণেত াতর বারণেরাটা রটি খায় হিবরণেকরণেল দ-গলাস হি0হিরর জল সরণেn চাররণেট কা পারণেকর সরণেltশ বাহিরণেত রাধাকষণ আরণে0 বরণেল হিবষট ধর া0 াংস খায়3া আর তারণেত তার গকা3 গলা2 লালসা গ3ই
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 276 to 313 (Sebastian helliphellipIt struck mine ear most terribly)[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]
Summary Questions amp AnswersConspiracy of Antonio and Sebastian
o Antonio further suggests murder of Alonso and eventually Sebastian agrees
o They draw their swords and proceed to murder Alonso and Gonzalo who are sleeping
(1) (Act II Sc 2 L 277-291)ANTONIO Ay sir where lies that If rsquotwere a kibe
rsquoTwould put me to my slipper but I feel notThis deity in my bosom Twenty consciencesThat stand rsquotwixt me and Milan candied be they And melt ere they molest Here lies your brotherNo better than the earth he lies uponIf he were that which now hes likemdashthats deadWhom I with this obedient steel three inches of itCan lay to bed for ever (whiles you doing thus
o As they approach Ariel appears again and wakes up Gonzalo by singing a tune in his ear Alonso also wakes up and they see both Sebastian and Antonio with drawn swords On being caught off guard they make up a story saying that they had heard a bellowing of bulls or lions
IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED
(Act II Sc 1 L 277-281)ANTONIOAy sir where lies that If rsquotwere a kibersquoTwould put me to my slipper but I feel notThis deity in my bosom Twenty consciencesThat stand rsquotwixt me and Milan candied be they And melt ere they molest
In these lines Antonio speaks how he is a conscienceless villain In inciting Sebastian to the kingship of Naples by murdering his brother he quotes his own example He too had banished his brother and made himself the Duke of Milan This kingship now sits upon him like a well fittinggarment So will be the case of Sebastian Sebastian then questions Antonio if this foul deed did not prick his conscience To this Antonio replies like a hardened villain He laughs at the word lsquoconsciencersquo and says that he has never heard of anything like conscience A guilty conscience gave him no more pain that is chilblain (M a painful itching and swelling on hand and foot caused by exposure to extreme cold) A man can get rid of the pain of chilblain by wearing slippers instead of shoes so does Antonio get rid of the qualms (M an uneasy feeling of doubt worry or fear especially about onersquos conduct) of conscience very easily Even if he were troubled by twenty consciences that barred his way to the throne of Milan however frozen they might be he would melt them into insensibility before they could cause him to twinge
To the perpetual wink of aye might putThis ancient morsel this Sir Prudence whoShould not upbraid our course) - for all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour
(i) To whom does Antonio speak these lines Who is referred to as lsquoyour brotherrsquo What does Antonio mean by saying lsquoNo better than the earth he lies uponrsquo
These lines are spoken by Antonio to Sebastian King Alonso is referred to as Sebastianrsquos brother Indicating towards Alonso who is lying asleep on the ground Antonio tells Sebastian that here sleeps his brother and at this time he is no better than a clod of the earth on which he lies asleep Antonio means to say that if he were actually to become what he looks like he would be a dead body(ii) According to Antonio what would he do if he were at the place of Sebastian
Antonio says that if he were in the position of Sebastian he would not care even for twenty consciences in order to win the kingship of Naples He would rather forget all his consciences if they happen to trouble him at all (iii) What does Antonio suggest to Sebastian What does Antonio assure him
Antonio suggests to Sebastian that in a moment Sebastian can put to death Gonzalo who pretends to be a very wise man and who on that account rebukes others (particularly Antonio and Sebastian) whereas he (Antonio) himself can put Alonso to death with only three inches of his willing sword Antonio further assures Sebastian that by killing both of them there will be none left to oppose him and in this way every obstacle in his way will be removed
(iv) Explain the lines lsquofor all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hourrsquo
In other words Antonio says that even if he were endowed with a stiff conscience he could easily relax or soften it for the execution of his purpose Then Antonio suggests that conscience should be no hindrance to a manrsquos future greatness
Comments These are terrible words coming from the mouth of a villain of the worst type He is utterly devoid of conscience or remorse He is an utter atheist of human virtue He speaks of conscience as a deity that he does not feel in his bosom
According to Antonio so far as the other lords (Adrian Francisco and others) are concerned they need not be murdered because they would obey the orders of Antonio and Sebastian as willingly and readily as cat licks milk These other lords would endorse and support everything that Sebastian and Antonio may say or suggest These other lords would adjust their views in accordance with the wishes of Antonio and Sebastian and they would regard all proposals made by Antonio and Sebastian as being opportune and also as being acceptable(v) What opinion do you form of Antonio from the above speech
The speech given above shows Antonio to be an absolutely unscrupulous man After saying that he does not believe in any such faculty as the conscience he suggests to Sebastian to
(Act II Sc 1 L 285-291)ANTONIOhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (whiles you doing thus To the perpetual wink of aye might putThis ancient morsel this Sir Prudence whoShould not upbraid our course) - for all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour
Antonio has convinced Sebastian that he has made himself Duke of Milan by a crime for which he has felt no pricks of conscience In these lines Antonio tells Sebastian that now that the chance has presented itself to him he should take it and be King of Naples So far as Alonso is concerned Antonio agrees to undertake the task of killing him by sticking only three inches of his sharp dagger Making a thrust in the air with his sword he tells Sebastian that by a similar method he can put to sleep forever Gonzalo ndash the old piece of flesh already rotten ndash this piece of antiquity ndash this ldquoSir Prudencerdquo who is never tired of reading his moral lectures to them If ldquoProfessor Wisdomrdquo is got rid of he will not be able to denounce their action as he would surely do if they did not dispatch him as well As for the rest of the kingrsquos counselors (Adrian and Francisco) it is their nature to adopt any statements and views which are placed before them just as it is the nature of a cat to lap milk Antonio assures Sebastian that ldquothese othersrdquo will back them up in whatever they say or do that they will count the strokes of the clock exactly as they bid them not according to the real time but according to the time that is right for their business Hence only two persons Alonso and Gonzalo are required to be removed to fulfill their ambition
murder Gonzalo at the very time when he (Antonio) stabs Alonso to death And yet this brutal man has a fertile wit also He can talk in a persuasive manner and also in a sarcastic and satirical manner He knows human nature thoroughly and he understands that Gonzalo is loyal to Alonso while the other lords are only sycophants who can easily be won over to Sebastianrsquos side after Alonso has been assassinated
(2) (Act II Sc 1 291-296)SEBASTIAN Thy case dear friend
Shall be my precedent as thou gotst MilanIll come by Naples Draw thy swordmdashone strokeShall free thee from the tribute which thou payest And I the King shall love thee
ANTONIO Draw together And when I rear my hand do you the likeTo fall it on Gonzalo
(i) Explain the situation and introduce the persons engaged in conversation
After the supposed shipwreck King Alonso with his lords his brother Sebastian and Antonio the Duke of Milan land on a strange island Prince Ferdinand is feared to be drowned While the King and others have fallen asleep after exertions of the day and Ariel with his sweet music acting as a catalyst Antonio and Sebastian are awake They have hatched a conspiracy to kill King Alonso and his loyal lord Gonzalo Then Sebastian will become King of NaplesIn these lines Antonio and Sebastian are engaged in conversation They are just ready to execute their plan to attack King Alonso and Gonzalo simultaneously(ii) Antoniorsquos case shall become Sebastianrsquos precedent What has been Antoniorsquos case
Antonio proved treacherous towards his brother Prospero who was the Duke of Milan Since Prospero spent his time in his scholarly pursuits he had delegated his powers to his younger brother Antonio to administer the dukedom Antonio grew ambitious He overthrew his brother and expelled him from his own dukedom In his place Antonio became the Duke of Milan which he continues to be now His case urges Sebastian to do the same(iii) How is Sebastian going to follow Antonio
Sebastian is going to take Antoniorsquos case as his precedent He is convinced that if Antonio could usurp the dukedom from his living brother Sebastian could become the King of Naples by killing his sleeping brother(iv) What will one stroke of Antoniorsquos sword do What will Sebastian do to reward Antonio
Sebastian asks Antonio to put an end to Alonsorsquos life with one stroke of his sword The same stroke will earn for him a reward Sebastian will become the King of Naples and he will exempt Antonio from paying the annual tribute to Naples The dukedom of Milan is a tributary to the kingdom of Naples Its Duke has to pay tribute to the King every year When Sebastian takes over as the King he will give a benefit to his friend who is helping him to realize his ambition
(v) What is Antoniorsquos suggestion
Antonio suggests that they may draw their swords together When he raises his hand to attack Alonso Sebastian should raise his sword to bring it down on Gonzalo
ACCOUNTS-11 25062020 Topic- depreciation ndashSTRAIGHT LINE METHOD
Illustration Salman and Usman Bros acquired a machine on July 1 2014 at a cost of Rs 70000 and spent Rs5000 on its installation The firm writes off depreciation 10 on straight line method The books are closed on December 31 every year Show the machinery and depreciation account for three years
Solution Machinery Account
Date Particulars LF amount Date Particulars LF` Amount ( Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014July 01 To Bank Ac 70000 Dec 31 Dec By Depreciation Ac 3750
(70000 x10x612)
July 01 To Bank Ac 5000 Dec31 By Balance cd 71250
75000 75000
2015 2015Jan 01 To Balance bd 71250 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 x10 ) Dec31 By Balance cd 63750
71250 71250
2016 2016Jan 01 To Balance bd 63750 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 (75000 x10 ) Dec 31 By Balance cd 56250
63750 63750
Depreciation Account
Date Particulars LF Amount Date Particulars LF Amount (Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 3750 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 3750
2015 2015
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
2016 2016
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
WORKING
Cost of Machine RS70000Cost of Installation Rs 5000
Total 75000
Rate of Depreciation 10
Then annual depreciation will be 10 of Rs 75000 = Rs 7500
Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution Geography DRIANAGE THE PENINSULAR RIVERS
1 The Mahanadi2 The Godavari3 The Krishna4 The Kaveri5 The Subarnarekha6 The Narmada7 The Tapi8 The Sabarmati and the Mahi9 The Chambal
The Mahanadi Basin The Mahanadi rises from Dandakaranya
Q1 Which is the largest river of peninsular plateau Write a brief note about its courseA1 The largest river of peninsular plateau is Godavari The river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has
near Sihawa in Raipur district in the highlands of Chhattisgarhand flows through Odisha to reach the Bay of BengalThe length of the river is about 857 kmIts drainagebasin is shared by Maharashtra Chhattisgarh Jharkhandand Odisha
THE MAHANADI RIVER SYSTEM
The GodavariThe river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
THE GODAVARI RIVER SYSTEM
many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
Q2 Which river is known as Dakshin GangaA2 The Godavari river is known as lsquoDakshin Gangarsquo It is also known as Vridha Ganga
Q3 Differentiate between east-flowing rivers and west-flowing riversA3
East-flowing rivers
West-flowing rivers
Godavari Krishna Kaveri Mahanadi are the east-flowing rivers
Narmada Tapiwest-flowing rivers
They fall into the Bay of Bengal
They fall into Arabian Sea
These rivers form big deltas
These rivers form comparativelysmall deltas
Catchment area of these river are larger
Catchment area of these river are smaller
The KrishnaThe Krishna river rises from the Western Ghatsnear Mahabaleshwar It flows into the Bay of Bengalbefore forming a large delta Its length is about1400 km The Tungabhadra Koyana Ghatprabha Musi and Bhima are some of its tributariesIt has covers parts of Maharashtra Karnataka and AndhraPradesh
THE KRISHNA RIVER SYSTEM
The KaveriIt rises in the Brahmagiri range of the Western Ghats and flows into the Bay ofBengal Southof Cuddalore in Tamil Nadu The length of the river is about 760 km Its main tributaries are the Amravati Bhavani Hemavati and Kabini The Kaveri drains inthe parts of Karnataka Kerala and drains in Tamil Nadu The river Kaveri makes the second biggest waterfall in India known as Sivasamudram
POLITICAL SCIENCE
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
MEANING OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS-Fundamental rights are those rights which are essential for intellectual moral and spiritual development of citizens of India As these rights are fundamental or essential for existence and all-round development of individuals hence they are called Fundamental rights These are enshrined in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India These include individual rights common to most such as equality before the law freedom of speech and freedom of expression religious and cultural freedom Freedom of assembly (peaceful assembly) freedom of religion (freedom to practice religion) right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writsThere are six fundamental rights recognized by the Indian constitution
1 Right to equality (Articles 14-18)2 Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22)3 Right Against exploitation (Articles 23-24)4 Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25- 28)5 Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29-30) and6 Right to Constitutional remedies (Articles 32-35)
1 The right to equality includes equality before the law the prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion race caste gender or place of birth equality of opportunity in matters of employment the abolition of untouchability and abolition of titles
2 The right to freedom includes freedom of speech and expression association or union or cooperatives movement residence and right to practice any profession or occupation
3 The right against exploitation prohibits all forms of forced labour child labour and trafficking of human beings
4 The right to freedom of religion includes freedom of conscience and free profession practice and propagation of religion freedom to manage religious affairs freedom from certain taxes and freedom from religious instructions in certain educational institutes
5 The Cultural and educational Rights preserve the right of any section of citizens to conserve their culture language or script and right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice
6 The right to constitutional remedies is present for enforcement of fundamental rightsThe right to privacy is an intrinsic part of Article 21 (the Right to Freedom) that protects the life and liberty of the citizens The right to privacy is the newest right assured by the Supreme court of India It assures the peoples data and personal security
Fundamental rights for Indians have also been aimed at overturning the inequalities of pre-independence social practices Specifically they have also been used to abolish untouchability and thus prohibit discrimination on the grounds of religion race caste sex or place of birth They also forbid trafficking of human beings and forced labour (a crime) They also protect cultural and educational rights of religious and linguistic minorities by allowing them to preserve their languages and also establish and administer their own education institutions They are covered in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India
Mathematics
Relation Study Item Types of RelationToday class xii students we will discuss about the types of RelationsFirst we discuss Void RelationWhat is Void RelationAns Let A be a non-empty set Then φ A A and so it is a relation R on set A Thissube ⨯ relation is called the void or empty relation on set ANow from the above definition we came to know that no element of A is related to any element of AHere A A is called Cartesian product⨯
is the symbol of subsetsubeAnd φ is called phi and refer to void or empty relationNow I give an example to understand the above said relationLet A = 1 2 3 4Here A A =(11)(12)(13)(14)(21)(22)(23)(24)(31)(32)(33)(34)(41)⨯(42)(43)(44)Now we consider R is a relation which is defined by R=(ab) a+b= 50We notice that a+b 50 for any two elements of AnotinTherefore (ab) R for any ab A is called belong to and is not belong tonotin isin isin notinTherefore we can say R does not contain any element of A A⨯Therefore R is empty set Therefore we can say that R is the void or empty relation on AWhat is universal RelationAns Let A is a set Then A A A A and so it is a relation on A This relation is called⨯ sube ⨯ the universal relation on ANow from the above definition we can say that each element of A is related to every element of ANow we consider the relation R on the set A =1 234 defined by R = (ab) R |a -b|isin
0≽We observe that|a - b | 0 for all ab A≽ isin
(ab) R for all (ab) A ArArr isin isin ⨯ Each element of set A is related to set A every element of set ArArr
Therefore we write R= AxATherefore we can say R is universal relation on set ANote we can say that void relation is smallest relation and the universal relation is largest relationSometime both void relation and universal relation is called trivial relationWhat is identity relationAns Let A is a non-empty set Then the relation R or IA = (aa) a A on A is called theisin identity relation on A Therefore from the above definition we can say that every element of A is related to itself only
Example Let A = 1234 then Ror IA = (11)(22)(33)(44) is the identity relation on set ANow I give you another example R1 = (11)(22)(33) and R2 = (11)(22)(33)(44)(24)From the above example we can say that R1 and R2 are not identify relation Because in the case of R1 (44)R1 and on the other hand R2 where element 2 is related to elements 2 and 4
Hindi 2ndlang
भलि[ (महादी मा)
भलि[ कहानी की लखिखका महादी मा न इस कहानी म यह दशान का परयास गिकया ह गिक आजकल क जमान म भी लो सक बन कर गिनसाथ सा करत ह ह
गिबना तन लिसा करत ह और उसक बदल ना कछ मात ह और ना ही कोई आशा करत ह नौकर सा करक तन चाहता ह और ह भी कई सगिधाओ की आशा करता ह पर सक सदा गिनजी साथ भा स सा म सलगन रह कर काम करता ह भलि[ कहानी की मखय पातर लकषमी ह जिजस भलि[ नाम लखिखका न दिदया ह ह गिकसी
ोपाल काकी कनया ह पाच रष की आय म उसकी गि माता न ौना ही कर दिदया कहानी म भलि[ क दखो का अत नही ह गिफर भी ह बडी साहसी धयान और परिरशरमी ह कदिठनाइयो स जझ ती ह पहल गिपता की मतय गिफर पगित की मतय और
गिफर घर जमाई की मतय होती ह उस साहसी मगिहला न साहस नही छोडा और तीनो पतरी ओक हाथ पील गिकए लाना द पान क कारण उसका जमीदार न अपमान गिकया गिफरकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहचीकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहची शहर पहच करा लखिखका की सगिका बनी ही पर उसका नाम भलि[ पडा ह एक भ[ की तरह अपन सामिमनी की इमानदारी स सा करती और तन का जिजकर भी नही करती ह लखिखका क घर पाठशाला आदिद को अचछी तरह स सभालती पढी-
लिलखी ना होकर भी ह लखिखका की बहत सा ए सहायता करती ह लखिखका का साया बनकर चलती लखिखका की सा करना उसक जीन का उददशय ह ह
लखिखका की खशी क लिलए ही काय करती ह ह लखिखका को दखी नही दख सकती लखिखका पर भलि[ का इतना परभा पडा गिक ह सय दहाती बन ई
यदध क दिदनो म ह अपन परिरार क साथ रहन की अपकषा लखिखका क साथ रहना पसद करती थी यदध क भत न जब ीटा क ान पर पलायन गित जा दी तो
भलि[ न न लखिखका को अपन ा ल जान का अनरोध करन ली लखिखका को डर ह गिक यदिद उसक गिदा होन क अगितम छठा ए तो ह दहातीन दधा कया कर ी
इस परकार हम दखत ह गिक लखिखका न सामिमनी और सगिका क ण बरसात हए सक धम पर परकाश डाला ह और लखिखका न एक आदश सगिका क रप को सदर
रप स परसतत गिकया हBengali আদাব পরশন) ldquoশরণের ১৪৪ ধারা আর কারহিZউ অU ার জারী রণেয়রণে0ldquo
ক) কার গলখা গকা3 রচ3ার অংশ খ)গকাায় গক3 ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়রণে0 )১৪৪ ধারা কী এর Zরণেল কী য়
উততর) ক)আরণেলাচ য অংশটি সরণেরশ বসর রহিচত lsquoআদাবlsquo গ0াট রণেলপর অংশ
খ) বাংলারণেদরণেশর ঢাকা শরণের ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়হি0ল সামপরদাহিয়ক াnাা ও দাnা পরহিতরণেরারণেধর জ3 য হিlt সলা3রণেদর গ3তারণেদর সামপরদাহিয়ক উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা বারণেধ উ2য় সমপরদায় 2ীত রণেয় ঘর বহিlt রণেয় পরণে পরসপর পরসপররণেক সরণেltরণের গচারণেখ গদরণেখ গকউ কাউরণেক আরণের রণেতা হিবশবাস কররণেত পারণের3া হিক0 া3রণেষর উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা য় ার পহির3া অরণেতক রকত iয় ও ত য
) ১৪৪ ধারা আইরণে3র এ3 একটা ধারা ার _ারা এলাকা হি3হিদ ষট করণের গদওয়া য় গসই এলাকার রণেধ য গবহিশ া3রণেষর জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় হিহি0ল জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় আই3 2nকারীরণেক গহিলর হি3রণেদশ জাহির করা য় তাই সাধার3 া3ষ আর বাইরণের গবর রণেত পারণের3া পরারণে3র 2রণেয় বহিlt রণেয় ারণেক এর Zল য় সাংঘাহিতক গদাকা3 পাট বনধ ারণেক
হিজহি3স পতর অহিল য় রাসতা ঘাট জ3 শ3 য রণেয় ায় লরণেঠরা তারণেদর লঠত রাজ চাহিলরণেয় হি3রণেজরণেদর আরণেখর গহি0রণেয় গ3য় া3ষরণেক 2ীহিতর হিব2ীহিষহিক গরাস করণের ঘরণেরর া3রণেষর ইkা াকরণেলও ঘরণের হিZররণেত পারণের3া হিZররণেত হিরণেয় বltরণেকর গহিলরণেত পরা3 ারায়
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today we will discuss about Types of Leaves
An organization provides several kinds of leaves to the employees These days employees working both in government and private sector are allowed several types of leaves Following are the leaves achieved by the employees from their organization
Casual LeaveChild care leave -HospitalLeaveSpecial disability leaveChild Adoption leaveEarned LeavesHalf pay leaveMaternity leavePaternityleaveStudy leave
1 Casual Leave- Casual leave is not a recognised form of leaves and is not subject to any rules made by the government of India And official on casual leave is not treated as Absent from duty and pay is not intimated Normally 8 days of casual leave is permissible in a calendar year
2 Child care leave - Women employees having minor children may be granted child care leave by an authority competent to grant leave for a maximum period of 730 days means two years during their entire service for taking care of up to two children weather for sharing or to look after any of their names like examination sickness it is a
3HospitalLeave - Hospital leave is admissible to group C employees whose duties involved handling of dangerous machinery explosive materials poisonous drugs and performance of hazardous task and to group D employees Medical certificate from an authorised medical attendant is necessary for the grant of these leave However total period of
leave does not exceed 28 months4Special disability leave- Special
disability leave admissible to all employees when disabled by injury intentionally or accidentally inflicted are caused in law in consequence of the due performance of official duties or in consequence of official position It also it is also add miscible when disabled by illness incurred in the performance of any particular duty which has the effect of increasing laboratory to illness or injury beyond the ordinary least attaching to the Civil post held and the same condition
5Child Adoption leave- This leave is granted to female Employees with fewer than two surviving children on valid adoption of a child below the age of one year for a period of 135 days immediately after the date of valid adoption Leave salary will be equal to the pain immediately before processing on leave
6Earned Leaves- This leave is earned by duty The credit for earned leave will be awarded at a rate of 15 days on the 1st of January and 1st of July every year It can be accumulated up to 300 days in addition to the number of days for which encashment has been allowed along with LTC
7 Half pay leave -All government servant are entitled to 20 days of HPL half pay leave for every completed year of service Half pay leave is calculated at 20 days for each completed year of service The service includes periods of duty and leave including extra ordinary leave with or without MC (medical certificate)
8 Maternity leave -Maternity leave is granted to women Government employees full stop it is as possible only to Employees with less than 2 surviving children The maternity leave is not debited to leave account and full pay is granted It cannot be combined with any other the leaves and count as service for increment and pension
9 PaternityleaveA male employee with less than 2 surviving children may be granted paternity leave for a period of 15 days during the confinement of
his wife During the period of such leaves he shall be paid leave salary equal to the pay drawn immediately before proceeding on leave
10 Study leave-Study leave may be granted to all Government Employees with not less than 5 years service for undergoing a special course consisting of higher studies are specialised training in a professional or technical subject having a direct and close connection with the sphere of his duties as a Civil Servant
Commerce
Chapter-5Management
Let us today discuss about the nature of Management
Nature of management Management is defined as
An art A science A profession
Management is defined as an art because of the following reasons
1 In art there is an existence of theoretical knowledge Similarly in management various theories are propounded by management thinkers in various areas of management like finance marketing human resources etc
2 Every manager apply his or her personal skills and knowledge in the day to day functioning of an enterprise
3 Like an art management is creative as it provides solutions to Complex problems making resources productive and profitable moulding the attitudes of people for the betterment of an organisation
Management is is considered as science because of the following reasons
1 Like science there is a systemised body of knowledge in management consisting of theories principles vocabulary and concept
2 Principles of management are evolved after continuous observations and experimentation
Management both as Science and ArtManagement is both a science and an art It is a science because it uses certain principles and is an art because it requires continuous practice and application of personal skillsManagement as a profession Following points highlight whether management is a profession or not1 Like profession management has well
defined body of knowledge It has its own principles which are based on experiments One can acquire such
knowledge by pursuing courses like MBA BBA etc and acquire managerial skills through instruction and training
2 In management no such restriction is there for managers to clear an examination for hold a degree However these days more and more people are appointed for managerial post who opposes management degrees
3 Membership to a professional Association like AIMA is not mandatory for managers All managers directly or indirectly work for the development of society
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Essay Questions (EQ-2)
Question No 2Sketch the character of Prospero Would you call him perfect
AnswerProspero in The Tempest appears to be an intensely human being with human failings and weaknesses With all his excellence Prospero is made to awaken our sympathy for a natural imperfection Prosperorsquos Previous HistoryIn his retrospective narration of his previous history to Miranda we get a glimpse into Prosperorsquos past life As the Duke of Milan Prospero buried himself in his magic books which he prized above his dukedom He was essentially a scholar with no practical wisdom He failed to perform his first duty by neglecting the governance of his state and gave an opportunity to his wicked brother to undermine his throne He was thus driven from his home and thrown in a leaky boat with his weeping daughter to drift in the perilous seas It is only the thought of his little child that kept him aliveThe Development of Prosperorsquos CharacterThe development of his character is evident from the contrast between what he was before his banishment and what he is now in the island Formerly when his ldquolibrary was dukedom enoughrdquo he was altogether too unsuspecting Now he is watchful as providence and takes care to guard himself against the possibility of evil He has learnt to know human nature in its worst forms even Caliban has taught him something He will no longer put his trust in appearance except as ldquostale to catch thievesrdquo nor in oaths of which the strongest he says ldquoare straw to the fire irsquo the bloodrdquo He who once neglected worldly ends now consistently asserts his dignity enforces obedience and deals out justice with impartial hand He who without a thought of evil gave his power and his revenues into his brotherrsquos hands now puts Ferdinand to the severest test as a trial of his love before entrusting his daughter to him He makes the most practical use imaginable of his magic art exacts prompt servitudefrom his attendants does not hesitate to punish them is resolved and firm and knows how to seize the proper moment for action He is a most careful father to his daughter a considerate master of Ariel severe against the brutal Caliban humane towards the repentant enemies full of experience and wisdomThe Exercise of his Power ndash his SternnessWhat appears to us at the first sight one of the least pleasing features of Prosperorsquos character is the sternness which he frequently displays more particularly in his dealings with Caliban His harshness towards Caliban resulted from the failure of gentler methods his severity towards Ferdinand was exercised in the interest of his daughter ldquolest too light winning make the prize lightrdquo and his punishment of Alonso Sebastian and Antonio is justified by the attainment of his objectiveProsperorsquos TendernessThe tender side of Prosperorsquos character is exhibited in his relation to Miranda Ariel Gonzalo and the repentant sinners His love for Miranda is unbounded She was almost life to him In his darkest hours of trial this love sustained him and gave him strength to put a bold front to suffering He addresses her always with tenderness She is to him a lsquoloved darlingrsquo lsquodear heartrsquo lsquoa rich giftrsquo lsquoa third of his own lifersquo The same affectionate nature is shown in his dealing with his brother Antonio He loved his brother Antonio only next to Miranda before Antonio conspired against him In the island when Antonio is brought before him he forgives him
readily To Gonzalo the good old councilor he is all affection He sheds tears of joy and gratitude when he meets him in the island To Ariel he is a loving and considerable master Ariel is always to him ldquomy brave spiritrdquo ldquofine spiritrdquo ldquodelicate Arielrdquo ldquomy Arielrdquo etc When he promises Ariel his freedom he says with real emotion ndash ldquoI shall miss theerdquoProsperorsquos Power as a MagicianThe practice of magic has placed wonderful powers in the hands of Prospero He uses his supernatural powers like a god only to bring about the happiest results He causes The Tempest and the shipwreck only to bring his enemies within his power and not to destroy them Not a soul perished in the storm He leads Ferdinand to Miranda his high charms work and as he wishes the two falls in love He frustrates the plots of the conspirators and makes them know that he was conscious of it He drives Sebastian and Alonso to sincere repentance and readily forgives them The drunken associates of Caliban are no doubt sternly treated but even then they are promised conditional pardon The whole play at last ends in reconciliation joy and peace The wrongs are set right the lovers are made happy Ariel is set free and thus the powerful magician retires into the solitude of his study at MilanProsperorsquos ForgivenessAllied to his wisdom is his forgiving nature Though deeply wronged he bears no spite against the wrong-doers Though his power is unlimited he uses it to noble purposes The lesson of adversity has taught him that ldquoThe rarer action is in virtue than in vengeancerdquoProspero does not debase his noble nature by revenge but forgives his enemies absolutely He drives his erstwhile enemies to a sincere penitence for their past misdeeds and when repentance has wrought its full effect on them he receives them into his arms and is reconciled to them Is Prospero perfectProspero creates a great impression upon our minds by his dignity his nobility the divine spirit of forgiveness in him his generous and sympathetic nature etc Even with all these virtues we cannot call him perfect We perceive certain faults in him He displays an occasional impatience irritability and even a certain harshness of feeling His severe treatment of Caliban might have been justified but the language in which he addresses the monster and the threats that he uses show him to be a kind of tyrant On learning of Calibanrsquos plot against his life he is as violently disturbed and agitated as any ordinary human being would be His manner towards Ariel when the latter demands his liberty also seems somewhat arbitrary and tyrannicalSubject ndashBiology Topic ndashChapter -5 Inheritance amp Variations Summary ExecutionToday we will discuss about NON-Mendelian Inheritance
NON_MENDELIAN INHERITANCE Incomplete Dominance It is an inheritance in which heterozygous offspring shows
intermediate character between two parental characteristics Eg Flower colour in snapdragon (dog flower or Antirrhinum sp) and
Mirabilis jalapa ( 4rsquoO clock plant) Here phenotypic and genotypic ratios are same Phenotypic Ratio 1Red 2 Pink 1 White Genotypic Ratio 1(RR) 2 (Rr) 1(rr) This means that R was not completely dominant over r Pea plants also show incomplete dominance in other traits
Co- dominance It is the inheritance in which both alleles of a gene are expressed in a
hybrid Eg ABO blood grouping in human ABO Blood groups are controlled by the gene I The plasma membrane of the RBC has sugar polymer that protrude
from its surface and is controlled By the gene The gene I has three alleles IA IB i The alleles IA and IB produce a slightly different form of the sugar
while allele i does not produce any sugar In AB blood group both IA and IB are present together This is co ndash
dominanceMultiple Alleles
Multiple alternatives of the same gene which influence the same character and produce different expressions in different individuals of a species or population same genes have more than two allelic
forms These different forms of a single gene are referred as multiple alleles Eg human Blood group
Ac-12 250620 Topic- retirement
Illustration Om Jai and Jagdish are partners sharing profit in the ratio of 3 2 l Their balance sheet as at December 31st 2014 is as under
Balance sheet as at December 31 2014
Liabilities Amount Assets Amount
(Rs`) (Rs`)
Creditors 80000 Building 180000 Bills Payable 26000 Plant 140000 General reserve 24000 Motor Car 40000 Capital Stock 100000 Om 160000 Debtors 63000 Jai 120000 Less Provision Jagdish 120000
400000 for Bad debts 3000
60000 Cash at Bank 10000
530000 530000
Jai retires on that date on the following terms(a) The Goodwill of the firm is valued at Rs 60000(b) Stock and Building to be appreciated by 10(c) Plant is depreciated by 10(d) Provision for Bad debts is increased upto Rs 5000(e) Jairsquos share of goodwill was adjusted through remaining partners capital accountThe amount due to Jai is paid out of the fund brought in by Om and Jagdish in theirnew profit sharing ratio Jai is paid full amountPrepare Revaluation Account and Partnerrsquos Capital account
Solution WorkingsIt is assumed that Om and Jagdish gaining ratio remains 3 lJairsquo Share of goodwill = Rs 60000 times 26 = Rs20000Adjusted through the remaining partners capital account in 3 1 ratio
Revaluation Account
Dr Cr
Particulars Amount Particulars Amount
(Rs`) (`Rs)
To Provision for Bad debts 2000 By Stock 10000TO Plant 14000 By Building 18000To Profit transferred toCapital Accounts Om 6000 Jai 4000 Jagdish 2000
12000
28000 28000
Capital AccountDr Cr Particulars Om Jai Jagdish Particulars Om Jai Jagdish
(Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (rs`) (`Rs)
To Capital 15000 mdash 5000 By Balance bd 160000 120000 120000 ToBank 152000 By General Reserve 12000 8000 4000To Balance cd 277000 mdash 159000 By Revaluation (Profit) 6000 4000 2000 By Om Capital mdash 15000 mdash ByJagdish Capital mdash 5000 By Bank 114000 38000
292000 152000 164000 292000 152000 164000
persons who are experts in different fields of business management In this way the benefits of specialization and centralized management can be securedTransferability of sharesSince the shares of a joint stock company are freely transferable they provide necessary liquidity to the investment of the people Shares of public companies are generally listed on a stock exchange so that people can easily buy and sell themLimited LiabilityThe liability of shareholders is limited only to the extent of face value of share held by them Shareholders are not personally liable for the debts of the company Thus the risk is known and also limited
Economics Chapter4 Basic Problems of An Economy
Today let discuss about the Meaning of Efficiency use of ResourcesNeeds of efficient use of resources
Resource efficiency is the maximising of the supply of money materials staff and other assets that can be drawn on by a person or organization in order to function effectively with minimum wasted (natural) resource expenses It means using the Earths limited resources in a sustainable manner while minimising environmental impact
Necessity for efficient use resources Once the flow of resources through the economy has reached its maximum sustainable limit (and many would argue that wersquove already passed that point for some resources) the only way to maintain economic growth in the long run is to become more resource efficient ndash finding ways to generate greater returns from the same amount of resources
Resource efficiency isnrsquot only valuable because it is essential for sustained economic growth Promoting resource efficiency can increase the competitiveness of industry create jobs stimulate innovation boost sectors such as recycling and resource recovery and help ensure secure supplies of key
QuestionWhat do you mean by Efficient use of Resources
Answer) Resource efficiency is the maximising of the supply of money materials staff and other assets that can be drawn on by a person or organization in order to function effectively with minimum wasted (natural) resource expenses It means using the Earths limited resources in a sustainable manner while minimising environmental impact
Why do we need to use our resources efficientlyAnswer) Once the flow of resources through the economy has reached its maximum sustainable limit (and many would argue that wersquove already passed that point for some resources) the only way to maintain economic growth in the long run is to become more resource efficient ndash finding ways to generate greater returns from the same amount of resources
Resource efficiency isnrsquot only valuable because it is essential for sustained economic growth Promoting resource efficiency can increase the competitiveness of industry create jobs stimulate innovation boost sectors such as recycling and resource recovery and help ensure secure
resources supplies of key resources
Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)
Topic Act II Scene 7 Lines 1 to 35 (Morocco hellip What if I stray no further but choose here )
[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase provided]
Summary Questions amp Answers
Having disposed of the minor story of Jessicarsquos elopement we now return to the main plot We are now shown how affairs are progressing with Portia in her home in Belmont
This is the first of the three scenes where a suitor makes a choice between golden silver and leaden caskets It will be noted that while making the choice all the lovers soliloquize and reveal their personality and character We have already observed the manly soldierly but primitive personality of the Prince of Morocco His has a simple nature and does not look deeply into the inner meaning of things but is dazzled by the outward appearance of gold He is inclined to over-estimate his own value and does not realize that it is a duty to ldquogive and hazardrdquo So his feeling is only one of fascination and romantic attraction We cannot believe that he has a deep and lasting love for Portia
In this scene two characters appear ndash Portia and the Prince of Morocco Portia explains to the Prince that the correct casket shall be the one that contains her picture She will be the wife of the person who will choose the correct casket and in the process get whatever she has
The Prince examines the inscriptions on each of the caskets and interprets them
(1) (Act II Sc 7 L 1-5)
Portia Go draw aside the curtains and discover
The several caskets to this noble princeNow make your choice
Morocco The first of gold who this inscription bearsWho chooseth me shall gain what many men desire
(i) Who is Morocco How did he introduce himself to Portia when they first met in an earlier scene
Prince Morocco is a dark skinned boastful warrior of African origin who seeks the hand of Portia He introduces himself as a person who lives near the equator where the exposure to sun rays have to be blamed for his complexion He says that Portia should not dislike him for his dark skin
(ii) How would Morocco know that he had made the right choice What would his reward be
Morocco would know he has chosen the right casket if he finds Portiarsquos portrait in one of them His reward would be Portiarsquos hand in marriage
(iii) Which casket did Morocco finally choose What reasons did he give for rejecting the casket made of lead
Morocco chooses the golden casket He says that lead is of lowly origin and the portrait of a lady as great as Portia cannot be placed in it He reads the inscription ldquoWho chooseth me must give and hazard all he hathrdquo This makes the box too threatening He wonders why anyone should risk everything for lead He also feels that a golden mind like his should not bow down to choose something worthless So he will not risk anything for lead
(iv) What two objects did Morocco find in the casket of his
before choosing
The inscription on the leaden casket says ldquoWho chooseth me must give and hazard all he hathrdquo The Prince was shocked and says as to why anyone should risk for the sake of lead The leaden casket is a threat Nobody would risk all they have for lead He says that no noble person would stoop to choose such a worthless thing as lead So he will not give nor risk anything for lead
The Prince then examines the inscription on the silver casket which says ldquoWho chooseth me shall get as much as he deservesrdquo The Prince says that he deserves Portia more than anybody else because of his high rank his noble birth and his great wealth and power But then he argues that silver is ten times inferior to gold and therefore he cannot believe that the portrait of such a beautiful lady as Portia can be contained in the silver casket He decides to see the inscription on the golden casket before making his decision
choice What reason does he give to Portia for leaving in haste
The Prince of Morocco chooses the golden casket and on opening it finds a human skull within whose hollow eye-socket was a scroll or a roll of paper in which it is written that those who are attracted by the glittering outside of things are always deceived as Morocco has been deceived
Morocco says he is moved and that he does not want to make his departure a painstaking process and he wants to leave immediately without revealing his emotions He should also obey the rule of the game which states the one who loses the test should leave immediately
(v) How does Portia respond to Moroccorsquos parting words What does this reveal of her nature
Portia is relieved that Morocco has left without making any scene It was a gentle riddance and all like him should go in a similar manner This shows that Portia has a kind heart and does not want anyone to he hurt Her love for Bassanio over-rides her passion that makes her wish that only he should be able to make the right choice At the same time like a dutiful daughter she does not want to disrespect her fatherrsquos wishes Hence she is willing to go through the casket injunctions
(2) (Act II Sc 7 L 15-35)
MOROCCO helliphelliphelliphelliphellip
What says this leaden casket Who chooseth me must give and hazard all he hath Must givemdashFor what for lead hazard for leadThis casket threatens Men that hazard allDo it in hope of fair advantagesA golden mind stoops not to shows of drossIll then nor give nor hazard aught for leadWhat says the silver with her virgin hueWho chooseth me shall get as much as he deservesAs much as he deservesmdashPause there MoroccoAnd weigh thy value with an even handIf thou best rated by thy estimationThou dost deserve enough and yet enoughMay not extend so far as to the ladyAnd yet to be afeard of my deservingWere but a weak disabling of myselfAs much as I deservemdashWhy thats the ladyI do in birth deserve her and in fortunesIn graces and in qualities of breeding
But more than these in love I do deserveWhat if I strayed no further but chose here
(i) What does the Prince of Morocco do before making his selection What does his comment reflect How does he analyse the inscription of the leaden casket and what is his interpretation
The Prince of Morocco surveys the three caskets before making his selection His comments reflect his thinking and attitude on life and things He comes to the lead casket and reads the inscription on it His interpretation which reflects his own character is that the inscription threatens because no one will be prepared to risk or sacrifice all one has for such a base thing as lead
(ii) What does the Prince of Morocco think of the leaden casket and why does he decide to reject the leaden casket
The Prince of Morocco thinks that when people risk anything they do so in order to gain something precious A person of royal ways will not bend so low as to be impressed by such an ordinary thing as lead Therefore he decides that he will not take any risk for a worthless thing like lead and rejects the lead casket
(iii) What does the Prince think while analyzing and interpreting the inscription of the silver casket
The Prince of Morocco analyses the inscription on the silver casket which runs thus ldquoWho chooseth me shall get as much as he deservesrdquo When he reads the inscription he bids himself to stop and ponder over the interpretation He asks himself to evaluate his worth objectively and impartially He says that if he is assessed on the basis of the opinion of people he deserves much But even this may not be sufficient to deserve to win Portia who is so virtuous and worthy
(iv) What promise does the silver casket make What self-assessment does the Prince make
The silver casket promises the reward according to the worth of the chooser The Prince makes a self-assessment and concludes that in all fairness he deserves to get Portia He thinks that he is a royal Prince by birth and so he deserves her by the right of his birth
Portia is very rich and so the Prince deserves her by this also The Prince deserves because he is also extremely handsome as most of the beautiful maidens of his kingdom covet him He is valiant and virtuous also So in his opinion he is the most suitable and deserving candidate for Portiarsquos hand
(v) Over which casket does the Prince ponder a long time What intrigue him In what way does he deserve Portia
Morocco reviews the inscriptions again and rejects the lead casket as being not worth the high stakes for which he gambles He ponders a long time over the silver casket The words ldquoget as much as he deservesrdquo intrigue him He is quite sure that he deserves Portia He deserves her in birth fortune grace qualities of breeding and most of all love
Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution EVS Ch ndash4 Managing
soil and land
Today we will discuss about mechanical practices of soil conservation
A few mechanical measures of soil conservation arei) Basin leaching In this method a number of small basins (water reservoirs) are made These collect and retain rain water for a long period and also catch and stabilize downwardly moving soils of the slopes
ii) Pan breaking by breaking of pan ( a hard sheet of clay a few feet below the surface ) drainage and percolation of rain water is improved and soil is saved from residual run-off and erosion
iii) Sub-soiling Soil is broken into fine grains to increase its absorptive capacity
iv) Contour terracing terraces are labeled areas constructed at right angles to the slope to reduce soil erosion
v) Contour trenching This method involves making a series of deep pits or trenches across the slope at convenient distance The soil excavated from the trenches is deposited along the lower edge in the form of bund On the ridges tree seeds are shown
vi) Terrace outlets To conserve soil pipe outlets are made which are thickly covered by grasses
vii) Digging of ponds and reservoirs to store water
viii) Stream bank protection To protect banks of rivers and channels construction of stone or concrete protective walls or planting of trees should be undertaken
Commercial Studies
Chapter- Banking Let us today discuss about theMeaning of Commercial BankFunctions of Commercial Banks
Commercial Banks are those banks which perform all kinds of banking functions such as accepting deposits advancing loans credit creation and
Question1 What do you mean by
Commercial BankAnswer) Commercial Banks are those banks which perform all kinds of banking functions such as accepting deposits advancing loans credit creation and agency functions
agency functions
Functions of Commercial BanksCommercial banks perform a variety of functions which can be divided as (1) Accepting Deposits (2) Advancing Loans (3) Credit Creation (4) Financing Foreign Trade(5) Agency Services (6) Miscellaneous Services To Customers
2 Explain the various functions of Commercial Bank
Answer) Following are the various functions of Commercial Banks
1 Accepting Deposits This is the oldest function of a bank and the banker used to charge a commission for keeping the money in its custody when banking was developing as an institution Nowadays a bank accepts three kinds of deposits from its customers The first is the savings deposits on which the bank pays small interest to the depositors who are usually small savers
2 Advancing LoansOne of primary functions of commercial banks is to advance loans to its customers A bank lends a certain percentage of the cash lying in deposits on a higher interest rate than it pays on such deposits This is how it earns profits and carries on its business 3 Credit CreationCredit creation is one of the most important functions of the commercial banks Like other financial institutions they aim at earning profits For this purpose they accept deposits and advance loans by keeping small cash in reserve for day-to-day transactions When a bank advances a loan it opens and account in the name of the customer and does not pay him in cash but allows him to draw the money by cheque according to his needs By granting a loan the bank creates credit or deposit4 Financing ForeignTrade commercial bank finances foreign trade of its customers by accepting foreign bills of exchange and collecting them from foreign banks It also transacts other foreign exchange business and buys and sells foreign currency5 Agency ServicesA bank acts as an agent of its customers in collecting and paying cheques bills of exchange drafts dividends etc It also buys and sells
shares securities debentures etc for it customers Further it pays subscriptions insurance premium rent electric and water bills and other similar charges on behalf of its clients It also acts as a trustee and executor of the property and will of its customers Moreover the bank acts as an income tax consultant to its clients For some of these services the bank charges a normal fee while it renders others free of charge6 Miscellaneous ServicesBesides the above noted services the commercial bank performs a number of other services It acts as the custodian of the valuables of its customers by providing them lockers where they can keep their jewellery and valuable documents It issues various forms of credit instruments such as cheques drafts travellers cheques etc which facilitate transactions
Bengali হিবপরীতশবদ করণেয়কটি হিবপরীত শবদ গদওয়া ল1)সজীব = হি3জsব 2)শরদধা= ঘা 3)আকষ = হিবকষ4)সধবা = হিবধবা 5)উৎস = গা3া 6)অ = অ37)জয় = পরাজয় 8)তাপ = হৈশত যয 9)হি3ltা = পরশংসা10)াদা = অদা 11)রহিসক = গবরহিসক 12) অনতর = বাহির13)অহিতবষটি = অ3াবষটি 14)পরত যযi = পরণেরাi 15)3াবালক = সাবালক
Hindi 2nd lang नया रासता भा 5 अपन जीन की परिरसथिगितयो स गिश होकर मीन क हदय म कई बार हीन भाना
और जीन की कडाहट अनभ हईपरत ह दढता और साहस की मरतित थी ह
अपन जीन को वयथ नही होन दना चाहती थी बचपन स ही उसकी कील बनन की
इचछा थी आज मीन की लन उस और दखकर माता- गिपता न उस कालत करन की
आजञा द दी मीन न मरठ म दाखिखला ल लिलया उसक हरदय म कछ बनन और कछ
कर दिदखान की इचछा थी उसक गिचार स चारो और पस का ही बोलबाला हहॉसटल
की कलपना करत ही ह लिसहर उठती थी उसन अपन लिलए नए नए कपड बनाए पहली बार हॉसटल जान का चा थाआखिखर
ह दिदन आ ही या जब उस हॉसटल जाना था पहली बार ह अपन घर स अल हो
रही थी हॉसटल पहच कर कछ दिदनो तक उसका मन नही ला बचपन की घटनाए
एक- एक करक उसक समतपटल पर उतर ई ह अपनी ककषा म हमशा परथम आती
थी 2 दिदन बाद गिपताजी मीन स मिमलन आए मा न काफी चीज उसक लिलए बनाकर
भजी थी गिपताजी स मिमलकर ह बहत खश
1 ह सय की दढता साहस की मरतित थी
परशन1 लखिखका मीन को दढता साहस
की मरतित कयो कह रही ह 2 गिाह क अलाा मीन क जीन
का कया लकषय था 3 मीन समाज क झठ आरण को
हटाकर सतय दिदखाना चाहती ह सपषट कीजिजए
4 परसतत पलि[यो का भा सपषट अपन शबदो म लिलखिखए
उततरndash1 मीन म समाज स लडन की शलि[ ह
ह समाज म फली बराइयो क सामन ढढता स जमी हई ह ह साहस क साथ अपन उलिचत गिनणय
पर सथिर रहती ह जिजदी क उतार चढा सा घबरा टी नही ह बलकिलक साहस स काम लती ह इनही कारणो स लखिखका न उस ढढता
और साहस की मरतित कहा ह2 मरठ ालो न जब उसका रिरशता
ठकरा दिदया तो उसन गिनशचय कर लिलया गिक ह अपन परो पर खडी होी और समाज को दिदखा दी की नारी अबला नही ह उसन अपना
हई करीब 1 घटा रक कर गिपताजी चल ए लकषय बना लिलया गिक ह एलएलबी करक कील बनी
3 समाज म नारी क ऊपर अबला आशरीता का आरण पडा हआ ह
मीन समाज क दवारा होत हए इस आरण को हटाकर यह सतय परमाणिणत करना चाहती ह गिक आज
की नारी अबला नही ह और ना ही गिकसी क हाथ की कठपतली ह
4 लखिखका न मीन क बार म कहा गिक ह सय घटा और साहस की मरतित
ह ह अपन न हम ध और मसीबत म साहस का परिरचय दती हउतार
चढा को हर इसान क जीन म आत ही रहत ह उनको साधारण रप
स ही लना चागिहए अपन गिाह क मामल म उसन साहस स काम
लिलया और गिाह क बार म सोचना छोड दिदया मीन क सामन अभी बहत लबी जिजदी पडी ह इसलिलए उसन समय का महत समझा और
एक कषण भी वयथ ना करन का गिनशचय गिकया
Mathematics(x) Algebra Quadratic Equation in one variable
Study Item Some solved sums from exercise- 539)Solve for x 2(2x ndash 1 )(x+3) ndash 3 (x + 3)(2x ndash 1 ) = 5 x -3 frac12Solution Let (2x ndash 1)(x + 3) = y then we get2(y) ndash 3( 1y) = 50r 2y ndash 3y = 5Or 2y2 ndash 3 = 5y [multiplying both side by y we get]0r 2y2 ndash 5y ndash 3 = 0Now comparing the above equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0 we geta=2 b = - 5 and c = - 3Therefore y = -(- 5 )plusmnradic((-5)sup2-4(2)(-3))2(2) = 5 plusmnradic( 25 + 24)4 = 5plusmn radic(49)4 = (5 plusmn 7)4= (5+7)4 (5 ndash 7)4= 124 -24= 3 - 12Therefore y = 3 (2x ndash 1)( x + 3) = 3 2x ndash 1 = 3x + 9 3x - 2x = - 10 x= - 10Or y = - frac12 ( 2x ndash 1)(x + 3) = - frac124x ndash 2 = - x ndash 3 4x+x = - 3 + 2 5x = - 1 x= - 15Hence the roots of the given equation are - 10 and ndash 1510)(i) x2 - 5x ndash10 =0Solution x2 ndash 5x ndash 10 = 0Comparing the above equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0 we get a=1 b = - 5 and c = - 10Therefore x = - (- 5)plusmnradic( -5)sup2- 4(1)(- 10)2(1) = 5 plusmn radic( 25 +40)2 = 5 plusmn radic(65 )2
= (5 plusmn 8bull06)2 = (5 + 8bull06)2 (5 ndash 8bull06)2 = 13bull062 - 3bull062= 6bull53 - 1bull5312) Solve the equation x ndash 18x = 6 Given your answer correct to two significant figureSolution x ndash18x = 6Or (x2 ndash 18 )x = 6Or x2ndash 18 = 6xOr x2 ndash 6x ndash18 = 0Comparing the above equation with ax2 + bc + c = 0 we gera= 1 b = - 6 and c = -18Therefore x = -(-6) plusmnradic(- (- 6)2 ndash 4(1)(- 18)2(1) = 6 plusmn radic( 36 + 72)2 = (6 plusmnradic( 108)2 =(6 plusmn 10bull39)2= 16bull392 - 4bull392= 8bull195 - 2bull195 asymp 8bull2 - 2bull2
Chemistry Chapter-2L-1Chemical Bonding
1) Chemical Bonding-
It is basically the force of attraction which holds the different types of atoms in a molecule together
Cause of Chemical Combination-
The main cause is the tendency of elements to acquire eight electrons in its outermost shell like that of noble gases other than Helium(He) So the atoms combine to acheive the nearest noble gas configuration of 8 electrons( or 2 electrons) in their outermost orbit and become stable
2) Ion-
It is a charged particle made from an atom by the loss or gain of electrons
There are 2 types of Ions They are-
a) Cations- It is formed by the loss of electrons eg - K+ Ca2+
Na+ etc
b) Anions- It is formed by the gain of electrons eg- Cl- O2- F- etc
Q Why do elements form Ions
A Atoms of all elements except those of noble gases have one to seven valence electrons and are not in a state of minimum energy Thus to acquire a state of minimum energy elements lose or gain electrons and form ions so that they acquire stable configuration (Duplet or Octet)
Q What is the Electronic Theory of Valency
A In 1916 Kossel and Lewis on the basis of octet rule of electrons described simply the electronic structure of molecules of many chemical compounds and elements Kossel mainly described the structure of ionic compounds formed by loss and gain of electrons and Lewis mainly described the structure of Covalent Compounds formed by mutual sharing of electron pair This is known as ELECTRONIC THEORY OF VALENCY proposed by Kossel and Lewis
Q What do you mean by Electropositive and Electronegative Elements
3) Types of Chemical Bond-3 types
A)ElectrovalentIonic Bond
B) Covalent Bond
C) Co-ordinate Dative Bond4) ELECTROVALENT IONIC BOND-
It is the electrostatic force of attraction between the opposite charged ions which holds them together
The chemical compounds formed as a result of electron transfer from one atom of an element to another are called IONIC or ELECTROVALENT COMPOUND
The number of electrons which an element loses or gains during the formation of an ionic bond is called its ELECTROVALENCY
Conditions for the formation of Ionic Compounds-
i Large electronegativity difference between the combining atoms
ii Low IP for one of the atoms from which the cation can be easily formed
iii High electron affinity for one of the atoms from which the anions can be easily formed
iv High Lattice Energy
A
1) Electropositive Elements- have the tendency to lose the electrons and form Cations
eg- Na K Fe -mostly metals
2) Electronegative Elements- have the tendency to gain the electrons and form Anions
eg- Cl F O - mostly Non-metals
Q Give the brief description about the formation of NaCl
A See your Text Book
Q Practise the two types of diagram of the formation of different ionic compound
A See your Text Book
English All Summer in a Answer the following questions-
literature Day 3) Why did the children hate herAns- The children sensed that Margot was different from them She hated the continuous rain while they were used to it She spoke only about the sun and they had no memory of it They hated her pale snow face her waiting silence her thinness and her possible future of going back to the Earth4) What is the it referred to by WilliamAns- The it referred to by William is the Sun which the scientists had predicted would shine for a short while that day5) What was Margot waiting for Why did William say it was a jokeAns- Margot was waiting to see the sun predicted to shine that day for a short while William did not want her to have the joy of seeing the sun
Geography Water Resources SOURCES OF WATER SURFACE WATER AND GROUNDWATER Earth is known as the Blue Planet because 71 per cent of the Earths surface is covered with water Wateralso exists below land surface and as water vapour in the air Water is not added or removed from the environment it simply changes state and location This constant movement of water throughout our environment is called the hydrological cycle or water cycle Earth cleans and replenishes the water supply through the hydrologic cycle Groundwater exists in an aquifer or
underground layer of permeable rock sediment (usually sand or gravel) or soil that yields water
Aquifers are like underground reservoirs of water
SURFACE WATER The visible bodies of water are referred to as surface water Surface waters can be simply described as the water that is on the surface of the Earth This includes the oceans rivers and streams lakes and reservoirs Surface waters are very important Rivers and streams constitute the flowing surface waters Surface water canbe captured for a variety of biospheric and humanusesRunoff During heavy precipitation water cannot infiltrate into the ground It flows on the surface of the ground and called as runoff
GROUNDWATER Groundwater is detained as water that is found beneath the surface of the Earth in conditions of100 per
Q1 Why the Earth is called as Blue PlanetA1 Earth is known as the Blue Planet because 71 per cent of the Earths surface is covered with water
Q2 Define hydrological cycleA2 Water is not added or removed from the environment it simply changes state and location This constant movement of water throughout our environment is called the hydrological cycle or water cycle Earth cleans and replenishes the water supply through the hydrologic cycle
Q3 What is AquifersA3 Aquifers are like underground reservoirs of water
Q4 Why there is a shortage of fresh waterA4 Although the earth has an abundance of water but unfortunately there is a shortage of fresh water because 997 per cent of it occupied by oceans soils icecaps and floating in the atmosphere and rest 03 percent can use for daily uses
cent saturation (if it is less than100 per cent saturation then the water is considered as soil moisture) Ninety-eight per cent of Earths available fresh water is groundwater It is about60 times as plentiful as the fresh water found in lakes and streams Water in the ground travels through pores in soil and rock and in fractures and weathered areas of bed rockThe majority of fresh water is therefore found under ground as soil moisture and in aquifers
Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 88 to 126 (Portia helliphellip Such as the day is when the sun is hid) [Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]
Summary Questions amp Answerso Launcelot then arrives and informs
Lorenzo that Bassanio will also be arriving soon Both Lorenzo and Jessica return to the house and ask Stephano to order the family musicians to play music in order to extend a fitting welcome to Portia
o Portia and Nerissa dressed in their normal self return home and enter the building Lorenzo recognizes Portias voice and comes to greet her She orders the servants to pretend as if she had never left and asks Lorenzo and Jessica to do the same
o Soon thereafter Bassanio Gratiano and Antonio arrive
(1) PORTIA That light we see is burning in my hall (L 89-101)
How far that little candle throws his beams So shines a good deed in a
naughty worldNERISSA When the moon shone we did not see the candlePORTIA So doth the greater glory dim the less
A substitute shines brightly as a king
Unto the king be by and then his state
Empties itself as doth an inland brook
Into the main of waters Music hark
NERISSA It is your music madam of the housePORTIA Nothing is good I see without respect
Methinks it sounds much sweeter than by day
NERISSA Silence bestows that virtue on it madam
(i) Where are Lorenzo and Jessica sitting What message have they received What are they doing
Lorenzo and Jessica are sitting in Portiarsquos house in Belmont They have just received the message informing them of the arrival of Portia and Bassanio separately They are waiting for their arrivals and enjoying the beauty of the moonlight night(ii) In which mood is Lorenzo found after Stephanorsquos departure
After Stephanorsquos departure Lorenzo reverts to his romantic mood He is carried away by the magic of the loveliness of the moonlight He draws Jessicarsquos attention and says that the moonlight is sleeping beautifully on the raised ground He says that they will sit there and enjoy the sweetness of the gentle
music which will shortly creep into their ears very softly(iii) Why has Lorenzo sent Stephano What kind of man is he who does not appreciate the sweet harmony of sounds
Lorenzo has sent Stephano to instruct the musicians to play soft music to welcome Portia home Lorenzo tells that the
tranquility and the beautiful night suit the sweet music Praising the ennobling (M lend greater dignity) effect of music Lorenzo tells Jessica that the person who has no music in him and does not appreciate the sweet harmony of sounds is a dangerous person and so should be watched very carefully(iv) Who are returning to Belmont What does Nerissa remark on seeing the light of the house
Portia and Nerissa are returning to Belmont after successfully conducting Antoniorsquos trial in Venice as the lawyer and the clerk respectively When they are near their home Nerissa seeing the light of the house remarks that they did not see this light of this candle when the moon was shining(v) What does Portia comment on Nerissarsquos observation Commenting on Nerissarsquos observation Portia says that the lesser glory becomes insignificant before the greater glory She adds that the kingrsquos representative assumes great splendor and authority when the king himself is not near But before the real king the substitute becomes devoid of all splendor and
authority as the big rivers lose their identity after emptying into the vast sea
SUBJECT PHYSICS [TOPIC FORCE]Answer the following questions ( ICSE questions of previous years from chapter FORCE)
1 Write the position of centre of mass for the following bodies(i) A circular ring (ii) A cylinder(iii) A hollow sphere (iv) A triangular lamina
2 Explain why screw drivers are provided with longer handles3 Compare the magnitude and direction of centripetal force and centrifugal force4 How does uniform circular motion differ from uniform linear motion5 Why is the motion of a body moving with a constant speed around a circular path is said to be
accelerated6 A brass ball is hanging from a cotton thread Draw a neat labeled diagram showing the force acting
on the brass ball and the cotton thread 7 Define moment of force Write the relationship between the SI and CGS unit of moment of force8 Define couple State the SI unit of moment of couple9 A uniform half meter scale balanced horizontally on a knife edge at 29 cm mark when a weight of 20
gmf is suspended from one end(i) Draw the diagram of the arrangementWhat is the weight of the half meter rule
ECO-10 250620 Topic-Supply Analysis
MEANING OF SUPPLYSupply a commodity by a firm or seller may be defined as the quantity of a commodity that a firm or seller offers for sale at a given price during a given time period But the actual sale of the commodity may be different from its supply For example a farmer (produced of wheat) is willing to sell 50 quintals of wheat at a price of ` 15 per kg but he is able to sell only 30 quintals at this price So this case the supply of wheat is 50 quintals but the actual sale is 30 quintals So these two concepts should not be confused with each other Like demand supply also has three elements The definition of supply include (i) the quantity of the commodity that a firm is willing to supply (ii) the price at which it is willing to supply that quantity and (iii) the time period during which it is willing to supply that quantity
FACTORS DETERMINING SUPPLY OR DETERMINANTS OF SUPPLY OF A GOOD
The main determinant of supply is the price of the commodity But the cost of production of a commodity is an important factor in determining profit maximized on output of a firm The cost of production depends on the prices of various inputs like raw material wages of workers interest of capital rent of building etc The supply of a commodity also depends on the technology used in the production of the commodity and many other factors The main factors determining supply of a commodity are(i) Price of the commodity(ii) Price of other related good(iii) Price of inputsfactors(iv) Taxation policy of government(v) Objective of the firm(i) Price of the commodity Other factors determining supply remaining constant there is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity It means the quantity supplied of a commodity increases with rise in price and decreases with fall in price of the commodity More quantity of a commodity is supplied at a higher price and less quantity is supplied at a lower price For example a seller of tomatoes is willing to sell 100 kgs of tomatoes at a price of ` 40 per keg and only 50 kgs at a price of ` 20 per kg Due to this direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity the supply curve has a positive slope Supply curve is upward sloping to the right(ii) Price of other related goods Supply of a commodity is also influenced by the change in the price of other related goods With the help of given resources we can produce several goods by using the same technology This helps the firm to diversify and tide over fluctuations in demand For example a farmer can produce either pulses or food grains by using the resources If the price of pulses increases it becomes more profitable for him to make more production of pulses So he will divert some resources from the production of food grains to the production of pulses The production of pulses will increase and that of food grains will decrease So the supply of pulses will increase if the price of pulses increases and the supply of food grain will decrease at the same price reverse will happen if the price of food grains increases(iii) Price of inputsfactors Change in the price of inputs like raw material wage rent or interest also influences the supply of a commodity For example in the production of cloth cotton is the main raw material If the price of cotton increases the cost of production of cloth will increase At the same price the margin of profit will decrease So the producer will decrease the supply of cloth at the same price On the other hand if the price of cotton falls the cost of production per unit of cloth will decrease and hence the supply of cloth will increase The price of other inputs will also influence the supply of a good in the same manner(iv) Technology of production an improvement in the technology of production of a commodity decreases the per unit cost of the commodity The margin of profit will increase at the same price So the supply of a commodity will increase with improvement in technology of production at the same price On the other hand if a firm uses absolute technology of production the cost of production per unit of the commodity will increase The margin of profit will decrease so the firm will decrease its supply at the same price This is the main reason that the firms are trying to use better technology of production because it not only reduces the cost of production per unit but also improves the quality of the product(v) Taxation policy of government If the government reduces the excise duty or the production of a commodity the cost of production per unit of the commodity will decrease the margin of profit will increase at the same price so the producer of the commodity will increase its supply It happens when the government wants to increase the production of the commodity On the other hand to discourage the production of some harmful goods like cigarettes liquor etc the government increases the rate of excise duty on the production of such goods So the cost of production per unit of the commodity increases and the supply of such commodities decreases(vi) Objective of the firm The objective of the producer also influences the supply of a commodity Generally the objective of a producer is get maximize his profits Profits are maximized at a higher price So he increases the supply of a commodity at a higher price and decreases its supply at a lower price But sometimes the producer may be in maximizing his sales and not in maximizing his profits as he wants to capture the market In that case he goes on increasing the supply so long his target is not achieved can profit is not adversely affected He may increase the supply at the same price to any extent
SUPPLY FUNCTION
When the relationship between quantity supplied and the determinants of supplied is expressed mathematically in an equation it is called a supply function So a supply function can be expressed asSn = f(Pn Pr Pf T Tr G)where Sn = Supply of commodity nPn = Price of the commodity nPr = Price of other related goodsPf = Price of inputsfactors
T = Technology of productionTr = Government policy or tax rateG = Goal or objective of the producer
Typically supply function shows the relationship between price and quantity supplied keeping all other determinants of supply as constant It shows the amount of a good that a seller supplies at different levels of price
LAW OF SUPPLYThe law of supply depicts the relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity when all other determinants of supply remain constant This law states that there is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity other factors determining supply remaining constant It means quantity supplied of a commodity increases with increase in price and decreases with decrease in price
Assumptions of the law of supplyThe phrase other determinants of supply remaining constant in the law of supply shows the assumptions of the law of supply The mains factors which influence the supply of a commodity one price of the commodity price of other related goods price of inputs technology of production taxation policy of the government and objective of the firm etc The law of supply is based on the assumptions that all these factors determining supply except price of the commodity should remain constant The following are the main assumptions of the law of supply(i) Price of other related goods should remain the same(ii) There should be no change in the price of inputs (factors)(iii) Technology of production should not change(iv) There is no change in the taxation policy of the government(v) Objective of the firm should not changeThe law of supply is based on the assumptions that the supply of commodity changes only due to change in price when all other determinant of supply remain constantClass XISubject Topic Summary Execution EVS Chapter-2
Ecology Answer the following questions briefly Q Draw a neat labeled diagram of carbon cycleAnsndash
Mathematics Principle of Mathematical Induction
1) What is statement Ans A sentence which may be true or false is called statement eg i) 5 is greater than 3 ii) New Delhi is the capital of India iii) 5 divides 7 These all are statements We see that statement (i) amp (ii) are true but (iii) is false 2 What is Mathematical StatementAns Statement involving mathematical relations are called mathematical statement We shall use mathematical statement in principle of
Example If n be a positive integer show that n(n+1) is an even positive integer Solution Let P(n) be the statement n(n+1) is an even positive integer Then (i) P(1) is the statement 1(1+1) ie 2 is an even positive integer Therefore P(1) is true (ii) If P(m) is true for some positive integer m then m(m+1) is an even integer Now (m+1) [(m+1)+1]=(m+1)sup2+ (m+1) =msup2+2m+1+m+1=msup2+m+2m+2=m(m+1) +2(m+1) = an even integer + an even positive integer [Since P(m) is true and 2(m+1) is an even
mathematical induction 3 What is the use of Principle of mathematical inductionAns Sometimes it is difficult to prove a statement theorem or a formula by direct method In this case we use an indirect method known as the Principle of mathematical induction There are two steps in this processSTEP 1 Varify that the statement or formula is true for one or two particular values of n say for n=1 2STEP 2 Assuming that the statement or formula is true for n=m where m is any positive integer show that it is true for n=m+1Conclusion Since the statement is true for n=2 it is true for n=2+1 that is 3 and since it is true for n=3 it is true for n=3 + 1 that is 4 and so on Hence the statement or formula is true for all positive integral values of n
positive integer]= an even positive integer Therefore P(m+1) is true when P(m) is true Therefore By the principle of Mathematical Induction P(n) is true for all positive integral values of n Hence n(n+1) is an even positive integer
Hindi 2ndlang एक फल की चाह 5 दख रहा था जस सो सथिर हो नही बठती थी कषण भर हाय ही चपचाप पडी थी अटल शागित शी धारण कर सनना यही चाहता था म उस सय ही
उकसा करमझको दी क परसाद का एक फल ही दो लाकर
शबदाथ ससथिर - परी तरह ठहरी हई अटल- पकका
उकसाकर - पररणा दकर
वयाखयाndash उपय[ पलि[यो म कगि सखिखया की ददशा का णन कर रहा ह जो उनक गिपता दवारा वय[ गिकया या ह अपनी बटी सखिखया कीददशा का
गितरण करत हए गिपता कहता ह गिक म अपनी आखो क सामन दख रहा था गिक मरी बटी जो पल भर क लिलए दिटककर नही बठती थी ह अब सथिर शात मरतित की तरह पढी थी अब म ह बार- बार इस बात क लिलए पररिरत कर रहा
था गिक ह मझ गिफर स ही शबद कह गिपताजी मझ दी क परसाद का एक फल लाकर दो
6 ऊच शल लिशखर क ऊपर मदिदर था गिसतीणर गिशाल सण कलशसरलिसज गिहलिसत थ पाकरसमदिदत रगि कर जाल दीप धल स अचछदिदत था मदिदर का
आन सारा ज रही थी भीतर बाहर मखरिरत उतस की धारा
शबदाथ - शल लिशखर- पहाड की ऊची चोटी
सतीणर - फला हआ
सण कलश - कमल क समान सदर सोन का कलश मखरिरत - परकट समदिदत - अचछी परकार खिखला हआ रगि कर जाल - सय की गिकरणो का समह
वयाखया- परसतत पलि[या म कगि न मदिदर की सदरता का णन गिकया ह कहत ह गिक मझ पहाड की चोटी पर एक गिलिशषट और गिशालमश था उसक
सोन क कलश सय की गिकरणो म चमकत हए ऐस परतीत हो रह थ जस सय की खिखली हईगिकरणो क ाा सपशपाकर सनहर कमल खिखल उठ हो मदिदर का
आन धप दीप की सध स भरा हआ था मदिदर क अदर और बाहर मनाए जा रह उसकी परसननता की ज सनाई द रही थी
Bengali (2nd language)
কোনি মনি নদী পরথম অধযোয়
হি_তীয় হিদরণে3র পাঠ-
হিবষটবাব গলাকটির কায় গররণে কা বলরণেত পাররণে0 3া শধ গচাখ হিদরণেয় রা পরকাশ করহি0ল কা বলরণেত বলরণেত গলাকটি পাঞজাহিব লহিn খরণেল জ কররণেত শর করল তাই গদরণেখ হিবষটবাব ত2মভ রণেয় গল চাটি ারার 2হিnরণেত গলাকটি হিবষটবাবর হিদরণেক এরণোরণেল হিতহি3 াা 3ীচ করণের 3াহিরণেয় গ33 হিদ গলাকটি হিবষটবাবরণেক চাটিরণেয় ায় তারণেল হিতহি3 তাাতাহিউরণেঠ গলাকটিরণেক ধররণেত পাররণেব3 3া কার তার শরীরণেরর ওজরণে3র জ3য এই শরণে3 হিবষটবাব বরণে3া গারণেষর ত গতরণেZরণে উরণেঠ দাাল তারণেত গলাকটি দাহিরণেয় শরীরটারণেক একট দহিলরণেয় হি3ল এই সব শরণে3 হিবষট ধর চপ করণের রইল শধ lsquoগঘাৎrsquo করণের একটা শবদ করল গলাকটি হিসহি হিদরণেয় ওঠা3াা কররণে0 গদরণেখ হিবষটবাব খাহি3কটা হিদরণেশারা রণেয় গলহিবষটবাবর গচারণেখ রারণের বদরণেল এখ3 গকৌতল হিতহি3 বরণেল3 ldquoখাওায় আার গলা2 গ3ই Uায়টিং কহিরrdquo হিকনত হিতহি3 কতটা Uায়টিং করণের তা তার শরীর আর খাবারণেরর তাহিলকা গদরণেখ গলাকটি বরণে= গল গলাকটি এহিরণেয় হিরণেয় হিবষটবাবর 2হিরণেত াত বহিলরণেয় হিদরণেল গস আরা অ32ব করণের3 এবং হিপহি0রণেয় া3 গলাকটি হিবষটবাবর সারণে3 তার শরীরণেরর কসরত পরদশ3 কররণেল হিবষটবাব রণে3 রণে3 হিব হিব করণের বরণেল3 হিতহি3ও গরাা রণেত চা3 গসই হরণেত nা গরণেক আবার হিচৎকার গ2রণেস আরণেস lsquoগকা হি3 গকা হি3rsquo
ldquoকী রক Uায়টিংrdquo-ক)বকতা গককারণেক বলরণে0খ)Uায়টিং কার অ কী ) Uায়টিং করা বযহিকতর গচারার ব3া দাও ঘ) তার Uায়টিং এর ব3া দাও
উঃ- ক) আরণেলাচয অংশটি হিত3ltীর গলখা lsquoগকাহি3rsquo উপ3যাস গরণেক গ3ওয়া রণেয়রণে0 আরণেলাচয কাটি বকতা রণেল3 সাদা লহিnপরা ারণেয় গরয়া পাঞজাহিব ও কারণেধ রহিn3 বযা ওয়ালা হিiহিতশ হিসং হিতহি3 কাটি বরণেলরণে03 হিবষট ধররণেকখ) Uারণেয়টিং কার অ ল পহিরহিত খাদয গর অাৎ খাদয তাহিলকায় সসত খারণেদযর গ3াগ3 বজায় গররণেখ খাদয গর) হিবষট ধরণেরর গচারা হিবশাল ওজ3 পরায় হিত3 গদখরণেত জলহিসতর রণেতা সারা শরীরণের চহিব ল ল কররণে0 বয়স পরায় চহিশ হিবশাল 2হি উপ রণেয় শরণেল হিচৎ রণেত পারণের3া গকউ গঠরণেল হিদরণেল হিচৎ রণেত পারণের তারণেক কায় নধ াদ3 পবরণেতর সরণেn তল3া করা য়ঘ) হিবষট ধর গকৌতলী রণেয় বরণেল তার খাওয়ার গকা3 গলা2 গ3ই গস Uায়টিং করণের আরণে গস আধ হিকরণেলা হিiর গখত এখ3 গস হিত3রণেশা গরা হিiর খায় জল খাবারণের কহিটা লহিচ গখত এখ3 পরণে3রণেরাটা লহিচ খায় আাইরণেশা গরা চারণেলর 2াত খায় হিঘ খাওয়া গ0রণে হিদরণেয়রণে0 রারণেত াতর বারণেরাটা রটি খায় হিবরণেকরণেল দ-গলাস হি0হিরর জল সরণেn চাররণেট কা পারণেকর সরণেltশ বাহিরণেত রাধাকষণ আরণে0 বরণেল হিবষট ধর া0 াংস খায়3া আর তারণেত তার গকা3 গলা2 লালসা গ3ই
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 276 to 313 (Sebastian helliphellipIt struck mine ear most terribly)[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]
Summary Questions amp AnswersConspiracy of Antonio and Sebastian
o Antonio further suggests murder of Alonso and eventually Sebastian agrees
o They draw their swords and proceed to murder Alonso and Gonzalo who are sleeping
(1) (Act II Sc 2 L 277-291)ANTONIO Ay sir where lies that If rsquotwere a kibe
rsquoTwould put me to my slipper but I feel notThis deity in my bosom Twenty consciencesThat stand rsquotwixt me and Milan candied be they And melt ere they molest Here lies your brotherNo better than the earth he lies uponIf he were that which now hes likemdashthats deadWhom I with this obedient steel three inches of itCan lay to bed for ever (whiles you doing thus
o As they approach Ariel appears again and wakes up Gonzalo by singing a tune in his ear Alonso also wakes up and they see both Sebastian and Antonio with drawn swords On being caught off guard they make up a story saying that they had heard a bellowing of bulls or lions
IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED
(Act II Sc 1 L 277-281)ANTONIOAy sir where lies that If rsquotwere a kibersquoTwould put me to my slipper but I feel notThis deity in my bosom Twenty consciencesThat stand rsquotwixt me and Milan candied be they And melt ere they molest
In these lines Antonio speaks how he is a conscienceless villain In inciting Sebastian to the kingship of Naples by murdering his brother he quotes his own example He too had banished his brother and made himself the Duke of Milan This kingship now sits upon him like a well fittinggarment So will be the case of Sebastian Sebastian then questions Antonio if this foul deed did not prick his conscience To this Antonio replies like a hardened villain He laughs at the word lsquoconsciencersquo and says that he has never heard of anything like conscience A guilty conscience gave him no more pain that is chilblain (M a painful itching and swelling on hand and foot caused by exposure to extreme cold) A man can get rid of the pain of chilblain by wearing slippers instead of shoes so does Antonio get rid of the qualms (M an uneasy feeling of doubt worry or fear especially about onersquos conduct) of conscience very easily Even if he were troubled by twenty consciences that barred his way to the throne of Milan however frozen they might be he would melt them into insensibility before they could cause him to twinge
To the perpetual wink of aye might putThis ancient morsel this Sir Prudence whoShould not upbraid our course) - for all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour
(i) To whom does Antonio speak these lines Who is referred to as lsquoyour brotherrsquo What does Antonio mean by saying lsquoNo better than the earth he lies uponrsquo
These lines are spoken by Antonio to Sebastian King Alonso is referred to as Sebastianrsquos brother Indicating towards Alonso who is lying asleep on the ground Antonio tells Sebastian that here sleeps his brother and at this time he is no better than a clod of the earth on which he lies asleep Antonio means to say that if he were actually to become what he looks like he would be a dead body(ii) According to Antonio what would he do if he were at the place of Sebastian
Antonio says that if he were in the position of Sebastian he would not care even for twenty consciences in order to win the kingship of Naples He would rather forget all his consciences if they happen to trouble him at all (iii) What does Antonio suggest to Sebastian What does Antonio assure him
Antonio suggests to Sebastian that in a moment Sebastian can put to death Gonzalo who pretends to be a very wise man and who on that account rebukes others (particularly Antonio and Sebastian) whereas he (Antonio) himself can put Alonso to death with only three inches of his willing sword Antonio further assures Sebastian that by killing both of them there will be none left to oppose him and in this way every obstacle in his way will be removed
(iv) Explain the lines lsquofor all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hourrsquo
In other words Antonio says that even if he were endowed with a stiff conscience he could easily relax or soften it for the execution of his purpose Then Antonio suggests that conscience should be no hindrance to a manrsquos future greatness
Comments These are terrible words coming from the mouth of a villain of the worst type He is utterly devoid of conscience or remorse He is an utter atheist of human virtue He speaks of conscience as a deity that he does not feel in his bosom
According to Antonio so far as the other lords (Adrian Francisco and others) are concerned they need not be murdered because they would obey the orders of Antonio and Sebastian as willingly and readily as cat licks milk These other lords would endorse and support everything that Sebastian and Antonio may say or suggest These other lords would adjust their views in accordance with the wishes of Antonio and Sebastian and they would regard all proposals made by Antonio and Sebastian as being opportune and also as being acceptable(v) What opinion do you form of Antonio from the above speech
The speech given above shows Antonio to be an absolutely unscrupulous man After saying that he does not believe in any such faculty as the conscience he suggests to Sebastian to
(Act II Sc 1 L 285-291)ANTONIOhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (whiles you doing thus To the perpetual wink of aye might putThis ancient morsel this Sir Prudence whoShould not upbraid our course) - for all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour
Antonio has convinced Sebastian that he has made himself Duke of Milan by a crime for which he has felt no pricks of conscience In these lines Antonio tells Sebastian that now that the chance has presented itself to him he should take it and be King of Naples So far as Alonso is concerned Antonio agrees to undertake the task of killing him by sticking only three inches of his sharp dagger Making a thrust in the air with his sword he tells Sebastian that by a similar method he can put to sleep forever Gonzalo ndash the old piece of flesh already rotten ndash this piece of antiquity ndash this ldquoSir Prudencerdquo who is never tired of reading his moral lectures to them If ldquoProfessor Wisdomrdquo is got rid of he will not be able to denounce their action as he would surely do if they did not dispatch him as well As for the rest of the kingrsquos counselors (Adrian and Francisco) it is their nature to adopt any statements and views which are placed before them just as it is the nature of a cat to lap milk Antonio assures Sebastian that ldquothese othersrdquo will back them up in whatever they say or do that they will count the strokes of the clock exactly as they bid them not according to the real time but according to the time that is right for their business Hence only two persons Alonso and Gonzalo are required to be removed to fulfill their ambition
murder Gonzalo at the very time when he (Antonio) stabs Alonso to death And yet this brutal man has a fertile wit also He can talk in a persuasive manner and also in a sarcastic and satirical manner He knows human nature thoroughly and he understands that Gonzalo is loyal to Alonso while the other lords are only sycophants who can easily be won over to Sebastianrsquos side after Alonso has been assassinated
(2) (Act II Sc 1 291-296)SEBASTIAN Thy case dear friend
Shall be my precedent as thou gotst MilanIll come by Naples Draw thy swordmdashone strokeShall free thee from the tribute which thou payest And I the King shall love thee
ANTONIO Draw together And when I rear my hand do you the likeTo fall it on Gonzalo
(i) Explain the situation and introduce the persons engaged in conversation
After the supposed shipwreck King Alonso with his lords his brother Sebastian and Antonio the Duke of Milan land on a strange island Prince Ferdinand is feared to be drowned While the King and others have fallen asleep after exertions of the day and Ariel with his sweet music acting as a catalyst Antonio and Sebastian are awake They have hatched a conspiracy to kill King Alonso and his loyal lord Gonzalo Then Sebastian will become King of NaplesIn these lines Antonio and Sebastian are engaged in conversation They are just ready to execute their plan to attack King Alonso and Gonzalo simultaneously(ii) Antoniorsquos case shall become Sebastianrsquos precedent What has been Antoniorsquos case
Antonio proved treacherous towards his brother Prospero who was the Duke of Milan Since Prospero spent his time in his scholarly pursuits he had delegated his powers to his younger brother Antonio to administer the dukedom Antonio grew ambitious He overthrew his brother and expelled him from his own dukedom In his place Antonio became the Duke of Milan which he continues to be now His case urges Sebastian to do the same(iii) How is Sebastian going to follow Antonio
Sebastian is going to take Antoniorsquos case as his precedent He is convinced that if Antonio could usurp the dukedom from his living brother Sebastian could become the King of Naples by killing his sleeping brother(iv) What will one stroke of Antoniorsquos sword do What will Sebastian do to reward Antonio
Sebastian asks Antonio to put an end to Alonsorsquos life with one stroke of his sword The same stroke will earn for him a reward Sebastian will become the King of Naples and he will exempt Antonio from paying the annual tribute to Naples The dukedom of Milan is a tributary to the kingdom of Naples Its Duke has to pay tribute to the King every year When Sebastian takes over as the King he will give a benefit to his friend who is helping him to realize his ambition
(v) What is Antoniorsquos suggestion
Antonio suggests that they may draw their swords together When he raises his hand to attack Alonso Sebastian should raise his sword to bring it down on Gonzalo
ACCOUNTS-11 25062020 Topic- depreciation ndashSTRAIGHT LINE METHOD
Illustration Salman and Usman Bros acquired a machine on July 1 2014 at a cost of Rs 70000 and spent Rs5000 on its installation The firm writes off depreciation 10 on straight line method The books are closed on December 31 every year Show the machinery and depreciation account for three years
Solution Machinery Account
Date Particulars LF amount Date Particulars LF` Amount ( Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014July 01 To Bank Ac 70000 Dec 31 Dec By Depreciation Ac 3750
(70000 x10x612)
July 01 To Bank Ac 5000 Dec31 By Balance cd 71250
75000 75000
2015 2015Jan 01 To Balance bd 71250 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 x10 ) Dec31 By Balance cd 63750
71250 71250
2016 2016Jan 01 To Balance bd 63750 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 (75000 x10 ) Dec 31 By Balance cd 56250
63750 63750
Depreciation Account
Date Particulars LF Amount Date Particulars LF Amount (Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 3750 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 3750
2015 2015
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
2016 2016
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
WORKING
Cost of Machine RS70000Cost of Installation Rs 5000
Total 75000
Rate of Depreciation 10
Then annual depreciation will be 10 of Rs 75000 = Rs 7500
Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution Geography DRIANAGE THE PENINSULAR RIVERS
1 The Mahanadi2 The Godavari3 The Krishna4 The Kaveri5 The Subarnarekha6 The Narmada7 The Tapi8 The Sabarmati and the Mahi9 The Chambal
The Mahanadi Basin The Mahanadi rises from Dandakaranya
Q1 Which is the largest river of peninsular plateau Write a brief note about its courseA1 The largest river of peninsular plateau is Godavari The river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has
near Sihawa in Raipur district in the highlands of Chhattisgarhand flows through Odisha to reach the Bay of BengalThe length of the river is about 857 kmIts drainagebasin is shared by Maharashtra Chhattisgarh Jharkhandand Odisha
THE MAHANADI RIVER SYSTEM
The GodavariThe river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
THE GODAVARI RIVER SYSTEM
many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
Q2 Which river is known as Dakshin GangaA2 The Godavari river is known as lsquoDakshin Gangarsquo It is also known as Vridha Ganga
Q3 Differentiate between east-flowing rivers and west-flowing riversA3
East-flowing rivers
West-flowing rivers
Godavari Krishna Kaveri Mahanadi are the east-flowing rivers
Narmada Tapiwest-flowing rivers
They fall into the Bay of Bengal
They fall into Arabian Sea
These rivers form big deltas
These rivers form comparativelysmall deltas
Catchment area of these river are larger
Catchment area of these river are smaller
The KrishnaThe Krishna river rises from the Western Ghatsnear Mahabaleshwar It flows into the Bay of Bengalbefore forming a large delta Its length is about1400 km The Tungabhadra Koyana Ghatprabha Musi and Bhima are some of its tributariesIt has covers parts of Maharashtra Karnataka and AndhraPradesh
THE KRISHNA RIVER SYSTEM
The KaveriIt rises in the Brahmagiri range of the Western Ghats and flows into the Bay ofBengal Southof Cuddalore in Tamil Nadu The length of the river is about 760 km Its main tributaries are the Amravati Bhavani Hemavati and Kabini The Kaveri drains inthe parts of Karnataka Kerala and drains in Tamil Nadu The river Kaveri makes the second biggest waterfall in India known as Sivasamudram
POLITICAL SCIENCE
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
MEANING OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS-Fundamental rights are those rights which are essential for intellectual moral and spiritual development of citizens of India As these rights are fundamental or essential for existence and all-round development of individuals hence they are called Fundamental rights These are enshrined in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India These include individual rights common to most such as equality before the law freedom of speech and freedom of expression religious and cultural freedom Freedom of assembly (peaceful assembly) freedom of religion (freedom to practice religion) right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writsThere are six fundamental rights recognized by the Indian constitution
1 Right to equality (Articles 14-18)2 Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22)3 Right Against exploitation (Articles 23-24)4 Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25- 28)5 Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29-30) and6 Right to Constitutional remedies (Articles 32-35)
1 The right to equality includes equality before the law the prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion race caste gender or place of birth equality of opportunity in matters of employment the abolition of untouchability and abolition of titles
2 The right to freedom includes freedom of speech and expression association or union or cooperatives movement residence and right to practice any profession or occupation
3 The right against exploitation prohibits all forms of forced labour child labour and trafficking of human beings
4 The right to freedom of religion includes freedom of conscience and free profession practice and propagation of religion freedom to manage religious affairs freedom from certain taxes and freedom from religious instructions in certain educational institutes
5 The Cultural and educational Rights preserve the right of any section of citizens to conserve their culture language or script and right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice
6 The right to constitutional remedies is present for enforcement of fundamental rightsThe right to privacy is an intrinsic part of Article 21 (the Right to Freedom) that protects the life and liberty of the citizens The right to privacy is the newest right assured by the Supreme court of India It assures the peoples data and personal security
Fundamental rights for Indians have also been aimed at overturning the inequalities of pre-independence social practices Specifically they have also been used to abolish untouchability and thus prohibit discrimination on the grounds of religion race caste sex or place of birth They also forbid trafficking of human beings and forced labour (a crime) They also protect cultural and educational rights of religious and linguistic minorities by allowing them to preserve their languages and also establish and administer their own education institutions They are covered in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India
Mathematics
Relation Study Item Types of RelationToday class xii students we will discuss about the types of RelationsFirst we discuss Void RelationWhat is Void RelationAns Let A be a non-empty set Then φ A A and so it is a relation R on set A Thissube ⨯ relation is called the void or empty relation on set ANow from the above definition we came to know that no element of A is related to any element of AHere A A is called Cartesian product⨯
is the symbol of subsetsubeAnd φ is called phi and refer to void or empty relationNow I give an example to understand the above said relationLet A = 1 2 3 4Here A A =(11)(12)(13)(14)(21)(22)(23)(24)(31)(32)(33)(34)(41)⨯(42)(43)(44)Now we consider R is a relation which is defined by R=(ab) a+b= 50We notice that a+b 50 for any two elements of AnotinTherefore (ab) R for any ab A is called belong to and is not belong tonotin isin isin notinTherefore we can say R does not contain any element of A A⨯Therefore R is empty set Therefore we can say that R is the void or empty relation on AWhat is universal RelationAns Let A is a set Then A A A A and so it is a relation on A This relation is called⨯ sube ⨯ the universal relation on ANow from the above definition we can say that each element of A is related to every element of ANow we consider the relation R on the set A =1 234 defined by R = (ab) R |a -b|isin
0≽We observe that|a - b | 0 for all ab A≽ isin
(ab) R for all (ab) A ArArr isin isin ⨯ Each element of set A is related to set A every element of set ArArr
Therefore we write R= AxATherefore we can say R is universal relation on set ANote we can say that void relation is smallest relation and the universal relation is largest relationSometime both void relation and universal relation is called trivial relationWhat is identity relationAns Let A is a non-empty set Then the relation R or IA = (aa) a A on A is called theisin identity relation on A Therefore from the above definition we can say that every element of A is related to itself only
Example Let A = 1234 then Ror IA = (11)(22)(33)(44) is the identity relation on set ANow I give you another example R1 = (11)(22)(33) and R2 = (11)(22)(33)(44)(24)From the above example we can say that R1 and R2 are not identify relation Because in the case of R1 (44)R1 and on the other hand R2 where element 2 is related to elements 2 and 4
Hindi 2ndlang
भलि[ (महादी मा)
भलि[ कहानी की लखिखका महादी मा न इस कहानी म यह दशान का परयास गिकया ह गिक आजकल क जमान म भी लो सक बन कर गिनसाथ सा करत ह ह
गिबना तन लिसा करत ह और उसक बदल ना कछ मात ह और ना ही कोई आशा करत ह नौकर सा करक तन चाहता ह और ह भी कई सगिधाओ की आशा करता ह पर सक सदा गिनजी साथ भा स सा म सलगन रह कर काम करता ह भलि[ कहानी की मखय पातर लकषमी ह जिजस भलि[ नाम लखिखका न दिदया ह ह गिकसी
ोपाल काकी कनया ह पाच रष की आय म उसकी गि माता न ौना ही कर दिदया कहानी म भलि[ क दखो का अत नही ह गिफर भी ह बडी साहसी धयान और परिरशरमी ह कदिठनाइयो स जझ ती ह पहल गिपता की मतय गिफर पगित की मतय और
गिफर घर जमाई की मतय होती ह उस साहसी मगिहला न साहस नही छोडा और तीनो पतरी ओक हाथ पील गिकए लाना द पान क कारण उसका जमीदार न अपमान गिकया गिफरकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहचीकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहची शहर पहच करा लखिखका की सगिका बनी ही पर उसका नाम भलि[ पडा ह एक भ[ की तरह अपन सामिमनी की इमानदारी स सा करती और तन का जिजकर भी नही करती ह लखिखका क घर पाठशाला आदिद को अचछी तरह स सभालती पढी-
लिलखी ना होकर भी ह लखिखका की बहत सा ए सहायता करती ह लखिखका का साया बनकर चलती लखिखका की सा करना उसक जीन का उददशय ह ह
लखिखका की खशी क लिलए ही काय करती ह ह लखिखका को दखी नही दख सकती लखिखका पर भलि[ का इतना परभा पडा गिक ह सय दहाती बन ई
यदध क दिदनो म ह अपन परिरार क साथ रहन की अपकषा लखिखका क साथ रहना पसद करती थी यदध क भत न जब ीटा क ान पर पलायन गित जा दी तो
भलि[ न न लखिखका को अपन ा ल जान का अनरोध करन ली लखिखका को डर ह गिक यदिद उसक गिदा होन क अगितम छठा ए तो ह दहातीन दधा कया कर ी
इस परकार हम दखत ह गिक लखिखका न सामिमनी और सगिका क ण बरसात हए सक धम पर परकाश डाला ह और लखिखका न एक आदश सगिका क रप को सदर
रप स परसतत गिकया हBengali আদাব পরশন) ldquoশরণের ১৪৪ ধারা আর কারহিZউ অU ার জারী রণেয়রণে0ldquo
ক) কার গলখা গকা3 রচ3ার অংশ খ)গকাায় গক3 ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়রণে0 )১৪৪ ধারা কী এর Zরণেল কী য়
উততর) ক)আরণেলাচ য অংশটি সরণেরশ বসর রহিচত lsquoআদাবlsquo গ0াট রণেলপর অংশ
খ) বাংলারণেদরণেশর ঢাকা শরণের ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়হি0ল সামপরদাহিয়ক াnাা ও দাnা পরহিতরণেরারণেধর জ3 য হিlt সলা3রণেদর গ3তারণেদর সামপরদাহিয়ক উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা বারণেধ উ2য় সমপরদায় 2ীত রণেয় ঘর বহিlt রণেয় পরণে পরসপর পরসপররণেক সরণেltরণের গচারণেখ গদরণেখ গকউ কাউরণেক আরণের রণেতা হিবশবাস কররণেত পারণের3া হিক0 া3রণেষর উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা য় ার পহির3া অরণেতক রকত iয় ও ত য
) ১৪৪ ধারা আইরণে3র এ3 একটা ধারা ার _ারা এলাকা হি3হিদ ষট করণের গদওয়া য় গসই এলাকার রণেধ য গবহিশ া3রণেষর জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় হিহি0ল জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় আই3 2nকারীরণেক গহিলর হি3রণেদশ জাহির করা য় তাই সাধার3 া3ষ আর বাইরণের গবর রণেত পারণের3া পরারণে3র 2রণেয় বহিlt রণেয় ারণেক এর Zল য় সাংঘাহিতক গদাকা3 পাট বনধ ারণেক
হিজহি3স পতর অহিল য় রাসতা ঘাট জ3 শ3 য রণেয় ায় লরণেঠরা তারণেদর লঠত রাজ চাহিলরণেয় হি3রণেজরণেদর আরণেখর গহি0রণেয় গ3য় া3ষরণেক 2ীহিতর হিব2ীহিষহিক গরাস করণের ঘরণেরর া3রণেষর ইkা াকরণেলও ঘরণের হিZররণেত পারণের3া হিZররণেত হিরণেয় বltরণেকর গহিলরণেত পরা3 ারায়
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today we will discuss about Types of Leaves
An organization provides several kinds of leaves to the employees These days employees working both in government and private sector are allowed several types of leaves Following are the leaves achieved by the employees from their organization
Casual LeaveChild care leave -HospitalLeaveSpecial disability leaveChild Adoption leaveEarned LeavesHalf pay leaveMaternity leavePaternityleaveStudy leave
1 Casual Leave- Casual leave is not a recognised form of leaves and is not subject to any rules made by the government of India And official on casual leave is not treated as Absent from duty and pay is not intimated Normally 8 days of casual leave is permissible in a calendar year
2 Child care leave - Women employees having minor children may be granted child care leave by an authority competent to grant leave for a maximum period of 730 days means two years during their entire service for taking care of up to two children weather for sharing or to look after any of their names like examination sickness it is a
3HospitalLeave - Hospital leave is admissible to group C employees whose duties involved handling of dangerous machinery explosive materials poisonous drugs and performance of hazardous task and to group D employees Medical certificate from an authorised medical attendant is necessary for the grant of these leave However total period of
leave does not exceed 28 months4Special disability leave- Special
disability leave admissible to all employees when disabled by injury intentionally or accidentally inflicted are caused in law in consequence of the due performance of official duties or in consequence of official position It also it is also add miscible when disabled by illness incurred in the performance of any particular duty which has the effect of increasing laboratory to illness or injury beyond the ordinary least attaching to the Civil post held and the same condition
5Child Adoption leave- This leave is granted to female Employees with fewer than two surviving children on valid adoption of a child below the age of one year for a period of 135 days immediately after the date of valid adoption Leave salary will be equal to the pain immediately before processing on leave
6Earned Leaves- This leave is earned by duty The credit for earned leave will be awarded at a rate of 15 days on the 1st of January and 1st of July every year It can be accumulated up to 300 days in addition to the number of days for which encashment has been allowed along with LTC
7 Half pay leave -All government servant are entitled to 20 days of HPL half pay leave for every completed year of service Half pay leave is calculated at 20 days for each completed year of service The service includes periods of duty and leave including extra ordinary leave with or without MC (medical certificate)
8 Maternity leave -Maternity leave is granted to women Government employees full stop it is as possible only to Employees with less than 2 surviving children The maternity leave is not debited to leave account and full pay is granted It cannot be combined with any other the leaves and count as service for increment and pension
9 PaternityleaveA male employee with less than 2 surviving children may be granted paternity leave for a period of 15 days during the confinement of
his wife During the period of such leaves he shall be paid leave salary equal to the pay drawn immediately before proceeding on leave
10 Study leave-Study leave may be granted to all Government Employees with not less than 5 years service for undergoing a special course consisting of higher studies are specialised training in a professional or technical subject having a direct and close connection with the sphere of his duties as a Civil Servant
Commerce
Chapter-5Management
Let us today discuss about the nature of Management
Nature of management Management is defined as
An art A science A profession
Management is defined as an art because of the following reasons
1 In art there is an existence of theoretical knowledge Similarly in management various theories are propounded by management thinkers in various areas of management like finance marketing human resources etc
2 Every manager apply his or her personal skills and knowledge in the day to day functioning of an enterprise
3 Like an art management is creative as it provides solutions to Complex problems making resources productive and profitable moulding the attitudes of people for the betterment of an organisation
Management is is considered as science because of the following reasons
1 Like science there is a systemised body of knowledge in management consisting of theories principles vocabulary and concept
2 Principles of management are evolved after continuous observations and experimentation
Management both as Science and ArtManagement is both a science and an art It is a science because it uses certain principles and is an art because it requires continuous practice and application of personal skillsManagement as a profession Following points highlight whether management is a profession or not1 Like profession management has well
defined body of knowledge It has its own principles which are based on experiments One can acquire such
knowledge by pursuing courses like MBA BBA etc and acquire managerial skills through instruction and training
2 In management no such restriction is there for managers to clear an examination for hold a degree However these days more and more people are appointed for managerial post who opposes management degrees
3 Membership to a professional Association like AIMA is not mandatory for managers All managers directly or indirectly work for the development of society
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Essay Questions (EQ-2)
Question No 2Sketch the character of Prospero Would you call him perfect
AnswerProspero in The Tempest appears to be an intensely human being with human failings and weaknesses With all his excellence Prospero is made to awaken our sympathy for a natural imperfection Prosperorsquos Previous HistoryIn his retrospective narration of his previous history to Miranda we get a glimpse into Prosperorsquos past life As the Duke of Milan Prospero buried himself in his magic books which he prized above his dukedom He was essentially a scholar with no practical wisdom He failed to perform his first duty by neglecting the governance of his state and gave an opportunity to his wicked brother to undermine his throne He was thus driven from his home and thrown in a leaky boat with his weeping daughter to drift in the perilous seas It is only the thought of his little child that kept him aliveThe Development of Prosperorsquos CharacterThe development of his character is evident from the contrast between what he was before his banishment and what he is now in the island Formerly when his ldquolibrary was dukedom enoughrdquo he was altogether too unsuspecting Now he is watchful as providence and takes care to guard himself against the possibility of evil He has learnt to know human nature in its worst forms even Caliban has taught him something He will no longer put his trust in appearance except as ldquostale to catch thievesrdquo nor in oaths of which the strongest he says ldquoare straw to the fire irsquo the bloodrdquo He who once neglected worldly ends now consistently asserts his dignity enforces obedience and deals out justice with impartial hand He who without a thought of evil gave his power and his revenues into his brotherrsquos hands now puts Ferdinand to the severest test as a trial of his love before entrusting his daughter to him He makes the most practical use imaginable of his magic art exacts prompt servitudefrom his attendants does not hesitate to punish them is resolved and firm and knows how to seize the proper moment for action He is a most careful father to his daughter a considerate master of Ariel severe against the brutal Caliban humane towards the repentant enemies full of experience and wisdomThe Exercise of his Power ndash his SternnessWhat appears to us at the first sight one of the least pleasing features of Prosperorsquos character is the sternness which he frequently displays more particularly in his dealings with Caliban His harshness towards Caliban resulted from the failure of gentler methods his severity towards Ferdinand was exercised in the interest of his daughter ldquolest too light winning make the prize lightrdquo and his punishment of Alonso Sebastian and Antonio is justified by the attainment of his objectiveProsperorsquos TendernessThe tender side of Prosperorsquos character is exhibited in his relation to Miranda Ariel Gonzalo and the repentant sinners His love for Miranda is unbounded She was almost life to him In his darkest hours of trial this love sustained him and gave him strength to put a bold front to suffering He addresses her always with tenderness She is to him a lsquoloved darlingrsquo lsquodear heartrsquo lsquoa rich giftrsquo lsquoa third of his own lifersquo The same affectionate nature is shown in his dealing with his brother Antonio He loved his brother Antonio only next to Miranda before Antonio conspired against him In the island when Antonio is brought before him he forgives him
readily To Gonzalo the good old councilor he is all affection He sheds tears of joy and gratitude when he meets him in the island To Ariel he is a loving and considerable master Ariel is always to him ldquomy brave spiritrdquo ldquofine spiritrdquo ldquodelicate Arielrdquo ldquomy Arielrdquo etc When he promises Ariel his freedom he says with real emotion ndash ldquoI shall miss theerdquoProsperorsquos Power as a MagicianThe practice of magic has placed wonderful powers in the hands of Prospero He uses his supernatural powers like a god only to bring about the happiest results He causes The Tempest and the shipwreck only to bring his enemies within his power and not to destroy them Not a soul perished in the storm He leads Ferdinand to Miranda his high charms work and as he wishes the two falls in love He frustrates the plots of the conspirators and makes them know that he was conscious of it He drives Sebastian and Alonso to sincere repentance and readily forgives them The drunken associates of Caliban are no doubt sternly treated but even then they are promised conditional pardon The whole play at last ends in reconciliation joy and peace The wrongs are set right the lovers are made happy Ariel is set free and thus the powerful magician retires into the solitude of his study at MilanProsperorsquos ForgivenessAllied to his wisdom is his forgiving nature Though deeply wronged he bears no spite against the wrong-doers Though his power is unlimited he uses it to noble purposes The lesson of adversity has taught him that ldquoThe rarer action is in virtue than in vengeancerdquoProspero does not debase his noble nature by revenge but forgives his enemies absolutely He drives his erstwhile enemies to a sincere penitence for their past misdeeds and when repentance has wrought its full effect on them he receives them into his arms and is reconciled to them Is Prospero perfectProspero creates a great impression upon our minds by his dignity his nobility the divine spirit of forgiveness in him his generous and sympathetic nature etc Even with all these virtues we cannot call him perfect We perceive certain faults in him He displays an occasional impatience irritability and even a certain harshness of feeling His severe treatment of Caliban might have been justified but the language in which he addresses the monster and the threats that he uses show him to be a kind of tyrant On learning of Calibanrsquos plot against his life he is as violently disturbed and agitated as any ordinary human being would be His manner towards Ariel when the latter demands his liberty also seems somewhat arbitrary and tyrannicalSubject ndashBiology Topic ndashChapter -5 Inheritance amp Variations Summary ExecutionToday we will discuss about NON-Mendelian Inheritance
NON_MENDELIAN INHERITANCE Incomplete Dominance It is an inheritance in which heterozygous offspring shows
intermediate character between two parental characteristics Eg Flower colour in snapdragon (dog flower or Antirrhinum sp) and
Mirabilis jalapa ( 4rsquoO clock plant) Here phenotypic and genotypic ratios are same Phenotypic Ratio 1Red 2 Pink 1 White Genotypic Ratio 1(RR) 2 (Rr) 1(rr) This means that R was not completely dominant over r Pea plants also show incomplete dominance in other traits
Co- dominance It is the inheritance in which both alleles of a gene are expressed in a
hybrid Eg ABO blood grouping in human ABO Blood groups are controlled by the gene I The plasma membrane of the RBC has sugar polymer that protrude
from its surface and is controlled By the gene The gene I has three alleles IA IB i The alleles IA and IB produce a slightly different form of the sugar
while allele i does not produce any sugar In AB blood group both IA and IB are present together This is co ndash
dominanceMultiple Alleles
Multiple alternatives of the same gene which influence the same character and produce different expressions in different individuals of a species or population same genes have more than two allelic
forms These different forms of a single gene are referred as multiple alleles Eg human Blood group
Ac-12 250620 Topic- retirement
Illustration Om Jai and Jagdish are partners sharing profit in the ratio of 3 2 l Their balance sheet as at December 31st 2014 is as under
Balance sheet as at December 31 2014
Liabilities Amount Assets Amount
(Rs`) (Rs`)
Creditors 80000 Building 180000 Bills Payable 26000 Plant 140000 General reserve 24000 Motor Car 40000 Capital Stock 100000 Om 160000 Debtors 63000 Jai 120000 Less Provision Jagdish 120000
400000 for Bad debts 3000
60000 Cash at Bank 10000
530000 530000
Jai retires on that date on the following terms(a) The Goodwill of the firm is valued at Rs 60000(b) Stock and Building to be appreciated by 10(c) Plant is depreciated by 10(d) Provision for Bad debts is increased upto Rs 5000(e) Jairsquos share of goodwill was adjusted through remaining partners capital accountThe amount due to Jai is paid out of the fund brought in by Om and Jagdish in theirnew profit sharing ratio Jai is paid full amountPrepare Revaluation Account and Partnerrsquos Capital account
Solution WorkingsIt is assumed that Om and Jagdish gaining ratio remains 3 lJairsquo Share of goodwill = Rs 60000 times 26 = Rs20000Adjusted through the remaining partners capital account in 3 1 ratio
Revaluation Account
Dr Cr
Particulars Amount Particulars Amount
(Rs`) (`Rs)
To Provision for Bad debts 2000 By Stock 10000TO Plant 14000 By Building 18000To Profit transferred toCapital Accounts Om 6000 Jai 4000 Jagdish 2000
12000
28000 28000
Capital AccountDr Cr Particulars Om Jai Jagdish Particulars Om Jai Jagdish
(Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (rs`) (`Rs)
To Capital 15000 mdash 5000 By Balance bd 160000 120000 120000 ToBank 152000 By General Reserve 12000 8000 4000To Balance cd 277000 mdash 159000 By Revaluation (Profit) 6000 4000 2000 By Om Capital mdash 15000 mdash ByJagdish Capital mdash 5000 By Bank 114000 38000
292000 152000 164000 292000 152000 164000
resources supplies of key resources
Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)
Topic Act II Scene 7 Lines 1 to 35 (Morocco hellip What if I stray no further but choose here )
[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase provided]
Summary Questions amp Answers
Having disposed of the minor story of Jessicarsquos elopement we now return to the main plot We are now shown how affairs are progressing with Portia in her home in Belmont
This is the first of the three scenes where a suitor makes a choice between golden silver and leaden caskets It will be noted that while making the choice all the lovers soliloquize and reveal their personality and character We have already observed the manly soldierly but primitive personality of the Prince of Morocco His has a simple nature and does not look deeply into the inner meaning of things but is dazzled by the outward appearance of gold He is inclined to over-estimate his own value and does not realize that it is a duty to ldquogive and hazardrdquo So his feeling is only one of fascination and romantic attraction We cannot believe that he has a deep and lasting love for Portia
In this scene two characters appear ndash Portia and the Prince of Morocco Portia explains to the Prince that the correct casket shall be the one that contains her picture She will be the wife of the person who will choose the correct casket and in the process get whatever she has
The Prince examines the inscriptions on each of the caskets and interprets them
(1) (Act II Sc 7 L 1-5)
Portia Go draw aside the curtains and discover
The several caskets to this noble princeNow make your choice
Morocco The first of gold who this inscription bearsWho chooseth me shall gain what many men desire
(i) Who is Morocco How did he introduce himself to Portia when they first met in an earlier scene
Prince Morocco is a dark skinned boastful warrior of African origin who seeks the hand of Portia He introduces himself as a person who lives near the equator where the exposure to sun rays have to be blamed for his complexion He says that Portia should not dislike him for his dark skin
(ii) How would Morocco know that he had made the right choice What would his reward be
Morocco would know he has chosen the right casket if he finds Portiarsquos portrait in one of them His reward would be Portiarsquos hand in marriage
(iii) Which casket did Morocco finally choose What reasons did he give for rejecting the casket made of lead
Morocco chooses the golden casket He says that lead is of lowly origin and the portrait of a lady as great as Portia cannot be placed in it He reads the inscription ldquoWho chooseth me must give and hazard all he hathrdquo This makes the box too threatening He wonders why anyone should risk everything for lead He also feels that a golden mind like his should not bow down to choose something worthless So he will not risk anything for lead
(iv) What two objects did Morocco find in the casket of his
before choosing
The inscription on the leaden casket says ldquoWho chooseth me must give and hazard all he hathrdquo The Prince was shocked and says as to why anyone should risk for the sake of lead The leaden casket is a threat Nobody would risk all they have for lead He says that no noble person would stoop to choose such a worthless thing as lead So he will not give nor risk anything for lead
The Prince then examines the inscription on the silver casket which says ldquoWho chooseth me shall get as much as he deservesrdquo The Prince says that he deserves Portia more than anybody else because of his high rank his noble birth and his great wealth and power But then he argues that silver is ten times inferior to gold and therefore he cannot believe that the portrait of such a beautiful lady as Portia can be contained in the silver casket He decides to see the inscription on the golden casket before making his decision
choice What reason does he give to Portia for leaving in haste
The Prince of Morocco chooses the golden casket and on opening it finds a human skull within whose hollow eye-socket was a scroll or a roll of paper in which it is written that those who are attracted by the glittering outside of things are always deceived as Morocco has been deceived
Morocco says he is moved and that he does not want to make his departure a painstaking process and he wants to leave immediately without revealing his emotions He should also obey the rule of the game which states the one who loses the test should leave immediately
(v) How does Portia respond to Moroccorsquos parting words What does this reveal of her nature
Portia is relieved that Morocco has left without making any scene It was a gentle riddance and all like him should go in a similar manner This shows that Portia has a kind heart and does not want anyone to he hurt Her love for Bassanio over-rides her passion that makes her wish that only he should be able to make the right choice At the same time like a dutiful daughter she does not want to disrespect her fatherrsquos wishes Hence she is willing to go through the casket injunctions
(2) (Act II Sc 7 L 15-35)
MOROCCO helliphelliphelliphelliphellip
What says this leaden casket Who chooseth me must give and hazard all he hath Must givemdashFor what for lead hazard for leadThis casket threatens Men that hazard allDo it in hope of fair advantagesA golden mind stoops not to shows of drossIll then nor give nor hazard aught for leadWhat says the silver with her virgin hueWho chooseth me shall get as much as he deservesAs much as he deservesmdashPause there MoroccoAnd weigh thy value with an even handIf thou best rated by thy estimationThou dost deserve enough and yet enoughMay not extend so far as to the ladyAnd yet to be afeard of my deservingWere but a weak disabling of myselfAs much as I deservemdashWhy thats the ladyI do in birth deserve her and in fortunesIn graces and in qualities of breeding
But more than these in love I do deserveWhat if I strayed no further but chose here
(i) What does the Prince of Morocco do before making his selection What does his comment reflect How does he analyse the inscription of the leaden casket and what is his interpretation
The Prince of Morocco surveys the three caskets before making his selection His comments reflect his thinking and attitude on life and things He comes to the lead casket and reads the inscription on it His interpretation which reflects his own character is that the inscription threatens because no one will be prepared to risk or sacrifice all one has for such a base thing as lead
(ii) What does the Prince of Morocco think of the leaden casket and why does he decide to reject the leaden casket
The Prince of Morocco thinks that when people risk anything they do so in order to gain something precious A person of royal ways will not bend so low as to be impressed by such an ordinary thing as lead Therefore he decides that he will not take any risk for a worthless thing like lead and rejects the lead casket
(iii) What does the Prince think while analyzing and interpreting the inscription of the silver casket
The Prince of Morocco analyses the inscription on the silver casket which runs thus ldquoWho chooseth me shall get as much as he deservesrdquo When he reads the inscription he bids himself to stop and ponder over the interpretation He asks himself to evaluate his worth objectively and impartially He says that if he is assessed on the basis of the opinion of people he deserves much But even this may not be sufficient to deserve to win Portia who is so virtuous and worthy
(iv) What promise does the silver casket make What self-assessment does the Prince make
The silver casket promises the reward according to the worth of the chooser The Prince makes a self-assessment and concludes that in all fairness he deserves to get Portia He thinks that he is a royal Prince by birth and so he deserves her by the right of his birth
Portia is very rich and so the Prince deserves her by this also The Prince deserves because he is also extremely handsome as most of the beautiful maidens of his kingdom covet him He is valiant and virtuous also So in his opinion he is the most suitable and deserving candidate for Portiarsquos hand
(v) Over which casket does the Prince ponder a long time What intrigue him In what way does he deserve Portia
Morocco reviews the inscriptions again and rejects the lead casket as being not worth the high stakes for which he gambles He ponders a long time over the silver casket The words ldquoget as much as he deservesrdquo intrigue him He is quite sure that he deserves Portia He deserves her in birth fortune grace qualities of breeding and most of all love
Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution EVS Ch ndash4 Managing
soil and land
Today we will discuss about mechanical practices of soil conservation
A few mechanical measures of soil conservation arei) Basin leaching In this method a number of small basins (water reservoirs) are made These collect and retain rain water for a long period and also catch and stabilize downwardly moving soils of the slopes
ii) Pan breaking by breaking of pan ( a hard sheet of clay a few feet below the surface ) drainage and percolation of rain water is improved and soil is saved from residual run-off and erosion
iii) Sub-soiling Soil is broken into fine grains to increase its absorptive capacity
iv) Contour terracing terraces are labeled areas constructed at right angles to the slope to reduce soil erosion
v) Contour trenching This method involves making a series of deep pits or trenches across the slope at convenient distance The soil excavated from the trenches is deposited along the lower edge in the form of bund On the ridges tree seeds are shown
vi) Terrace outlets To conserve soil pipe outlets are made which are thickly covered by grasses
vii) Digging of ponds and reservoirs to store water
viii) Stream bank protection To protect banks of rivers and channels construction of stone or concrete protective walls or planting of trees should be undertaken
Commercial Studies
Chapter- Banking Let us today discuss about theMeaning of Commercial BankFunctions of Commercial Banks
Commercial Banks are those banks which perform all kinds of banking functions such as accepting deposits advancing loans credit creation and
Question1 What do you mean by
Commercial BankAnswer) Commercial Banks are those banks which perform all kinds of banking functions such as accepting deposits advancing loans credit creation and agency functions
agency functions
Functions of Commercial BanksCommercial banks perform a variety of functions which can be divided as (1) Accepting Deposits (2) Advancing Loans (3) Credit Creation (4) Financing Foreign Trade(5) Agency Services (6) Miscellaneous Services To Customers
2 Explain the various functions of Commercial Bank
Answer) Following are the various functions of Commercial Banks
1 Accepting Deposits This is the oldest function of a bank and the banker used to charge a commission for keeping the money in its custody when banking was developing as an institution Nowadays a bank accepts three kinds of deposits from its customers The first is the savings deposits on which the bank pays small interest to the depositors who are usually small savers
2 Advancing LoansOne of primary functions of commercial banks is to advance loans to its customers A bank lends a certain percentage of the cash lying in deposits on a higher interest rate than it pays on such deposits This is how it earns profits and carries on its business 3 Credit CreationCredit creation is one of the most important functions of the commercial banks Like other financial institutions they aim at earning profits For this purpose they accept deposits and advance loans by keeping small cash in reserve for day-to-day transactions When a bank advances a loan it opens and account in the name of the customer and does not pay him in cash but allows him to draw the money by cheque according to his needs By granting a loan the bank creates credit or deposit4 Financing ForeignTrade commercial bank finances foreign trade of its customers by accepting foreign bills of exchange and collecting them from foreign banks It also transacts other foreign exchange business and buys and sells foreign currency5 Agency ServicesA bank acts as an agent of its customers in collecting and paying cheques bills of exchange drafts dividends etc It also buys and sells
shares securities debentures etc for it customers Further it pays subscriptions insurance premium rent electric and water bills and other similar charges on behalf of its clients It also acts as a trustee and executor of the property and will of its customers Moreover the bank acts as an income tax consultant to its clients For some of these services the bank charges a normal fee while it renders others free of charge6 Miscellaneous ServicesBesides the above noted services the commercial bank performs a number of other services It acts as the custodian of the valuables of its customers by providing them lockers where they can keep their jewellery and valuable documents It issues various forms of credit instruments such as cheques drafts travellers cheques etc which facilitate transactions
Bengali হিবপরীতশবদ করণেয়কটি হিবপরীত শবদ গদওয়া ল1)সজীব = হি3জsব 2)শরদধা= ঘা 3)আকষ = হিবকষ4)সধবা = হিবধবা 5)উৎস = গা3া 6)অ = অ37)জয় = পরাজয় 8)তাপ = হৈশত যয 9)হি3ltা = পরশংসা10)াদা = অদা 11)রহিসক = গবরহিসক 12) অনতর = বাহির13)অহিতবষটি = অ3াবষটি 14)পরত যযi = পরণেরাi 15)3াবালক = সাবালক
Hindi 2nd lang नया रासता भा 5 अपन जीन की परिरसथिगितयो स गिश होकर मीन क हदय म कई बार हीन भाना
और जीन की कडाहट अनभ हईपरत ह दढता और साहस की मरतित थी ह
अपन जीन को वयथ नही होन दना चाहती थी बचपन स ही उसकी कील बनन की
इचछा थी आज मीन की लन उस और दखकर माता- गिपता न उस कालत करन की
आजञा द दी मीन न मरठ म दाखिखला ल लिलया उसक हरदय म कछ बनन और कछ
कर दिदखान की इचछा थी उसक गिचार स चारो और पस का ही बोलबाला हहॉसटल
की कलपना करत ही ह लिसहर उठती थी उसन अपन लिलए नए नए कपड बनाए पहली बार हॉसटल जान का चा थाआखिखर
ह दिदन आ ही या जब उस हॉसटल जाना था पहली बार ह अपन घर स अल हो
रही थी हॉसटल पहच कर कछ दिदनो तक उसका मन नही ला बचपन की घटनाए
एक- एक करक उसक समतपटल पर उतर ई ह अपनी ककषा म हमशा परथम आती
थी 2 दिदन बाद गिपताजी मीन स मिमलन आए मा न काफी चीज उसक लिलए बनाकर
भजी थी गिपताजी स मिमलकर ह बहत खश
1 ह सय की दढता साहस की मरतित थी
परशन1 लखिखका मीन को दढता साहस
की मरतित कयो कह रही ह 2 गिाह क अलाा मीन क जीन
का कया लकषय था 3 मीन समाज क झठ आरण को
हटाकर सतय दिदखाना चाहती ह सपषट कीजिजए
4 परसतत पलि[यो का भा सपषट अपन शबदो म लिलखिखए
उततरndash1 मीन म समाज स लडन की शलि[ ह
ह समाज म फली बराइयो क सामन ढढता स जमी हई ह ह साहस क साथ अपन उलिचत गिनणय
पर सथिर रहती ह जिजदी क उतार चढा सा घबरा टी नही ह बलकिलक साहस स काम लती ह इनही कारणो स लखिखका न उस ढढता
और साहस की मरतित कहा ह2 मरठ ालो न जब उसका रिरशता
ठकरा दिदया तो उसन गिनशचय कर लिलया गिक ह अपन परो पर खडी होी और समाज को दिदखा दी की नारी अबला नही ह उसन अपना
हई करीब 1 घटा रक कर गिपताजी चल ए लकषय बना लिलया गिक ह एलएलबी करक कील बनी
3 समाज म नारी क ऊपर अबला आशरीता का आरण पडा हआ ह
मीन समाज क दवारा होत हए इस आरण को हटाकर यह सतय परमाणिणत करना चाहती ह गिक आज
की नारी अबला नही ह और ना ही गिकसी क हाथ की कठपतली ह
4 लखिखका न मीन क बार म कहा गिक ह सय घटा और साहस की मरतित
ह ह अपन न हम ध और मसीबत म साहस का परिरचय दती हउतार
चढा को हर इसान क जीन म आत ही रहत ह उनको साधारण रप
स ही लना चागिहए अपन गिाह क मामल म उसन साहस स काम
लिलया और गिाह क बार म सोचना छोड दिदया मीन क सामन अभी बहत लबी जिजदी पडी ह इसलिलए उसन समय का महत समझा और
एक कषण भी वयथ ना करन का गिनशचय गिकया
Mathematics(x) Algebra Quadratic Equation in one variable
Study Item Some solved sums from exercise- 539)Solve for x 2(2x ndash 1 )(x+3) ndash 3 (x + 3)(2x ndash 1 ) = 5 x -3 frac12Solution Let (2x ndash 1)(x + 3) = y then we get2(y) ndash 3( 1y) = 50r 2y ndash 3y = 5Or 2y2 ndash 3 = 5y [multiplying both side by y we get]0r 2y2 ndash 5y ndash 3 = 0Now comparing the above equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0 we geta=2 b = - 5 and c = - 3Therefore y = -(- 5 )plusmnradic((-5)sup2-4(2)(-3))2(2) = 5 plusmnradic( 25 + 24)4 = 5plusmn radic(49)4 = (5 plusmn 7)4= (5+7)4 (5 ndash 7)4= 124 -24= 3 - 12Therefore y = 3 (2x ndash 1)( x + 3) = 3 2x ndash 1 = 3x + 9 3x - 2x = - 10 x= - 10Or y = - frac12 ( 2x ndash 1)(x + 3) = - frac124x ndash 2 = - x ndash 3 4x+x = - 3 + 2 5x = - 1 x= - 15Hence the roots of the given equation are - 10 and ndash 1510)(i) x2 - 5x ndash10 =0Solution x2 ndash 5x ndash 10 = 0Comparing the above equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0 we get a=1 b = - 5 and c = - 10Therefore x = - (- 5)plusmnradic( -5)sup2- 4(1)(- 10)2(1) = 5 plusmn radic( 25 +40)2 = 5 plusmn radic(65 )2
= (5 plusmn 8bull06)2 = (5 + 8bull06)2 (5 ndash 8bull06)2 = 13bull062 - 3bull062= 6bull53 - 1bull5312) Solve the equation x ndash 18x = 6 Given your answer correct to two significant figureSolution x ndash18x = 6Or (x2 ndash 18 )x = 6Or x2ndash 18 = 6xOr x2 ndash 6x ndash18 = 0Comparing the above equation with ax2 + bc + c = 0 we gera= 1 b = - 6 and c = -18Therefore x = -(-6) plusmnradic(- (- 6)2 ndash 4(1)(- 18)2(1) = 6 plusmn radic( 36 + 72)2 = (6 plusmnradic( 108)2 =(6 plusmn 10bull39)2= 16bull392 - 4bull392= 8bull195 - 2bull195 asymp 8bull2 - 2bull2
Chemistry Chapter-2L-1Chemical Bonding
1) Chemical Bonding-
It is basically the force of attraction which holds the different types of atoms in a molecule together
Cause of Chemical Combination-
The main cause is the tendency of elements to acquire eight electrons in its outermost shell like that of noble gases other than Helium(He) So the atoms combine to acheive the nearest noble gas configuration of 8 electrons( or 2 electrons) in their outermost orbit and become stable
2) Ion-
It is a charged particle made from an atom by the loss or gain of electrons
There are 2 types of Ions They are-
a) Cations- It is formed by the loss of electrons eg - K+ Ca2+
Na+ etc
b) Anions- It is formed by the gain of electrons eg- Cl- O2- F- etc
Q Why do elements form Ions
A Atoms of all elements except those of noble gases have one to seven valence electrons and are not in a state of minimum energy Thus to acquire a state of minimum energy elements lose or gain electrons and form ions so that they acquire stable configuration (Duplet or Octet)
Q What is the Electronic Theory of Valency
A In 1916 Kossel and Lewis on the basis of octet rule of electrons described simply the electronic structure of molecules of many chemical compounds and elements Kossel mainly described the structure of ionic compounds formed by loss and gain of electrons and Lewis mainly described the structure of Covalent Compounds formed by mutual sharing of electron pair This is known as ELECTRONIC THEORY OF VALENCY proposed by Kossel and Lewis
Q What do you mean by Electropositive and Electronegative Elements
3) Types of Chemical Bond-3 types
A)ElectrovalentIonic Bond
B) Covalent Bond
C) Co-ordinate Dative Bond4) ELECTROVALENT IONIC BOND-
It is the electrostatic force of attraction between the opposite charged ions which holds them together
The chemical compounds formed as a result of electron transfer from one atom of an element to another are called IONIC or ELECTROVALENT COMPOUND
The number of electrons which an element loses or gains during the formation of an ionic bond is called its ELECTROVALENCY
Conditions for the formation of Ionic Compounds-
i Large electronegativity difference between the combining atoms
ii Low IP for one of the atoms from which the cation can be easily formed
iii High electron affinity for one of the atoms from which the anions can be easily formed
iv High Lattice Energy
A
1) Electropositive Elements- have the tendency to lose the electrons and form Cations
eg- Na K Fe -mostly metals
2) Electronegative Elements- have the tendency to gain the electrons and form Anions
eg- Cl F O - mostly Non-metals
Q Give the brief description about the formation of NaCl
A See your Text Book
Q Practise the two types of diagram of the formation of different ionic compound
A See your Text Book
English All Summer in a Answer the following questions-
literature Day 3) Why did the children hate herAns- The children sensed that Margot was different from them She hated the continuous rain while they were used to it She spoke only about the sun and they had no memory of it They hated her pale snow face her waiting silence her thinness and her possible future of going back to the Earth4) What is the it referred to by WilliamAns- The it referred to by William is the Sun which the scientists had predicted would shine for a short while that day5) What was Margot waiting for Why did William say it was a jokeAns- Margot was waiting to see the sun predicted to shine that day for a short while William did not want her to have the joy of seeing the sun
Geography Water Resources SOURCES OF WATER SURFACE WATER AND GROUNDWATER Earth is known as the Blue Planet because 71 per cent of the Earths surface is covered with water Wateralso exists below land surface and as water vapour in the air Water is not added or removed from the environment it simply changes state and location This constant movement of water throughout our environment is called the hydrological cycle or water cycle Earth cleans and replenishes the water supply through the hydrologic cycle Groundwater exists in an aquifer or
underground layer of permeable rock sediment (usually sand or gravel) or soil that yields water
Aquifers are like underground reservoirs of water
SURFACE WATER The visible bodies of water are referred to as surface water Surface waters can be simply described as the water that is on the surface of the Earth This includes the oceans rivers and streams lakes and reservoirs Surface waters are very important Rivers and streams constitute the flowing surface waters Surface water canbe captured for a variety of biospheric and humanusesRunoff During heavy precipitation water cannot infiltrate into the ground It flows on the surface of the ground and called as runoff
GROUNDWATER Groundwater is detained as water that is found beneath the surface of the Earth in conditions of100 per
Q1 Why the Earth is called as Blue PlanetA1 Earth is known as the Blue Planet because 71 per cent of the Earths surface is covered with water
Q2 Define hydrological cycleA2 Water is not added or removed from the environment it simply changes state and location This constant movement of water throughout our environment is called the hydrological cycle or water cycle Earth cleans and replenishes the water supply through the hydrologic cycle
Q3 What is AquifersA3 Aquifers are like underground reservoirs of water
Q4 Why there is a shortage of fresh waterA4 Although the earth has an abundance of water but unfortunately there is a shortage of fresh water because 997 per cent of it occupied by oceans soils icecaps and floating in the atmosphere and rest 03 percent can use for daily uses
cent saturation (if it is less than100 per cent saturation then the water is considered as soil moisture) Ninety-eight per cent of Earths available fresh water is groundwater It is about60 times as plentiful as the fresh water found in lakes and streams Water in the ground travels through pores in soil and rock and in fractures and weathered areas of bed rockThe majority of fresh water is therefore found under ground as soil moisture and in aquifers
Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 88 to 126 (Portia helliphellip Such as the day is when the sun is hid) [Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]
Summary Questions amp Answerso Launcelot then arrives and informs
Lorenzo that Bassanio will also be arriving soon Both Lorenzo and Jessica return to the house and ask Stephano to order the family musicians to play music in order to extend a fitting welcome to Portia
o Portia and Nerissa dressed in their normal self return home and enter the building Lorenzo recognizes Portias voice and comes to greet her She orders the servants to pretend as if she had never left and asks Lorenzo and Jessica to do the same
o Soon thereafter Bassanio Gratiano and Antonio arrive
(1) PORTIA That light we see is burning in my hall (L 89-101)
How far that little candle throws his beams So shines a good deed in a
naughty worldNERISSA When the moon shone we did not see the candlePORTIA So doth the greater glory dim the less
A substitute shines brightly as a king
Unto the king be by and then his state
Empties itself as doth an inland brook
Into the main of waters Music hark
NERISSA It is your music madam of the housePORTIA Nothing is good I see without respect
Methinks it sounds much sweeter than by day
NERISSA Silence bestows that virtue on it madam
(i) Where are Lorenzo and Jessica sitting What message have they received What are they doing
Lorenzo and Jessica are sitting in Portiarsquos house in Belmont They have just received the message informing them of the arrival of Portia and Bassanio separately They are waiting for their arrivals and enjoying the beauty of the moonlight night(ii) In which mood is Lorenzo found after Stephanorsquos departure
After Stephanorsquos departure Lorenzo reverts to his romantic mood He is carried away by the magic of the loveliness of the moonlight He draws Jessicarsquos attention and says that the moonlight is sleeping beautifully on the raised ground He says that they will sit there and enjoy the sweetness of the gentle
music which will shortly creep into their ears very softly(iii) Why has Lorenzo sent Stephano What kind of man is he who does not appreciate the sweet harmony of sounds
Lorenzo has sent Stephano to instruct the musicians to play soft music to welcome Portia home Lorenzo tells that the
tranquility and the beautiful night suit the sweet music Praising the ennobling (M lend greater dignity) effect of music Lorenzo tells Jessica that the person who has no music in him and does not appreciate the sweet harmony of sounds is a dangerous person and so should be watched very carefully(iv) Who are returning to Belmont What does Nerissa remark on seeing the light of the house
Portia and Nerissa are returning to Belmont after successfully conducting Antoniorsquos trial in Venice as the lawyer and the clerk respectively When they are near their home Nerissa seeing the light of the house remarks that they did not see this light of this candle when the moon was shining(v) What does Portia comment on Nerissarsquos observation Commenting on Nerissarsquos observation Portia says that the lesser glory becomes insignificant before the greater glory She adds that the kingrsquos representative assumes great splendor and authority when the king himself is not near But before the real king the substitute becomes devoid of all splendor and
authority as the big rivers lose their identity after emptying into the vast sea
SUBJECT PHYSICS [TOPIC FORCE]Answer the following questions ( ICSE questions of previous years from chapter FORCE)
1 Write the position of centre of mass for the following bodies(i) A circular ring (ii) A cylinder(iii) A hollow sphere (iv) A triangular lamina
2 Explain why screw drivers are provided with longer handles3 Compare the magnitude and direction of centripetal force and centrifugal force4 How does uniform circular motion differ from uniform linear motion5 Why is the motion of a body moving with a constant speed around a circular path is said to be
accelerated6 A brass ball is hanging from a cotton thread Draw a neat labeled diagram showing the force acting
on the brass ball and the cotton thread 7 Define moment of force Write the relationship between the SI and CGS unit of moment of force8 Define couple State the SI unit of moment of couple9 A uniform half meter scale balanced horizontally on a knife edge at 29 cm mark when a weight of 20
gmf is suspended from one end(i) Draw the diagram of the arrangementWhat is the weight of the half meter rule
ECO-10 250620 Topic-Supply Analysis
MEANING OF SUPPLYSupply a commodity by a firm or seller may be defined as the quantity of a commodity that a firm or seller offers for sale at a given price during a given time period But the actual sale of the commodity may be different from its supply For example a farmer (produced of wheat) is willing to sell 50 quintals of wheat at a price of ` 15 per kg but he is able to sell only 30 quintals at this price So this case the supply of wheat is 50 quintals but the actual sale is 30 quintals So these two concepts should not be confused with each other Like demand supply also has three elements The definition of supply include (i) the quantity of the commodity that a firm is willing to supply (ii) the price at which it is willing to supply that quantity and (iii) the time period during which it is willing to supply that quantity
FACTORS DETERMINING SUPPLY OR DETERMINANTS OF SUPPLY OF A GOOD
The main determinant of supply is the price of the commodity But the cost of production of a commodity is an important factor in determining profit maximized on output of a firm The cost of production depends on the prices of various inputs like raw material wages of workers interest of capital rent of building etc The supply of a commodity also depends on the technology used in the production of the commodity and many other factors The main factors determining supply of a commodity are(i) Price of the commodity(ii) Price of other related good(iii) Price of inputsfactors(iv) Taxation policy of government(v) Objective of the firm(i) Price of the commodity Other factors determining supply remaining constant there is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity It means the quantity supplied of a commodity increases with rise in price and decreases with fall in price of the commodity More quantity of a commodity is supplied at a higher price and less quantity is supplied at a lower price For example a seller of tomatoes is willing to sell 100 kgs of tomatoes at a price of ` 40 per keg and only 50 kgs at a price of ` 20 per kg Due to this direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity the supply curve has a positive slope Supply curve is upward sloping to the right(ii) Price of other related goods Supply of a commodity is also influenced by the change in the price of other related goods With the help of given resources we can produce several goods by using the same technology This helps the firm to diversify and tide over fluctuations in demand For example a farmer can produce either pulses or food grains by using the resources If the price of pulses increases it becomes more profitable for him to make more production of pulses So he will divert some resources from the production of food grains to the production of pulses The production of pulses will increase and that of food grains will decrease So the supply of pulses will increase if the price of pulses increases and the supply of food grain will decrease at the same price reverse will happen if the price of food grains increases(iii) Price of inputsfactors Change in the price of inputs like raw material wage rent or interest also influences the supply of a commodity For example in the production of cloth cotton is the main raw material If the price of cotton increases the cost of production of cloth will increase At the same price the margin of profit will decrease So the producer will decrease the supply of cloth at the same price On the other hand if the price of cotton falls the cost of production per unit of cloth will decrease and hence the supply of cloth will increase The price of other inputs will also influence the supply of a good in the same manner(iv) Technology of production an improvement in the technology of production of a commodity decreases the per unit cost of the commodity The margin of profit will increase at the same price So the supply of a commodity will increase with improvement in technology of production at the same price On the other hand if a firm uses absolute technology of production the cost of production per unit of the commodity will increase The margin of profit will decrease so the firm will decrease its supply at the same price This is the main reason that the firms are trying to use better technology of production because it not only reduces the cost of production per unit but also improves the quality of the product(v) Taxation policy of government If the government reduces the excise duty or the production of a commodity the cost of production per unit of the commodity will decrease the margin of profit will increase at the same price so the producer of the commodity will increase its supply It happens when the government wants to increase the production of the commodity On the other hand to discourage the production of some harmful goods like cigarettes liquor etc the government increases the rate of excise duty on the production of such goods So the cost of production per unit of the commodity increases and the supply of such commodities decreases(vi) Objective of the firm The objective of the producer also influences the supply of a commodity Generally the objective of a producer is get maximize his profits Profits are maximized at a higher price So he increases the supply of a commodity at a higher price and decreases its supply at a lower price But sometimes the producer may be in maximizing his sales and not in maximizing his profits as he wants to capture the market In that case he goes on increasing the supply so long his target is not achieved can profit is not adversely affected He may increase the supply at the same price to any extent
SUPPLY FUNCTION
When the relationship between quantity supplied and the determinants of supplied is expressed mathematically in an equation it is called a supply function So a supply function can be expressed asSn = f(Pn Pr Pf T Tr G)where Sn = Supply of commodity nPn = Price of the commodity nPr = Price of other related goodsPf = Price of inputsfactors
T = Technology of productionTr = Government policy or tax rateG = Goal or objective of the producer
Typically supply function shows the relationship between price and quantity supplied keeping all other determinants of supply as constant It shows the amount of a good that a seller supplies at different levels of price
LAW OF SUPPLYThe law of supply depicts the relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity when all other determinants of supply remain constant This law states that there is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity other factors determining supply remaining constant It means quantity supplied of a commodity increases with increase in price and decreases with decrease in price
Assumptions of the law of supplyThe phrase other determinants of supply remaining constant in the law of supply shows the assumptions of the law of supply The mains factors which influence the supply of a commodity one price of the commodity price of other related goods price of inputs technology of production taxation policy of the government and objective of the firm etc The law of supply is based on the assumptions that all these factors determining supply except price of the commodity should remain constant The following are the main assumptions of the law of supply(i) Price of other related goods should remain the same(ii) There should be no change in the price of inputs (factors)(iii) Technology of production should not change(iv) There is no change in the taxation policy of the government(v) Objective of the firm should not changeThe law of supply is based on the assumptions that the supply of commodity changes only due to change in price when all other determinant of supply remain constantClass XISubject Topic Summary Execution EVS Chapter-2
Ecology Answer the following questions briefly Q Draw a neat labeled diagram of carbon cycleAnsndash
Mathematics Principle of Mathematical Induction
1) What is statement Ans A sentence which may be true or false is called statement eg i) 5 is greater than 3 ii) New Delhi is the capital of India iii) 5 divides 7 These all are statements We see that statement (i) amp (ii) are true but (iii) is false 2 What is Mathematical StatementAns Statement involving mathematical relations are called mathematical statement We shall use mathematical statement in principle of
Example If n be a positive integer show that n(n+1) is an even positive integer Solution Let P(n) be the statement n(n+1) is an even positive integer Then (i) P(1) is the statement 1(1+1) ie 2 is an even positive integer Therefore P(1) is true (ii) If P(m) is true for some positive integer m then m(m+1) is an even integer Now (m+1) [(m+1)+1]=(m+1)sup2+ (m+1) =msup2+2m+1+m+1=msup2+m+2m+2=m(m+1) +2(m+1) = an even integer + an even positive integer [Since P(m) is true and 2(m+1) is an even
mathematical induction 3 What is the use of Principle of mathematical inductionAns Sometimes it is difficult to prove a statement theorem or a formula by direct method In this case we use an indirect method known as the Principle of mathematical induction There are two steps in this processSTEP 1 Varify that the statement or formula is true for one or two particular values of n say for n=1 2STEP 2 Assuming that the statement or formula is true for n=m where m is any positive integer show that it is true for n=m+1Conclusion Since the statement is true for n=2 it is true for n=2+1 that is 3 and since it is true for n=3 it is true for n=3 + 1 that is 4 and so on Hence the statement or formula is true for all positive integral values of n
positive integer]= an even positive integer Therefore P(m+1) is true when P(m) is true Therefore By the principle of Mathematical Induction P(n) is true for all positive integral values of n Hence n(n+1) is an even positive integer
Hindi 2ndlang एक फल की चाह 5 दख रहा था जस सो सथिर हो नही बठती थी कषण भर हाय ही चपचाप पडी थी अटल शागित शी धारण कर सनना यही चाहता था म उस सय ही
उकसा करमझको दी क परसाद का एक फल ही दो लाकर
शबदाथ ससथिर - परी तरह ठहरी हई अटल- पकका
उकसाकर - पररणा दकर
वयाखयाndash उपय[ पलि[यो म कगि सखिखया की ददशा का णन कर रहा ह जो उनक गिपता दवारा वय[ गिकया या ह अपनी बटी सखिखया कीददशा का
गितरण करत हए गिपता कहता ह गिक म अपनी आखो क सामन दख रहा था गिक मरी बटी जो पल भर क लिलए दिटककर नही बठती थी ह अब सथिर शात मरतित की तरह पढी थी अब म ह बार- बार इस बात क लिलए पररिरत कर रहा
था गिक ह मझ गिफर स ही शबद कह गिपताजी मझ दी क परसाद का एक फल लाकर दो
6 ऊच शल लिशखर क ऊपर मदिदर था गिसतीणर गिशाल सण कलशसरलिसज गिहलिसत थ पाकरसमदिदत रगि कर जाल दीप धल स अचछदिदत था मदिदर का
आन सारा ज रही थी भीतर बाहर मखरिरत उतस की धारा
शबदाथ - शल लिशखर- पहाड की ऊची चोटी
सतीणर - फला हआ
सण कलश - कमल क समान सदर सोन का कलश मखरिरत - परकट समदिदत - अचछी परकार खिखला हआ रगि कर जाल - सय की गिकरणो का समह
वयाखया- परसतत पलि[या म कगि न मदिदर की सदरता का णन गिकया ह कहत ह गिक मझ पहाड की चोटी पर एक गिलिशषट और गिशालमश था उसक
सोन क कलश सय की गिकरणो म चमकत हए ऐस परतीत हो रह थ जस सय की खिखली हईगिकरणो क ाा सपशपाकर सनहर कमल खिखल उठ हो मदिदर का
आन धप दीप की सध स भरा हआ था मदिदर क अदर और बाहर मनाए जा रह उसकी परसननता की ज सनाई द रही थी
Bengali (2nd language)
কোনি মনি নদী পরথম অধযোয়
হি_তীয় হিদরণে3র পাঠ-
হিবষটবাব গলাকটির কায় গররণে কা বলরণেত পাররণে0 3া শধ গচাখ হিদরণেয় রা পরকাশ করহি0ল কা বলরণেত বলরণেত গলাকটি পাঞজাহিব লহিn খরণেল জ কররণেত শর করল তাই গদরণেখ হিবষটবাব ত2মভ রণেয় গল চাটি ারার 2হিnরণেত গলাকটি হিবষটবাবর হিদরণেক এরণোরণেল হিতহি3 াা 3ীচ করণের 3াহিরণেয় গ33 হিদ গলাকটি হিবষটবাবরণেক চাটিরণেয় ায় তারণেল হিতহি3 তাাতাহিউরণেঠ গলাকটিরণেক ধররণেত পাররণেব3 3া কার তার শরীরণেরর ওজরণে3র জ3য এই শরণে3 হিবষটবাব বরণে3া গারণেষর ত গতরণেZরণে উরণেঠ দাাল তারণেত গলাকটি দাহিরণেয় শরীরটারণেক একট দহিলরণেয় হি3ল এই সব শরণে3 হিবষট ধর চপ করণের রইল শধ lsquoগঘাৎrsquo করণের একটা শবদ করল গলাকটি হিসহি হিদরণেয় ওঠা3াা কররণে0 গদরণেখ হিবষটবাব খাহি3কটা হিদরণেশারা রণেয় গলহিবষটবাবর গচারণেখ রারণের বদরণেল এখ3 গকৌতল হিতহি3 বরণেল3 ldquoখাওায় আার গলা2 গ3ই Uায়টিং কহিরrdquo হিকনত হিতহি3 কতটা Uায়টিং করণের তা তার শরীর আর খাবারণেরর তাহিলকা গদরণেখ গলাকটি বরণে= গল গলাকটি এহিরণেয় হিরণেয় হিবষটবাবর 2হিরণেত াত বহিলরণেয় হিদরণেল গস আরা অ32ব করণের3 এবং হিপহি0রণেয় া3 গলাকটি হিবষটবাবর সারণে3 তার শরীরণেরর কসরত পরদশ3 কররণেল হিবষটবাব রণে3 রণে3 হিব হিব করণের বরণেল3 হিতহি3ও গরাা রণেত চা3 গসই হরণেত nা গরণেক আবার হিচৎকার গ2রণেস আরণেস lsquoগকা হি3 গকা হি3rsquo
ldquoকী রক Uায়টিংrdquo-ক)বকতা গককারণেক বলরণে0খ)Uায়টিং কার অ কী ) Uায়টিং করা বযহিকতর গচারার ব3া দাও ঘ) তার Uায়টিং এর ব3া দাও
উঃ- ক) আরণেলাচয অংশটি হিত3ltীর গলখা lsquoগকাহি3rsquo উপ3যাস গরণেক গ3ওয়া রণেয়রণে0 আরণেলাচয কাটি বকতা রণেল3 সাদা লহিnপরা ারণেয় গরয়া পাঞজাহিব ও কারণেধ রহিn3 বযা ওয়ালা হিiহিতশ হিসং হিতহি3 কাটি বরণেলরণে03 হিবষট ধররণেকখ) Uারণেয়টিং কার অ ল পহিরহিত খাদয গর অাৎ খাদয তাহিলকায় সসত খারণেদযর গ3াগ3 বজায় গররণেখ খাদয গর) হিবষট ধরণেরর গচারা হিবশাল ওজ3 পরায় হিত3 গদখরণেত জলহিসতর রণেতা সারা শরীরণের চহিব ল ল কররণে0 বয়স পরায় চহিশ হিবশাল 2হি উপ রণেয় শরণেল হিচৎ রণেত পারণের3া গকউ গঠরণেল হিদরণেল হিচৎ রণেত পারণের তারণেক কায় নধ াদ3 পবরণেতর সরণেn তল3া করা য়ঘ) হিবষট ধর গকৌতলী রণেয় বরণেল তার খাওয়ার গকা3 গলা2 গ3ই গস Uায়টিং করণের আরণে গস আধ হিকরণেলা হিiর গখত এখ3 গস হিত3রণেশা গরা হিiর খায় জল খাবারণের কহিটা লহিচ গখত এখ3 পরণে3রণেরাটা লহিচ খায় আাইরণেশা গরা চারণেলর 2াত খায় হিঘ খাওয়া গ0রণে হিদরণেয়রণে0 রারণেত াতর বারণেরাটা রটি খায় হিবরণেকরণেল দ-গলাস হি0হিরর জল সরণেn চাররণেট কা পারণেকর সরণেltশ বাহিরণেত রাধাকষণ আরণে0 বরণেল হিবষট ধর া0 াংস খায়3া আর তারণেত তার গকা3 গলা2 লালসা গ3ই
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 276 to 313 (Sebastian helliphellipIt struck mine ear most terribly)[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]
Summary Questions amp AnswersConspiracy of Antonio and Sebastian
o Antonio further suggests murder of Alonso and eventually Sebastian agrees
o They draw their swords and proceed to murder Alonso and Gonzalo who are sleeping
(1) (Act II Sc 2 L 277-291)ANTONIO Ay sir where lies that If rsquotwere a kibe
rsquoTwould put me to my slipper but I feel notThis deity in my bosom Twenty consciencesThat stand rsquotwixt me and Milan candied be they And melt ere they molest Here lies your brotherNo better than the earth he lies uponIf he were that which now hes likemdashthats deadWhom I with this obedient steel three inches of itCan lay to bed for ever (whiles you doing thus
o As they approach Ariel appears again and wakes up Gonzalo by singing a tune in his ear Alonso also wakes up and they see both Sebastian and Antonio with drawn swords On being caught off guard they make up a story saying that they had heard a bellowing of bulls or lions
IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED
(Act II Sc 1 L 277-281)ANTONIOAy sir where lies that If rsquotwere a kibersquoTwould put me to my slipper but I feel notThis deity in my bosom Twenty consciencesThat stand rsquotwixt me and Milan candied be they And melt ere they molest
In these lines Antonio speaks how he is a conscienceless villain In inciting Sebastian to the kingship of Naples by murdering his brother he quotes his own example He too had banished his brother and made himself the Duke of Milan This kingship now sits upon him like a well fittinggarment So will be the case of Sebastian Sebastian then questions Antonio if this foul deed did not prick his conscience To this Antonio replies like a hardened villain He laughs at the word lsquoconsciencersquo and says that he has never heard of anything like conscience A guilty conscience gave him no more pain that is chilblain (M a painful itching and swelling on hand and foot caused by exposure to extreme cold) A man can get rid of the pain of chilblain by wearing slippers instead of shoes so does Antonio get rid of the qualms (M an uneasy feeling of doubt worry or fear especially about onersquos conduct) of conscience very easily Even if he were troubled by twenty consciences that barred his way to the throne of Milan however frozen they might be he would melt them into insensibility before they could cause him to twinge
To the perpetual wink of aye might putThis ancient morsel this Sir Prudence whoShould not upbraid our course) - for all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour
(i) To whom does Antonio speak these lines Who is referred to as lsquoyour brotherrsquo What does Antonio mean by saying lsquoNo better than the earth he lies uponrsquo
These lines are spoken by Antonio to Sebastian King Alonso is referred to as Sebastianrsquos brother Indicating towards Alonso who is lying asleep on the ground Antonio tells Sebastian that here sleeps his brother and at this time he is no better than a clod of the earth on which he lies asleep Antonio means to say that if he were actually to become what he looks like he would be a dead body(ii) According to Antonio what would he do if he were at the place of Sebastian
Antonio says that if he were in the position of Sebastian he would not care even for twenty consciences in order to win the kingship of Naples He would rather forget all his consciences if they happen to trouble him at all (iii) What does Antonio suggest to Sebastian What does Antonio assure him
Antonio suggests to Sebastian that in a moment Sebastian can put to death Gonzalo who pretends to be a very wise man and who on that account rebukes others (particularly Antonio and Sebastian) whereas he (Antonio) himself can put Alonso to death with only three inches of his willing sword Antonio further assures Sebastian that by killing both of them there will be none left to oppose him and in this way every obstacle in his way will be removed
(iv) Explain the lines lsquofor all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hourrsquo
In other words Antonio says that even if he were endowed with a stiff conscience he could easily relax or soften it for the execution of his purpose Then Antonio suggests that conscience should be no hindrance to a manrsquos future greatness
Comments These are terrible words coming from the mouth of a villain of the worst type He is utterly devoid of conscience or remorse He is an utter atheist of human virtue He speaks of conscience as a deity that he does not feel in his bosom
According to Antonio so far as the other lords (Adrian Francisco and others) are concerned they need not be murdered because they would obey the orders of Antonio and Sebastian as willingly and readily as cat licks milk These other lords would endorse and support everything that Sebastian and Antonio may say or suggest These other lords would adjust their views in accordance with the wishes of Antonio and Sebastian and they would regard all proposals made by Antonio and Sebastian as being opportune and also as being acceptable(v) What opinion do you form of Antonio from the above speech
The speech given above shows Antonio to be an absolutely unscrupulous man After saying that he does not believe in any such faculty as the conscience he suggests to Sebastian to
(Act II Sc 1 L 285-291)ANTONIOhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (whiles you doing thus To the perpetual wink of aye might putThis ancient morsel this Sir Prudence whoShould not upbraid our course) - for all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour
Antonio has convinced Sebastian that he has made himself Duke of Milan by a crime for which he has felt no pricks of conscience In these lines Antonio tells Sebastian that now that the chance has presented itself to him he should take it and be King of Naples So far as Alonso is concerned Antonio agrees to undertake the task of killing him by sticking only three inches of his sharp dagger Making a thrust in the air with his sword he tells Sebastian that by a similar method he can put to sleep forever Gonzalo ndash the old piece of flesh already rotten ndash this piece of antiquity ndash this ldquoSir Prudencerdquo who is never tired of reading his moral lectures to them If ldquoProfessor Wisdomrdquo is got rid of he will not be able to denounce their action as he would surely do if they did not dispatch him as well As for the rest of the kingrsquos counselors (Adrian and Francisco) it is their nature to adopt any statements and views which are placed before them just as it is the nature of a cat to lap milk Antonio assures Sebastian that ldquothese othersrdquo will back them up in whatever they say or do that they will count the strokes of the clock exactly as they bid them not according to the real time but according to the time that is right for their business Hence only two persons Alonso and Gonzalo are required to be removed to fulfill their ambition
murder Gonzalo at the very time when he (Antonio) stabs Alonso to death And yet this brutal man has a fertile wit also He can talk in a persuasive manner and also in a sarcastic and satirical manner He knows human nature thoroughly and he understands that Gonzalo is loyal to Alonso while the other lords are only sycophants who can easily be won over to Sebastianrsquos side after Alonso has been assassinated
(2) (Act II Sc 1 291-296)SEBASTIAN Thy case dear friend
Shall be my precedent as thou gotst MilanIll come by Naples Draw thy swordmdashone strokeShall free thee from the tribute which thou payest And I the King shall love thee
ANTONIO Draw together And when I rear my hand do you the likeTo fall it on Gonzalo
(i) Explain the situation and introduce the persons engaged in conversation
After the supposed shipwreck King Alonso with his lords his brother Sebastian and Antonio the Duke of Milan land on a strange island Prince Ferdinand is feared to be drowned While the King and others have fallen asleep after exertions of the day and Ariel with his sweet music acting as a catalyst Antonio and Sebastian are awake They have hatched a conspiracy to kill King Alonso and his loyal lord Gonzalo Then Sebastian will become King of NaplesIn these lines Antonio and Sebastian are engaged in conversation They are just ready to execute their plan to attack King Alonso and Gonzalo simultaneously(ii) Antoniorsquos case shall become Sebastianrsquos precedent What has been Antoniorsquos case
Antonio proved treacherous towards his brother Prospero who was the Duke of Milan Since Prospero spent his time in his scholarly pursuits he had delegated his powers to his younger brother Antonio to administer the dukedom Antonio grew ambitious He overthrew his brother and expelled him from his own dukedom In his place Antonio became the Duke of Milan which he continues to be now His case urges Sebastian to do the same(iii) How is Sebastian going to follow Antonio
Sebastian is going to take Antoniorsquos case as his precedent He is convinced that if Antonio could usurp the dukedom from his living brother Sebastian could become the King of Naples by killing his sleeping brother(iv) What will one stroke of Antoniorsquos sword do What will Sebastian do to reward Antonio
Sebastian asks Antonio to put an end to Alonsorsquos life with one stroke of his sword The same stroke will earn for him a reward Sebastian will become the King of Naples and he will exempt Antonio from paying the annual tribute to Naples The dukedom of Milan is a tributary to the kingdom of Naples Its Duke has to pay tribute to the King every year When Sebastian takes over as the King he will give a benefit to his friend who is helping him to realize his ambition
(v) What is Antoniorsquos suggestion
Antonio suggests that they may draw their swords together When he raises his hand to attack Alonso Sebastian should raise his sword to bring it down on Gonzalo
ACCOUNTS-11 25062020 Topic- depreciation ndashSTRAIGHT LINE METHOD
Illustration Salman and Usman Bros acquired a machine on July 1 2014 at a cost of Rs 70000 and spent Rs5000 on its installation The firm writes off depreciation 10 on straight line method The books are closed on December 31 every year Show the machinery and depreciation account for three years
Solution Machinery Account
Date Particulars LF amount Date Particulars LF` Amount ( Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014July 01 To Bank Ac 70000 Dec 31 Dec By Depreciation Ac 3750
(70000 x10x612)
July 01 To Bank Ac 5000 Dec31 By Balance cd 71250
75000 75000
2015 2015Jan 01 To Balance bd 71250 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 x10 ) Dec31 By Balance cd 63750
71250 71250
2016 2016Jan 01 To Balance bd 63750 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 (75000 x10 ) Dec 31 By Balance cd 56250
63750 63750
Depreciation Account
Date Particulars LF Amount Date Particulars LF Amount (Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 3750 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 3750
2015 2015
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
2016 2016
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
WORKING
Cost of Machine RS70000Cost of Installation Rs 5000
Total 75000
Rate of Depreciation 10
Then annual depreciation will be 10 of Rs 75000 = Rs 7500
Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution Geography DRIANAGE THE PENINSULAR RIVERS
1 The Mahanadi2 The Godavari3 The Krishna4 The Kaveri5 The Subarnarekha6 The Narmada7 The Tapi8 The Sabarmati and the Mahi9 The Chambal
The Mahanadi Basin The Mahanadi rises from Dandakaranya
Q1 Which is the largest river of peninsular plateau Write a brief note about its courseA1 The largest river of peninsular plateau is Godavari The river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has
near Sihawa in Raipur district in the highlands of Chhattisgarhand flows through Odisha to reach the Bay of BengalThe length of the river is about 857 kmIts drainagebasin is shared by Maharashtra Chhattisgarh Jharkhandand Odisha
THE MAHANADI RIVER SYSTEM
The GodavariThe river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
THE GODAVARI RIVER SYSTEM
many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
Q2 Which river is known as Dakshin GangaA2 The Godavari river is known as lsquoDakshin Gangarsquo It is also known as Vridha Ganga
Q3 Differentiate between east-flowing rivers and west-flowing riversA3
East-flowing rivers
West-flowing rivers
Godavari Krishna Kaveri Mahanadi are the east-flowing rivers
Narmada Tapiwest-flowing rivers
They fall into the Bay of Bengal
They fall into Arabian Sea
These rivers form big deltas
These rivers form comparativelysmall deltas
Catchment area of these river are larger
Catchment area of these river are smaller
The KrishnaThe Krishna river rises from the Western Ghatsnear Mahabaleshwar It flows into the Bay of Bengalbefore forming a large delta Its length is about1400 km The Tungabhadra Koyana Ghatprabha Musi and Bhima are some of its tributariesIt has covers parts of Maharashtra Karnataka and AndhraPradesh
THE KRISHNA RIVER SYSTEM
The KaveriIt rises in the Brahmagiri range of the Western Ghats and flows into the Bay ofBengal Southof Cuddalore in Tamil Nadu The length of the river is about 760 km Its main tributaries are the Amravati Bhavani Hemavati and Kabini The Kaveri drains inthe parts of Karnataka Kerala and drains in Tamil Nadu The river Kaveri makes the second biggest waterfall in India known as Sivasamudram
POLITICAL SCIENCE
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
MEANING OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS-Fundamental rights are those rights which are essential for intellectual moral and spiritual development of citizens of India As these rights are fundamental or essential for existence and all-round development of individuals hence they are called Fundamental rights These are enshrined in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India These include individual rights common to most such as equality before the law freedom of speech and freedom of expression religious and cultural freedom Freedom of assembly (peaceful assembly) freedom of religion (freedom to practice religion) right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writsThere are six fundamental rights recognized by the Indian constitution
1 Right to equality (Articles 14-18)2 Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22)3 Right Against exploitation (Articles 23-24)4 Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25- 28)5 Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29-30) and6 Right to Constitutional remedies (Articles 32-35)
1 The right to equality includes equality before the law the prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion race caste gender or place of birth equality of opportunity in matters of employment the abolition of untouchability and abolition of titles
2 The right to freedom includes freedom of speech and expression association or union or cooperatives movement residence and right to practice any profession or occupation
3 The right against exploitation prohibits all forms of forced labour child labour and trafficking of human beings
4 The right to freedom of religion includes freedom of conscience and free profession practice and propagation of religion freedom to manage religious affairs freedom from certain taxes and freedom from religious instructions in certain educational institutes
5 The Cultural and educational Rights preserve the right of any section of citizens to conserve their culture language or script and right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice
6 The right to constitutional remedies is present for enforcement of fundamental rightsThe right to privacy is an intrinsic part of Article 21 (the Right to Freedom) that protects the life and liberty of the citizens The right to privacy is the newest right assured by the Supreme court of India It assures the peoples data and personal security
Fundamental rights for Indians have also been aimed at overturning the inequalities of pre-independence social practices Specifically they have also been used to abolish untouchability and thus prohibit discrimination on the grounds of religion race caste sex or place of birth They also forbid trafficking of human beings and forced labour (a crime) They also protect cultural and educational rights of religious and linguistic minorities by allowing them to preserve their languages and also establish and administer their own education institutions They are covered in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India
Mathematics
Relation Study Item Types of RelationToday class xii students we will discuss about the types of RelationsFirst we discuss Void RelationWhat is Void RelationAns Let A be a non-empty set Then φ A A and so it is a relation R on set A Thissube ⨯ relation is called the void or empty relation on set ANow from the above definition we came to know that no element of A is related to any element of AHere A A is called Cartesian product⨯
is the symbol of subsetsubeAnd φ is called phi and refer to void or empty relationNow I give an example to understand the above said relationLet A = 1 2 3 4Here A A =(11)(12)(13)(14)(21)(22)(23)(24)(31)(32)(33)(34)(41)⨯(42)(43)(44)Now we consider R is a relation which is defined by R=(ab) a+b= 50We notice that a+b 50 for any two elements of AnotinTherefore (ab) R for any ab A is called belong to and is not belong tonotin isin isin notinTherefore we can say R does not contain any element of A A⨯Therefore R is empty set Therefore we can say that R is the void or empty relation on AWhat is universal RelationAns Let A is a set Then A A A A and so it is a relation on A This relation is called⨯ sube ⨯ the universal relation on ANow from the above definition we can say that each element of A is related to every element of ANow we consider the relation R on the set A =1 234 defined by R = (ab) R |a -b|isin
0≽We observe that|a - b | 0 for all ab A≽ isin
(ab) R for all (ab) A ArArr isin isin ⨯ Each element of set A is related to set A every element of set ArArr
Therefore we write R= AxATherefore we can say R is universal relation on set ANote we can say that void relation is smallest relation and the universal relation is largest relationSometime both void relation and universal relation is called trivial relationWhat is identity relationAns Let A is a non-empty set Then the relation R or IA = (aa) a A on A is called theisin identity relation on A Therefore from the above definition we can say that every element of A is related to itself only
Example Let A = 1234 then Ror IA = (11)(22)(33)(44) is the identity relation on set ANow I give you another example R1 = (11)(22)(33) and R2 = (11)(22)(33)(44)(24)From the above example we can say that R1 and R2 are not identify relation Because in the case of R1 (44)R1 and on the other hand R2 where element 2 is related to elements 2 and 4
Hindi 2ndlang
भलि[ (महादी मा)
भलि[ कहानी की लखिखका महादी मा न इस कहानी म यह दशान का परयास गिकया ह गिक आजकल क जमान म भी लो सक बन कर गिनसाथ सा करत ह ह
गिबना तन लिसा करत ह और उसक बदल ना कछ मात ह और ना ही कोई आशा करत ह नौकर सा करक तन चाहता ह और ह भी कई सगिधाओ की आशा करता ह पर सक सदा गिनजी साथ भा स सा म सलगन रह कर काम करता ह भलि[ कहानी की मखय पातर लकषमी ह जिजस भलि[ नाम लखिखका न दिदया ह ह गिकसी
ोपाल काकी कनया ह पाच रष की आय म उसकी गि माता न ौना ही कर दिदया कहानी म भलि[ क दखो का अत नही ह गिफर भी ह बडी साहसी धयान और परिरशरमी ह कदिठनाइयो स जझ ती ह पहल गिपता की मतय गिफर पगित की मतय और
गिफर घर जमाई की मतय होती ह उस साहसी मगिहला न साहस नही छोडा और तीनो पतरी ओक हाथ पील गिकए लाना द पान क कारण उसका जमीदार न अपमान गिकया गिफरकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहचीकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहची शहर पहच करा लखिखका की सगिका बनी ही पर उसका नाम भलि[ पडा ह एक भ[ की तरह अपन सामिमनी की इमानदारी स सा करती और तन का जिजकर भी नही करती ह लखिखका क घर पाठशाला आदिद को अचछी तरह स सभालती पढी-
लिलखी ना होकर भी ह लखिखका की बहत सा ए सहायता करती ह लखिखका का साया बनकर चलती लखिखका की सा करना उसक जीन का उददशय ह ह
लखिखका की खशी क लिलए ही काय करती ह ह लखिखका को दखी नही दख सकती लखिखका पर भलि[ का इतना परभा पडा गिक ह सय दहाती बन ई
यदध क दिदनो म ह अपन परिरार क साथ रहन की अपकषा लखिखका क साथ रहना पसद करती थी यदध क भत न जब ीटा क ान पर पलायन गित जा दी तो
भलि[ न न लखिखका को अपन ा ल जान का अनरोध करन ली लखिखका को डर ह गिक यदिद उसक गिदा होन क अगितम छठा ए तो ह दहातीन दधा कया कर ी
इस परकार हम दखत ह गिक लखिखका न सामिमनी और सगिका क ण बरसात हए सक धम पर परकाश डाला ह और लखिखका न एक आदश सगिका क रप को सदर
रप स परसतत गिकया हBengali আদাব পরশন) ldquoশরণের ১৪৪ ধারা আর কারহিZউ অU ার জারী রণেয়রণে0ldquo
ক) কার গলখা গকা3 রচ3ার অংশ খ)গকাায় গক3 ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়রণে0 )১৪৪ ধারা কী এর Zরণেল কী য়
উততর) ক)আরণেলাচ য অংশটি সরণেরশ বসর রহিচত lsquoআদাবlsquo গ0াট রণেলপর অংশ
খ) বাংলারণেদরণেশর ঢাকা শরণের ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়হি0ল সামপরদাহিয়ক াnাা ও দাnা পরহিতরণেরারণেধর জ3 য হিlt সলা3রণেদর গ3তারণেদর সামপরদাহিয়ক উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা বারণেধ উ2য় সমপরদায় 2ীত রণেয় ঘর বহিlt রণেয় পরণে পরসপর পরসপররণেক সরণেltরণের গচারণেখ গদরণেখ গকউ কাউরণেক আরণের রণেতা হিবশবাস কররণেত পারণের3া হিক0 া3রণেষর উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা য় ার পহির3া অরণেতক রকত iয় ও ত য
) ১৪৪ ধারা আইরণে3র এ3 একটা ধারা ার _ারা এলাকা হি3হিদ ষট করণের গদওয়া য় গসই এলাকার রণেধ য গবহিশ া3রণেষর জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় হিহি0ল জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় আই3 2nকারীরণেক গহিলর হি3রণেদশ জাহির করা য় তাই সাধার3 া3ষ আর বাইরণের গবর রণেত পারণের3া পরারণে3র 2রণেয় বহিlt রণেয় ারণেক এর Zল য় সাংঘাহিতক গদাকা3 পাট বনধ ারণেক
হিজহি3স পতর অহিল য় রাসতা ঘাট জ3 শ3 য রণেয় ায় লরণেঠরা তারণেদর লঠত রাজ চাহিলরণেয় হি3রণেজরণেদর আরণেখর গহি0রণেয় গ3য় া3ষরণেক 2ীহিতর হিব2ীহিষহিক গরাস করণের ঘরণেরর া3রণেষর ইkা াকরণেলও ঘরণের হিZররণেত পারণের3া হিZররণেত হিরণেয় বltরণেকর গহিলরণেত পরা3 ারায়
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today we will discuss about Types of Leaves
An organization provides several kinds of leaves to the employees These days employees working both in government and private sector are allowed several types of leaves Following are the leaves achieved by the employees from their organization
Casual LeaveChild care leave -HospitalLeaveSpecial disability leaveChild Adoption leaveEarned LeavesHalf pay leaveMaternity leavePaternityleaveStudy leave
1 Casual Leave- Casual leave is not a recognised form of leaves and is not subject to any rules made by the government of India And official on casual leave is not treated as Absent from duty and pay is not intimated Normally 8 days of casual leave is permissible in a calendar year
2 Child care leave - Women employees having minor children may be granted child care leave by an authority competent to grant leave for a maximum period of 730 days means two years during their entire service for taking care of up to two children weather for sharing or to look after any of their names like examination sickness it is a
3HospitalLeave - Hospital leave is admissible to group C employees whose duties involved handling of dangerous machinery explosive materials poisonous drugs and performance of hazardous task and to group D employees Medical certificate from an authorised medical attendant is necessary for the grant of these leave However total period of
leave does not exceed 28 months4Special disability leave- Special
disability leave admissible to all employees when disabled by injury intentionally or accidentally inflicted are caused in law in consequence of the due performance of official duties or in consequence of official position It also it is also add miscible when disabled by illness incurred in the performance of any particular duty which has the effect of increasing laboratory to illness or injury beyond the ordinary least attaching to the Civil post held and the same condition
5Child Adoption leave- This leave is granted to female Employees with fewer than two surviving children on valid adoption of a child below the age of one year for a period of 135 days immediately after the date of valid adoption Leave salary will be equal to the pain immediately before processing on leave
6Earned Leaves- This leave is earned by duty The credit for earned leave will be awarded at a rate of 15 days on the 1st of January and 1st of July every year It can be accumulated up to 300 days in addition to the number of days for which encashment has been allowed along with LTC
7 Half pay leave -All government servant are entitled to 20 days of HPL half pay leave for every completed year of service Half pay leave is calculated at 20 days for each completed year of service The service includes periods of duty and leave including extra ordinary leave with or without MC (medical certificate)
8 Maternity leave -Maternity leave is granted to women Government employees full stop it is as possible only to Employees with less than 2 surviving children The maternity leave is not debited to leave account and full pay is granted It cannot be combined with any other the leaves and count as service for increment and pension
9 PaternityleaveA male employee with less than 2 surviving children may be granted paternity leave for a period of 15 days during the confinement of
his wife During the period of such leaves he shall be paid leave salary equal to the pay drawn immediately before proceeding on leave
10 Study leave-Study leave may be granted to all Government Employees with not less than 5 years service for undergoing a special course consisting of higher studies are specialised training in a professional or technical subject having a direct and close connection with the sphere of his duties as a Civil Servant
Commerce
Chapter-5Management
Let us today discuss about the nature of Management
Nature of management Management is defined as
An art A science A profession
Management is defined as an art because of the following reasons
1 In art there is an existence of theoretical knowledge Similarly in management various theories are propounded by management thinkers in various areas of management like finance marketing human resources etc
2 Every manager apply his or her personal skills and knowledge in the day to day functioning of an enterprise
3 Like an art management is creative as it provides solutions to Complex problems making resources productive and profitable moulding the attitudes of people for the betterment of an organisation
Management is is considered as science because of the following reasons
1 Like science there is a systemised body of knowledge in management consisting of theories principles vocabulary and concept
2 Principles of management are evolved after continuous observations and experimentation
Management both as Science and ArtManagement is both a science and an art It is a science because it uses certain principles and is an art because it requires continuous practice and application of personal skillsManagement as a profession Following points highlight whether management is a profession or not1 Like profession management has well
defined body of knowledge It has its own principles which are based on experiments One can acquire such
knowledge by pursuing courses like MBA BBA etc and acquire managerial skills through instruction and training
2 In management no such restriction is there for managers to clear an examination for hold a degree However these days more and more people are appointed for managerial post who opposes management degrees
3 Membership to a professional Association like AIMA is not mandatory for managers All managers directly or indirectly work for the development of society
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Essay Questions (EQ-2)
Question No 2Sketch the character of Prospero Would you call him perfect
AnswerProspero in The Tempest appears to be an intensely human being with human failings and weaknesses With all his excellence Prospero is made to awaken our sympathy for a natural imperfection Prosperorsquos Previous HistoryIn his retrospective narration of his previous history to Miranda we get a glimpse into Prosperorsquos past life As the Duke of Milan Prospero buried himself in his magic books which he prized above his dukedom He was essentially a scholar with no practical wisdom He failed to perform his first duty by neglecting the governance of his state and gave an opportunity to his wicked brother to undermine his throne He was thus driven from his home and thrown in a leaky boat with his weeping daughter to drift in the perilous seas It is only the thought of his little child that kept him aliveThe Development of Prosperorsquos CharacterThe development of his character is evident from the contrast between what he was before his banishment and what he is now in the island Formerly when his ldquolibrary was dukedom enoughrdquo he was altogether too unsuspecting Now he is watchful as providence and takes care to guard himself against the possibility of evil He has learnt to know human nature in its worst forms even Caliban has taught him something He will no longer put his trust in appearance except as ldquostale to catch thievesrdquo nor in oaths of which the strongest he says ldquoare straw to the fire irsquo the bloodrdquo He who once neglected worldly ends now consistently asserts his dignity enforces obedience and deals out justice with impartial hand He who without a thought of evil gave his power and his revenues into his brotherrsquos hands now puts Ferdinand to the severest test as a trial of his love before entrusting his daughter to him He makes the most practical use imaginable of his magic art exacts prompt servitudefrom his attendants does not hesitate to punish them is resolved and firm and knows how to seize the proper moment for action He is a most careful father to his daughter a considerate master of Ariel severe against the brutal Caliban humane towards the repentant enemies full of experience and wisdomThe Exercise of his Power ndash his SternnessWhat appears to us at the first sight one of the least pleasing features of Prosperorsquos character is the sternness which he frequently displays more particularly in his dealings with Caliban His harshness towards Caliban resulted from the failure of gentler methods his severity towards Ferdinand was exercised in the interest of his daughter ldquolest too light winning make the prize lightrdquo and his punishment of Alonso Sebastian and Antonio is justified by the attainment of his objectiveProsperorsquos TendernessThe tender side of Prosperorsquos character is exhibited in his relation to Miranda Ariel Gonzalo and the repentant sinners His love for Miranda is unbounded She was almost life to him In his darkest hours of trial this love sustained him and gave him strength to put a bold front to suffering He addresses her always with tenderness She is to him a lsquoloved darlingrsquo lsquodear heartrsquo lsquoa rich giftrsquo lsquoa third of his own lifersquo The same affectionate nature is shown in his dealing with his brother Antonio He loved his brother Antonio only next to Miranda before Antonio conspired against him In the island when Antonio is brought before him he forgives him
readily To Gonzalo the good old councilor he is all affection He sheds tears of joy and gratitude when he meets him in the island To Ariel he is a loving and considerable master Ariel is always to him ldquomy brave spiritrdquo ldquofine spiritrdquo ldquodelicate Arielrdquo ldquomy Arielrdquo etc When he promises Ariel his freedom he says with real emotion ndash ldquoI shall miss theerdquoProsperorsquos Power as a MagicianThe practice of magic has placed wonderful powers in the hands of Prospero He uses his supernatural powers like a god only to bring about the happiest results He causes The Tempest and the shipwreck only to bring his enemies within his power and not to destroy them Not a soul perished in the storm He leads Ferdinand to Miranda his high charms work and as he wishes the two falls in love He frustrates the plots of the conspirators and makes them know that he was conscious of it He drives Sebastian and Alonso to sincere repentance and readily forgives them The drunken associates of Caliban are no doubt sternly treated but even then they are promised conditional pardon The whole play at last ends in reconciliation joy and peace The wrongs are set right the lovers are made happy Ariel is set free and thus the powerful magician retires into the solitude of his study at MilanProsperorsquos ForgivenessAllied to his wisdom is his forgiving nature Though deeply wronged he bears no spite against the wrong-doers Though his power is unlimited he uses it to noble purposes The lesson of adversity has taught him that ldquoThe rarer action is in virtue than in vengeancerdquoProspero does not debase his noble nature by revenge but forgives his enemies absolutely He drives his erstwhile enemies to a sincere penitence for their past misdeeds and when repentance has wrought its full effect on them he receives them into his arms and is reconciled to them Is Prospero perfectProspero creates a great impression upon our minds by his dignity his nobility the divine spirit of forgiveness in him his generous and sympathetic nature etc Even with all these virtues we cannot call him perfect We perceive certain faults in him He displays an occasional impatience irritability and even a certain harshness of feeling His severe treatment of Caliban might have been justified but the language in which he addresses the monster and the threats that he uses show him to be a kind of tyrant On learning of Calibanrsquos plot against his life he is as violently disturbed and agitated as any ordinary human being would be His manner towards Ariel when the latter demands his liberty also seems somewhat arbitrary and tyrannicalSubject ndashBiology Topic ndashChapter -5 Inheritance amp Variations Summary ExecutionToday we will discuss about NON-Mendelian Inheritance
NON_MENDELIAN INHERITANCE Incomplete Dominance It is an inheritance in which heterozygous offspring shows
intermediate character between two parental characteristics Eg Flower colour in snapdragon (dog flower or Antirrhinum sp) and
Mirabilis jalapa ( 4rsquoO clock plant) Here phenotypic and genotypic ratios are same Phenotypic Ratio 1Red 2 Pink 1 White Genotypic Ratio 1(RR) 2 (Rr) 1(rr) This means that R was not completely dominant over r Pea plants also show incomplete dominance in other traits
Co- dominance It is the inheritance in which both alleles of a gene are expressed in a
hybrid Eg ABO blood grouping in human ABO Blood groups are controlled by the gene I The plasma membrane of the RBC has sugar polymer that protrude
from its surface and is controlled By the gene The gene I has three alleles IA IB i The alleles IA and IB produce a slightly different form of the sugar
while allele i does not produce any sugar In AB blood group both IA and IB are present together This is co ndash
dominanceMultiple Alleles
Multiple alternatives of the same gene which influence the same character and produce different expressions in different individuals of a species or population same genes have more than two allelic
forms These different forms of a single gene are referred as multiple alleles Eg human Blood group
Ac-12 250620 Topic- retirement
Illustration Om Jai and Jagdish are partners sharing profit in the ratio of 3 2 l Their balance sheet as at December 31st 2014 is as under
Balance sheet as at December 31 2014
Liabilities Amount Assets Amount
(Rs`) (Rs`)
Creditors 80000 Building 180000 Bills Payable 26000 Plant 140000 General reserve 24000 Motor Car 40000 Capital Stock 100000 Om 160000 Debtors 63000 Jai 120000 Less Provision Jagdish 120000
400000 for Bad debts 3000
60000 Cash at Bank 10000
530000 530000
Jai retires on that date on the following terms(a) The Goodwill of the firm is valued at Rs 60000(b) Stock and Building to be appreciated by 10(c) Plant is depreciated by 10(d) Provision for Bad debts is increased upto Rs 5000(e) Jairsquos share of goodwill was adjusted through remaining partners capital accountThe amount due to Jai is paid out of the fund brought in by Om and Jagdish in theirnew profit sharing ratio Jai is paid full amountPrepare Revaluation Account and Partnerrsquos Capital account
Solution WorkingsIt is assumed that Om and Jagdish gaining ratio remains 3 lJairsquo Share of goodwill = Rs 60000 times 26 = Rs20000Adjusted through the remaining partners capital account in 3 1 ratio
Revaluation Account
Dr Cr
Particulars Amount Particulars Amount
(Rs`) (`Rs)
To Provision for Bad debts 2000 By Stock 10000TO Plant 14000 By Building 18000To Profit transferred toCapital Accounts Om 6000 Jai 4000 Jagdish 2000
12000
28000 28000
Capital AccountDr Cr Particulars Om Jai Jagdish Particulars Om Jai Jagdish
(Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (rs`) (`Rs)
To Capital 15000 mdash 5000 By Balance bd 160000 120000 120000 ToBank 152000 By General Reserve 12000 8000 4000To Balance cd 277000 mdash 159000 By Revaluation (Profit) 6000 4000 2000 By Om Capital mdash 15000 mdash ByJagdish Capital mdash 5000 By Bank 114000 38000
292000 152000 164000 292000 152000 164000
before choosing
The inscription on the leaden casket says ldquoWho chooseth me must give and hazard all he hathrdquo The Prince was shocked and says as to why anyone should risk for the sake of lead The leaden casket is a threat Nobody would risk all they have for lead He says that no noble person would stoop to choose such a worthless thing as lead So he will not give nor risk anything for lead
The Prince then examines the inscription on the silver casket which says ldquoWho chooseth me shall get as much as he deservesrdquo The Prince says that he deserves Portia more than anybody else because of his high rank his noble birth and his great wealth and power But then he argues that silver is ten times inferior to gold and therefore he cannot believe that the portrait of such a beautiful lady as Portia can be contained in the silver casket He decides to see the inscription on the golden casket before making his decision
choice What reason does he give to Portia for leaving in haste
The Prince of Morocco chooses the golden casket and on opening it finds a human skull within whose hollow eye-socket was a scroll or a roll of paper in which it is written that those who are attracted by the glittering outside of things are always deceived as Morocco has been deceived
Morocco says he is moved and that he does not want to make his departure a painstaking process and he wants to leave immediately without revealing his emotions He should also obey the rule of the game which states the one who loses the test should leave immediately
(v) How does Portia respond to Moroccorsquos parting words What does this reveal of her nature
Portia is relieved that Morocco has left without making any scene It was a gentle riddance and all like him should go in a similar manner This shows that Portia has a kind heart and does not want anyone to he hurt Her love for Bassanio over-rides her passion that makes her wish that only he should be able to make the right choice At the same time like a dutiful daughter she does not want to disrespect her fatherrsquos wishes Hence she is willing to go through the casket injunctions
(2) (Act II Sc 7 L 15-35)
MOROCCO helliphelliphelliphelliphellip
What says this leaden casket Who chooseth me must give and hazard all he hath Must givemdashFor what for lead hazard for leadThis casket threatens Men that hazard allDo it in hope of fair advantagesA golden mind stoops not to shows of drossIll then nor give nor hazard aught for leadWhat says the silver with her virgin hueWho chooseth me shall get as much as he deservesAs much as he deservesmdashPause there MoroccoAnd weigh thy value with an even handIf thou best rated by thy estimationThou dost deserve enough and yet enoughMay not extend so far as to the ladyAnd yet to be afeard of my deservingWere but a weak disabling of myselfAs much as I deservemdashWhy thats the ladyI do in birth deserve her and in fortunesIn graces and in qualities of breeding
But more than these in love I do deserveWhat if I strayed no further but chose here
(i) What does the Prince of Morocco do before making his selection What does his comment reflect How does he analyse the inscription of the leaden casket and what is his interpretation
The Prince of Morocco surveys the three caskets before making his selection His comments reflect his thinking and attitude on life and things He comes to the lead casket and reads the inscription on it His interpretation which reflects his own character is that the inscription threatens because no one will be prepared to risk or sacrifice all one has for such a base thing as lead
(ii) What does the Prince of Morocco think of the leaden casket and why does he decide to reject the leaden casket
The Prince of Morocco thinks that when people risk anything they do so in order to gain something precious A person of royal ways will not bend so low as to be impressed by such an ordinary thing as lead Therefore he decides that he will not take any risk for a worthless thing like lead and rejects the lead casket
(iii) What does the Prince think while analyzing and interpreting the inscription of the silver casket
The Prince of Morocco analyses the inscription on the silver casket which runs thus ldquoWho chooseth me shall get as much as he deservesrdquo When he reads the inscription he bids himself to stop and ponder over the interpretation He asks himself to evaluate his worth objectively and impartially He says that if he is assessed on the basis of the opinion of people he deserves much But even this may not be sufficient to deserve to win Portia who is so virtuous and worthy
(iv) What promise does the silver casket make What self-assessment does the Prince make
The silver casket promises the reward according to the worth of the chooser The Prince makes a self-assessment and concludes that in all fairness he deserves to get Portia He thinks that he is a royal Prince by birth and so he deserves her by the right of his birth
Portia is very rich and so the Prince deserves her by this also The Prince deserves because he is also extremely handsome as most of the beautiful maidens of his kingdom covet him He is valiant and virtuous also So in his opinion he is the most suitable and deserving candidate for Portiarsquos hand
(v) Over which casket does the Prince ponder a long time What intrigue him In what way does he deserve Portia
Morocco reviews the inscriptions again and rejects the lead casket as being not worth the high stakes for which he gambles He ponders a long time over the silver casket The words ldquoget as much as he deservesrdquo intrigue him He is quite sure that he deserves Portia He deserves her in birth fortune grace qualities of breeding and most of all love
Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution EVS Ch ndash4 Managing
soil and land
Today we will discuss about mechanical practices of soil conservation
A few mechanical measures of soil conservation arei) Basin leaching In this method a number of small basins (water reservoirs) are made These collect and retain rain water for a long period and also catch and stabilize downwardly moving soils of the slopes
ii) Pan breaking by breaking of pan ( a hard sheet of clay a few feet below the surface ) drainage and percolation of rain water is improved and soil is saved from residual run-off and erosion
iii) Sub-soiling Soil is broken into fine grains to increase its absorptive capacity
iv) Contour terracing terraces are labeled areas constructed at right angles to the slope to reduce soil erosion
v) Contour trenching This method involves making a series of deep pits or trenches across the slope at convenient distance The soil excavated from the trenches is deposited along the lower edge in the form of bund On the ridges tree seeds are shown
vi) Terrace outlets To conserve soil pipe outlets are made which are thickly covered by grasses
vii) Digging of ponds and reservoirs to store water
viii) Stream bank protection To protect banks of rivers and channels construction of stone or concrete protective walls or planting of trees should be undertaken
Commercial Studies
Chapter- Banking Let us today discuss about theMeaning of Commercial BankFunctions of Commercial Banks
Commercial Banks are those banks which perform all kinds of banking functions such as accepting deposits advancing loans credit creation and
Question1 What do you mean by
Commercial BankAnswer) Commercial Banks are those banks which perform all kinds of banking functions such as accepting deposits advancing loans credit creation and agency functions
agency functions
Functions of Commercial BanksCommercial banks perform a variety of functions which can be divided as (1) Accepting Deposits (2) Advancing Loans (3) Credit Creation (4) Financing Foreign Trade(5) Agency Services (6) Miscellaneous Services To Customers
2 Explain the various functions of Commercial Bank
Answer) Following are the various functions of Commercial Banks
1 Accepting Deposits This is the oldest function of a bank and the banker used to charge a commission for keeping the money in its custody when banking was developing as an institution Nowadays a bank accepts three kinds of deposits from its customers The first is the savings deposits on which the bank pays small interest to the depositors who are usually small savers
2 Advancing LoansOne of primary functions of commercial banks is to advance loans to its customers A bank lends a certain percentage of the cash lying in deposits on a higher interest rate than it pays on such deposits This is how it earns profits and carries on its business 3 Credit CreationCredit creation is one of the most important functions of the commercial banks Like other financial institutions they aim at earning profits For this purpose they accept deposits and advance loans by keeping small cash in reserve for day-to-day transactions When a bank advances a loan it opens and account in the name of the customer and does not pay him in cash but allows him to draw the money by cheque according to his needs By granting a loan the bank creates credit or deposit4 Financing ForeignTrade commercial bank finances foreign trade of its customers by accepting foreign bills of exchange and collecting them from foreign banks It also transacts other foreign exchange business and buys and sells foreign currency5 Agency ServicesA bank acts as an agent of its customers in collecting and paying cheques bills of exchange drafts dividends etc It also buys and sells
shares securities debentures etc for it customers Further it pays subscriptions insurance premium rent electric and water bills and other similar charges on behalf of its clients It also acts as a trustee and executor of the property and will of its customers Moreover the bank acts as an income tax consultant to its clients For some of these services the bank charges a normal fee while it renders others free of charge6 Miscellaneous ServicesBesides the above noted services the commercial bank performs a number of other services It acts as the custodian of the valuables of its customers by providing them lockers where they can keep their jewellery and valuable documents It issues various forms of credit instruments such as cheques drafts travellers cheques etc which facilitate transactions
Bengali হিবপরীতশবদ করণেয়কটি হিবপরীত শবদ গদওয়া ল1)সজীব = হি3জsব 2)শরদধা= ঘা 3)আকষ = হিবকষ4)সধবা = হিবধবা 5)উৎস = গা3া 6)অ = অ37)জয় = পরাজয় 8)তাপ = হৈশত যয 9)হি3ltা = পরশংসা10)াদা = অদা 11)রহিসক = গবরহিসক 12) অনতর = বাহির13)অহিতবষটি = অ3াবষটি 14)পরত যযi = পরণেরাi 15)3াবালক = সাবালক
Hindi 2nd lang नया रासता भा 5 अपन जीन की परिरसथिगितयो स गिश होकर मीन क हदय म कई बार हीन भाना
और जीन की कडाहट अनभ हईपरत ह दढता और साहस की मरतित थी ह
अपन जीन को वयथ नही होन दना चाहती थी बचपन स ही उसकी कील बनन की
इचछा थी आज मीन की लन उस और दखकर माता- गिपता न उस कालत करन की
आजञा द दी मीन न मरठ म दाखिखला ल लिलया उसक हरदय म कछ बनन और कछ
कर दिदखान की इचछा थी उसक गिचार स चारो और पस का ही बोलबाला हहॉसटल
की कलपना करत ही ह लिसहर उठती थी उसन अपन लिलए नए नए कपड बनाए पहली बार हॉसटल जान का चा थाआखिखर
ह दिदन आ ही या जब उस हॉसटल जाना था पहली बार ह अपन घर स अल हो
रही थी हॉसटल पहच कर कछ दिदनो तक उसका मन नही ला बचपन की घटनाए
एक- एक करक उसक समतपटल पर उतर ई ह अपनी ककषा म हमशा परथम आती
थी 2 दिदन बाद गिपताजी मीन स मिमलन आए मा न काफी चीज उसक लिलए बनाकर
भजी थी गिपताजी स मिमलकर ह बहत खश
1 ह सय की दढता साहस की मरतित थी
परशन1 लखिखका मीन को दढता साहस
की मरतित कयो कह रही ह 2 गिाह क अलाा मीन क जीन
का कया लकषय था 3 मीन समाज क झठ आरण को
हटाकर सतय दिदखाना चाहती ह सपषट कीजिजए
4 परसतत पलि[यो का भा सपषट अपन शबदो म लिलखिखए
उततरndash1 मीन म समाज स लडन की शलि[ ह
ह समाज म फली बराइयो क सामन ढढता स जमी हई ह ह साहस क साथ अपन उलिचत गिनणय
पर सथिर रहती ह जिजदी क उतार चढा सा घबरा टी नही ह बलकिलक साहस स काम लती ह इनही कारणो स लखिखका न उस ढढता
और साहस की मरतित कहा ह2 मरठ ालो न जब उसका रिरशता
ठकरा दिदया तो उसन गिनशचय कर लिलया गिक ह अपन परो पर खडी होी और समाज को दिदखा दी की नारी अबला नही ह उसन अपना
हई करीब 1 घटा रक कर गिपताजी चल ए लकषय बना लिलया गिक ह एलएलबी करक कील बनी
3 समाज म नारी क ऊपर अबला आशरीता का आरण पडा हआ ह
मीन समाज क दवारा होत हए इस आरण को हटाकर यह सतय परमाणिणत करना चाहती ह गिक आज
की नारी अबला नही ह और ना ही गिकसी क हाथ की कठपतली ह
4 लखिखका न मीन क बार म कहा गिक ह सय घटा और साहस की मरतित
ह ह अपन न हम ध और मसीबत म साहस का परिरचय दती हउतार
चढा को हर इसान क जीन म आत ही रहत ह उनको साधारण रप
स ही लना चागिहए अपन गिाह क मामल म उसन साहस स काम
लिलया और गिाह क बार म सोचना छोड दिदया मीन क सामन अभी बहत लबी जिजदी पडी ह इसलिलए उसन समय का महत समझा और
एक कषण भी वयथ ना करन का गिनशचय गिकया
Mathematics(x) Algebra Quadratic Equation in one variable
Study Item Some solved sums from exercise- 539)Solve for x 2(2x ndash 1 )(x+3) ndash 3 (x + 3)(2x ndash 1 ) = 5 x -3 frac12Solution Let (2x ndash 1)(x + 3) = y then we get2(y) ndash 3( 1y) = 50r 2y ndash 3y = 5Or 2y2 ndash 3 = 5y [multiplying both side by y we get]0r 2y2 ndash 5y ndash 3 = 0Now comparing the above equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0 we geta=2 b = - 5 and c = - 3Therefore y = -(- 5 )plusmnradic((-5)sup2-4(2)(-3))2(2) = 5 plusmnradic( 25 + 24)4 = 5plusmn radic(49)4 = (5 plusmn 7)4= (5+7)4 (5 ndash 7)4= 124 -24= 3 - 12Therefore y = 3 (2x ndash 1)( x + 3) = 3 2x ndash 1 = 3x + 9 3x - 2x = - 10 x= - 10Or y = - frac12 ( 2x ndash 1)(x + 3) = - frac124x ndash 2 = - x ndash 3 4x+x = - 3 + 2 5x = - 1 x= - 15Hence the roots of the given equation are - 10 and ndash 1510)(i) x2 - 5x ndash10 =0Solution x2 ndash 5x ndash 10 = 0Comparing the above equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0 we get a=1 b = - 5 and c = - 10Therefore x = - (- 5)plusmnradic( -5)sup2- 4(1)(- 10)2(1) = 5 plusmn radic( 25 +40)2 = 5 plusmn radic(65 )2
= (5 plusmn 8bull06)2 = (5 + 8bull06)2 (5 ndash 8bull06)2 = 13bull062 - 3bull062= 6bull53 - 1bull5312) Solve the equation x ndash 18x = 6 Given your answer correct to two significant figureSolution x ndash18x = 6Or (x2 ndash 18 )x = 6Or x2ndash 18 = 6xOr x2 ndash 6x ndash18 = 0Comparing the above equation with ax2 + bc + c = 0 we gera= 1 b = - 6 and c = -18Therefore x = -(-6) plusmnradic(- (- 6)2 ndash 4(1)(- 18)2(1) = 6 plusmn radic( 36 + 72)2 = (6 plusmnradic( 108)2 =(6 plusmn 10bull39)2= 16bull392 - 4bull392= 8bull195 - 2bull195 asymp 8bull2 - 2bull2
Chemistry Chapter-2L-1Chemical Bonding
1) Chemical Bonding-
It is basically the force of attraction which holds the different types of atoms in a molecule together
Cause of Chemical Combination-
The main cause is the tendency of elements to acquire eight electrons in its outermost shell like that of noble gases other than Helium(He) So the atoms combine to acheive the nearest noble gas configuration of 8 electrons( or 2 electrons) in their outermost orbit and become stable
2) Ion-
It is a charged particle made from an atom by the loss or gain of electrons
There are 2 types of Ions They are-
a) Cations- It is formed by the loss of electrons eg - K+ Ca2+
Na+ etc
b) Anions- It is formed by the gain of electrons eg- Cl- O2- F- etc
Q Why do elements form Ions
A Atoms of all elements except those of noble gases have one to seven valence electrons and are not in a state of minimum energy Thus to acquire a state of minimum energy elements lose or gain electrons and form ions so that they acquire stable configuration (Duplet or Octet)
Q What is the Electronic Theory of Valency
A In 1916 Kossel and Lewis on the basis of octet rule of electrons described simply the electronic structure of molecules of many chemical compounds and elements Kossel mainly described the structure of ionic compounds formed by loss and gain of electrons and Lewis mainly described the structure of Covalent Compounds formed by mutual sharing of electron pair This is known as ELECTRONIC THEORY OF VALENCY proposed by Kossel and Lewis
Q What do you mean by Electropositive and Electronegative Elements
3) Types of Chemical Bond-3 types
A)ElectrovalentIonic Bond
B) Covalent Bond
C) Co-ordinate Dative Bond4) ELECTROVALENT IONIC BOND-
It is the electrostatic force of attraction between the opposite charged ions which holds them together
The chemical compounds formed as a result of electron transfer from one atom of an element to another are called IONIC or ELECTROVALENT COMPOUND
The number of electrons which an element loses or gains during the formation of an ionic bond is called its ELECTROVALENCY
Conditions for the formation of Ionic Compounds-
i Large electronegativity difference between the combining atoms
ii Low IP for one of the atoms from which the cation can be easily formed
iii High electron affinity for one of the atoms from which the anions can be easily formed
iv High Lattice Energy
A
1) Electropositive Elements- have the tendency to lose the electrons and form Cations
eg- Na K Fe -mostly metals
2) Electronegative Elements- have the tendency to gain the electrons and form Anions
eg- Cl F O - mostly Non-metals
Q Give the brief description about the formation of NaCl
A See your Text Book
Q Practise the two types of diagram of the formation of different ionic compound
A See your Text Book
English All Summer in a Answer the following questions-
literature Day 3) Why did the children hate herAns- The children sensed that Margot was different from them She hated the continuous rain while they were used to it She spoke only about the sun and they had no memory of it They hated her pale snow face her waiting silence her thinness and her possible future of going back to the Earth4) What is the it referred to by WilliamAns- The it referred to by William is the Sun which the scientists had predicted would shine for a short while that day5) What was Margot waiting for Why did William say it was a jokeAns- Margot was waiting to see the sun predicted to shine that day for a short while William did not want her to have the joy of seeing the sun
Geography Water Resources SOURCES OF WATER SURFACE WATER AND GROUNDWATER Earth is known as the Blue Planet because 71 per cent of the Earths surface is covered with water Wateralso exists below land surface and as water vapour in the air Water is not added or removed from the environment it simply changes state and location This constant movement of water throughout our environment is called the hydrological cycle or water cycle Earth cleans and replenishes the water supply through the hydrologic cycle Groundwater exists in an aquifer or
underground layer of permeable rock sediment (usually sand or gravel) or soil that yields water
Aquifers are like underground reservoirs of water
SURFACE WATER The visible bodies of water are referred to as surface water Surface waters can be simply described as the water that is on the surface of the Earth This includes the oceans rivers and streams lakes and reservoirs Surface waters are very important Rivers and streams constitute the flowing surface waters Surface water canbe captured for a variety of biospheric and humanusesRunoff During heavy precipitation water cannot infiltrate into the ground It flows on the surface of the ground and called as runoff
GROUNDWATER Groundwater is detained as water that is found beneath the surface of the Earth in conditions of100 per
Q1 Why the Earth is called as Blue PlanetA1 Earth is known as the Blue Planet because 71 per cent of the Earths surface is covered with water
Q2 Define hydrological cycleA2 Water is not added or removed from the environment it simply changes state and location This constant movement of water throughout our environment is called the hydrological cycle or water cycle Earth cleans and replenishes the water supply through the hydrologic cycle
Q3 What is AquifersA3 Aquifers are like underground reservoirs of water
Q4 Why there is a shortage of fresh waterA4 Although the earth has an abundance of water but unfortunately there is a shortage of fresh water because 997 per cent of it occupied by oceans soils icecaps and floating in the atmosphere and rest 03 percent can use for daily uses
cent saturation (if it is less than100 per cent saturation then the water is considered as soil moisture) Ninety-eight per cent of Earths available fresh water is groundwater It is about60 times as plentiful as the fresh water found in lakes and streams Water in the ground travels through pores in soil and rock and in fractures and weathered areas of bed rockThe majority of fresh water is therefore found under ground as soil moisture and in aquifers
Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 88 to 126 (Portia helliphellip Such as the day is when the sun is hid) [Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]
Summary Questions amp Answerso Launcelot then arrives and informs
Lorenzo that Bassanio will also be arriving soon Both Lorenzo and Jessica return to the house and ask Stephano to order the family musicians to play music in order to extend a fitting welcome to Portia
o Portia and Nerissa dressed in their normal self return home and enter the building Lorenzo recognizes Portias voice and comes to greet her She orders the servants to pretend as if she had never left and asks Lorenzo and Jessica to do the same
o Soon thereafter Bassanio Gratiano and Antonio arrive
(1) PORTIA That light we see is burning in my hall (L 89-101)
How far that little candle throws his beams So shines a good deed in a
naughty worldNERISSA When the moon shone we did not see the candlePORTIA So doth the greater glory dim the less
A substitute shines brightly as a king
Unto the king be by and then his state
Empties itself as doth an inland brook
Into the main of waters Music hark
NERISSA It is your music madam of the housePORTIA Nothing is good I see without respect
Methinks it sounds much sweeter than by day
NERISSA Silence bestows that virtue on it madam
(i) Where are Lorenzo and Jessica sitting What message have they received What are they doing
Lorenzo and Jessica are sitting in Portiarsquos house in Belmont They have just received the message informing them of the arrival of Portia and Bassanio separately They are waiting for their arrivals and enjoying the beauty of the moonlight night(ii) In which mood is Lorenzo found after Stephanorsquos departure
After Stephanorsquos departure Lorenzo reverts to his romantic mood He is carried away by the magic of the loveliness of the moonlight He draws Jessicarsquos attention and says that the moonlight is sleeping beautifully on the raised ground He says that they will sit there and enjoy the sweetness of the gentle
music which will shortly creep into their ears very softly(iii) Why has Lorenzo sent Stephano What kind of man is he who does not appreciate the sweet harmony of sounds
Lorenzo has sent Stephano to instruct the musicians to play soft music to welcome Portia home Lorenzo tells that the
tranquility and the beautiful night suit the sweet music Praising the ennobling (M lend greater dignity) effect of music Lorenzo tells Jessica that the person who has no music in him and does not appreciate the sweet harmony of sounds is a dangerous person and so should be watched very carefully(iv) Who are returning to Belmont What does Nerissa remark on seeing the light of the house
Portia and Nerissa are returning to Belmont after successfully conducting Antoniorsquos trial in Venice as the lawyer and the clerk respectively When they are near their home Nerissa seeing the light of the house remarks that they did not see this light of this candle when the moon was shining(v) What does Portia comment on Nerissarsquos observation Commenting on Nerissarsquos observation Portia says that the lesser glory becomes insignificant before the greater glory She adds that the kingrsquos representative assumes great splendor and authority when the king himself is not near But before the real king the substitute becomes devoid of all splendor and
authority as the big rivers lose their identity after emptying into the vast sea
SUBJECT PHYSICS [TOPIC FORCE]Answer the following questions ( ICSE questions of previous years from chapter FORCE)
1 Write the position of centre of mass for the following bodies(i) A circular ring (ii) A cylinder(iii) A hollow sphere (iv) A triangular lamina
2 Explain why screw drivers are provided with longer handles3 Compare the magnitude and direction of centripetal force and centrifugal force4 How does uniform circular motion differ from uniform linear motion5 Why is the motion of a body moving with a constant speed around a circular path is said to be
accelerated6 A brass ball is hanging from a cotton thread Draw a neat labeled diagram showing the force acting
on the brass ball and the cotton thread 7 Define moment of force Write the relationship between the SI and CGS unit of moment of force8 Define couple State the SI unit of moment of couple9 A uniform half meter scale balanced horizontally on a knife edge at 29 cm mark when a weight of 20
gmf is suspended from one end(i) Draw the diagram of the arrangementWhat is the weight of the half meter rule
ECO-10 250620 Topic-Supply Analysis
MEANING OF SUPPLYSupply a commodity by a firm or seller may be defined as the quantity of a commodity that a firm or seller offers for sale at a given price during a given time period But the actual sale of the commodity may be different from its supply For example a farmer (produced of wheat) is willing to sell 50 quintals of wheat at a price of ` 15 per kg but he is able to sell only 30 quintals at this price So this case the supply of wheat is 50 quintals but the actual sale is 30 quintals So these two concepts should not be confused with each other Like demand supply also has three elements The definition of supply include (i) the quantity of the commodity that a firm is willing to supply (ii) the price at which it is willing to supply that quantity and (iii) the time period during which it is willing to supply that quantity
FACTORS DETERMINING SUPPLY OR DETERMINANTS OF SUPPLY OF A GOOD
The main determinant of supply is the price of the commodity But the cost of production of a commodity is an important factor in determining profit maximized on output of a firm The cost of production depends on the prices of various inputs like raw material wages of workers interest of capital rent of building etc The supply of a commodity also depends on the technology used in the production of the commodity and many other factors The main factors determining supply of a commodity are(i) Price of the commodity(ii) Price of other related good(iii) Price of inputsfactors(iv) Taxation policy of government(v) Objective of the firm(i) Price of the commodity Other factors determining supply remaining constant there is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity It means the quantity supplied of a commodity increases with rise in price and decreases with fall in price of the commodity More quantity of a commodity is supplied at a higher price and less quantity is supplied at a lower price For example a seller of tomatoes is willing to sell 100 kgs of tomatoes at a price of ` 40 per keg and only 50 kgs at a price of ` 20 per kg Due to this direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity the supply curve has a positive slope Supply curve is upward sloping to the right(ii) Price of other related goods Supply of a commodity is also influenced by the change in the price of other related goods With the help of given resources we can produce several goods by using the same technology This helps the firm to diversify and tide over fluctuations in demand For example a farmer can produce either pulses or food grains by using the resources If the price of pulses increases it becomes more profitable for him to make more production of pulses So he will divert some resources from the production of food grains to the production of pulses The production of pulses will increase and that of food grains will decrease So the supply of pulses will increase if the price of pulses increases and the supply of food grain will decrease at the same price reverse will happen if the price of food grains increases(iii) Price of inputsfactors Change in the price of inputs like raw material wage rent or interest also influences the supply of a commodity For example in the production of cloth cotton is the main raw material If the price of cotton increases the cost of production of cloth will increase At the same price the margin of profit will decrease So the producer will decrease the supply of cloth at the same price On the other hand if the price of cotton falls the cost of production per unit of cloth will decrease and hence the supply of cloth will increase The price of other inputs will also influence the supply of a good in the same manner(iv) Technology of production an improvement in the technology of production of a commodity decreases the per unit cost of the commodity The margin of profit will increase at the same price So the supply of a commodity will increase with improvement in technology of production at the same price On the other hand if a firm uses absolute technology of production the cost of production per unit of the commodity will increase The margin of profit will decrease so the firm will decrease its supply at the same price This is the main reason that the firms are trying to use better technology of production because it not only reduces the cost of production per unit but also improves the quality of the product(v) Taxation policy of government If the government reduces the excise duty or the production of a commodity the cost of production per unit of the commodity will decrease the margin of profit will increase at the same price so the producer of the commodity will increase its supply It happens when the government wants to increase the production of the commodity On the other hand to discourage the production of some harmful goods like cigarettes liquor etc the government increases the rate of excise duty on the production of such goods So the cost of production per unit of the commodity increases and the supply of such commodities decreases(vi) Objective of the firm The objective of the producer also influences the supply of a commodity Generally the objective of a producer is get maximize his profits Profits are maximized at a higher price So he increases the supply of a commodity at a higher price and decreases its supply at a lower price But sometimes the producer may be in maximizing his sales and not in maximizing his profits as he wants to capture the market In that case he goes on increasing the supply so long his target is not achieved can profit is not adversely affected He may increase the supply at the same price to any extent
SUPPLY FUNCTION
When the relationship between quantity supplied and the determinants of supplied is expressed mathematically in an equation it is called a supply function So a supply function can be expressed asSn = f(Pn Pr Pf T Tr G)where Sn = Supply of commodity nPn = Price of the commodity nPr = Price of other related goodsPf = Price of inputsfactors
T = Technology of productionTr = Government policy or tax rateG = Goal or objective of the producer
Typically supply function shows the relationship between price and quantity supplied keeping all other determinants of supply as constant It shows the amount of a good that a seller supplies at different levels of price
LAW OF SUPPLYThe law of supply depicts the relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity when all other determinants of supply remain constant This law states that there is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity other factors determining supply remaining constant It means quantity supplied of a commodity increases with increase in price and decreases with decrease in price
Assumptions of the law of supplyThe phrase other determinants of supply remaining constant in the law of supply shows the assumptions of the law of supply The mains factors which influence the supply of a commodity one price of the commodity price of other related goods price of inputs technology of production taxation policy of the government and objective of the firm etc The law of supply is based on the assumptions that all these factors determining supply except price of the commodity should remain constant The following are the main assumptions of the law of supply(i) Price of other related goods should remain the same(ii) There should be no change in the price of inputs (factors)(iii) Technology of production should not change(iv) There is no change in the taxation policy of the government(v) Objective of the firm should not changeThe law of supply is based on the assumptions that the supply of commodity changes only due to change in price when all other determinant of supply remain constantClass XISubject Topic Summary Execution EVS Chapter-2
Ecology Answer the following questions briefly Q Draw a neat labeled diagram of carbon cycleAnsndash
Mathematics Principle of Mathematical Induction
1) What is statement Ans A sentence which may be true or false is called statement eg i) 5 is greater than 3 ii) New Delhi is the capital of India iii) 5 divides 7 These all are statements We see that statement (i) amp (ii) are true but (iii) is false 2 What is Mathematical StatementAns Statement involving mathematical relations are called mathematical statement We shall use mathematical statement in principle of
Example If n be a positive integer show that n(n+1) is an even positive integer Solution Let P(n) be the statement n(n+1) is an even positive integer Then (i) P(1) is the statement 1(1+1) ie 2 is an even positive integer Therefore P(1) is true (ii) If P(m) is true for some positive integer m then m(m+1) is an even integer Now (m+1) [(m+1)+1]=(m+1)sup2+ (m+1) =msup2+2m+1+m+1=msup2+m+2m+2=m(m+1) +2(m+1) = an even integer + an even positive integer [Since P(m) is true and 2(m+1) is an even
mathematical induction 3 What is the use of Principle of mathematical inductionAns Sometimes it is difficult to prove a statement theorem or a formula by direct method In this case we use an indirect method known as the Principle of mathematical induction There are two steps in this processSTEP 1 Varify that the statement or formula is true for one or two particular values of n say for n=1 2STEP 2 Assuming that the statement or formula is true for n=m where m is any positive integer show that it is true for n=m+1Conclusion Since the statement is true for n=2 it is true for n=2+1 that is 3 and since it is true for n=3 it is true for n=3 + 1 that is 4 and so on Hence the statement or formula is true for all positive integral values of n
positive integer]= an even positive integer Therefore P(m+1) is true when P(m) is true Therefore By the principle of Mathematical Induction P(n) is true for all positive integral values of n Hence n(n+1) is an even positive integer
Hindi 2ndlang एक फल की चाह 5 दख रहा था जस सो सथिर हो नही बठती थी कषण भर हाय ही चपचाप पडी थी अटल शागित शी धारण कर सनना यही चाहता था म उस सय ही
उकसा करमझको दी क परसाद का एक फल ही दो लाकर
शबदाथ ससथिर - परी तरह ठहरी हई अटल- पकका
उकसाकर - पररणा दकर
वयाखयाndash उपय[ पलि[यो म कगि सखिखया की ददशा का णन कर रहा ह जो उनक गिपता दवारा वय[ गिकया या ह अपनी बटी सखिखया कीददशा का
गितरण करत हए गिपता कहता ह गिक म अपनी आखो क सामन दख रहा था गिक मरी बटी जो पल भर क लिलए दिटककर नही बठती थी ह अब सथिर शात मरतित की तरह पढी थी अब म ह बार- बार इस बात क लिलए पररिरत कर रहा
था गिक ह मझ गिफर स ही शबद कह गिपताजी मझ दी क परसाद का एक फल लाकर दो
6 ऊच शल लिशखर क ऊपर मदिदर था गिसतीणर गिशाल सण कलशसरलिसज गिहलिसत थ पाकरसमदिदत रगि कर जाल दीप धल स अचछदिदत था मदिदर का
आन सारा ज रही थी भीतर बाहर मखरिरत उतस की धारा
शबदाथ - शल लिशखर- पहाड की ऊची चोटी
सतीणर - फला हआ
सण कलश - कमल क समान सदर सोन का कलश मखरिरत - परकट समदिदत - अचछी परकार खिखला हआ रगि कर जाल - सय की गिकरणो का समह
वयाखया- परसतत पलि[या म कगि न मदिदर की सदरता का णन गिकया ह कहत ह गिक मझ पहाड की चोटी पर एक गिलिशषट और गिशालमश था उसक
सोन क कलश सय की गिकरणो म चमकत हए ऐस परतीत हो रह थ जस सय की खिखली हईगिकरणो क ाा सपशपाकर सनहर कमल खिखल उठ हो मदिदर का
आन धप दीप की सध स भरा हआ था मदिदर क अदर और बाहर मनाए जा रह उसकी परसननता की ज सनाई द रही थी
Bengali (2nd language)
কোনি মনি নদী পরথম অধযোয়
হি_তীয় হিদরণে3র পাঠ-
হিবষটবাব গলাকটির কায় গররণে কা বলরণেত পাররণে0 3া শধ গচাখ হিদরণেয় রা পরকাশ করহি0ল কা বলরণেত বলরণেত গলাকটি পাঞজাহিব লহিn খরণেল জ কররণেত শর করল তাই গদরণেখ হিবষটবাব ত2মভ রণেয় গল চাটি ারার 2হিnরণেত গলাকটি হিবষটবাবর হিদরণেক এরণোরণেল হিতহি3 াা 3ীচ করণের 3াহিরণেয় গ33 হিদ গলাকটি হিবষটবাবরণেক চাটিরণেয় ায় তারণেল হিতহি3 তাাতাহিউরণেঠ গলাকটিরণেক ধররণেত পাররণেব3 3া কার তার শরীরণেরর ওজরণে3র জ3য এই শরণে3 হিবষটবাব বরণে3া গারণেষর ত গতরণেZরণে উরণেঠ দাাল তারণেত গলাকটি দাহিরণেয় শরীরটারণেক একট দহিলরণেয় হি3ল এই সব শরণে3 হিবষট ধর চপ করণের রইল শধ lsquoগঘাৎrsquo করণের একটা শবদ করল গলাকটি হিসহি হিদরণেয় ওঠা3াা কররণে0 গদরণেখ হিবষটবাব খাহি3কটা হিদরণেশারা রণেয় গলহিবষটবাবর গচারণেখ রারণের বদরণেল এখ3 গকৌতল হিতহি3 বরণেল3 ldquoখাওায় আার গলা2 গ3ই Uায়টিং কহিরrdquo হিকনত হিতহি3 কতটা Uায়টিং করণের তা তার শরীর আর খাবারণেরর তাহিলকা গদরণেখ গলাকটি বরণে= গল গলাকটি এহিরণেয় হিরণেয় হিবষটবাবর 2হিরণেত াত বহিলরণেয় হিদরণেল গস আরা অ32ব করণের3 এবং হিপহি0রণেয় া3 গলাকটি হিবষটবাবর সারণে3 তার শরীরণেরর কসরত পরদশ3 কররণেল হিবষটবাব রণে3 রণে3 হিব হিব করণের বরণেল3 হিতহি3ও গরাা রণেত চা3 গসই হরণেত nা গরণেক আবার হিচৎকার গ2রণেস আরণেস lsquoগকা হি3 গকা হি3rsquo
ldquoকী রক Uায়টিংrdquo-ক)বকতা গককারণেক বলরণে0খ)Uায়টিং কার অ কী ) Uায়টিং করা বযহিকতর গচারার ব3া দাও ঘ) তার Uায়টিং এর ব3া দাও
উঃ- ক) আরণেলাচয অংশটি হিত3ltীর গলখা lsquoগকাহি3rsquo উপ3যাস গরণেক গ3ওয়া রণেয়রণে0 আরণেলাচয কাটি বকতা রণেল3 সাদা লহিnপরা ারণেয় গরয়া পাঞজাহিব ও কারণেধ রহিn3 বযা ওয়ালা হিiহিতশ হিসং হিতহি3 কাটি বরণেলরণে03 হিবষট ধররণেকখ) Uারণেয়টিং কার অ ল পহিরহিত খাদয গর অাৎ খাদয তাহিলকায় সসত খারণেদযর গ3াগ3 বজায় গররণেখ খাদয গর) হিবষট ধরণেরর গচারা হিবশাল ওজ3 পরায় হিত3 গদখরণেত জলহিসতর রণেতা সারা শরীরণের চহিব ল ল কররণে0 বয়স পরায় চহিশ হিবশাল 2হি উপ রণেয় শরণেল হিচৎ রণেত পারণের3া গকউ গঠরণেল হিদরণেল হিচৎ রণেত পারণের তারণেক কায় নধ াদ3 পবরণেতর সরণেn তল3া করা য়ঘ) হিবষট ধর গকৌতলী রণেয় বরণেল তার খাওয়ার গকা3 গলা2 গ3ই গস Uায়টিং করণের আরণে গস আধ হিকরণেলা হিiর গখত এখ3 গস হিত3রণেশা গরা হিiর খায় জল খাবারণের কহিটা লহিচ গখত এখ3 পরণে3রণেরাটা লহিচ খায় আাইরণেশা গরা চারণেলর 2াত খায় হিঘ খাওয়া গ0রণে হিদরণেয়রণে0 রারণেত াতর বারণেরাটা রটি খায় হিবরণেকরণেল দ-গলাস হি0হিরর জল সরণেn চাররণেট কা পারণেকর সরণেltশ বাহিরণেত রাধাকষণ আরণে0 বরণেল হিবষট ধর া0 াংস খায়3া আর তারণেত তার গকা3 গলা2 লালসা গ3ই
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 276 to 313 (Sebastian helliphellipIt struck mine ear most terribly)[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]
Summary Questions amp AnswersConspiracy of Antonio and Sebastian
o Antonio further suggests murder of Alonso and eventually Sebastian agrees
o They draw their swords and proceed to murder Alonso and Gonzalo who are sleeping
(1) (Act II Sc 2 L 277-291)ANTONIO Ay sir where lies that If rsquotwere a kibe
rsquoTwould put me to my slipper but I feel notThis deity in my bosom Twenty consciencesThat stand rsquotwixt me and Milan candied be they And melt ere they molest Here lies your brotherNo better than the earth he lies uponIf he were that which now hes likemdashthats deadWhom I with this obedient steel three inches of itCan lay to bed for ever (whiles you doing thus
o As they approach Ariel appears again and wakes up Gonzalo by singing a tune in his ear Alonso also wakes up and they see both Sebastian and Antonio with drawn swords On being caught off guard they make up a story saying that they had heard a bellowing of bulls or lions
IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED
(Act II Sc 1 L 277-281)ANTONIOAy sir where lies that If rsquotwere a kibersquoTwould put me to my slipper but I feel notThis deity in my bosom Twenty consciencesThat stand rsquotwixt me and Milan candied be they And melt ere they molest
In these lines Antonio speaks how he is a conscienceless villain In inciting Sebastian to the kingship of Naples by murdering his brother he quotes his own example He too had banished his brother and made himself the Duke of Milan This kingship now sits upon him like a well fittinggarment So will be the case of Sebastian Sebastian then questions Antonio if this foul deed did not prick his conscience To this Antonio replies like a hardened villain He laughs at the word lsquoconsciencersquo and says that he has never heard of anything like conscience A guilty conscience gave him no more pain that is chilblain (M a painful itching and swelling on hand and foot caused by exposure to extreme cold) A man can get rid of the pain of chilblain by wearing slippers instead of shoes so does Antonio get rid of the qualms (M an uneasy feeling of doubt worry or fear especially about onersquos conduct) of conscience very easily Even if he were troubled by twenty consciences that barred his way to the throne of Milan however frozen they might be he would melt them into insensibility before they could cause him to twinge
To the perpetual wink of aye might putThis ancient morsel this Sir Prudence whoShould not upbraid our course) - for all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour
(i) To whom does Antonio speak these lines Who is referred to as lsquoyour brotherrsquo What does Antonio mean by saying lsquoNo better than the earth he lies uponrsquo
These lines are spoken by Antonio to Sebastian King Alonso is referred to as Sebastianrsquos brother Indicating towards Alonso who is lying asleep on the ground Antonio tells Sebastian that here sleeps his brother and at this time he is no better than a clod of the earth on which he lies asleep Antonio means to say that if he were actually to become what he looks like he would be a dead body(ii) According to Antonio what would he do if he were at the place of Sebastian
Antonio says that if he were in the position of Sebastian he would not care even for twenty consciences in order to win the kingship of Naples He would rather forget all his consciences if they happen to trouble him at all (iii) What does Antonio suggest to Sebastian What does Antonio assure him
Antonio suggests to Sebastian that in a moment Sebastian can put to death Gonzalo who pretends to be a very wise man and who on that account rebukes others (particularly Antonio and Sebastian) whereas he (Antonio) himself can put Alonso to death with only three inches of his willing sword Antonio further assures Sebastian that by killing both of them there will be none left to oppose him and in this way every obstacle in his way will be removed
(iv) Explain the lines lsquofor all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hourrsquo
In other words Antonio says that even if he were endowed with a stiff conscience he could easily relax or soften it for the execution of his purpose Then Antonio suggests that conscience should be no hindrance to a manrsquos future greatness
Comments These are terrible words coming from the mouth of a villain of the worst type He is utterly devoid of conscience or remorse He is an utter atheist of human virtue He speaks of conscience as a deity that he does not feel in his bosom
According to Antonio so far as the other lords (Adrian Francisco and others) are concerned they need not be murdered because they would obey the orders of Antonio and Sebastian as willingly and readily as cat licks milk These other lords would endorse and support everything that Sebastian and Antonio may say or suggest These other lords would adjust their views in accordance with the wishes of Antonio and Sebastian and they would regard all proposals made by Antonio and Sebastian as being opportune and also as being acceptable(v) What opinion do you form of Antonio from the above speech
The speech given above shows Antonio to be an absolutely unscrupulous man After saying that he does not believe in any such faculty as the conscience he suggests to Sebastian to
(Act II Sc 1 L 285-291)ANTONIOhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (whiles you doing thus To the perpetual wink of aye might putThis ancient morsel this Sir Prudence whoShould not upbraid our course) - for all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour
Antonio has convinced Sebastian that he has made himself Duke of Milan by a crime for which he has felt no pricks of conscience In these lines Antonio tells Sebastian that now that the chance has presented itself to him he should take it and be King of Naples So far as Alonso is concerned Antonio agrees to undertake the task of killing him by sticking only three inches of his sharp dagger Making a thrust in the air with his sword he tells Sebastian that by a similar method he can put to sleep forever Gonzalo ndash the old piece of flesh already rotten ndash this piece of antiquity ndash this ldquoSir Prudencerdquo who is never tired of reading his moral lectures to them If ldquoProfessor Wisdomrdquo is got rid of he will not be able to denounce their action as he would surely do if they did not dispatch him as well As for the rest of the kingrsquos counselors (Adrian and Francisco) it is their nature to adopt any statements and views which are placed before them just as it is the nature of a cat to lap milk Antonio assures Sebastian that ldquothese othersrdquo will back them up in whatever they say or do that they will count the strokes of the clock exactly as they bid them not according to the real time but according to the time that is right for their business Hence only two persons Alonso and Gonzalo are required to be removed to fulfill their ambition
murder Gonzalo at the very time when he (Antonio) stabs Alonso to death And yet this brutal man has a fertile wit also He can talk in a persuasive manner and also in a sarcastic and satirical manner He knows human nature thoroughly and he understands that Gonzalo is loyal to Alonso while the other lords are only sycophants who can easily be won over to Sebastianrsquos side after Alonso has been assassinated
(2) (Act II Sc 1 291-296)SEBASTIAN Thy case dear friend
Shall be my precedent as thou gotst MilanIll come by Naples Draw thy swordmdashone strokeShall free thee from the tribute which thou payest And I the King shall love thee
ANTONIO Draw together And when I rear my hand do you the likeTo fall it on Gonzalo
(i) Explain the situation and introduce the persons engaged in conversation
After the supposed shipwreck King Alonso with his lords his brother Sebastian and Antonio the Duke of Milan land on a strange island Prince Ferdinand is feared to be drowned While the King and others have fallen asleep after exertions of the day and Ariel with his sweet music acting as a catalyst Antonio and Sebastian are awake They have hatched a conspiracy to kill King Alonso and his loyal lord Gonzalo Then Sebastian will become King of NaplesIn these lines Antonio and Sebastian are engaged in conversation They are just ready to execute their plan to attack King Alonso and Gonzalo simultaneously(ii) Antoniorsquos case shall become Sebastianrsquos precedent What has been Antoniorsquos case
Antonio proved treacherous towards his brother Prospero who was the Duke of Milan Since Prospero spent his time in his scholarly pursuits he had delegated his powers to his younger brother Antonio to administer the dukedom Antonio grew ambitious He overthrew his brother and expelled him from his own dukedom In his place Antonio became the Duke of Milan which he continues to be now His case urges Sebastian to do the same(iii) How is Sebastian going to follow Antonio
Sebastian is going to take Antoniorsquos case as his precedent He is convinced that if Antonio could usurp the dukedom from his living brother Sebastian could become the King of Naples by killing his sleeping brother(iv) What will one stroke of Antoniorsquos sword do What will Sebastian do to reward Antonio
Sebastian asks Antonio to put an end to Alonsorsquos life with one stroke of his sword The same stroke will earn for him a reward Sebastian will become the King of Naples and he will exempt Antonio from paying the annual tribute to Naples The dukedom of Milan is a tributary to the kingdom of Naples Its Duke has to pay tribute to the King every year When Sebastian takes over as the King he will give a benefit to his friend who is helping him to realize his ambition
(v) What is Antoniorsquos suggestion
Antonio suggests that they may draw their swords together When he raises his hand to attack Alonso Sebastian should raise his sword to bring it down on Gonzalo
ACCOUNTS-11 25062020 Topic- depreciation ndashSTRAIGHT LINE METHOD
Illustration Salman and Usman Bros acquired a machine on July 1 2014 at a cost of Rs 70000 and spent Rs5000 on its installation The firm writes off depreciation 10 on straight line method The books are closed on December 31 every year Show the machinery and depreciation account for three years
Solution Machinery Account
Date Particulars LF amount Date Particulars LF` Amount ( Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014July 01 To Bank Ac 70000 Dec 31 Dec By Depreciation Ac 3750
(70000 x10x612)
July 01 To Bank Ac 5000 Dec31 By Balance cd 71250
75000 75000
2015 2015Jan 01 To Balance bd 71250 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 x10 ) Dec31 By Balance cd 63750
71250 71250
2016 2016Jan 01 To Balance bd 63750 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 (75000 x10 ) Dec 31 By Balance cd 56250
63750 63750
Depreciation Account
Date Particulars LF Amount Date Particulars LF Amount (Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 3750 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 3750
2015 2015
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
2016 2016
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
WORKING
Cost of Machine RS70000Cost of Installation Rs 5000
Total 75000
Rate of Depreciation 10
Then annual depreciation will be 10 of Rs 75000 = Rs 7500
Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution Geography DRIANAGE THE PENINSULAR RIVERS
1 The Mahanadi2 The Godavari3 The Krishna4 The Kaveri5 The Subarnarekha6 The Narmada7 The Tapi8 The Sabarmati and the Mahi9 The Chambal
The Mahanadi Basin The Mahanadi rises from Dandakaranya
Q1 Which is the largest river of peninsular plateau Write a brief note about its courseA1 The largest river of peninsular plateau is Godavari The river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has
near Sihawa in Raipur district in the highlands of Chhattisgarhand flows through Odisha to reach the Bay of BengalThe length of the river is about 857 kmIts drainagebasin is shared by Maharashtra Chhattisgarh Jharkhandand Odisha
THE MAHANADI RIVER SYSTEM
The GodavariThe river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
THE GODAVARI RIVER SYSTEM
many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
Q2 Which river is known as Dakshin GangaA2 The Godavari river is known as lsquoDakshin Gangarsquo It is also known as Vridha Ganga
Q3 Differentiate between east-flowing rivers and west-flowing riversA3
East-flowing rivers
West-flowing rivers
Godavari Krishna Kaveri Mahanadi are the east-flowing rivers
Narmada Tapiwest-flowing rivers
They fall into the Bay of Bengal
They fall into Arabian Sea
These rivers form big deltas
These rivers form comparativelysmall deltas
Catchment area of these river are larger
Catchment area of these river are smaller
The KrishnaThe Krishna river rises from the Western Ghatsnear Mahabaleshwar It flows into the Bay of Bengalbefore forming a large delta Its length is about1400 km The Tungabhadra Koyana Ghatprabha Musi and Bhima are some of its tributariesIt has covers parts of Maharashtra Karnataka and AndhraPradesh
THE KRISHNA RIVER SYSTEM
The KaveriIt rises in the Brahmagiri range of the Western Ghats and flows into the Bay ofBengal Southof Cuddalore in Tamil Nadu The length of the river is about 760 km Its main tributaries are the Amravati Bhavani Hemavati and Kabini The Kaveri drains inthe parts of Karnataka Kerala and drains in Tamil Nadu The river Kaveri makes the second biggest waterfall in India known as Sivasamudram
POLITICAL SCIENCE
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
MEANING OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS-Fundamental rights are those rights which are essential for intellectual moral and spiritual development of citizens of India As these rights are fundamental or essential for existence and all-round development of individuals hence they are called Fundamental rights These are enshrined in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India These include individual rights common to most such as equality before the law freedom of speech and freedom of expression religious and cultural freedom Freedom of assembly (peaceful assembly) freedom of religion (freedom to practice religion) right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writsThere are six fundamental rights recognized by the Indian constitution
1 Right to equality (Articles 14-18)2 Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22)3 Right Against exploitation (Articles 23-24)4 Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25- 28)5 Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29-30) and6 Right to Constitutional remedies (Articles 32-35)
1 The right to equality includes equality before the law the prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion race caste gender or place of birth equality of opportunity in matters of employment the abolition of untouchability and abolition of titles
2 The right to freedom includes freedom of speech and expression association or union or cooperatives movement residence and right to practice any profession or occupation
3 The right against exploitation prohibits all forms of forced labour child labour and trafficking of human beings
4 The right to freedom of religion includes freedom of conscience and free profession practice and propagation of religion freedom to manage religious affairs freedom from certain taxes and freedom from religious instructions in certain educational institutes
5 The Cultural and educational Rights preserve the right of any section of citizens to conserve their culture language or script and right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice
6 The right to constitutional remedies is present for enforcement of fundamental rightsThe right to privacy is an intrinsic part of Article 21 (the Right to Freedom) that protects the life and liberty of the citizens The right to privacy is the newest right assured by the Supreme court of India It assures the peoples data and personal security
Fundamental rights for Indians have also been aimed at overturning the inequalities of pre-independence social practices Specifically they have also been used to abolish untouchability and thus prohibit discrimination on the grounds of religion race caste sex or place of birth They also forbid trafficking of human beings and forced labour (a crime) They also protect cultural and educational rights of religious and linguistic minorities by allowing them to preserve their languages and also establish and administer their own education institutions They are covered in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India
Mathematics
Relation Study Item Types of RelationToday class xii students we will discuss about the types of RelationsFirst we discuss Void RelationWhat is Void RelationAns Let A be a non-empty set Then φ A A and so it is a relation R on set A Thissube ⨯ relation is called the void or empty relation on set ANow from the above definition we came to know that no element of A is related to any element of AHere A A is called Cartesian product⨯
is the symbol of subsetsubeAnd φ is called phi and refer to void or empty relationNow I give an example to understand the above said relationLet A = 1 2 3 4Here A A =(11)(12)(13)(14)(21)(22)(23)(24)(31)(32)(33)(34)(41)⨯(42)(43)(44)Now we consider R is a relation which is defined by R=(ab) a+b= 50We notice that a+b 50 for any two elements of AnotinTherefore (ab) R for any ab A is called belong to and is not belong tonotin isin isin notinTherefore we can say R does not contain any element of A A⨯Therefore R is empty set Therefore we can say that R is the void or empty relation on AWhat is universal RelationAns Let A is a set Then A A A A and so it is a relation on A This relation is called⨯ sube ⨯ the universal relation on ANow from the above definition we can say that each element of A is related to every element of ANow we consider the relation R on the set A =1 234 defined by R = (ab) R |a -b|isin
0≽We observe that|a - b | 0 for all ab A≽ isin
(ab) R for all (ab) A ArArr isin isin ⨯ Each element of set A is related to set A every element of set ArArr
Therefore we write R= AxATherefore we can say R is universal relation on set ANote we can say that void relation is smallest relation and the universal relation is largest relationSometime both void relation and universal relation is called trivial relationWhat is identity relationAns Let A is a non-empty set Then the relation R or IA = (aa) a A on A is called theisin identity relation on A Therefore from the above definition we can say that every element of A is related to itself only
Example Let A = 1234 then Ror IA = (11)(22)(33)(44) is the identity relation on set ANow I give you another example R1 = (11)(22)(33) and R2 = (11)(22)(33)(44)(24)From the above example we can say that R1 and R2 are not identify relation Because in the case of R1 (44)R1 and on the other hand R2 where element 2 is related to elements 2 and 4
Hindi 2ndlang
भलि[ (महादी मा)
भलि[ कहानी की लखिखका महादी मा न इस कहानी म यह दशान का परयास गिकया ह गिक आजकल क जमान म भी लो सक बन कर गिनसाथ सा करत ह ह
गिबना तन लिसा करत ह और उसक बदल ना कछ मात ह और ना ही कोई आशा करत ह नौकर सा करक तन चाहता ह और ह भी कई सगिधाओ की आशा करता ह पर सक सदा गिनजी साथ भा स सा म सलगन रह कर काम करता ह भलि[ कहानी की मखय पातर लकषमी ह जिजस भलि[ नाम लखिखका न दिदया ह ह गिकसी
ोपाल काकी कनया ह पाच रष की आय म उसकी गि माता न ौना ही कर दिदया कहानी म भलि[ क दखो का अत नही ह गिफर भी ह बडी साहसी धयान और परिरशरमी ह कदिठनाइयो स जझ ती ह पहल गिपता की मतय गिफर पगित की मतय और
गिफर घर जमाई की मतय होती ह उस साहसी मगिहला न साहस नही छोडा और तीनो पतरी ओक हाथ पील गिकए लाना द पान क कारण उसका जमीदार न अपमान गिकया गिफरकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहचीकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहची शहर पहच करा लखिखका की सगिका बनी ही पर उसका नाम भलि[ पडा ह एक भ[ की तरह अपन सामिमनी की इमानदारी स सा करती और तन का जिजकर भी नही करती ह लखिखका क घर पाठशाला आदिद को अचछी तरह स सभालती पढी-
लिलखी ना होकर भी ह लखिखका की बहत सा ए सहायता करती ह लखिखका का साया बनकर चलती लखिखका की सा करना उसक जीन का उददशय ह ह
लखिखका की खशी क लिलए ही काय करती ह ह लखिखका को दखी नही दख सकती लखिखका पर भलि[ का इतना परभा पडा गिक ह सय दहाती बन ई
यदध क दिदनो म ह अपन परिरार क साथ रहन की अपकषा लखिखका क साथ रहना पसद करती थी यदध क भत न जब ीटा क ान पर पलायन गित जा दी तो
भलि[ न न लखिखका को अपन ा ल जान का अनरोध करन ली लखिखका को डर ह गिक यदिद उसक गिदा होन क अगितम छठा ए तो ह दहातीन दधा कया कर ी
इस परकार हम दखत ह गिक लखिखका न सामिमनी और सगिका क ण बरसात हए सक धम पर परकाश डाला ह और लखिखका न एक आदश सगिका क रप को सदर
रप स परसतत गिकया हBengali আদাব পরশন) ldquoশরণের ১৪৪ ধারা আর কারহিZউ অU ার জারী রণেয়রণে0ldquo
ক) কার গলখা গকা3 রচ3ার অংশ খ)গকাায় গক3 ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়রণে0 )১৪৪ ধারা কী এর Zরণেল কী য়
উততর) ক)আরণেলাচ য অংশটি সরণেরশ বসর রহিচত lsquoআদাবlsquo গ0াট রণেলপর অংশ
খ) বাংলারণেদরণেশর ঢাকা শরণের ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়হি0ল সামপরদাহিয়ক াnাা ও দাnা পরহিতরণেরারণেধর জ3 য হিlt সলা3রণেদর গ3তারণেদর সামপরদাহিয়ক উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা বারণেধ উ2য় সমপরদায় 2ীত রণেয় ঘর বহিlt রণেয় পরণে পরসপর পরসপররণেক সরণেltরণের গচারণেখ গদরণেখ গকউ কাউরণেক আরণের রণেতা হিবশবাস কররণেত পারণের3া হিক0 া3রণেষর উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা য় ার পহির3া অরণেতক রকত iয় ও ত য
) ১৪৪ ধারা আইরণে3র এ3 একটা ধারা ার _ারা এলাকা হি3হিদ ষট করণের গদওয়া য় গসই এলাকার রণেধ য গবহিশ া3রণেষর জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় হিহি0ল জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় আই3 2nকারীরণেক গহিলর হি3রণেদশ জাহির করা য় তাই সাধার3 া3ষ আর বাইরণের গবর রণেত পারণের3া পরারণে3র 2রণেয় বহিlt রণেয় ারণেক এর Zল য় সাংঘাহিতক গদাকা3 পাট বনধ ারণেক
হিজহি3স পতর অহিল য় রাসতা ঘাট জ3 শ3 য রণেয় ায় লরণেঠরা তারণেদর লঠত রাজ চাহিলরণেয় হি3রণেজরণেদর আরণেখর গহি0রণেয় গ3য় া3ষরণেক 2ীহিতর হিব2ীহিষহিক গরাস করণের ঘরণেরর া3রণেষর ইkা াকরণেলও ঘরণের হিZররণেত পারণের3া হিZররণেত হিরণেয় বltরণেকর গহিলরণেত পরা3 ারায়
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today we will discuss about Types of Leaves
An organization provides several kinds of leaves to the employees These days employees working both in government and private sector are allowed several types of leaves Following are the leaves achieved by the employees from their organization
Casual LeaveChild care leave -HospitalLeaveSpecial disability leaveChild Adoption leaveEarned LeavesHalf pay leaveMaternity leavePaternityleaveStudy leave
1 Casual Leave- Casual leave is not a recognised form of leaves and is not subject to any rules made by the government of India And official on casual leave is not treated as Absent from duty and pay is not intimated Normally 8 days of casual leave is permissible in a calendar year
2 Child care leave - Women employees having minor children may be granted child care leave by an authority competent to grant leave for a maximum period of 730 days means two years during their entire service for taking care of up to two children weather for sharing or to look after any of their names like examination sickness it is a
3HospitalLeave - Hospital leave is admissible to group C employees whose duties involved handling of dangerous machinery explosive materials poisonous drugs and performance of hazardous task and to group D employees Medical certificate from an authorised medical attendant is necessary for the grant of these leave However total period of
leave does not exceed 28 months4Special disability leave- Special
disability leave admissible to all employees when disabled by injury intentionally or accidentally inflicted are caused in law in consequence of the due performance of official duties or in consequence of official position It also it is also add miscible when disabled by illness incurred in the performance of any particular duty which has the effect of increasing laboratory to illness or injury beyond the ordinary least attaching to the Civil post held and the same condition
5Child Adoption leave- This leave is granted to female Employees with fewer than two surviving children on valid adoption of a child below the age of one year for a period of 135 days immediately after the date of valid adoption Leave salary will be equal to the pain immediately before processing on leave
6Earned Leaves- This leave is earned by duty The credit for earned leave will be awarded at a rate of 15 days on the 1st of January and 1st of July every year It can be accumulated up to 300 days in addition to the number of days for which encashment has been allowed along with LTC
7 Half pay leave -All government servant are entitled to 20 days of HPL half pay leave for every completed year of service Half pay leave is calculated at 20 days for each completed year of service The service includes periods of duty and leave including extra ordinary leave with or without MC (medical certificate)
8 Maternity leave -Maternity leave is granted to women Government employees full stop it is as possible only to Employees with less than 2 surviving children The maternity leave is not debited to leave account and full pay is granted It cannot be combined with any other the leaves and count as service for increment and pension
9 PaternityleaveA male employee with less than 2 surviving children may be granted paternity leave for a period of 15 days during the confinement of
his wife During the period of such leaves he shall be paid leave salary equal to the pay drawn immediately before proceeding on leave
10 Study leave-Study leave may be granted to all Government Employees with not less than 5 years service for undergoing a special course consisting of higher studies are specialised training in a professional or technical subject having a direct and close connection with the sphere of his duties as a Civil Servant
Commerce
Chapter-5Management
Let us today discuss about the nature of Management
Nature of management Management is defined as
An art A science A profession
Management is defined as an art because of the following reasons
1 In art there is an existence of theoretical knowledge Similarly in management various theories are propounded by management thinkers in various areas of management like finance marketing human resources etc
2 Every manager apply his or her personal skills and knowledge in the day to day functioning of an enterprise
3 Like an art management is creative as it provides solutions to Complex problems making resources productive and profitable moulding the attitudes of people for the betterment of an organisation
Management is is considered as science because of the following reasons
1 Like science there is a systemised body of knowledge in management consisting of theories principles vocabulary and concept
2 Principles of management are evolved after continuous observations and experimentation
Management both as Science and ArtManagement is both a science and an art It is a science because it uses certain principles and is an art because it requires continuous practice and application of personal skillsManagement as a profession Following points highlight whether management is a profession or not1 Like profession management has well
defined body of knowledge It has its own principles which are based on experiments One can acquire such
knowledge by pursuing courses like MBA BBA etc and acquire managerial skills through instruction and training
2 In management no such restriction is there for managers to clear an examination for hold a degree However these days more and more people are appointed for managerial post who opposes management degrees
3 Membership to a professional Association like AIMA is not mandatory for managers All managers directly or indirectly work for the development of society
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Essay Questions (EQ-2)
Question No 2Sketch the character of Prospero Would you call him perfect
AnswerProspero in The Tempest appears to be an intensely human being with human failings and weaknesses With all his excellence Prospero is made to awaken our sympathy for a natural imperfection Prosperorsquos Previous HistoryIn his retrospective narration of his previous history to Miranda we get a glimpse into Prosperorsquos past life As the Duke of Milan Prospero buried himself in his magic books which he prized above his dukedom He was essentially a scholar with no practical wisdom He failed to perform his first duty by neglecting the governance of his state and gave an opportunity to his wicked brother to undermine his throne He was thus driven from his home and thrown in a leaky boat with his weeping daughter to drift in the perilous seas It is only the thought of his little child that kept him aliveThe Development of Prosperorsquos CharacterThe development of his character is evident from the contrast between what he was before his banishment and what he is now in the island Formerly when his ldquolibrary was dukedom enoughrdquo he was altogether too unsuspecting Now he is watchful as providence and takes care to guard himself against the possibility of evil He has learnt to know human nature in its worst forms even Caliban has taught him something He will no longer put his trust in appearance except as ldquostale to catch thievesrdquo nor in oaths of which the strongest he says ldquoare straw to the fire irsquo the bloodrdquo He who once neglected worldly ends now consistently asserts his dignity enforces obedience and deals out justice with impartial hand He who without a thought of evil gave his power and his revenues into his brotherrsquos hands now puts Ferdinand to the severest test as a trial of his love before entrusting his daughter to him He makes the most practical use imaginable of his magic art exacts prompt servitudefrom his attendants does not hesitate to punish them is resolved and firm and knows how to seize the proper moment for action He is a most careful father to his daughter a considerate master of Ariel severe against the brutal Caliban humane towards the repentant enemies full of experience and wisdomThe Exercise of his Power ndash his SternnessWhat appears to us at the first sight one of the least pleasing features of Prosperorsquos character is the sternness which he frequently displays more particularly in his dealings with Caliban His harshness towards Caliban resulted from the failure of gentler methods his severity towards Ferdinand was exercised in the interest of his daughter ldquolest too light winning make the prize lightrdquo and his punishment of Alonso Sebastian and Antonio is justified by the attainment of his objectiveProsperorsquos TendernessThe tender side of Prosperorsquos character is exhibited in his relation to Miranda Ariel Gonzalo and the repentant sinners His love for Miranda is unbounded She was almost life to him In his darkest hours of trial this love sustained him and gave him strength to put a bold front to suffering He addresses her always with tenderness She is to him a lsquoloved darlingrsquo lsquodear heartrsquo lsquoa rich giftrsquo lsquoa third of his own lifersquo The same affectionate nature is shown in his dealing with his brother Antonio He loved his brother Antonio only next to Miranda before Antonio conspired against him In the island when Antonio is brought before him he forgives him
readily To Gonzalo the good old councilor he is all affection He sheds tears of joy and gratitude when he meets him in the island To Ariel he is a loving and considerable master Ariel is always to him ldquomy brave spiritrdquo ldquofine spiritrdquo ldquodelicate Arielrdquo ldquomy Arielrdquo etc When he promises Ariel his freedom he says with real emotion ndash ldquoI shall miss theerdquoProsperorsquos Power as a MagicianThe practice of magic has placed wonderful powers in the hands of Prospero He uses his supernatural powers like a god only to bring about the happiest results He causes The Tempest and the shipwreck only to bring his enemies within his power and not to destroy them Not a soul perished in the storm He leads Ferdinand to Miranda his high charms work and as he wishes the two falls in love He frustrates the plots of the conspirators and makes them know that he was conscious of it He drives Sebastian and Alonso to sincere repentance and readily forgives them The drunken associates of Caliban are no doubt sternly treated but even then they are promised conditional pardon The whole play at last ends in reconciliation joy and peace The wrongs are set right the lovers are made happy Ariel is set free and thus the powerful magician retires into the solitude of his study at MilanProsperorsquos ForgivenessAllied to his wisdom is his forgiving nature Though deeply wronged he bears no spite against the wrong-doers Though his power is unlimited he uses it to noble purposes The lesson of adversity has taught him that ldquoThe rarer action is in virtue than in vengeancerdquoProspero does not debase his noble nature by revenge but forgives his enemies absolutely He drives his erstwhile enemies to a sincere penitence for their past misdeeds and when repentance has wrought its full effect on them he receives them into his arms and is reconciled to them Is Prospero perfectProspero creates a great impression upon our minds by his dignity his nobility the divine spirit of forgiveness in him his generous and sympathetic nature etc Even with all these virtues we cannot call him perfect We perceive certain faults in him He displays an occasional impatience irritability and even a certain harshness of feeling His severe treatment of Caliban might have been justified but the language in which he addresses the monster and the threats that he uses show him to be a kind of tyrant On learning of Calibanrsquos plot against his life he is as violently disturbed and agitated as any ordinary human being would be His manner towards Ariel when the latter demands his liberty also seems somewhat arbitrary and tyrannicalSubject ndashBiology Topic ndashChapter -5 Inheritance amp Variations Summary ExecutionToday we will discuss about NON-Mendelian Inheritance
NON_MENDELIAN INHERITANCE Incomplete Dominance It is an inheritance in which heterozygous offspring shows
intermediate character between two parental characteristics Eg Flower colour in snapdragon (dog flower or Antirrhinum sp) and
Mirabilis jalapa ( 4rsquoO clock plant) Here phenotypic and genotypic ratios are same Phenotypic Ratio 1Red 2 Pink 1 White Genotypic Ratio 1(RR) 2 (Rr) 1(rr) This means that R was not completely dominant over r Pea plants also show incomplete dominance in other traits
Co- dominance It is the inheritance in which both alleles of a gene are expressed in a
hybrid Eg ABO blood grouping in human ABO Blood groups are controlled by the gene I The plasma membrane of the RBC has sugar polymer that protrude
from its surface and is controlled By the gene The gene I has three alleles IA IB i The alleles IA and IB produce a slightly different form of the sugar
while allele i does not produce any sugar In AB blood group both IA and IB are present together This is co ndash
dominanceMultiple Alleles
Multiple alternatives of the same gene which influence the same character and produce different expressions in different individuals of a species or population same genes have more than two allelic
forms These different forms of a single gene are referred as multiple alleles Eg human Blood group
Ac-12 250620 Topic- retirement
Illustration Om Jai and Jagdish are partners sharing profit in the ratio of 3 2 l Their balance sheet as at December 31st 2014 is as under
Balance sheet as at December 31 2014
Liabilities Amount Assets Amount
(Rs`) (Rs`)
Creditors 80000 Building 180000 Bills Payable 26000 Plant 140000 General reserve 24000 Motor Car 40000 Capital Stock 100000 Om 160000 Debtors 63000 Jai 120000 Less Provision Jagdish 120000
400000 for Bad debts 3000
60000 Cash at Bank 10000
530000 530000
Jai retires on that date on the following terms(a) The Goodwill of the firm is valued at Rs 60000(b) Stock and Building to be appreciated by 10(c) Plant is depreciated by 10(d) Provision for Bad debts is increased upto Rs 5000(e) Jairsquos share of goodwill was adjusted through remaining partners capital accountThe amount due to Jai is paid out of the fund brought in by Om and Jagdish in theirnew profit sharing ratio Jai is paid full amountPrepare Revaluation Account and Partnerrsquos Capital account
Solution WorkingsIt is assumed that Om and Jagdish gaining ratio remains 3 lJairsquo Share of goodwill = Rs 60000 times 26 = Rs20000Adjusted through the remaining partners capital account in 3 1 ratio
Revaluation Account
Dr Cr
Particulars Amount Particulars Amount
(Rs`) (`Rs)
To Provision for Bad debts 2000 By Stock 10000TO Plant 14000 By Building 18000To Profit transferred toCapital Accounts Om 6000 Jai 4000 Jagdish 2000
12000
28000 28000
Capital AccountDr Cr Particulars Om Jai Jagdish Particulars Om Jai Jagdish
(Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (rs`) (`Rs)
To Capital 15000 mdash 5000 By Balance bd 160000 120000 120000 ToBank 152000 By General Reserve 12000 8000 4000To Balance cd 277000 mdash 159000 By Revaluation (Profit) 6000 4000 2000 By Om Capital mdash 15000 mdash ByJagdish Capital mdash 5000 By Bank 114000 38000
292000 152000 164000 292000 152000 164000
But more than these in love I do deserveWhat if I strayed no further but chose here
(i) What does the Prince of Morocco do before making his selection What does his comment reflect How does he analyse the inscription of the leaden casket and what is his interpretation
The Prince of Morocco surveys the three caskets before making his selection His comments reflect his thinking and attitude on life and things He comes to the lead casket and reads the inscription on it His interpretation which reflects his own character is that the inscription threatens because no one will be prepared to risk or sacrifice all one has for such a base thing as lead
(ii) What does the Prince of Morocco think of the leaden casket and why does he decide to reject the leaden casket
The Prince of Morocco thinks that when people risk anything they do so in order to gain something precious A person of royal ways will not bend so low as to be impressed by such an ordinary thing as lead Therefore he decides that he will not take any risk for a worthless thing like lead and rejects the lead casket
(iii) What does the Prince think while analyzing and interpreting the inscription of the silver casket
The Prince of Morocco analyses the inscription on the silver casket which runs thus ldquoWho chooseth me shall get as much as he deservesrdquo When he reads the inscription he bids himself to stop and ponder over the interpretation He asks himself to evaluate his worth objectively and impartially He says that if he is assessed on the basis of the opinion of people he deserves much But even this may not be sufficient to deserve to win Portia who is so virtuous and worthy
(iv) What promise does the silver casket make What self-assessment does the Prince make
The silver casket promises the reward according to the worth of the chooser The Prince makes a self-assessment and concludes that in all fairness he deserves to get Portia He thinks that he is a royal Prince by birth and so he deserves her by the right of his birth
Portia is very rich and so the Prince deserves her by this also The Prince deserves because he is also extremely handsome as most of the beautiful maidens of his kingdom covet him He is valiant and virtuous also So in his opinion he is the most suitable and deserving candidate for Portiarsquos hand
(v) Over which casket does the Prince ponder a long time What intrigue him In what way does he deserve Portia
Morocco reviews the inscriptions again and rejects the lead casket as being not worth the high stakes for which he gambles He ponders a long time over the silver casket The words ldquoget as much as he deservesrdquo intrigue him He is quite sure that he deserves Portia He deserves her in birth fortune grace qualities of breeding and most of all love
Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution EVS Ch ndash4 Managing
soil and land
Today we will discuss about mechanical practices of soil conservation
A few mechanical measures of soil conservation arei) Basin leaching In this method a number of small basins (water reservoirs) are made These collect and retain rain water for a long period and also catch and stabilize downwardly moving soils of the slopes
ii) Pan breaking by breaking of pan ( a hard sheet of clay a few feet below the surface ) drainage and percolation of rain water is improved and soil is saved from residual run-off and erosion
iii) Sub-soiling Soil is broken into fine grains to increase its absorptive capacity
iv) Contour terracing terraces are labeled areas constructed at right angles to the slope to reduce soil erosion
v) Contour trenching This method involves making a series of deep pits or trenches across the slope at convenient distance The soil excavated from the trenches is deposited along the lower edge in the form of bund On the ridges tree seeds are shown
vi) Terrace outlets To conserve soil pipe outlets are made which are thickly covered by grasses
vii) Digging of ponds and reservoirs to store water
viii) Stream bank protection To protect banks of rivers and channels construction of stone or concrete protective walls or planting of trees should be undertaken
Commercial Studies
Chapter- Banking Let us today discuss about theMeaning of Commercial BankFunctions of Commercial Banks
Commercial Banks are those banks which perform all kinds of banking functions such as accepting deposits advancing loans credit creation and
Question1 What do you mean by
Commercial BankAnswer) Commercial Banks are those banks which perform all kinds of banking functions such as accepting deposits advancing loans credit creation and agency functions
agency functions
Functions of Commercial BanksCommercial banks perform a variety of functions which can be divided as (1) Accepting Deposits (2) Advancing Loans (3) Credit Creation (4) Financing Foreign Trade(5) Agency Services (6) Miscellaneous Services To Customers
2 Explain the various functions of Commercial Bank
Answer) Following are the various functions of Commercial Banks
1 Accepting Deposits This is the oldest function of a bank and the banker used to charge a commission for keeping the money in its custody when banking was developing as an institution Nowadays a bank accepts three kinds of deposits from its customers The first is the savings deposits on which the bank pays small interest to the depositors who are usually small savers
2 Advancing LoansOne of primary functions of commercial banks is to advance loans to its customers A bank lends a certain percentage of the cash lying in deposits on a higher interest rate than it pays on such deposits This is how it earns profits and carries on its business 3 Credit CreationCredit creation is one of the most important functions of the commercial banks Like other financial institutions they aim at earning profits For this purpose they accept deposits and advance loans by keeping small cash in reserve for day-to-day transactions When a bank advances a loan it opens and account in the name of the customer and does not pay him in cash but allows him to draw the money by cheque according to his needs By granting a loan the bank creates credit or deposit4 Financing ForeignTrade commercial bank finances foreign trade of its customers by accepting foreign bills of exchange and collecting them from foreign banks It also transacts other foreign exchange business and buys and sells foreign currency5 Agency ServicesA bank acts as an agent of its customers in collecting and paying cheques bills of exchange drafts dividends etc It also buys and sells
shares securities debentures etc for it customers Further it pays subscriptions insurance premium rent electric and water bills and other similar charges on behalf of its clients It also acts as a trustee and executor of the property and will of its customers Moreover the bank acts as an income tax consultant to its clients For some of these services the bank charges a normal fee while it renders others free of charge6 Miscellaneous ServicesBesides the above noted services the commercial bank performs a number of other services It acts as the custodian of the valuables of its customers by providing them lockers where they can keep their jewellery and valuable documents It issues various forms of credit instruments such as cheques drafts travellers cheques etc which facilitate transactions
Bengali হিবপরীতশবদ করণেয়কটি হিবপরীত শবদ গদওয়া ল1)সজীব = হি3জsব 2)শরদধা= ঘা 3)আকষ = হিবকষ4)সধবা = হিবধবা 5)উৎস = গা3া 6)অ = অ37)জয় = পরাজয় 8)তাপ = হৈশত যয 9)হি3ltা = পরশংসা10)াদা = অদা 11)রহিসক = গবরহিসক 12) অনতর = বাহির13)অহিতবষটি = অ3াবষটি 14)পরত যযi = পরণেরাi 15)3াবালক = সাবালক
Hindi 2nd lang नया रासता भा 5 अपन जीन की परिरसथिगितयो स गिश होकर मीन क हदय म कई बार हीन भाना
और जीन की कडाहट अनभ हईपरत ह दढता और साहस की मरतित थी ह
अपन जीन को वयथ नही होन दना चाहती थी बचपन स ही उसकी कील बनन की
इचछा थी आज मीन की लन उस और दखकर माता- गिपता न उस कालत करन की
आजञा द दी मीन न मरठ म दाखिखला ल लिलया उसक हरदय म कछ बनन और कछ
कर दिदखान की इचछा थी उसक गिचार स चारो और पस का ही बोलबाला हहॉसटल
की कलपना करत ही ह लिसहर उठती थी उसन अपन लिलए नए नए कपड बनाए पहली बार हॉसटल जान का चा थाआखिखर
ह दिदन आ ही या जब उस हॉसटल जाना था पहली बार ह अपन घर स अल हो
रही थी हॉसटल पहच कर कछ दिदनो तक उसका मन नही ला बचपन की घटनाए
एक- एक करक उसक समतपटल पर उतर ई ह अपनी ककषा म हमशा परथम आती
थी 2 दिदन बाद गिपताजी मीन स मिमलन आए मा न काफी चीज उसक लिलए बनाकर
भजी थी गिपताजी स मिमलकर ह बहत खश
1 ह सय की दढता साहस की मरतित थी
परशन1 लखिखका मीन को दढता साहस
की मरतित कयो कह रही ह 2 गिाह क अलाा मीन क जीन
का कया लकषय था 3 मीन समाज क झठ आरण को
हटाकर सतय दिदखाना चाहती ह सपषट कीजिजए
4 परसतत पलि[यो का भा सपषट अपन शबदो म लिलखिखए
उततरndash1 मीन म समाज स लडन की शलि[ ह
ह समाज म फली बराइयो क सामन ढढता स जमी हई ह ह साहस क साथ अपन उलिचत गिनणय
पर सथिर रहती ह जिजदी क उतार चढा सा घबरा टी नही ह बलकिलक साहस स काम लती ह इनही कारणो स लखिखका न उस ढढता
और साहस की मरतित कहा ह2 मरठ ालो न जब उसका रिरशता
ठकरा दिदया तो उसन गिनशचय कर लिलया गिक ह अपन परो पर खडी होी और समाज को दिदखा दी की नारी अबला नही ह उसन अपना
हई करीब 1 घटा रक कर गिपताजी चल ए लकषय बना लिलया गिक ह एलएलबी करक कील बनी
3 समाज म नारी क ऊपर अबला आशरीता का आरण पडा हआ ह
मीन समाज क दवारा होत हए इस आरण को हटाकर यह सतय परमाणिणत करना चाहती ह गिक आज
की नारी अबला नही ह और ना ही गिकसी क हाथ की कठपतली ह
4 लखिखका न मीन क बार म कहा गिक ह सय घटा और साहस की मरतित
ह ह अपन न हम ध और मसीबत म साहस का परिरचय दती हउतार
चढा को हर इसान क जीन म आत ही रहत ह उनको साधारण रप
स ही लना चागिहए अपन गिाह क मामल म उसन साहस स काम
लिलया और गिाह क बार म सोचना छोड दिदया मीन क सामन अभी बहत लबी जिजदी पडी ह इसलिलए उसन समय का महत समझा और
एक कषण भी वयथ ना करन का गिनशचय गिकया
Mathematics(x) Algebra Quadratic Equation in one variable
Study Item Some solved sums from exercise- 539)Solve for x 2(2x ndash 1 )(x+3) ndash 3 (x + 3)(2x ndash 1 ) = 5 x -3 frac12Solution Let (2x ndash 1)(x + 3) = y then we get2(y) ndash 3( 1y) = 50r 2y ndash 3y = 5Or 2y2 ndash 3 = 5y [multiplying both side by y we get]0r 2y2 ndash 5y ndash 3 = 0Now comparing the above equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0 we geta=2 b = - 5 and c = - 3Therefore y = -(- 5 )plusmnradic((-5)sup2-4(2)(-3))2(2) = 5 plusmnradic( 25 + 24)4 = 5plusmn radic(49)4 = (5 plusmn 7)4= (5+7)4 (5 ndash 7)4= 124 -24= 3 - 12Therefore y = 3 (2x ndash 1)( x + 3) = 3 2x ndash 1 = 3x + 9 3x - 2x = - 10 x= - 10Or y = - frac12 ( 2x ndash 1)(x + 3) = - frac124x ndash 2 = - x ndash 3 4x+x = - 3 + 2 5x = - 1 x= - 15Hence the roots of the given equation are - 10 and ndash 1510)(i) x2 - 5x ndash10 =0Solution x2 ndash 5x ndash 10 = 0Comparing the above equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0 we get a=1 b = - 5 and c = - 10Therefore x = - (- 5)plusmnradic( -5)sup2- 4(1)(- 10)2(1) = 5 plusmn radic( 25 +40)2 = 5 plusmn radic(65 )2
= (5 plusmn 8bull06)2 = (5 + 8bull06)2 (5 ndash 8bull06)2 = 13bull062 - 3bull062= 6bull53 - 1bull5312) Solve the equation x ndash 18x = 6 Given your answer correct to two significant figureSolution x ndash18x = 6Or (x2 ndash 18 )x = 6Or x2ndash 18 = 6xOr x2 ndash 6x ndash18 = 0Comparing the above equation with ax2 + bc + c = 0 we gera= 1 b = - 6 and c = -18Therefore x = -(-6) plusmnradic(- (- 6)2 ndash 4(1)(- 18)2(1) = 6 plusmn radic( 36 + 72)2 = (6 plusmnradic( 108)2 =(6 plusmn 10bull39)2= 16bull392 - 4bull392= 8bull195 - 2bull195 asymp 8bull2 - 2bull2
Chemistry Chapter-2L-1Chemical Bonding
1) Chemical Bonding-
It is basically the force of attraction which holds the different types of atoms in a molecule together
Cause of Chemical Combination-
The main cause is the tendency of elements to acquire eight electrons in its outermost shell like that of noble gases other than Helium(He) So the atoms combine to acheive the nearest noble gas configuration of 8 electrons( or 2 electrons) in their outermost orbit and become stable
2) Ion-
It is a charged particle made from an atom by the loss or gain of electrons
There are 2 types of Ions They are-
a) Cations- It is formed by the loss of electrons eg - K+ Ca2+
Na+ etc
b) Anions- It is formed by the gain of electrons eg- Cl- O2- F- etc
Q Why do elements form Ions
A Atoms of all elements except those of noble gases have one to seven valence electrons and are not in a state of minimum energy Thus to acquire a state of minimum energy elements lose or gain electrons and form ions so that they acquire stable configuration (Duplet or Octet)
Q What is the Electronic Theory of Valency
A In 1916 Kossel and Lewis on the basis of octet rule of electrons described simply the electronic structure of molecules of many chemical compounds and elements Kossel mainly described the structure of ionic compounds formed by loss and gain of electrons and Lewis mainly described the structure of Covalent Compounds formed by mutual sharing of electron pair This is known as ELECTRONIC THEORY OF VALENCY proposed by Kossel and Lewis
Q What do you mean by Electropositive and Electronegative Elements
3) Types of Chemical Bond-3 types
A)ElectrovalentIonic Bond
B) Covalent Bond
C) Co-ordinate Dative Bond4) ELECTROVALENT IONIC BOND-
It is the electrostatic force of attraction between the opposite charged ions which holds them together
The chemical compounds formed as a result of electron transfer from one atom of an element to another are called IONIC or ELECTROVALENT COMPOUND
The number of electrons which an element loses or gains during the formation of an ionic bond is called its ELECTROVALENCY
Conditions for the formation of Ionic Compounds-
i Large electronegativity difference between the combining atoms
ii Low IP for one of the atoms from which the cation can be easily formed
iii High electron affinity for one of the atoms from which the anions can be easily formed
iv High Lattice Energy
A
1) Electropositive Elements- have the tendency to lose the electrons and form Cations
eg- Na K Fe -mostly metals
2) Electronegative Elements- have the tendency to gain the electrons and form Anions
eg- Cl F O - mostly Non-metals
Q Give the brief description about the formation of NaCl
A See your Text Book
Q Practise the two types of diagram of the formation of different ionic compound
A See your Text Book
English All Summer in a Answer the following questions-
literature Day 3) Why did the children hate herAns- The children sensed that Margot was different from them She hated the continuous rain while they were used to it She spoke only about the sun and they had no memory of it They hated her pale snow face her waiting silence her thinness and her possible future of going back to the Earth4) What is the it referred to by WilliamAns- The it referred to by William is the Sun which the scientists had predicted would shine for a short while that day5) What was Margot waiting for Why did William say it was a jokeAns- Margot was waiting to see the sun predicted to shine that day for a short while William did not want her to have the joy of seeing the sun
Geography Water Resources SOURCES OF WATER SURFACE WATER AND GROUNDWATER Earth is known as the Blue Planet because 71 per cent of the Earths surface is covered with water Wateralso exists below land surface and as water vapour in the air Water is not added or removed from the environment it simply changes state and location This constant movement of water throughout our environment is called the hydrological cycle or water cycle Earth cleans and replenishes the water supply through the hydrologic cycle Groundwater exists in an aquifer or
underground layer of permeable rock sediment (usually sand or gravel) or soil that yields water
Aquifers are like underground reservoirs of water
SURFACE WATER The visible bodies of water are referred to as surface water Surface waters can be simply described as the water that is on the surface of the Earth This includes the oceans rivers and streams lakes and reservoirs Surface waters are very important Rivers and streams constitute the flowing surface waters Surface water canbe captured for a variety of biospheric and humanusesRunoff During heavy precipitation water cannot infiltrate into the ground It flows on the surface of the ground and called as runoff
GROUNDWATER Groundwater is detained as water that is found beneath the surface of the Earth in conditions of100 per
Q1 Why the Earth is called as Blue PlanetA1 Earth is known as the Blue Planet because 71 per cent of the Earths surface is covered with water
Q2 Define hydrological cycleA2 Water is not added or removed from the environment it simply changes state and location This constant movement of water throughout our environment is called the hydrological cycle or water cycle Earth cleans and replenishes the water supply through the hydrologic cycle
Q3 What is AquifersA3 Aquifers are like underground reservoirs of water
Q4 Why there is a shortage of fresh waterA4 Although the earth has an abundance of water but unfortunately there is a shortage of fresh water because 997 per cent of it occupied by oceans soils icecaps and floating in the atmosphere and rest 03 percent can use for daily uses
cent saturation (if it is less than100 per cent saturation then the water is considered as soil moisture) Ninety-eight per cent of Earths available fresh water is groundwater It is about60 times as plentiful as the fresh water found in lakes and streams Water in the ground travels through pores in soil and rock and in fractures and weathered areas of bed rockThe majority of fresh water is therefore found under ground as soil moisture and in aquifers
Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 88 to 126 (Portia helliphellip Such as the day is when the sun is hid) [Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]
Summary Questions amp Answerso Launcelot then arrives and informs
Lorenzo that Bassanio will also be arriving soon Both Lorenzo and Jessica return to the house and ask Stephano to order the family musicians to play music in order to extend a fitting welcome to Portia
o Portia and Nerissa dressed in their normal self return home and enter the building Lorenzo recognizes Portias voice and comes to greet her She orders the servants to pretend as if she had never left and asks Lorenzo and Jessica to do the same
o Soon thereafter Bassanio Gratiano and Antonio arrive
(1) PORTIA That light we see is burning in my hall (L 89-101)
How far that little candle throws his beams So shines a good deed in a
naughty worldNERISSA When the moon shone we did not see the candlePORTIA So doth the greater glory dim the less
A substitute shines brightly as a king
Unto the king be by and then his state
Empties itself as doth an inland brook
Into the main of waters Music hark
NERISSA It is your music madam of the housePORTIA Nothing is good I see without respect
Methinks it sounds much sweeter than by day
NERISSA Silence bestows that virtue on it madam
(i) Where are Lorenzo and Jessica sitting What message have they received What are they doing
Lorenzo and Jessica are sitting in Portiarsquos house in Belmont They have just received the message informing them of the arrival of Portia and Bassanio separately They are waiting for their arrivals and enjoying the beauty of the moonlight night(ii) In which mood is Lorenzo found after Stephanorsquos departure
After Stephanorsquos departure Lorenzo reverts to his romantic mood He is carried away by the magic of the loveliness of the moonlight He draws Jessicarsquos attention and says that the moonlight is sleeping beautifully on the raised ground He says that they will sit there and enjoy the sweetness of the gentle
music which will shortly creep into their ears very softly(iii) Why has Lorenzo sent Stephano What kind of man is he who does not appreciate the sweet harmony of sounds
Lorenzo has sent Stephano to instruct the musicians to play soft music to welcome Portia home Lorenzo tells that the
tranquility and the beautiful night suit the sweet music Praising the ennobling (M lend greater dignity) effect of music Lorenzo tells Jessica that the person who has no music in him and does not appreciate the sweet harmony of sounds is a dangerous person and so should be watched very carefully(iv) Who are returning to Belmont What does Nerissa remark on seeing the light of the house
Portia and Nerissa are returning to Belmont after successfully conducting Antoniorsquos trial in Venice as the lawyer and the clerk respectively When they are near their home Nerissa seeing the light of the house remarks that they did not see this light of this candle when the moon was shining(v) What does Portia comment on Nerissarsquos observation Commenting on Nerissarsquos observation Portia says that the lesser glory becomes insignificant before the greater glory She adds that the kingrsquos representative assumes great splendor and authority when the king himself is not near But before the real king the substitute becomes devoid of all splendor and
authority as the big rivers lose their identity after emptying into the vast sea
SUBJECT PHYSICS [TOPIC FORCE]Answer the following questions ( ICSE questions of previous years from chapter FORCE)
1 Write the position of centre of mass for the following bodies(i) A circular ring (ii) A cylinder(iii) A hollow sphere (iv) A triangular lamina
2 Explain why screw drivers are provided with longer handles3 Compare the magnitude and direction of centripetal force and centrifugal force4 How does uniform circular motion differ from uniform linear motion5 Why is the motion of a body moving with a constant speed around a circular path is said to be
accelerated6 A brass ball is hanging from a cotton thread Draw a neat labeled diagram showing the force acting
on the brass ball and the cotton thread 7 Define moment of force Write the relationship between the SI and CGS unit of moment of force8 Define couple State the SI unit of moment of couple9 A uniform half meter scale balanced horizontally on a knife edge at 29 cm mark when a weight of 20
gmf is suspended from one end(i) Draw the diagram of the arrangementWhat is the weight of the half meter rule
ECO-10 250620 Topic-Supply Analysis
MEANING OF SUPPLYSupply a commodity by a firm or seller may be defined as the quantity of a commodity that a firm or seller offers for sale at a given price during a given time period But the actual sale of the commodity may be different from its supply For example a farmer (produced of wheat) is willing to sell 50 quintals of wheat at a price of ` 15 per kg but he is able to sell only 30 quintals at this price So this case the supply of wheat is 50 quintals but the actual sale is 30 quintals So these two concepts should not be confused with each other Like demand supply also has three elements The definition of supply include (i) the quantity of the commodity that a firm is willing to supply (ii) the price at which it is willing to supply that quantity and (iii) the time period during which it is willing to supply that quantity
FACTORS DETERMINING SUPPLY OR DETERMINANTS OF SUPPLY OF A GOOD
The main determinant of supply is the price of the commodity But the cost of production of a commodity is an important factor in determining profit maximized on output of a firm The cost of production depends on the prices of various inputs like raw material wages of workers interest of capital rent of building etc The supply of a commodity also depends on the technology used in the production of the commodity and many other factors The main factors determining supply of a commodity are(i) Price of the commodity(ii) Price of other related good(iii) Price of inputsfactors(iv) Taxation policy of government(v) Objective of the firm(i) Price of the commodity Other factors determining supply remaining constant there is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity It means the quantity supplied of a commodity increases with rise in price and decreases with fall in price of the commodity More quantity of a commodity is supplied at a higher price and less quantity is supplied at a lower price For example a seller of tomatoes is willing to sell 100 kgs of tomatoes at a price of ` 40 per keg and only 50 kgs at a price of ` 20 per kg Due to this direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity the supply curve has a positive slope Supply curve is upward sloping to the right(ii) Price of other related goods Supply of a commodity is also influenced by the change in the price of other related goods With the help of given resources we can produce several goods by using the same technology This helps the firm to diversify and tide over fluctuations in demand For example a farmer can produce either pulses or food grains by using the resources If the price of pulses increases it becomes more profitable for him to make more production of pulses So he will divert some resources from the production of food grains to the production of pulses The production of pulses will increase and that of food grains will decrease So the supply of pulses will increase if the price of pulses increases and the supply of food grain will decrease at the same price reverse will happen if the price of food grains increases(iii) Price of inputsfactors Change in the price of inputs like raw material wage rent or interest also influences the supply of a commodity For example in the production of cloth cotton is the main raw material If the price of cotton increases the cost of production of cloth will increase At the same price the margin of profit will decrease So the producer will decrease the supply of cloth at the same price On the other hand if the price of cotton falls the cost of production per unit of cloth will decrease and hence the supply of cloth will increase The price of other inputs will also influence the supply of a good in the same manner(iv) Technology of production an improvement in the technology of production of a commodity decreases the per unit cost of the commodity The margin of profit will increase at the same price So the supply of a commodity will increase with improvement in technology of production at the same price On the other hand if a firm uses absolute technology of production the cost of production per unit of the commodity will increase The margin of profit will decrease so the firm will decrease its supply at the same price This is the main reason that the firms are trying to use better technology of production because it not only reduces the cost of production per unit but also improves the quality of the product(v) Taxation policy of government If the government reduces the excise duty or the production of a commodity the cost of production per unit of the commodity will decrease the margin of profit will increase at the same price so the producer of the commodity will increase its supply It happens when the government wants to increase the production of the commodity On the other hand to discourage the production of some harmful goods like cigarettes liquor etc the government increases the rate of excise duty on the production of such goods So the cost of production per unit of the commodity increases and the supply of such commodities decreases(vi) Objective of the firm The objective of the producer also influences the supply of a commodity Generally the objective of a producer is get maximize his profits Profits are maximized at a higher price So he increases the supply of a commodity at a higher price and decreases its supply at a lower price But sometimes the producer may be in maximizing his sales and not in maximizing his profits as he wants to capture the market In that case he goes on increasing the supply so long his target is not achieved can profit is not adversely affected He may increase the supply at the same price to any extent
SUPPLY FUNCTION
When the relationship between quantity supplied and the determinants of supplied is expressed mathematically in an equation it is called a supply function So a supply function can be expressed asSn = f(Pn Pr Pf T Tr G)where Sn = Supply of commodity nPn = Price of the commodity nPr = Price of other related goodsPf = Price of inputsfactors
T = Technology of productionTr = Government policy or tax rateG = Goal or objective of the producer
Typically supply function shows the relationship between price and quantity supplied keeping all other determinants of supply as constant It shows the amount of a good that a seller supplies at different levels of price
LAW OF SUPPLYThe law of supply depicts the relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity when all other determinants of supply remain constant This law states that there is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity other factors determining supply remaining constant It means quantity supplied of a commodity increases with increase in price and decreases with decrease in price
Assumptions of the law of supplyThe phrase other determinants of supply remaining constant in the law of supply shows the assumptions of the law of supply The mains factors which influence the supply of a commodity one price of the commodity price of other related goods price of inputs technology of production taxation policy of the government and objective of the firm etc The law of supply is based on the assumptions that all these factors determining supply except price of the commodity should remain constant The following are the main assumptions of the law of supply(i) Price of other related goods should remain the same(ii) There should be no change in the price of inputs (factors)(iii) Technology of production should not change(iv) There is no change in the taxation policy of the government(v) Objective of the firm should not changeThe law of supply is based on the assumptions that the supply of commodity changes only due to change in price when all other determinant of supply remain constantClass XISubject Topic Summary Execution EVS Chapter-2
Ecology Answer the following questions briefly Q Draw a neat labeled diagram of carbon cycleAnsndash
Mathematics Principle of Mathematical Induction
1) What is statement Ans A sentence which may be true or false is called statement eg i) 5 is greater than 3 ii) New Delhi is the capital of India iii) 5 divides 7 These all are statements We see that statement (i) amp (ii) are true but (iii) is false 2 What is Mathematical StatementAns Statement involving mathematical relations are called mathematical statement We shall use mathematical statement in principle of
Example If n be a positive integer show that n(n+1) is an even positive integer Solution Let P(n) be the statement n(n+1) is an even positive integer Then (i) P(1) is the statement 1(1+1) ie 2 is an even positive integer Therefore P(1) is true (ii) If P(m) is true for some positive integer m then m(m+1) is an even integer Now (m+1) [(m+1)+1]=(m+1)sup2+ (m+1) =msup2+2m+1+m+1=msup2+m+2m+2=m(m+1) +2(m+1) = an even integer + an even positive integer [Since P(m) is true and 2(m+1) is an even
mathematical induction 3 What is the use of Principle of mathematical inductionAns Sometimes it is difficult to prove a statement theorem or a formula by direct method In this case we use an indirect method known as the Principle of mathematical induction There are two steps in this processSTEP 1 Varify that the statement or formula is true for one or two particular values of n say for n=1 2STEP 2 Assuming that the statement or formula is true for n=m where m is any positive integer show that it is true for n=m+1Conclusion Since the statement is true for n=2 it is true for n=2+1 that is 3 and since it is true for n=3 it is true for n=3 + 1 that is 4 and so on Hence the statement or formula is true for all positive integral values of n
positive integer]= an even positive integer Therefore P(m+1) is true when P(m) is true Therefore By the principle of Mathematical Induction P(n) is true for all positive integral values of n Hence n(n+1) is an even positive integer
Hindi 2ndlang एक फल की चाह 5 दख रहा था जस सो सथिर हो नही बठती थी कषण भर हाय ही चपचाप पडी थी अटल शागित शी धारण कर सनना यही चाहता था म उस सय ही
उकसा करमझको दी क परसाद का एक फल ही दो लाकर
शबदाथ ससथिर - परी तरह ठहरी हई अटल- पकका
उकसाकर - पररणा दकर
वयाखयाndash उपय[ पलि[यो म कगि सखिखया की ददशा का णन कर रहा ह जो उनक गिपता दवारा वय[ गिकया या ह अपनी बटी सखिखया कीददशा का
गितरण करत हए गिपता कहता ह गिक म अपनी आखो क सामन दख रहा था गिक मरी बटी जो पल भर क लिलए दिटककर नही बठती थी ह अब सथिर शात मरतित की तरह पढी थी अब म ह बार- बार इस बात क लिलए पररिरत कर रहा
था गिक ह मझ गिफर स ही शबद कह गिपताजी मझ दी क परसाद का एक फल लाकर दो
6 ऊच शल लिशखर क ऊपर मदिदर था गिसतीणर गिशाल सण कलशसरलिसज गिहलिसत थ पाकरसमदिदत रगि कर जाल दीप धल स अचछदिदत था मदिदर का
आन सारा ज रही थी भीतर बाहर मखरिरत उतस की धारा
शबदाथ - शल लिशखर- पहाड की ऊची चोटी
सतीणर - फला हआ
सण कलश - कमल क समान सदर सोन का कलश मखरिरत - परकट समदिदत - अचछी परकार खिखला हआ रगि कर जाल - सय की गिकरणो का समह
वयाखया- परसतत पलि[या म कगि न मदिदर की सदरता का णन गिकया ह कहत ह गिक मझ पहाड की चोटी पर एक गिलिशषट और गिशालमश था उसक
सोन क कलश सय की गिकरणो म चमकत हए ऐस परतीत हो रह थ जस सय की खिखली हईगिकरणो क ाा सपशपाकर सनहर कमल खिखल उठ हो मदिदर का
आन धप दीप की सध स भरा हआ था मदिदर क अदर और बाहर मनाए जा रह उसकी परसननता की ज सनाई द रही थी
Bengali (2nd language)
কোনি মনি নদী পরথম অধযোয়
হি_তীয় হিদরণে3র পাঠ-
হিবষটবাব গলাকটির কায় গররণে কা বলরণেত পাররণে0 3া শধ গচাখ হিদরণেয় রা পরকাশ করহি0ল কা বলরণেত বলরণেত গলাকটি পাঞজাহিব লহিn খরণেল জ কররণেত শর করল তাই গদরণেখ হিবষটবাব ত2মভ রণেয় গল চাটি ারার 2হিnরণেত গলাকটি হিবষটবাবর হিদরণেক এরণোরণেল হিতহি3 াা 3ীচ করণের 3াহিরণেয় গ33 হিদ গলাকটি হিবষটবাবরণেক চাটিরণেয় ায় তারণেল হিতহি3 তাাতাহিউরণেঠ গলাকটিরণেক ধররণেত পাররণেব3 3া কার তার শরীরণেরর ওজরণে3র জ3য এই শরণে3 হিবষটবাব বরণে3া গারণেষর ত গতরণেZরণে উরণেঠ দাাল তারণেত গলাকটি দাহিরণেয় শরীরটারণেক একট দহিলরণেয় হি3ল এই সব শরণে3 হিবষট ধর চপ করণের রইল শধ lsquoগঘাৎrsquo করণের একটা শবদ করল গলাকটি হিসহি হিদরণেয় ওঠা3াা কররণে0 গদরণেখ হিবষটবাব খাহি3কটা হিদরণেশারা রণেয় গলহিবষটবাবর গচারণেখ রারণের বদরণেল এখ3 গকৌতল হিতহি3 বরণেল3 ldquoখাওায় আার গলা2 গ3ই Uায়টিং কহিরrdquo হিকনত হিতহি3 কতটা Uায়টিং করণের তা তার শরীর আর খাবারণেরর তাহিলকা গদরণেখ গলাকটি বরণে= গল গলাকটি এহিরণেয় হিরণেয় হিবষটবাবর 2হিরণেত াত বহিলরণেয় হিদরণেল গস আরা অ32ব করণের3 এবং হিপহি0রণেয় া3 গলাকটি হিবষটবাবর সারণে3 তার শরীরণেরর কসরত পরদশ3 কররণেল হিবষটবাব রণে3 রণে3 হিব হিব করণের বরণেল3 হিতহি3ও গরাা রণেত চা3 গসই হরণেত nা গরণেক আবার হিচৎকার গ2রণেস আরণেস lsquoগকা হি3 গকা হি3rsquo
ldquoকী রক Uায়টিংrdquo-ক)বকতা গককারণেক বলরণে0খ)Uায়টিং কার অ কী ) Uায়টিং করা বযহিকতর গচারার ব3া দাও ঘ) তার Uায়টিং এর ব3া দাও
উঃ- ক) আরণেলাচয অংশটি হিত3ltীর গলখা lsquoগকাহি3rsquo উপ3যাস গরণেক গ3ওয়া রণেয়রণে0 আরণেলাচয কাটি বকতা রণেল3 সাদা লহিnপরা ারণেয় গরয়া পাঞজাহিব ও কারণেধ রহিn3 বযা ওয়ালা হিiহিতশ হিসং হিতহি3 কাটি বরণেলরণে03 হিবষট ধররণেকখ) Uারণেয়টিং কার অ ল পহিরহিত খাদয গর অাৎ খাদয তাহিলকায় সসত খারণেদযর গ3াগ3 বজায় গররণেখ খাদয গর) হিবষট ধরণেরর গচারা হিবশাল ওজ3 পরায় হিত3 গদখরণেত জলহিসতর রণেতা সারা শরীরণের চহিব ল ল কররণে0 বয়স পরায় চহিশ হিবশাল 2হি উপ রণেয় শরণেল হিচৎ রণেত পারণের3া গকউ গঠরণেল হিদরণেল হিচৎ রণেত পারণের তারণেক কায় নধ াদ3 পবরণেতর সরণেn তল3া করা য়ঘ) হিবষট ধর গকৌতলী রণেয় বরণেল তার খাওয়ার গকা3 গলা2 গ3ই গস Uায়টিং করণের আরণে গস আধ হিকরণেলা হিiর গখত এখ3 গস হিত3রণেশা গরা হিiর খায় জল খাবারণের কহিটা লহিচ গখত এখ3 পরণে3রণেরাটা লহিচ খায় আাইরণেশা গরা চারণেলর 2াত খায় হিঘ খাওয়া গ0রণে হিদরণেয়রণে0 রারণেত াতর বারণেরাটা রটি খায় হিবরণেকরণেল দ-গলাস হি0হিরর জল সরণেn চাররণেট কা পারণেকর সরণেltশ বাহিরণেত রাধাকষণ আরণে0 বরণেল হিবষট ধর া0 াংস খায়3া আর তারণেত তার গকা3 গলা2 লালসা গ3ই
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 276 to 313 (Sebastian helliphellipIt struck mine ear most terribly)[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]
Summary Questions amp AnswersConspiracy of Antonio and Sebastian
o Antonio further suggests murder of Alonso and eventually Sebastian agrees
o They draw their swords and proceed to murder Alonso and Gonzalo who are sleeping
(1) (Act II Sc 2 L 277-291)ANTONIO Ay sir where lies that If rsquotwere a kibe
rsquoTwould put me to my slipper but I feel notThis deity in my bosom Twenty consciencesThat stand rsquotwixt me and Milan candied be they And melt ere they molest Here lies your brotherNo better than the earth he lies uponIf he were that which now hes likemdashthats deadWhom I with this obedient steel three inches of itCan lay to bed for ever (whiles you doing thus
o As they approach Ariel appears again and wakes up Gonzalo by singing a tune in his ear Alonso also wakes up and they see both Sebastian and Antonio with drawn swords On being caught off guard they make up a story saying that they had heard a bellowing of bulls or lions
IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED
(Act II Sc 1 L 277-281)ANTONIOAy sir where lies that If rsquotwere a kibersquoTwould put me to my slipper but I feel notThis deity in my bosom Twenty consciencesThat stand rsquotwixt me and Milan candied be they And melt ere they molest
In these lines Antonio speaks how he is a conscienceless villain In inciting Sebastian to the kingship of Naples by murdering his brother he quotes his own example He too had banished his brother and made himself the Duke of Milan This kingship now sits upon him like a well fittinggarment So will be the case of Sebastian Sebastian then questions Antonio if this foul deed did not prick his conscience To this Antonio replies like a hardened villain He laughs at the word lsquoconsciencersquo and says that he has never heard of anything like conscience A guilty conscience gave him no more pain that is chilblain (M a painful itching and swelling on hand and foot caused by exposure to extreme cold) A man can get rid of the pain of chilblain by wearing slippers instead of shoes so does Antonio get rid of the qualms (M an uneasy feeling of doubt worry or fear especially about onersquos conduct) of conscience very easily Even if he were troubled by twenty consciences that barred his way to the throne of Milan however frozen they might be he would melt them into insensibility before they could cause him to twinge
To the perpetual wink of aye might putThis ancient morsel this Sir Prudence whoShould not upbraid our course) - for all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour
(i) To whom does Antonio speak these lines Who is referred to as lsquoyour brotherrsquo What does Antonio mean by saying lsquoNo better than the earth he lies uponrsquo
These lines are spoken by Antonio to Sebastian King Alonso is referred to as Sebastianrsquos brother Indicating towards Alonso who is lying asleep on the ground Antonio tells Sebastian that here sleeps his brother and at this time he is no better than a clod of the earth on which he lies asleep Antonio means to say that if he were actually to become what he looks like he would be a dead body(ii) According to Antonio what would he do if he were at the place of Sebastian
Antonio says that if he were in the position of Sebastian he would not care even for twenty consciences in order to win the kingship of Naples He would rather forget all his consciences if they happen to trouble him at all (iii) What does Antonio suggest to Sebastian What does Antonio assure him
Antonio suggests to Sebastian that in a moment Sebastian can put to death Gonzalo who pretends to be a very wise man and who on that account rebukes others (particularly Antonio and Sebastian) whereas he (Antonio) himself can put Alonso to death with only three inches of his willing sword Antonio further assures Sebastian that by killing both of them there will be none left to oppose him and in this way every obstacle in his way will be removed
(iv) Explain the lines lsquofor all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hourrsquo
In other words Antonio says that even if he were endowed with a stiff conscience he could easily relax or soften it for the execution of his purpose Then Antonio suggests that conscience should be no hindrance to a manrsquos future greatness
Comments These are terrible words coming from the mouth of a villain of the worst type He is utterly devoid of conscience or remorse He is an utter atheist of human virtue He speaks of conscience as a deity that he does not feel in his bosom
According to Antonio so far as the other lords (Adrian Francisco and others) are concerned they need not be murdered because they would obey the orders of Antonio and Sebastian as willingly and readily as cat licks milk These other lords would endorse and support everything that Sebastian and Antonio may say or suggest These other lords would adjust their views in accordance with the wishes of Antonio and Sebastian and they would regard all proposals made by Antonio and Sebastian as being opportune and also as being acceptable(v) What opinion do you form of Antonio from the above speech
The speech given above shows Antonio to be an absolutely unscrupulous man After saying that he does not believe in any such faculty as the conscience he suggests to Sebastian to
(Act II Sc 1 L 285-291)ANTONIOhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (whiles you doing thus To the perpetual wink of aye might putThis ancient morsel this Sir Prudence whoShould not upbraid our course) - for all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour
Antonio has convinced Sebastian that he has made himself Duke of Milan by a crime for which he has felt no pricks of conscience In these lines Antonio tells Sebastian that now that the chance has presented itself to him he should take it and be King of Naples So far as Alonso is concerned Antonio agrees to undertake the task of killing him by sticking only three inches of his sharp dagger Making a thrust in the air with his sword he tells Sebastian that by a similar method he can put to sleep forever Gonzalo ndash the old piece of flesh already rotten ndash this piece of antiquity ndash this ldquoSir Prudencerdquo who is never tired of reading his moral lectures to them If ldquoProfessor Wisdomrdquo is got rid of he will not be able to denounce their action as he would surely do if they did not dispatch him as well As for the rest of the kingrsquos counselors (Adrian and Francisco) it is their nature to adopt any statements and views which are placed before them just as it is the nature of a cat to lap milk Antonio assures Sebastian that ldquothese othersrdquo will back them up in whatever they say or do that they will count the strokes of the clock exactly as they bid them not according to the real time but according to the time that is right for their business Hence only two persons Alonso and Gonzalo are required to be removed to fulfill their ambition
murder Gonzalo at the very time when he (Antonio) stabs Alonso to death And yet this brutal man has a fertile wit also He can talk in a persuasive manner and also in a sarcastic and satirical manner He knows human nature thoroughly and he understands that Gonzalo is loyal to Alonso while the other lords are only sycophants who can easily be won over to Sebastianrsquos side after Alonso has been assassinated
(2) (Act II Sc 1 291-296)SEBASTIAN Thy case dear friend
Shall be my precedent as thou gotst MilanIll come by Naples Draw thy swordmdashone strokeShall free thee from the tribute which thou payest And I the King shall love thee
ANTONIO Draw together And when I rear my hand do you the likeTo fall it on Gonzalo
(i) Explain the situation and introduce the persons engaged in conversation
After the supposed shipwreck King Alonso with his lords his brother Sebastian and Antonio the Duke of Milan land on a strange island Prince Ferdinand is feared to be drowned While the King and others have fallen asleep after exertions of the day and Ariel with his sweet music acting as a catalyst Antonio and Sebastian are awake They have hatched a conspiracy to kill King Alonso and his loyal lord Gonzalo Then Sebastian will become King of NaplesIn these lines Antonio and Sebastian are engaged in conversation They are just ready to execute their plan to attack King Alonso and Gonzalo simultaneously(ii) Antoniorsquos case shall become Sebastianrsquos precedent What has been Antoniorsquos case
Antonio proved treacherous towards his brother Prospero who was the Duke of Milan Since Prospero spent his time in his scholarly pursuits he had delegated his powers to his younger brother Antonio to administer the dukedom Antonio grew ambitious He overthrew his brother and expelled him from his own dukedom In his place Antonio became the Duke of Milan which he continues to be now His case urges Sebastian to do the same(iii) How is Sebastian going to follow Antonio
Sebastian is going to take Antoniorsquos case as his precedent He is convinced that if Antonio could usurp the dukedom from his living brother Sebastian could become the King of Naples by killing his sleeping brother(iv) What will one stroke of Antoniorsquos sword do What will Sebastian do to reward Antonio
Sebastian asks Antonio to put an end to Alonsorsquos life with one stroke of his sword The same stroke will earn for him a reward Sebastian will become the King of Naples and he will exempt Antonio from paying the annual tribute to Naples The dukedom of Milan is a tributary to the kingdom of Naples Its Duke has to pay tribute to the King every year When Sebastian takes over as the King he will give a benefit to his friend who is helping him to realize his ambition
(v) What is Antoniorsquos suggestion
Antonio suggests that they may draw their swords together When he raises his hand to attack Alonso Sebastian should raise his sword to bring it down on Gonzalo
ACCOUNTS-11 25062020 Topic- depreciation ndashSTRAIGHT LINE METHOD
Illustration Salman and Usman Bros acquired a machine on July 1 2014 at a cost of Rs 70000 and spent Rs5000 on its installation The firm writes off depreciation 10 on straight line method The books are closed on December 31 every year Show the machinery and depreciation account for three years
Solution Machinery Account
Date Particulars LF amount Date Particulars LF` Amount ( Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014July 01 To Bank Ac 70000 Dec 31 Dec By Depreciation Ac 3750
(70000 x10x612)
July 01 To Bank Ac 5000 Dec31 By Balance cd 71250
75000 75000
2015 2015Jan 01 To Balance bd 71250 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 x10 ) Dec31 By Balance cd 63750
71250 71250
2016 2016Jan 01 To Balance bd 63750 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 (75000 x10 ) Dec 31 By Balance cd 56250
63750 63750
Depreciation Account
Date Particulars LF Amount Date Particulars LF Amount (Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 3750 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 3750
2015 2015
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
2016 2016
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
WORKING
Cost of Machine RS70000Cost of Installation Rs 5000
Total 75000
Rate of Depreciation 10
Then annual depreciation will be 10 of Rs 75000 = Rs 7500
Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution Geography DRIANAGE THE PENINSULAR RIVERS
1 The Mahanadi2 The Godavari3 The Krishna4 The Kaveri5 The Subarnarekha6 The Narmada7 The Tapi8 The Sabarmati and the Mahi9 The Chambal
The Mahanadi Basin The Mahanadi rises from Dandakaranya
Q1 Which is the largest river of peninsular plateau Write a brief note about its courseA1 The largest river of peninsular plateau is Godavari The river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has
near Sihawa in Raipur district in the highlands of Chhattisgarhand flows through Odisha to reach the Bay of BengalThe length of the river is about 857 kmIts drainagebasin is shared by Maharashtra Chhattisgarh Jharkhandand Odisha
THE MAHANADI RIVER SYSTEM
The GodavariThe river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
THE GODAVARI RIVER SYSTEM
many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
Q2 Which river is known as Dakshin GangaA2 The Godavari river is known as lsquoDakshin Gangarsquo It is also known as Vridha Ganga
Q3 Differentiate between east-flowing rivers and west-flowing riversA3
East-flowing rivers
West-flowing rivers
Godavari Krishna Kaveri Mahanadi are the east-flowing rivers
Narmada Tapiwest-flowing rivers
They fall into the Bay of Bengal
They fall into Arabian Sea
These rivers form big deltas
These rivers form comparativelysmall deltas
Catchment area of these river are larger
Catchment area of these river are smaller
The KrishnaThe Krishna river rises from the Western Ghatsnear Mahabaleshwar It flows into the Bay of Bengalbefore forming a large delta Its length is about1400 km The Tungabhadra Koyana Ghatprabha Musi and Bhima are some of its tributariesIt has covers parts of Maharashtra Karnataka and AndhraPradesh
THE KRISHNA RIVER SYSTEM
The KaveriIt rises in the Brahmagiri range of the Western Ghats and flows into the Bay ofBengal Southof Cuddalore in Tamil Nadu The length of the river is about 760 km Its main tributaries are the Amravati Bhavani Hemavati and Kabini The Kaveri drains inthe parts of Karnataka Kerala and drains in Tamil Nadu The river Kaveri makes the second biggest waterfall in India known as Sivasamudram
POLITICAL SCIENCE
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
MEANING OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS-Fundamental rights are those rights which are essential for intellectual moral and spiritual development of citizens of India As these rights are fundamental or essential for existence and all-round development of individuals hence they are called Fundamental rights These are enshrined in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India These include individual rights common to most such as equality before the law freedom of speech and freedom of expression religious and cultural freedom Freedom of assembly (peaceful assembly) freedom of religion (freedom to practice religion) right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writsThere are six fundamental rights recognized by the Indian constitution
1 Right to equality (Articles 14-18)2 Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22)3 Right Against exploitation (Articles 23-24)4 Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25- 28)5 Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29-30) and6 Right to Constitutional remedies (Articles 32-35)
1 The right to equality includes equality before the law the prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion race caste gender or place of birth equality of opportunity in matters of employment the abolition of untouchability and abolition of titles
2 The right to freedom includes freedom of speech and expression association or union or cooperatives movement residence and right to practice any profession or occupation
3 The right against exploitation prohibits all forms of forced labour child labour and trafficking of human beings
4 The right to freedom of religion includes freedom of conscience and free profession practice and propagation of religion freedom to manage religious affairs freedom from certain taxes and freedom from religious instructions in certain educational institutes
5 The Cultural and educational Rights preserve the right of any section of citizens to conserve their culture language or script and right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice
6 The right to constitutional remedies is present for enforcement of fundamental rightsThe right to privacy is an intrinsic part of Article 21 (the Right to Freedom) that protects the life and liberty of the citizens The right to privacy is the newest right assured by the Supreme court of India It assures the peoples data and personal security
Fundamental rights for Indians have also been aimed at overturning the inequalities of pre-independence social practices Specifically they have also been used to abolish untouchability and thus prohibit discrimination on the grounds of religion race caste sex or place of birth They also forbid trafficking of human beings and forced labour (a crime) They also protect cultural and educational rights of religious and linguistic minorities by allowing them to preserve their languages and also establish and administer their own education institutions They are covered in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India
Mathematics
Relation Study Item Types of RelationToday class xii students we will discuss about the types of RelationsFirst we discuss Void RelationWhat is Void RelationAns Let A be a non-empty set Then φ A A and so it is a relation R on set A Thissube ⨯ relation is called the void or empty relation on set ANow from the above definition we came to know that no element of A is related to any element of AHere A A is called Cartesian product⨯
is the symbol of subsetsubeAnd φ is called phi and refer to void or empty relationNow I give an example to understand the above said relationLet A = 1 2 3 4Here A A =(11)(12)(13)(14)(21)(22)(23)(24)(31)(32)(33)(34)(41)⨯(42)(43)(44)Now we consider R is a relation which is defined by R=(ab) a+b= 50We notice that a+b 50 for any two elements of AnotinTherefore (ab) R for any ab A is called belong to and is not belong tonotin isin isin notinTherefore we can say R does not contain any element of A A⨯Therefore R is empty set Therefore we can say that R is the void or empty relation on AWhat is universal RelationAns Let A is a set Then A A A A and so it is a relation on A This relation is called⨯ sube ⨯ the universal relation on ANow from the above definition we can say that each element of A is related to every element of ANow we consider the relation R on the set A =1 234 defined by R = (ab) R |a -b|isin
0≽We observe that|a - b | 0 for all ab A≽ isin
(ab) R for all (ab) A ArArr isin isin ⨯ Each element of set A is related to set A every element of set ArArr
Therefore we write R= AxATherefore we can say R is universal relation on set ANote we can say that void relation is smallest relation and the universal relation is largest relationSometime both void relation and universal relation is called trivial relationWhat is identity relationAns Let A is a non-empty set Then the relation R or IA = (aa) a A on A is called theisin identity relation on A Therefore from the above definition we can say that every element of A is related to itself only
Example Let A = 1234 then Ror IA = (11)(22)(33)(44) is the identity relation on set ANow I give you another example R1 = (11)(22)(33) and R2 = (11)(22)(33)(44)(24)From the above example we can say that R1 and R2 are not identify relation Because in the case of R1 (44)R1 and on the other hand R2 where element 2 is related to elements 2 and 4
Hindi 2ndlang
भलि[ (महादी मा)
भलि[ कहानी की लखिखका महादी मा न इस कहानी म यह दशान का परयास गिकया ह गिक आजकल क जमान म भी लो सक बन कर गिनसाथ सा करत ह ह
गिबना तन लिसा करत ह और उसक बदल ना कछ मात ह और ना ही कोई आशा करत ह नौकर सा करक तन चाहता ह और ह भी कई सगिधाओ की आशा करता ह पर सक सदा गिनजी साथ भा स सा म सलगन रह कर काम करता ह भलि[ कहानी की मखय पातर लकषमी ह जिजस भलि[ नाम लखिखका न दिदया ह ह गिकसी
ोपाल काकी कनया ह पाच रष की आय म उसकी गि माता न ौना ही कर दिदया कहानी म भलि[ क दखो का अत नही ह गिफर भी ह बडी साहसी धयान और परिरशरमी ह कदिठनाइयो स जझ ती ह पहल गिपता की मतय गिफर पगित की मतय और
गिफर घर जमाई की मतय होती ह उस साहसी मगिहला न साहस नही छोडा और तीनो पतरी ओक हाथ पील गिकए लाना द पान क कारण उसका जमीदार न अपमान गिकया गिफरकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहचीकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहची शहर पहच करा लखिखका की सगिका बनी ही पर उसका नाम भलि[ पडा ह एक भ[ की तरह अपन सामिमनी की इमानदारी स सा करती और तन का जिजकर भी नही करती ह लखिखका क घर पाठशाला आदिद को अचछी तरह स सभालती पढी-
लिलखी ना होकर भी ह लखिखका की बहत सा ए सहायता करती ह लखिखका का साया बनकर चलती लखिखका की सा करना उसक जीन का उददशय ह ह
लखिखका की खशी क लिलए ही काय करती ह ह लखिखका को दखी नही दख सकती लखिखका पर भलि[ का इतना परभा पडा गिक ह सय दहाती बन ई
यदध क दिदनो म ह अपन परिरार क साथ रहन की अपकषा लखिखका क साथ रहना पसद करती थी यदध क भत न जब ीटा क ान पर पलायन गित जा दी तो
भलि[ न न लखिखका को अपन ा ल जान का अनरोध करन ली लखिखका को डर ह गिक यदिद उसक गिदा होन क अगितम छठा ए तो ह दहातीन दधा कया कर ी
इस परकार हम दखत ह गिक लखिखका न सामिमनी और सगिका क ण बरसात हए सक धम पर परकाश डाला ह और लखिखका न एक आदश सगिका क रप को सदर
रप स परसतत गिकया हBengali আদাব পরশন) ldquoশরণের ১৪৪ ধারা আর কারহিZউ অU ার জারী রণেয়রণে0ldquo
ক) কার গলখা গকা3 রচ3ার অংশ খ)গকাায় গক3 ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়রণে0 )১৪৪ ধারা কী এর Zরণেল কী য়
উততর) ক)আরণেলাচ য অংশটি সরণেরশ বসর রহিচত lsquoআদাবlsquo গ0াট রণেলপর অংশ
খ) বাংলারণেদরণেশর ঢাকা শরণের ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়হি0ল সামপরদাহিয়ক াnাা ও দাnা পরহিতরণেরারণেধর জ3 য হিlt সলা3রণেদর গ3তারণেদর সামপরদাহিয়ক উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা বারণেধ উ2য় সমপরদায় 2ীত রণেয় ঘর বহিlt রণেয় পরণে পরসপর পরসপররণেক সরণেltরণের গচারণেখ গদরণেখ গকউ কাউরণেক আরণের রণেতা হিবশবাস কররণেত পারণের3া হিক0 া3রণেষর উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা য় ার পহির3া অরণেতক রকত iয় ও ত য
) ১৪৪ ধারা আইরণে3র এ3 একটা ধারা ার _ারা এলাকা হি3হিদ ষট করণের গদওয়া য় গসই এলাকার রণেধ য গবহিশ া3রণেষর জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় হিহি0ল জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় আই3 2nকারীরণেক গহিলর হি3রণেদশ জাহির করা য় তাই সাধার3 া3ষ আর বাইরণের গবর রণেত পারণের3া পরারণে3র 2রণেয় বহিlt রণেয় ারণেক এর Zল য় সাংঘাহিতক গদাকা3 পাট বনধ ারণেক
হিজহি3স পতর অহিল য় রাসতা ঘাট জ3 শ3 য রণেয় ায় লরণেঠরা তারণেদর লঠত রাজ চাহিলরণেয় হি3রণেজরণেদর আরণেখর গহি0রণেয় গ3য় া3ষরণেক 2ীহিতর হিব2ীহিষহিক গরাস করণের ঘরণেরর া3রণেষর ইkা াকরণেলও ঘরণের হিZররণেত পারণের3া হিZররণেত হিরণেয় বltরণেকর গহিলরণেত পরা3 ারায়
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today we will discuss about Types of Leaves
An organization provides several kinds of leaves to the employees These days employees working both in government and private sector are allowed several types of leaves Following are the leaves achieved by the employees from their organization
Casual LeaveChild care leave -HospitalLeaveSpecial disability leaveChild Adoption leaveEarned LeavesHalf pay leaveMaternity leavePaternityleaveStudy leave
1 Casual Leave- Casual leave is not a recognised form of leaves and is not subject to any rules made by the government of India And official on casual leave is not treated as Absent from duty and pay is not intimated Normally 8 days of casual leave is permissible in a calendar year
2 Child care leave - Women employees having minor children may be granted child care leave by an authority competent to grant leave for a maximum period of 730 days means two years during their entire service for taking care of up to two children weather for sharing or to look after any of their names like examination sickness it is a
3HospitalLeave - Hospital leave is admissible to group C employees whose duties involved handling of dangerous machinery explosive materials poisonous drugs and performance of hazardous task and to group D employees Medical certificate from an authorised medical attendant is necessary for the grant of these leave However total period of
leave does not exceed 28 months4Special disability leave- Special
disability leave admissible to all employees when disabled by injury intentionally or accidentally inflicted are caused in law in consequence of the due performance of official duties or in consequence of official position It also it is also add miscible when disabled by illness incurred in the performance of any particular duty which has the effect of increasing laboratory to illness or injury beyond the ordinary least attaching to the Civil post held and the same condition
5Child Adoption leave- This leave is granted to female Employees with fewer than two surviving children on valid adoption of a child below the age of one year for a period of 135 days immediately after the date of valid adoption Leave salary will be equal to the pain immediately before processing on leave
6Earned Leaves- This leave is earned by duty The credit for earned leave will be awarded at a rate of 15 days on the 1st of January and 1st of July every year It can be accumulated up to 300 days in addition to the number of days for which encashment has been allowed along with LTC
7 Half pay leave -All government servant are entitled to 20 days of HPL half pay leave for every completed year of service Half pay leave is calculated at 20 days for each completed year of service The service includes periods of duty and leave including extra ordinary leave with or without MC (medical certificate)
8 Maternity leave -Maternity leave is granted to women Government employees full stop it is as possible only to Employees with less than 2 surviving children The maternity leave is not debited to leave account and full pay is granted It cannot be combined with any other the leaves and count as service for increment and pension
9 PaternityleaveA male employee with less than 2 surviving children may be granted paternity leave for a period of 15 days during the confinement of
his wife During the period of such leaves he shall be paid leave salary equal to the pay drawn immediately before proceeding on leave
10 Study leave-Study leave may be granted to all Government Employees with not less than 5 years service for undergoing a special course consisting of higher studies are specialised training in a professional or technical subject having a direct and close connection with the sphere of his duties as a Civil Servant
Commerce
Chapter-5Management
Let us today discuss about the nature of Management
Nature of management Management is defined as
An art A science A profession
Management is defined as an art because of the following reasons
1 In art there is an existence of theoretical knowledge Similarly in management various theories are propounded by management thinkers in various areas of management like finance marketing human resources etc
2 Every manager apply his or her personal skills and knowledge in the day to day functioning of an enterprise
3 Like an art management is creative as it provides solutions to Complex problems making resources productive and profitable moulding the attitudes of people for the betterment of an organisation
Management is is considered as science because of the following reasons
1 Like science there is a systemised body of knowledge in management consisting of theories principles vocabulary and concept
2 Principles of management are evolved after continuous observations and experimentation
Management both as Science and ArtManagement is both a science and an art It is a science because it uses certain principles and is an art because it requires continuous practice and application of personal skillsManagement as a profession Following points highlight whether management is a profession or not1 Like profession management has well
defined body of knowledge It has its own principles which are based on experiments One can acquire such
knowledge by pursuing courses like MBA BBA etc and acquire managerial skills through instruction and training
2 In management no such restriction is there for managers to clear an examination for hold a degree However these days more and more people are appointed for managerial post who opposes management degrees
3 Membership to a professional Association like AIMA is not mandatory for managers All managers directly or indirectly work for the development of society
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Essay Questions (EQ-2)
Question No 2Sketch the character of Prospero Would you call him perfect
AnswerProspero in The Tempest appears to be an intensely human being with human failings and weaknesses With all his excellence Prospero is made to awaken our sympathy for a natural imperfection Prosperorsquos Previous HistoryIn his retrospective narration of his previous history to Miranda we get a glimpse into Prosperorsquos past life As the Duke of Milan Prospero buried himself in his magic books which he prized above his dukedom He was essentially a scholar with no practical wisdom He failed to perform his first duty by neglecting the governance of his state and gave an opportunity to his wicked brother to undermine his throne He was thus driven from his home and thrown in a leaky boat with his weeping daughter to drift in the perilous seas It is only the thought of his little child that kept him aliveThe Development of Prosperorsquos CharacterThe development of his character is evident from the contrast between what he was before his banishment and what he is now in the island Formerly when his ldquolibrary was dukedom enoughrdquo he was altogether too unsuspecting Now he is watchful as providence and takes care to guard himself against the possibility of evil He has learnt to know human nature in its worst forms even Caliban has taught him something He will no longer put his trust in appearance except as ldquostale to catch thievesrdquo nor in oaths of which the strongest he says ldquoare straw to the fire irsquo the bloodrdquo He who once neglected worldly ends now consistently asserts his dignity enforces obedience and deals out justice with impartial hand He who without a thought of evil gave his power and his revenues into his brotherrsquos hands now puts Ferdinand to the severest test as a trial of his love before entrusting his daughter to him He makes the most practical use imaginable of his magic art exacts prompt servitudefrom his attendants does not hesitate to punish them is resolved and firm and knows how to seize the proper moment for action He is a most careful father to his daughter a considerate master of Ariel severe against the brutal Caliban humane towards the repentant enemies full of experience and wisdomThe Exercise of his Power ndash his SternnessWhat appears to us at the first sight one of the least pleasing features of Prosperorsquos character is the sternness which he frequently displays more particularly in his dealings with Caliban His harshness towards Caliban resulted from the failure of gentler methods his severity towards Ferdinand was exercised in the interest of his daughter ldquolest too light winning make the prize lightrdquo and his punishment of Alonso Sebastian and Antonio is justified by the attainment of his objectiveProsperorsquos TendernessThe tender side of Prosperorsquos character is exhibited in his relation to Miranda Ariel Gonzalo and the repentant sinners His love for Miranda is unbounded She was almost life to him In his darkest hours of trial this love sustained him and gave him strength to put a bold front to suffering He addresses her always with tenderness She is to him a lsquoloved darlingrsquo lsquodear heartrsquo lsquoa rich giftrsquo lsquoa third of his own lifersquo The same affectionate nature is shown in his dealing with his brother Antonio He loved his brother Antonio only next to Miranda before Antonio conspired against him In the island when Antonio is brought before him he forgives him
readily To Gonzalo the good old councilor he is all affection He sheds tears of joy and gratitude when he meets him in the island To Ariel he is a loving and considerable master Ariel is always to him ldquomy brave spiritrdquo ldquofine spiritrdquo ldquodelicate Arielrdquo ldquomy Arielrdquo etc When he promises Ariel his freedom he says with real emotion ndash ldquoI shall miss theerdquoProsperorsquos Power as a MagicianThe practice of magic has placed wonderful powers in the hands of Prospero He uses his supernatural powers like a god only to bring about the happiest results He causes The Tempest and the shipwreck only to bring his enemies within his power and not to destroy them Not a soul perished in the storm He leads Ferdinand to Miranda his high charms work and as he wishes the two falls in love He frustrates the plots of the conspirators and makes them know that he was conscious of it He drives Sebastian and Alonso to sincere repentance and readily forgives them The drunken associates of Caliban are no doubt sternly treated but even then they are promised conditional pardon The whole play at last ends in reconciliation joy and peace The wrongs are set right the lovers are made happy Ariel is set free and thus the powerful magician retires into the solitude of his study at MilanProsperorsquos ForgivenessAllied to his wisdom is his forgiving nature Though deeply wronged he bears no spite against the wrong-doers Though his power is unlimited he uses it to noble purposes The lesson of adversity has taught him that ldquoThe rarer action is in virtue than in vengeancerdquoProspero does not debase his noble nature by revenge but forgives his enemies absolutely He drives his erstwhile enemies to a sincere penitence for their past misdeeds and when repentance has wrought its full effect on them he receives them into his arms and is reconciled to them Is Prospero perfectProspero creates a great impression upon our minds by his dignity his nobility the divine spirit of forgiveness in him his generous and sympathetic nature etc Even with all these virtues we cannot call him perfect We perceive certain faults in him He displays an occasional impatience irritability and even a certain harshness of feeling His severe treatment of Caliban might have been justified but the language in which he addresses the monster and the threats that he uses show him to be a kind of tyrant On learning of Calibanrsquos plot against his life he is as violently disturbed and agitated as any ordinary human being would be His manner towards Ariel when the latter demands his liberty also seems somewhat arbitrary and tyrannicalSubject ndashBiology Topic ndashChapter -5 Inheritance amp Variations Summary ExecutionToday we will discuss about NON-Mendelian Inheritance
NON_MENDELIAN INHERITANCE Incomplete Dominance It is an inheritance in which heterozygous offspring shows
intermediate character between two parental characteristics Eg Flower colour in snapdragon (dog flower or Antirrhinum sp) and
Mirabilis jalapa ( 4rsquoO clock plant) Here phenotypic and genotypic ratios are same Phenotypic Ratio 1Red 2 Pink 1 White Genotypic Ratio 1(RR) 2 (Rr) 1(rr) This means that R was not completely dominant over r Pea plants also show incomplete dominance in other traits
Co- dominance It is the inheritance in which both alleles of a gene are expressed in a
hybrid Eg ABO blood grouping in human ABO Blood groups are controlled by the gene I The plasma membrane of the RBC has sugar polymer that protrude
from its surface and is controlled By the gene The gene I has three alleles IA IB i The alleles IA and IB produce a slightly different form of the sugar
while allele i does not produce any sugar In AB blood group both IA and IB are present together This is co ndash
dominanceMultiple Alleles
Multiple alternatives of the same gene which influence the same character and produce different expressions in different individuals of a species or population same genes have more than two allelic
forms These different forms of a single gene are referred as multiple alleles Eg human Blood group
Ac-12 250620 Topic- retirement
Illustration Om Jai and Jagdish are partners sharing profit in the ratio of 3 2 l Their balance sheet as at December 31st 2014 is as under
Balance sheet as at December 31 2014
Liabilities Amount Assets Amount
(Rs`) (Rs`)
Creditors 80000 Building 180000 Bills Payable 26000 Plant 140000 General reserve 24000 Motor Car 40000 Capital Stock 100000 Om 160000 Debtors 63000 Jai 120000 Less Provision Jagdish 120000
400000 for Bad debts 3000
60000 Cash at Bank 10000
530000 530000
Jai retires on that date on the following terms(a) The Goodwill of the firm is valued at Rs 60000(b) Stock and Building to be appreciated by 10(c) Plant is depreciated by 10(d) Provision for Bad debts is increased upto Rs 5000(e) Jairsquos share of goodwill was adjusted through remaining partners capital accountThe amount due to Jai is paid out of the fund brought in by Om and Jagdish in theirnew profit sharing ratio Jai is paid full amountPrepare Revaluation Account and Partnerrsquos Capital account
Solution WorkingsIt is assumed that Om and Jagdish gaining ratio remains 3 lJairsquo Share of goodwill = Rs 60000 times 26 = Rs20000Adjusted through the remaining partners capital account in 3 1 ratio
Revaluation Account
Dr Cr
Particulars Amount Particulars Amount
(Rs`) (`Rs)
To Provision for Bad debts 2000 By Stock 10000TO Plant 14000 By Building 18000To Profit transferred toCapital Accounts Om 6000 Jai 4000 Jagdish 2000
12000
28000 28000
Capital AccountDr Cr Particulars Om Jai Jagdish Particulars Om Jai Jagdish
(Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (rs`) (`Rs)
To Capital 15000 mdash 5000 By Balance bd 160000 120000 120000 ToBank 152000 By General Reserve 12000 8000 4000To Balance cd 277000 mdash 159000 By Revaluation (Profit) 6000 4000 2000 By Om Capital mdash 15000 mdash ByJagdish Capital mdash 5000 By Bank 114000 38000
292000 152000 164000 292000 152000 164000
Portia is very rich and so the Prince deserves her by this also The Prince deserves because he is also extremely handsome as most of the beautiful maidens of his kingdom covet him He is valiant and virtuous also So in his opinion he is the most suitable and deserving candidate for Portiarsquos hand
(v) Over which casket does the Prince ponder a long time What intrigue him In what way does he deserve Portia
Morocco reviews the inscriptions again and rejects the lead casket as being not worth the high stakes for which he gambles He ponders a long time over the silver casket The words ldquoget as much as he deservesrdquo intrigue him He is quite sure that he deserves Portia He deserves her in birth fortune grace qualities of breeding and most of all love
Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution EVS Ch ndash4 Managing
soil and land
Today we will discuss about mechanical practices of soil conservation
A few mechanical measures of soil conservation arei) Basin leaching In this method a number of small basins (water reservoirs) are made These collect and retain rain water for a long period and also catch and stabilize downwardly moving soils of the slopes
ii) Pan breaking by breaking of pan ( a hard sheet of clay a few feet below the surface ) drainage and percolation of rain water is improved and soil is saved from residual run-off and erosion
iii) Sub-soiling Soil is broken into fine grains to increase its absorptive capacity
iv) Contour terracing terraces are labeled areas constructed at right angles to the slope to reduce soil erosion
v) Contour trenching This method involves making a series of deep pits or trenches across the slope at convenient distance The soil excavated from the trenches is deposited along the lower edge in the form of bund On the ridges tree seeds are shown
vi) Terrace outlets To conserve soil pipe outlets are made which are thickly covered by grasses
vii) Digging of ponds and reservoirs to store water
viii) Stream bank protection To protect banks of rivers and channels construction of stone or concrete protective walls or planting of trees should be undertaken
Commercial Studies
Chapter- Banking Let us today discuss about theMeaning of Commercial BankFunctions of Commercial Banks
Commercial Banks are those banks which perform all kinds of banking functions such as accepting deposits advancing loans credit creation and
Question1 What do you mean by
Commercial BankAnswer) Commercial Banks are those banks which perform all kinds of banking functions such as accepting deposits advancing loans credit creation and agency functions
agency functions
Functions of Commercial BanksCommercial banks perform a variety of functions which can be divided as (1) Accepting Deposits (2) Advancing Loans (3) Credit Creation (4) Financing Foreign Trade(5) Agency Services (6) Miscellaneous Services To Customers
2 Explain the various functions of Commercial Bank
Answer) Following are the various functions of Commercial Banks
1 Accepting Deposits This is the oldest function of a bank and the banker used to charge a commission for keeping the money in its custody when banking was developing as an institution Nowadays a bank accepts three kinds of deposits from its customers The first is the savings deposits on which the bank pays small interest to the depositors who are usually small savers
2 Advancing LoansOne of primary functions of commercial banks is to advance loans to its customers A bank lends a certain percentage of the cash lying in deposits on a higher interest rate than it pays on such deposits This is how it earns profits and carries on its business 3 Credit CreationCredit creation is one of the most important functions of the commercial banks Like other financial institutions they aim at earning profits For this purpose they accept deposits and advance loans by keeping small cash in reserve for day-to-day transactions When a bank advances a loan it opens and account in the name of the customer and does not pay him in cash but allows him to draw the money by cheque according to his needs By granting a loan the bank creates credit or deposit4 Financing ForeignTrade commercial bank finances foreign trade of its customers by accepting foreign bills of exchange and collecting them from foreign banks It also transacts other foreign exchange business and buys and sells foreign currency5 Agency ServicesA bank acts as an agent of its customers in collecting and paying cheques bills of exchange drafts dividends etc It also buys and sells
shares securities debentures etc for it customers Further it pays subscriptions insurance premium rent electric and water bills and other similar charges on behalf of its clients It also acts as a trustee and executor of the property and will of its customers Moreover the bank acts as an income tax consultant to its clients For some of these services the bank charges a normal fee while it renders others free of charge6 Miscellaneous ServicesBesides the above noted services the commercial bank performs a number of other services It acts as the custodian of the valuables of its customers by providing them lockers where they can keep their jewellery and valuable documents It issues various forms of credit instruments such as cheques drafts travellers cheques etc which facilitate transactions
Bengali হিবপরীতশবদ করণেয়কটি হিবপরীত শবদ গদওয়া ল1)সজীব = হি3জsব 2)শরদধা= ঘা 3)আকষ = হিবকষ4)সধবা = হিবধবা 5)উৎস = গা3া 6)অ = অ37)জয় = পরাজয় 8)তাপ = হৈশত যয 9)হি3ltা = পরশংসা10)াদা = অদা 11)রহিসক = গবরহিসক 12) অনতর = বাহির13)অহিতবষটি = অ3াবষটি 14)পরত যযi = পরণেরাi 15)3াবালক = সাবালক
Hindi 2nd lang नया रासता भा 5 अपन जीन की परिरसथिगितयो स गिश होकर मीन क हदय म कई बार हीन भाना
और जीन की कडाहट अनभ हईपरत ह दढता और साहस की मरतित थी ह
अपन जीन को वयथ नही होन दना चाहती थी बचपन स ही उसकी कील बनन की
इचछा थी आज मीन की लन उस और दखकर माता- गिपता न उस कालत करन की
आजञा द दी मीन न मरठ म दाखिखला ल लिलया उसक हरदय म कछ बनन और कछ
कर दिदखान की इचछा थी उसक गिचार स चारो और पस का ही बोलबाला हहॉसटल
की कलपना करत ही ह लिसहर उठती थी उसन अपन लिलए नए नए कपड बनाए पहली बार हॉसटल जान का चा थाआखिखर
ह दिदन आ ही या जब उस हॉसटल जाना था पहली बार ह अपन घर स अल हो
रही थी हॉसटल पहच कर कछ दिदनो तक उसका मन नही ला बचपन की घटनाए
एक- एक करक उसक समतपटल पर उतर ई ह अपनी ककषा म हमशा परथम आती
थी 2 दिदन बाद गिपताजी मीन स मिमलन आए मा न काफी चीज उसक लिलए बनाकर
भजी थी गिपताजी स मिमलकर ह बहत खश
1 ह सय की दढता साहस की मरतित थी
परशन1 लखिखका मीन को दढता साहस
की मरतित कयो कह रही ह 2 गिाह क अलाा मीन क जीन
का कया लकषय था 3 मीन समाज क झठ आरण को
हटाकर सतय दिदखाना चाहती ह सपषट कीजिजए
4 परसतत पलि[यो का भा सपषट अपन शबदो म लिलखिखए
उततरndash1 मीन म समाज स लडन की शलि[ ह
ह समाज म फली बराइयो क सामन ढढता स जमी हई ह ह साहस क साथ अपन उलिचत गिनणय
पर सथिर रहती ह जिजदी क उतार चढा सा घबरा टी नही ह बलकिलक साहस स काम लती ह इनही कारणो स लखिखका न उस ढढता
और साहस की मरतित कहा ह2 मरठ ालो न जब उसका रिरशता
ठकरा दिदया तो उसन गिनशचय कर लिलया गिक ह अपन परो पर खडी होी और समाज को दिदखा दी की नारी अबला नही ह उसन अपना
हई करीब 1 घटा रक कर गिपताजी चल ए लकषय बना लिलया गिक ह एलएलबी करक कील बनी
3 समाज म नारी क ऊपर अबला आशरीता का आरण पडा हआ ह
मीन समाज क दवारा होत हए इस आरण को हटाकर यह सतय परमाणिणत करना चाहती ह गिक आज
की नारी अबला नही ह और ना ही गिकसी क हाथ की कठपतली ह
4 लखिखका न मीन क बार म कहा गिक ह सय घटा और साहस की मरतित
ह ह अपन न हम ध और मसीबत म साहस का परिरचय दती हउतार
चढा को हर इसान क जीन म आत ही रहत ह उनको साधारण रप
स ही लना चागिहए अपन गिाह क मामल म उसन साहस स काम
लिलया और गिाह क बार म सोचना छोड दिदया मीन क सामन अभी बहत लबी जिजदी पडी ह इसलिलए उसन समय का महत समझा और
एक कषण भी वयथ ना करन का गिनशचय गिकया
Mathematics(x) Algebra Quadratic Equation in one variable
Study Item Some solved sums from exercise- 539)Solve for x 2(2x ndash 1 )(x+3) ndash 3 (x + 3)(2x ndash 1 ) = 5 x -3 frac12Solution Let (2x ndash 1)(x + 3) = y then we get2(y) ndash 3( 1y) = 50r 2y ndash 3y = 5Or 2y2 ndash 3 = 5y [multiplying both side by y we get]0r 2y2 ndash 5y ndash 3 = 0Now comparing the above equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0 we geta=2 b = - 5 and c = - 3Therefore y = -(- 5 )plusmnradic((-5)sup2-4(2)(-3))2(2) = 5 plusmnradic( 25 + 24)4 = 5plusmn radic(49)4 = (5 plusmn 7)4= (5+7)4 (5 ndash 7)4= 124 -24= 3 - 12Therefore y = 3 (2x ndash 1)( x + 3) = 3 2x ndash 1 = 3x + 9 3x - 2x = - 10 x= - 10Or y = - frac12 ( 2x ndash 1)(x + 3) = - frac124x ndash 2 = - x ndash 3 4x+x = - 3 + 2 5x = - 1 x= - 15Hence the roots of the given equation are - 10 and ndash 1510)(i) x2 - 5x ndash10 =0Solution x2 ndash 5x ndash 10 = 0Comparing the above equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0 we get a=1 b = - 5 and c = - 10Therefore x = - (- 5)plusmnradic( -5)sup2- 4(1)(- 10)2(1) = 5 plusmn radic( 25 +40)2 = 5 plusmn radic(65 )2
= (5 plusmn 8bull06)2 = (5 + 8bull06)2 (5 ndash 8bull06)2 = 13bull062 - 3bull062= 6bull53 - 1bull5312) Solve the equation x ndash 18x = 6 Given your answer correct to two significant figureSolution x ndash18x = 6Or (x2 ndash 18 )x = 6Or x2ndash 18 = 6xOr x2 ndash 6x ndash18 = 0Comparing the above equation with ax2 + bc + c = 0 we gera= 1 b = - 6 and c = -18Therefore x = -(-6) plusmnradic(- (- 6)2 ndash 4(1)(- 18)2(1) = 6 plusmn radic( 36 + 72)2 = (6 plusmnradic( 108)2 =(6 plusmn 10bull39)2= 16bull392 - 4bull392= 8bull195 - 2bull195 asymp 8bull2 - 2bull2
Chemistry Chapter-2L-1Chemical Bonding
1) Chemical Bonding-
It is basically the force of attraction which holds the different types of atoms in a molecule together
Cause of Chemical Combination-
The main cause is the tendency of elements to acquire eight electrons in its outermost shell like that of noble gases other than Helium(He) So the atoms combine to acheive the nearest noble gas configuration of 8 electrons( or 2 electrons) in their outermost orbit and become stable
2) Ion-
It is a charged particle made from an atom by the loss or gain of electrons
There are 2 types of Ions They are-
a) Cations- It is formed by the loss of electrons eg - K+ Ca2+
Na+ etc
b) Anions- It is formed by the gain of electrons eg- Cl- O2- F- etc
Q Why do elements form Ions
A Atoms of all elements except those of noble gases have one to seven valence electrons and are not in a state of minimum energy Thus to acquire a state of minimum energy elements lose or gain electrons and form ions so that they acquire stable configuration (Duplet or Octet)
Q What is the Electronic Theory of Valency
A In 1916 Kossel and Lewis on the basis of octet rule of electrons described simply the electronic structure of molecules of many chemical compounds and elements Kossel mainly described the structure of ionic compounds formed by loss and gain of electrons and Lewis mainly described the structure of Covalent Compounds formed by mutual sharing of electron pair This is known as ELECTRONIC THEORY OF VALENCY proposed by Kossel and Lewis
Q What do you mean by Electropositive and Electronegative Elements
3) Types of Chemical Bond-3 types
A)ElectrovalentIonic Bond
B) Covalent Bond
C) Co-ordinate Dative Bond4) ELECTROVALENT IONIC BOND-
It is the electrostatic force of attraction between the opposite charged ions which holds them together
The chemical compounds formed as a result of electron transfer from one atom of an element to another are called IONIC or ELECTROVALENT COMPOUND
The number of electrons which an element loses or gains during the formation of an ionic bond is called its ELECTROVALENCY
Conditions for the formation of Ionic Compounds-
i Large electronegativity difference between the combining atoms
ii Low IP for one of the atoms from which the cation can be easily formed
iii High electron affinity for one of the atoms from which the anions can be easily formed
iv High Lattice Energy
A
1) Electropositive Elements- have the tendency to lose the electrons and form Cations
eg- Na K Fe -mostly metals
2) Electronegative Elements- have the tendency to gain the electrons and form Anions
eg- Cl F O - mostly Non-metals
Q Give the brief description about the formation of NaCl
A See your Text Book
Q Practise the two types of diagram of the formation of different ionic compound
A See your Text Book
English All Summer in a Answer the following questions-
literature Day 3) Why did the children hate herAns- The children sensed that Margot was different from them She hated the continuous rain while they were used to it She spoke only about the sun and they had no memory of it They hated her pale snow face her waiting silence her thinness and her possible future of going back to the Earth4) What is the it referred to by WilliamAns- The it referred to by William is the Sun which the scientists had predicted would shine for a short while that day5) What was Margot waiting for Why did William say it was a jokeAns- Margot was waiting to see the sun predicted to shine that day for a short while William did not want her to have the joy of seeing the sun
Geography Water Resources SOURCES OF WATER SURFACE WATER AND GROUNDWATER Earth is known as the Blue Planet because 71 per cent of the Earths surface is covered with water Wateralso exists below land surface and as water vapour in the air Water is not added or removed from the environment it simply changes state and location This constant movement of water throughout our environment is called the hydrological cycle or water cycle Earth cleans and replenishes the water supply through the hydrologic cycle Groundwater exists in an aquifer or
underground layer of permeable rock sediment (usually sand or gravel) or soil that yields water
Aquifers are like underground reservoirs of water
SURFACE WATER The visible bodies of water are referred to as surface water Surface waters can be simply described as the water that is on the surface of the Earth This includes the oceans rivers and streams lakes and reservoirs Surface waters are very important Rivers and streams constitute the flowing surface waters Surface water canbe captured for a variety of biospheric and humanusesRunoff During heavy precipitation water cannot infiltrate into the ground It flows on the surface of the ground and called as runoff
GROUNDWATER Groundwater is detained as water that is found beneath the surface of the Earth in conditions of100 per
Q1 Why the Earth is called as Blue PlanetA1 Earth is known as the Blue Planet because 71 per cent of the Earths surface is covered with water
Q2 Define hydrological cycleA2 Water is not added or removed from the environment it simply changes state and location This constant movement of water throughout our environment is called the hydrological cycle or water cycle Earth cleans and replenishes the water supply through the hydrologic cycle
Q3 What is AquifersA3 Aquifers are like underground reservoirs of water
Q4 Why there is a shortage of fresh waterA4 Although the earth has an abundance of water but unfortunately there is a shortage of fresh water because 997 per cent of it occupied by oceans soils icecaps and floating in the atmosphere and rest 03 percent can use for daily uses
cent saturation (if it is less than100 per cent saturation then the water is considered as soil moisture) Ninety-eight per cent of Earths available fresh water is groundwater It is about60 times as plentiful as the fresh water found in lakes and streams Water in the ground travels through pores in soil and rock and in fractures and weathered areas of bed rockThe majority of fresh water is therefore found under ground as soil moisture and in aquifers
Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 88 to 126 (Portia helliphellip Such as the day is when the sun is hid) [Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]
Summary Questions amp Answerso Launcelot then arrives and informs
Lorenzo that Bassanio will also be arriving soon Both Lorenzo and Jessica return to the house and ask Stephano to order the family musicians to play music in order to extend a fitting welcome to Portia
o Portia and Nerissa dressed in their normal self return home and enter the building Lorenzo recognizes Portias voice and comes to greet her She orders the servants to pretend as if she had never left and asks Lorenzo and Jessica to do the same
o Soon thereafter Bassanio Gratiano and Antonio arrive
(1) PORTIA That light we see is burning in my hall (L 89-101)
How far that little candle throws his beams So shines a good deed in a
naughty worldNERISSA When the moon shone we did not see the candlePORTIA So doth the greater glory dim the less
A substitute shines brightly as a king
Unto the king be by and then his state
Empties itself as doth an inland brook
Into the main of waters Music hark
NERISSA It is your music madam of the housePORTIA Nothing is good I see without respect
Methinks it sounds much sweeter than by day
NERISSA Silence bestows that virtue on it madam
(i) Where are Lorenzo and Jessica sitting What message have they received What are they doing
Lorenzo and Jessica are sitting in Portiarsquos house in Belmont They have just received the message informing them of the arrival of Portia and Bassanio separately They are waiting for their arrivals and enjoying the beauty of the moonlight night(ii) In which mood is Lorenzo found after Stephanorsquos departure
After Stephanorsquos departure Lorenzo reverts to his romantic mood He is carried away by the magic of the loveliness of the moonlight He draws Jessicarsquos attention and says that the moonlight is sleeping beautifully on the raised ground He says that they will sit there and enjoy the sweetness of the gentle
music which will shortly creep into their ears very softly(iii) Why has Lorenzo sent Stephano What kind of man is he who does not appreciate the sweet harmony of sounds
Lorenzo has sent Stephano to instruct the musicians to play soft music to welcome Portia home Lorenzo tells that the
tranquility and the beautiful night suit the sweet music Praising the ennobling (M lend greater dignity) effect of music Lorenzo tells Jessica that the person who has no music in him and does not appreciate the sweet harmony of sounds is a dangerous person and so should be watched very carefully(iv) Who are returning to Belmont What does Nerissa remark on seeing the light of the house
Portia and Nerissa are returning to Belmont after successfully conducting Antoniorsquos trial in Venice as the lawyer and the clerk respectively When they are near their home Nerissa seeing the light of the house remarks that they did not see this light of this candle when the moon was shining(v) What does Portia comment on Nerissarsquos observation Commenting on Nerissarsquos observation Portia says that the lesser glory becomes insignificant before the greater glory She adds that the kingrsquos representative assumes great splendor and authority when the king himself is not near But before the real king the substitute becomes devoid of all splendor and
authority as the big rivers lose their identity after emptying into the vast sea
SUBJECT PHYSICS [TOPIC FORCE]Answer the following questions ( ICSE questions of previous years from chapter FORCE)
1 Write the position of centre of mass for the following bodies(i) A circular ring (ii) A cylinder(iii) A hollow sphere (iv) A triangular lamina
2 Explain why screw drivers are provided with longer handles3 Compare the magnitude and direction of centripetal force and centrifugal force4 How does uniform circular motion differ from uniform linear motion5 Why is the motion of a body moving with a constant speed around a circular path is said to be
accelerated6 A brass ball is hanging from a cotton thread Draw a neat labeled diagram showing the force acting
on the brass ball and the cotton thread 7 Define moment of force Write the relationship between the SI and CGS unit of moment of force8 Define couple State the SI unit of moment of couple9 A uniform half meter scale balanced horizontally on a knife edge at 29 cm mark when a weight of 20
gmf is suspended from one end(i) Draw the diagram of the arrangementWhat is the weight of the half meter rule
ECO-10 250620 Topic-Supply Analysis
MEANING OF SUPPLYSupply a commodity by a firm or seller may be defined as the quantity of a commodity that a firm or seller offers for sale at a given price during a given time period But the actual sale of the commodity may be different from its supply For example a farmer (produced of wheat) is willing to sell 50 quintals of wheat at a price of ` 15 per kg but he is able to sell only 30 quintals at this price So this case the supply of wheat is 50 quintals but the actual sale is 30 quintals So these two concepts should not be confused with each other Like demand supply also has three elements The definition of supply include (i) the quantity of the commodity that a firm is willing to supply (ii) the price at which it is willing to supply that quantity and (iii) the time period during which it is willing to supply that quantity
FACTORS DETERMINING SUPPLY OR DETERMINANTS OF SUPPLY OF A GOOD
The main determinant of supply is the price of the commodity But the cost of production of a commodity is an important factor in determining profit maximized on output of a firm The cost of production depends on the prices of various inputs like raw material wages of workers interest of capital rent of building etc The supply of a commodity also depends on the technology used in the production of the commodity and many other factors The main factors determining supply of a commodity are(i) Price of the commodity(ii) Price of other related good(iii) Price of inputsfactors(iv) Taxation policy of government(v) Objective of the firm(i) Price of the commodity Other factors determining supply remaining constant there is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity It means the quantity supplied of a commodity increases with rise in price and decreases with fall in price of the commodity More quantity of a commodity is supplied at a higher price and less quantity is supplied at a lower price For example a seller of tomatoes is willing to sell 100 kgs of tomatoes at a price of ` 40 per keg and only 50 kgs at a price of ` 20 per kg Due to this direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity the supply curve has a positive slope Supply curve is upward sloping to the right(ii) Price of other related goods Supply of a commodity is also influenced by the change in the price of other related goods With the help of given resources we can produce several goods by using the same technology This helps the firm to diversify and tide over fluctuations in demand For example a farmer can produce either pulses or food grains by using the resources If the price of pulses increases it becomes more profitable for him to make more production of pulses So he will divert some resources from the production of food grains to the production of pulses The production of pulses will increase and that of food grains will decrease So the supply of pulses will increase if the price of pulses increases and the supply of food grain will decrease at the same price reverse will happen if the price of food grains increases(iii) Price of inputsfactors Change in the price of inputs like raw material wage rent or interest also influences the supply of a commodity For example in the production of cloth cotton is the main raw material If the price of cotton increases the cost of production of cloth will increase At the same price the margin of profit will decrease So the producer will decrease the supply of cloth at the same price On the other hand if the price of cotton falls the cost of production per unit of cloth will decrease and hence the supply of cloth will increase The price of other inputs will also influence the supply of a good in the same manner(iv) Technology of production an improvement in the technology of production of a commodity decreases the per unit cost of the commodity The margin of profit will increase at the same price So the supply of a commodity will increase with improvement in technology of production at the same price On the other hand if a firm uses absolute technology of production the cost of production per unit of the commodity will increase The margin of profit will decrease so the firm will decrease its supply at the same price This is the main reason that the firms are trying to use better technology of production because it not only reduces the cost of production per unit but also improves the quality of the product(v) Taxation policy of government If the government reduces the excise duty or the production of a commodity the cost of production per unit of the commodity will decrease the margin of profit will increase at the same price so the producer of the commodity will increase its supply It happens when the government wants to increase the production of the commodity On the other hand to discourage the production of some harmful goods like cigarettes liquor etc the government increases the rate of excise duty on the production of such goods So the cost of production per unit of the commodity increases and the supply of such commodities decreases(vi) Objective of the firm The objective of the producer also influences the supply of a commodity Generally the objective of a producer is get maximize his profits Profits are maximized at a higher price So he increases the supply of a commodity at a higher price and decreases its supply at a lower price But sometimes the producer may be in maximizing his sales and not in maximizing his profits as he wants to capture the market In that case he goes on increasing the supply so long his target is not achieved can profit is not adversely affected He may increase the supply at the same price to any extent
SUPPLY FUNCTION
When the relationship between quantity supplied and the determinants of supplied is expressed mathematically in an equation it is called a supply function So a supply function can be expressed asSn = f(Pn Pr Pf T Tr G)where Sn = Supply of commodity nPn = Price of the commodity nPr = Price of other related goodsPf = Price of inputsfactors
T = Technology of productionTr = Government policy or tax rateG = Goal or objective of the producer
Typically supply function shows the relationship between price and quantity supplied keeping all other determinants of supply as constant It shows the amount of a good that a seller supplies at different levels of price
LAW OF SUPPLYThe law of supply depicts the relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity when all other determinants of supply remain constant This law states that there is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity other factors determining supply remaining constant It means quantity supplied of a commodity increases with increase in price and decreases with decrease in price
Assumptions of the law of supplyThe phrase other determinants of supply remaining constant in the law of supply shows the assumptions of the law of supply The mains factors which influence the supply of a commodity one price of the commodity price of other related goods price of inputs technology of production taxation policy of the government and objective of the firm etc The law of supply is based on the assumptions that all these factors determining supply except price of the commodity should remain constant The following are the main assumptions of the law of supply(i) Price of other related goods should remain the same(ii) There should be no change in the price of inputs (factors)(iii) Technology of production should not change(iv) There is no change in the taxation policy of the government(v) Objective of the firm should not changeThe law of supply is based on the assumptions that the supply of commodity changes only due to change in price when all other determinant of supply remain constantClass XISubject Topic Summary Execution EVS Chapter-2
Ecology Answer the following questions briefly Q Draw a neat labeled diagram of carbon cycleAnsndash
Mathematics Principle of Mathematical Induction
1) What is statement Ans A sentence which may be true or false is called statement eg i) 5 is greater than 3 ii) New Delhi is the capital of India iii) 5 divides 7 These all are statements We see that statement (i) amp (ii) are true but (iii) is false 2 What is Mathematical StatementAns Statement involving mathematical relations are called mathematical statement We shall use mathematical statement in principle of
Example If n be a positive integer show that n(n+1) is an even positive integer Solution Let P(n) be the statement n(n+1) is an even positive integer Then (i) P(1) is the statement 1(1+1) ie 2 is an even positive integer Therefore P(1) is true (ii) If P(m) is true for some positive integer m then m(m+1) is an even integer Now (m+1) [(m+1)+1]=(m+1)sup2+ (m+1) =msup2+2m+1+m+1=msup2+m+2m+2=m(m+1) +2(m+1) = an even integer + an even positive integer [Since P(m) is true and 2(m+1) is an even
mathematical induction 3 What is the use of Principle of mathematical inductionAns Sometimes it is difficult to prove a statement theorem or a formula by direct method In this case we use an indirect method known as the Principle of mathematical induction There are two steps in this processSTEP 1 Varify that the statement or formula is true for one or two particular values of n say for n=1 2STEP 2 Assuming that the statement or formula is true for n=m where m is any positive integer show that it is true for n=m+1Conclusion Since the statement is true for n=2 it is true for n=2+1 that is 3 and since it is true for n=3 it is true for n=3 + 1 that is 4 and so on Hence the statement or formula is true for all positive integral values of n
positive integer]= an even positive integer Therefore P(m+1) is true when P(m) is true Therefore By the principle of Mathematical Induction P(n) is true for all positive integral values of n Hence n(n+1) is an even positive integer
Hindi 2ndlang एक फल की चाह 5 दख रहा था जस सो सथिर हो नही बठती थी कषण भर हाय ही चपचाप पडी थी अटल शागित शी धारण कर सनना यही चाहता था म उस सय ही
उकसा करमझको दी क परसाद का एक फल ही दो लाकर
शबदाथ ससथिर - परी तरह ठहरी हई अटल- पकका
उकसाकर - पररणा दकर
वयाखयाndash उपय[ पलि[यो म कगि सखिखया की ददशा का णन कर रहा ह जो उनक गिपता दवारा वय[ गिकया या ह अपनी बटी सखिखया कीददशा का
गितरण करत हए गिपता कहता ह गिक म अपनी आखो क सामन दख रहा था गिक मरी बटी जो पल भर क लिलए दिटककर नही बठती थी ह अब सथिर शात मरतित की तरह पढी थी अब म ह बार- बार इस बात क लिलए पररिरत कर रहा
था गिक ह मझ गिफर स ही शबद कह गिपताजी मझ दी क परसाद का एक फल लाकर दो
6 ऊच शल लिशखर क ऊपर मदिदर था गिसतीणर गिशाल सण कलशसरलिसज गिहलिसत थ पाकरसमदिदत रगि कर जाल दीप धल स अचछदिदत था मदिदर का
आन सारा ज रही थी भीतर बाहर मखरिरत उतस की धारा
शबदाथ - शल लिशखर- पहाड की ऊची चोटी
सतीणर - फला हआ
सण कलश - कमल क समान सदर सोन का कलश मखरिरत - परकट समदिदत - अचछी परकार खिखला हआ रगि कर जाल - सय की गिकरणो का समह
वयाखया- परसतत पलि[या म कगि न मदिदर की सदरता का णन गिकया ह कहत ह गिक मझ पहाड की चोटी पर एक गिलिशषट और गिशालमश था उसक
सोन क कलश सय की गिकरणो म चमकत हए ऐस परतीत हो रह थ जस सय की खिखली हईगिकरणो क ाा सपशपाकर सनहर कमल खिखल उठ हो मदिदर का
आन धप दीप की सध स भरा हआ था मदिदर क अदर और बाहर मनाए जा रह उसकी परसननता की ज सनाई द रही थी
Bengali (2nd language)
কোনি মনি নদী পরথম অধযোয়
হি_তীয় হিদরণে3র পাঠ-
হিবষটবাব গলাকটির কায় গররণে কা বলরণেত পাররণে0 3া শধ গচাখ হিদরণেয় রা পরকাশ করহি0ল কা বলরণেত বলরণেত গলাকটি পাঞজাহিব লহিn খরণেল জ কররণেত শর করল তাই গদরণেখ হিবষটবাব ত2মভ রণেয় গল চাটি ারার 2হিnরণেত গলাকটি হিবষটবাবর হিদরণেক এরণোরণেল হিতহি3 াা 3ীচ করণের 3াহিরণেয় গ33 হিদ গলাকটি হিবষটবাবরণেক চাটিরণেয় ায় তারণেল হিতহি3 তাাতাহিউরণেঠ গলাকটিরণেক ধররণেত পাররণেব3 3া কার তার শরীরণেরর ওজরণে3র জ3য এই শরণে3 হিবষটবাব বরণে3া গারণেষর ত গতরণেZরণে উরণেঠ দাাল তারণেত গলাকটি দাহিরণেয় শরীরটারণেক একট দহিলরণেয় হি3ল এই সব শরণে3 হিবষট ধর চপ করণের রইল শধ lsquoগঘাৎrsquo করণের একটা শবদ করল গলাকটি হিসহি হিদরণেয় ওঠা3াা কররণে0 গদরণেখ হিবষটবাব খাহি3কটা হিদরণেশারা রণেয় গলহিবষটবাবর গচারণেখ রারণের বদরণেল এখ3 গকৌতল হিতহি3 বরণেল3 ldquoখাওায় আার গলা2 গ3ই Uায়টিং কহিরrdquo হিকনত হিতহি3 কতটা Uায়টিং করণের তা তার শরীর আর খাবারণেরর তাহিলকা গদরণেখ গলাকটি বরণে= গল গলাকটি এহিরণেয় হিরণেয় হিবষটবাবর 2হিরণেত াত বহিলরণেয় হিদরণেল গস আরা অ32ব করণের3 এবং হিপহি0রণেয় া3 গলাকটি হিবষটবাবর সারণে3 তার শরীরণেরর কসরত পরদশ3 কররণেল হিবষটবাব রণে3 রণে3 হিব হিব করণের বরণেল3 হিতহি3ও গরাা রণেত চা3 গসই হরণেত nা গরণেক আবার হিচৎকার গ2রণেস আরণেস lsquoগকা হি3 গকা হি3rsquo
ldquoকী রক Uায়টিংrdquo-ক)বকতা গককারণেক বলরণে0খ)Uায়টিং কার অ কী ) Uায়টিং করা বযহিকতর গচারার ব3া দাও ঘ) তার Uায়টিং এর ব3া দাও
উঃ- ক) আরণেলাচয অংশটি হিত3ltীর গলখা lsquoগকাহি3rsquo উপ3যাস গরণেক গ3ওয়া রণেয়রণে0 আরণেলাচয কাটি বকতা রণেল3 সাদা লহিnপরা ারণেয় গরয়া পাঞজাহিব ও কারণেধ রহিn3 বযা ওয়ালা হিiহিতশ হিসং হিতহি3 কাটি বরণেলরণে03 হিবষট ধররণেকখ) Uারণেয়টিং কার অ ল পহিরহিত খাদয গর অাৎ খাদয তাহিলকায় সসত খারণেদযর গ3াগ3 বজায় গররণেখ খাদয গর) হিবষট ধরণেরর গচারা হিবশাল ওজ3 পরায় হিত3 গদখরণেত জলহিসতর রণেতা সারা শরীরণের চহিব ল ল কররণে0 বয়স পরায় চহিশ হিবশাল 2হি উপ রণেয় শরণেল হিচৎ রণেত পারণের3া গকউ গঠরণেল হিদরণেল হিচৎ রণেত পারণের তারণেক কায় নধ াদ3 পবরণেতর সরণেn তল3া করা য়ঘ) হিবষট ধর গকৌতলী রণেয় বরণেল তার খাওয়ার গকা3 গলা2 গ3ই গস Uায়টিং করণের আরণে গস আধ হিকরণেলা হিiর গখত এখ3 গস হিত3রণেশা গরা হিiর খায় জল খাবারণের কহিটা লহিচ গখত এখ3 পরণে3রণেরাটা লহিচ খায় আাইরণেশা গরা চারণেলর 2াত খায় হিঘ খাওয়া গ0রণে হিদরণেয়রণে0 রারণেত াতর বারণেরাটা রটি খায় হিবরণেকরণেল দ-গলাস হি0হিরর জল সরণেn চাররণেট কা পারণেকর সরণেltশ বাহিরণেত রাধাকষণ আরণে0 বরণেল হিবষট ধর া0 াংস খায়3া আর তারণেত তার গকা3 গলা2 লালসা গ3ই
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 276 to 313 (Sebastian helliphellipIt struck mine ear most terribly)[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]
Summary Questions amp AnswersConspiracy of Antonio and Sebastian
o Antonio further suggests murder of Alonso and eventually Sebastian agrees
o They draw their swords and proceed to murder Alonso and Gonzalo who are sleeping
(1) (Act II Sc 2 L 277-291)ANTONIO Ay sir where lies that If rsquotwere a kibe
rsquoTwould put me to my slipper but I feel notThis deity in my bosom Twenty consciencesThat stand rsquotwixt me and Milan candied be they And melt ere they molest Here lies your brotherNo better than the earth he lies uponIf he were that which now hes likemdashthats deadWhom I with this obedient steel three inches of itCan lay to bed for ever (whiles you doing thus
o As they approach Ariel appears again and wakes up Gonzalo by singing a tune in his ear Alonso also wakes up and they see both Sebastian and Antonio with drawn swords On being caught off guard they make up a story saying that they had heard a bellowing of bulls or lions
IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED
(Act II Sc 1 L 277-281)ANTONIOAy sir where lies that If rsquotwere a kibersquoTwould put me to my slipper but I feel notThis deity in my bosom Twenty consciencesThat stand rsquotwixt me and Milan candied be they And melt ere they molest
In these lines Antonio speaks how he is a conscienceless villain In inciting Sebastian to the kingship of Naples by murdering his brother he quotes his own example He too had banished his brother and made himself the Duke of Milan This kingship now sits upon him like a well fittinggarment So will be the case of Sebastian Sebastian then questions Antonio if this foul deed did not prick his conscience To this Antonio replies like a hardened villain He laughs at the word lsquoconsciencersquo and says that he has never heard of anything like conscience A guilty conscience gave him no more pain that is chilblain (M a painful itching and swelling on hand and foot caused by exposure to extreme cold) A man can get rid of the pain of chilblain by wearing slippers instead of shoes so does Antonio get rid of the qualms (M an uneasy feeling of doubt worry or fear especially about onersquos conduct) of conscience very easily Even if he were troubled by twenty consciences that barred his way to the throne of Milan however frozen they might be he would melt them into insensibility before they could cause him to twinge
To the perpetual wink of aye might putThis ancient morsel this Sir Prudence whoShould not upbraid our course) - for all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour
(i) To whom does Antonio speak these lines Who is referred to as lsquoyour brotherrsquo What does Antonio mean by saying lsquoNo better than the earth he lies uponrsquo
These lines are spoken by Antonio to Sebastian King Alonso is referred to as Sebastianrsquos brother Indicating towards Alonso who is lying asleep on the ground Antonio tells Sebastian that here sleeps his brother and at this time he is no better than a clod of the earth on which he lies asleep Antonio means to say that if he were actually to become what he looks like he would be a dead body(ii) According to Antonio what would he do if he were at the place of Sebastian
Antonio says that if he were in the position of Sebastian he would not care even for twenty consciences in order to win the kingship of Naples He would rather forget all his consciences if they happen to trouble him at all (iii) What does Antonio suggest to Sebastian What does Antonio assure him
Antonio suggests to Sebastian that in a moment Sebastian can put to death Gonzalo who pretends to be a very wise man and who on that account rebukes others (particularly Antonio and Sebastian) whereas he (Antonio) himself can put Alonso to death with only three inches of his willing sword Antonio further assures Sebastian that by killing both of them there will be none left to oppose him and in this way every obstacle in his way will be removed
(iv) Explain the lines lsquofor all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hourrsquo
In other words Antonio says that even if he were endowed with a stiff conscience he could easily relax or soften it for the execution of his purpose Then Antonio suggests that conscience should be no hindrance to a manrsquos future greatness
Comments These are terrible words coming from the mouth of a villain of the worst type He is utterly devoid of conscience or remorse He is an utter atheist of human virtue He speaks of conscience as a deity that he does not feel in his bosom
According to Antonio so far as the other lords (Adrian Francisco and others) are concerned they need not be murdered because they would obey the orders of Antonio and Sebastian as willingly and readily as cat licks milk These other lords would endorse and support everything that Sebastian and Antonio may say or suggest These other lords would adjust their views in accordance with the wishes of Antonio and Sebastian and they would regard all proposals made by Antonio and Sebastian as being opportune and also as being acceptable(v) What opinion do you form of Antonio from the above speech
The speech given above shows Antonio to be an absolutely unscrupulous man After saying that he does not believe in any such faculty as the conscience he suggests to Sebastian to
(Act II Sc 1 L 285-291)ANTONIOhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (whiles you doing thus To the perpetual wink of aye might putThis ancient morsel this Sir Prudence whoShould not upbraid our course) - for all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour
Antonio has convinced Sebastian that he has made himself Duke of Milan by a crime for which he has felt no pricks of conscience In these lines Antonio tells Sebastian that now that the chance has presented itself to him he should take it and be King of Naples So far as Alonso is concerned Antonio agrees to undertake the task of killing him by sticking only three inches of his sharp dagger Making a thrust in the air with his sword he tells Sebastian that by a similar method he can put to sleep forever Gonzalo ndash the old piece of flesh already rotten ndash this piece of antiquity ndash this ldquoSir Prudencerdquo who is never tired of reading his moral lectures to them If ldquoProfessor Wisdomrdquo is got rid of he will not be able to denounce their action as he would surely do if they did not dispatch him as well As for the rest of the kingrsquos counselors (Adrian and Francisco) it is their nature to adopt any statements and views which are placed before them just as it is the nature of a cat to lap milk Antonio assures Sebastian that ldquothese othersrdquo will back them up in whatever they say or do that they will count the strokes of the clock exactly as they bid them not according to the real time but according to the time that is right for their business Hence only two persons Alonso and Gonzalo are required to be removed to fulfill their ambition
murder Gonzalo at the very time when he (Antonio) stabs Alonso to death And yet this brutal man has a fertile wit also He can talk in a persuasive manner and also in a sarcastic and satirical manner He knows human nature thoroughly and he understands that Gonzalo is loyal to Alonso while the other lords are only sycophants who can easily be won over to Sebastianrsquos side after Alonso has been assassinated
(2) (Act II Sc 1 291-296)SEBASTIAN Thy case dear friend
Shall be my precedent as thou gotst MilanIll come by Naples Draw thy swordmdashone strokeShall free thee from the tribute which thou payest And I the King shall love thee
ANTONIO Draw together And when I rear my hand do you the likeTo fall it on Gonzalo
(i) Explain the situation and introduce the persons engaged in conversation
After the supposed shipwreck King Alonso with his lords his brother Sebastian and Antonio the Duke of Milan land on a strange island Prince Ferdinand is feared to be drowned While the King and others have fallen asleep after exertions of the day and Ariel with his sweet music acting as a catalyst Antonio and Sebastian are awake They have hatched a conspiracy to kill King Alonso and his loyal lord Gonzalo Then Sebastian will become King of NaplesIn these lines Antonio and Sebastian are engaged in conversation They are just ready to execute their plan to attack King Alonso and Gonzalo simultaneously(ii) Antoniorsquos case shall become Sebastianrsquos precedent What has been Antoniorsquos case
Antonio proved treacherous towards his brother Prospero who was the Duke of Milan Since Prospero spent his time in his scholarly pursuits he had delegated his powers to his younger brother Antonio to administer the dukedom Antonio grew ambitious He overthrew his brother and expelled him from his own dukedom In his place Antonio became the Duke of Milan which he continues to be now His case urges Sebastian to do the same(iii) How is Sebastian going to follow Antonio
Sebastian is going to take Antoniorsquos case as his precedent He is convinced that if Antonio could usurp the dukedom from his living brother Sebastian could become the King of Naples by killing his sleeping brother(iv) What will one stroke of Antoniorsquos sword do What will Sebastian do to reward Antonio
Sebastian asks Antonio to put an end to Alonsorsquos life with one stroke of his sword The same stroke will earn for him a reward Sebastian will become the King of Naples and he will exempt Antonio from paying the annual tribute to Naples The dukedom of Milan is a tributary to the kingdom of Naples Its Duke has to pay tribute to the King every year When Sebastian takes over as the King he will give a benefit to his friend who is helping him to realize his ambition
(v) What is Antoniorsquos suggestion
Antonio suggests that they may draw their swords together When he raises his hand to attack Alonso Sebastian should raise his sword to bring it down on Gonzalo
ACCOUNTS-11 25062020 Topic- depreciation ndashSTRAIGHT LINE METHOD
Illustration Salman and Usman Bros acquired a machine on July 1 2014 at a cost of Rs 70000 and spent Rs5000 on its installation The firm writes off depreciation 10 on straight line method The books are closed on December 31 every year Show the machinery and depreciation account for three years
Solution Machinery Account
Date Particulars LF amount Date Particulars LF` Amount ( Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014July 01 To Bank Ac 70000 Dec 31 Dec By Depreciation Ac 3750
(70000 x10x612)
July 01 To Bank Ac 5000 Dec31 By Balance cd 71250
75000 75000
2015 2015Jan 01 To Balance bd 71250 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 x10 ) Dec31 By Balance cd 63750
71250 71250
2016 2016Jan 01 To Balance bd 63750 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 (75000 x10 ) Dec 31 By Balance cd 56250
63750 63750
Depreciation Account
Date Particulars LF Amount Date Particulars LF Amount (Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 3750 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 3750
2015 2015
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
2016 2016
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
WORKING
Cost of Machine RS70000Cost of Installation Rs 5000
Total 75000
Rate of Depreciation 10
Then annual depreciation will be 10 of Rs 75000 = Rs 7500
Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution Geography DRIANAGE THE PENINSULAR RIVERS
1 The Mahanadi2 The Godavari3 The Krishna4 The Kaveri5 The Subarnarekha6 The Narmada7 The Tapi8 The Sabarmati and the Mahi9 The Chambal
The Mahanadi Basin The Mahanadi rises from Dandakaranya
Q1 Which is the largest river of peninsular plateau Write a brief note about its courseA1 The largest river of peninsular plateau is Godavari The river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has
near Sihawa in Raipur district in the highlands of Chhattisgarhand flows through Odisha to reach the Bay of BengalThe length of the river is about 857 kmIts drainagebasin is shared by Maharashtra Chhattisgarh Jharkhandand Odisha
THE MAHANADI RIVER SYSTEM
The GodavariThe river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
THE GODAVARI RIVER SYSTEM
many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
Q2 Which river is known as Dakshin GangaA2 The Godavari river is known as lsquoDakshin Gangarsquo It is also known as Vridha Ganga
Q3 Differentiate between east-flowing rivers and west-flowing riversA3
East-flowing rivers
West-flowing rivers
Godavari Krishna Kaveri Mahanadi are the east-flowing rivers
Narmada Tapiwest-flowing rivers
They fall into the Bay of Bengal
They fall into Arabian Sea
These rivers form big deltas
These rivers form comparativelysmall deltas
Catchment area of these river are larger
Catchment area of these river are smaller
The KrishnaThe Krishna river rises from the Western Ghatsnear Mahabaleshwar It flows into the Bay of Bengalbefore forming a large delta Its length is about1400 km The Tungabhadra Koyana Ghatprabha Musi and Bhima are some of its tributariesIt has covers parts of Maharashtra Karnataka and AndhraPradesh
THE KRISHNA RIVER SYSTEM
The KaveriIt rises in the Brahmagiri range of the Western Ghats and flows into the Bay ofBengal Southof Cuddalore in Tamil Nadu The length of the river is about 760 km Its main tributaries are the Amravati Bhavani Hemavati and Kabini The Kaveri drains inthe parts of Karnataka Kerala and drains in Tamil Nadu The river Kaveri makes the second biggest waterfall in India known as Sivasamudram
POLITICAL SCIENCE
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
MEANING OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS-Fundamental rights are those rights which are essential for intellectual moral and spiritual development of citizens of India As these rights are fundamental or essential for existence and all-round development of individuals hence they are called Fundamental rights These are enshrined in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India These include individual rights common to most such as equality before the law freedom of speech and freedom of expression religious and cultural freedom Freedom of assembly (peaceful assembly) freedom of religion (freedom to practice religion) right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writsThere are six fundamental rights recognized by the Indian constitution
1 Right to equality (Articles 14-18)2 Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22)3 Right Against exploitation (Articles 23-24)4 Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25- 28)5 Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29-30) and6 Right to Constitutional remedies (Articles 32-35)
1 The right to equality includes equality before the law the prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion race caste gender or place of birth equality of opportunity in matters of employment the abolition of untouchability and abolition of titles
2 The right to freedom includes freedom of speech and expression association or union or cooperatives movement residence and right to practice any profession or occupation
3 The right against exploitation prohibits all forms of forced labour child labour and trafficking of human beings
4 The right to freedom of religion includes freedom of conscience and free profession practice and propagation of religion freedom to manage religious affairs freedom from certain taxes and freedom from religious instructions in certain educational institutes
5 The Cultural and educational Rights preserve the right of any section of citizens to conserve their culture language or script and right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice
6 The right to constitutional remedies is present for enforcement of fundamental rightsThe right to privacy is an intrinsic part of Article 21 (the Right to Freedom) that protects the life and liberty of the citizens The right to privacy is the newest right assured by the Supreme court of India It assures the peoples data and personal security
Fundamental rights for Indians have also been aimed at overturning the inequalities of pre-independence social practices Specifically they have also been used to abolish untouchability and thus prohibit discrimination on the grounds of religion race caste sex or place of birth They also forbid trafficking of human beings and forced labour (a crime) They also protect cultural and educational rights of religious and linguistic minorities by allowing them to preserve their languages and also establish and administer their own education institutions They are covered in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India
Mathematics
Relation Study Item Types of RelationToday class xii students we will discuss about the types of RelationsFirst we discuss Void RelationWhat is Void RelationAns Let A be a non-empty set Then φ A A and so it is a relation R on set A Thissube ⨯ relation is called the void or empty relation on set ANow from the above definition we came to know that no element of A is related to any element of AHere A A is called Cartesian product⨯
is the symbol of subsetsubeAnd φ is called phi and refer to void or empty relationNow I give an example to understand the above said relationLet A = 1 2 3 4Here A A =(11)(12)(13)(14)(21)(22)(23)(24)(31)(32)(33)(34)(41)⨯(42)(43)(44)Now we consider R is a relation which is defined by R=(ab) a+b= 50We notice that a+b 50 for any two elements of AnotinTherefore (ab) R for any ab A is called belong to and is not belong tonotin isin isin notinTherefore we can say R does not contain any element of A A⨯Therefore R is empty set Therefore we can say that R is the void or empty relation on AWhat is universal RelationAns Let A is a set Then A A A A and so it is a relation on A This relation is called⨯ sube ⨯ the universal relation on ANow from the above definition we can say that each element of A is related to every element of ANow we consider the relation R on the set A =1 234 defined by R = (ab) R |a -b|isin
0≽We observe that|a - b | 0 for all ab A≽ isin
(ab) R for all (ab) A ArArr isin isin ⨯ Each element of set A is related to set A every element of set ArArr
Therefore we write R= AxATherefore we can say R is universal relation on set ANote we can say that void relation is smallest relation and the universal relation is largest relationSometime both void relation and universal relation is called trivial relationWhat is identity relationAns Let A is a non-empty set Then the relation R or IA = (aa) a A on A is called theisin identity relation on A Therefore from the above definition we can say that every element of A is related to itself only
Example Let A = 1234 then Ror IA = (11)(22)(33)(44) is the identity relation on set ANow I give you another example R1 = (11)(22)(33) and R2 = (11)(22)(33)(44)(24)From the above example we can say that R1 and R2 are not identify relation Because in the case of R1 (44)R1 and on the other hand R2 where element 2 is related to elements 2 and 4
Hindi 2ndlang
भलि[ (महादी मा)
भलि[ कहानी की लखिखका महादी मा न इस कहानी म यह दशान का परयास गिकया ह गिक आजकल क जमान म भी लो सक बन कर गिनसाथ सा करत ह ह
गिबना तन लिसा करत ह और उसक बदल ना कछ मात ह और ना ही कोई आशा करत ह नौकर सा करक तन चाहता ह और ह भी कई सगिधाओ की आशा करता ह पर सक सदा गिनजी साथ भा स सा म सलगन रह कर काम करता ह भलि[ कहानी की मखय पातर लकषमी ह जिजस भलि[ नाम लखिखका न दिदया ह ह गिकसी
ोपाल काकी कनया ह पाच रष की आय म उसकी गि माता न ौना ही कर दिदया कहानी म भलि[ क दखो का अत नही ह गिफर भी ह बडी साहसी धयान और परिरशरमी ह कदिठनाइयो स जझ ती ह पहल गिपता की मतय गिफर पगित की मतय और
गिफर घर जमाई की मतय होती ह उस साहसी मगिहला न साहस नही छोडा और तीनो पतरी ओक हाथ पील गिकए लाना द पान क कारण उसका जमीदार न अपमान गिकया गिफरकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहचीकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहची शहर पहच करा लखिखका की सगिका बनी ही पर उसका नाम भलि[ पडा ह एक भ[ की तरह अपन सामिमनी की इमानदारी स सा करती और तन का जिजकर भी नही करती ह लखिखका क घर पाठशाला आदिद को अचछी तरह स सभालती पढी-
लिलखी ना होकर भी ह लखिखका की बहत सा ए सहायता करती ह लखिखका का साया बनकर चलती लखिखका की सा करना उसक जीन का उददशय ह ह
लखिखका की खशी क लिलए ही काय करती ह ह लखिखका को दखी नही दख सकती लखिखका पर भलि[ का इतना परभा पडा गिक ह सय दहाती बन ई
यदध क दिदनो म ह अपन परिरार क साथ रहन की अपकषा लखिखका क साथ रहना पसद करती थी यदध क भत न जब ीटा क ान पर पलायन गित जा दी तो
भलि[ न न लखिखका को अपन ा ल जान का अनरोध करन ली लखिखका को डर ह गिक यदिद उसक गिदा होन क अगितम छठा ए तो ह दहातीन दधा कया कर ी
इस परकार हम दखत ह गिक लखिखका न सामिमनी और सगिका क ण बरसात हए सक धम पर परकाश डाला ह और लखिखका न एक आदश सगिका क रप को सदर
रप स परसतत गिकया हBengali আদাব পরশন) ldquoশরণের ১৪৪ ধারা আর কারহিZউ অU ার জারী রণেয়রণে0ldquo
ক) কার গলখা গকা3 রচ3ার অংশ খ)গকাায় গক3 ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়রণে0 )১৪৪ ধারা কী এর Zরণেল কী য়
উততর) ক)আরণেলাচ য অংশটি সরণেরশ বসর রহিচত lsquoআদাবlsquo গ0াট রণেলপর অংশ
খ) বাংলারণেদরণেশর ঢাকা শরণের ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়হি0ল সামপরদাহিয়ক াnাা ও দাnা পরহিতরণেরারণেধর জ3 য হিlt সলা3রণেদর গ3তারণেদর সামপরদাহিয়ক উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা বারণেধ উ2য় সমপরদায় 2ীত রণেয় ঘর বহিlt রণেয় পরণে পরসপর পরসপররণেক সরণেltরণের গচারণেখ গদরণেখ গকউ কাউরণেক আরণের রণেতা হিবশবাস কররণেত পারণের3া হিক0 া3রণেষর উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা য় ার পহির3া অরণেতক রকত iয় ও ত য
) ১৪৪ ধারা আইরণে3র এ3 একটা ধারা ার _ারা এলাকা হি3হিদ ষট করণের গদওয়া য় গসই এলাকার রণেধ য গবহিশ া3রণেষর জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় হিহি0ল জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় আই3 2nকারীরণেক গহিলর হি3রণেদশ জাহির করা য় তাই সাধার3 া3ষ আর বাইরণের গবর রণেত পারণের3া পরারণে3র 2রণেয় বহিlt রণেয় ারণেক এর Zল য় সাংঘাহিতক গদাকা3 পাট বনধ ারণেক
হিজহি3স পতর অহিল য় রাসতা ঘাট জ3 শ3 য রণেয় ায় লরণেঠরা তারণেদর লঠত রাজ চাহিলরণেয় হি3রণেজরণেদর আরণেখর গহি0রণেয় গ3য় া3ষরণেক 2ীহিতর হিব2ীহিষহিক গরাস করণের ঘরণেরর া3রণেষর ইkা াকরণেলও ঘরণের হিZররণেত পারণের3া হিZররণেত হিরণেয় বltরণেকর গহিলরণেত পরা3 ারায়
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today we will discuss about Types of Leaves
An organization provides several kinds of leaves to the employees These days employees working both in government and private sector are allowed several types of leaves Following are the leaves achieved by the employees from their organization
Casual LeaveChild care leave -HospitalLeaveSpecial disability leaveChild Adoption leaveEarned LeavesHalf pay leaveMaternity leavePaternityleaveStudy leave
1 Casual Leave- Casual leave is not a recognised form of leaves and is not subject to any rules made by the government of India And official on casual leave is not treated as Absent from duty and pay is not intimated Normally 8 days of casual leave is permissible in a calendar year
2 Child care leave - Women employees having minor children may be granted child care leave by an authority competent to grant leave for a maximum period of 730 days means two years during their entire service for taking care of up to two children weather for sharing or to look after any of their names like examination sickness it is a
3HospitalLeave - Hospital leave is admissible to group C employees whose duties involved handling of dangerous machinery explosive materials poisonous drugs and performance of hazardous task and to group D employees Medical certificate from an authorised medical attendant is necessary for the grant of these leave However total period of
leave does not exceed 28 months4Special disability leave- Special
disability leave admissible to all employees when disabled by injury intentionally or accidentally inflicted are caused in law in consequence of the due performance of official duties or in consequence of official position It also it is also add miscible when disabled by illness incurred in the performance of any particular duty which has the effect of increasing laboratory to illness or injury beyond the ordinary least attaching to the Civil post held and the same condition
5Child Adoption leave- This leave is granted to female Employees with fewer than two surviving children on valid adoption of a child below the age of one year for a period of 135 days immediately after the date of valid adoption Leave salary will be equal to the pain immediately before processing on leave
6Earned Leaves- This leave is earned by duty The credit for earned leave will be awarded at a rate of 15 days on the 1st of January and 1st of July every year It can be accumulated up to 300 days in addition to the number of days for which encashment has been allowed along with LTC
7 Half pay leave -All government servant are entitled to 20 days of HPL half pay leave for every completed year of service Half pay leave is calculated at 20 days for each completed year of service The service includes periods of duty and leave including extra ordinary leave with or without MC (medical certificate)
8 Maternity leave -Maternity leave is granted to women Government employees full stop it is as possible only to Employees with less than 2 surviving children The maternity leave is not debited to leave account and full pay is granted It cannot be combined with any other the leaves and count as service for increment and pension
9 PaternityleaveA male employee with less than 2 surviving children may be granted paternity leave for a period of 15 days during the confinement of
his wife During the period of such leaves he shall be paid leave salary equal to the pay drawn immediately before proceeding on leave
10 Study leave-Study leave may be granted to all Government Employees with not less than 5 years service for undergoing a special course consisting of higher studies are specialised training in a professional or technical subject having a direct and close connection with the sphere of his duties as a Civil Servant
Commerce
Chapter-5Management
Let us today discuss about the nature of Management
Nature of management Management is defined as
An art A science A profession
Management is defined as an art because of the following reasons
1 In art there is an existence of theoretical knowledge Similarly in management various theories are propounded by management thinkers in various areas of management like finance marketing human resources etc
2 Every manager apply his or her personal skills and knowledge in the day to day functioning of an enterprise
3 Like an art management is creative as it provides solutions to Complex problems making resources productive and profitable moulding the attitudes of people for the betterment of an organisation
Management is is considered as science because of the following reasons
1 Like science there is a systemised body of knowledge in management consisting of theories principles vocabulary and concept
2 Principles of management are evolved after continuous observations and experimentation
Management both as Science and ArtManagement is both a science and an art It is a science because it uses certain principles and is an art because it requires continuous practice and application of personal skillsManagement as a profession Following points highlight whether management is a profession or not1 Like profession management has well
defined body of knowledge It has its own principles which are based on experiments One can acquire such
knowledge by pursuing courses like MBA BBA etc and acquire managerial skills through instruction and training
2 In management no such restriction is there for managers to clear an examination for hold a degree However these days more and more people are appointed for managerial post who opposes management degrees
3 Membership to a professional Association like AIMA is not mandatory for managers All managers directly or indirectly work for the development of society
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Essay Questions (EQ-2)
Question No 2Sketch the character of Prospero Would you call him perfect
AnswerProspero in The Tempest appears to be an intensely human being with human failings and weaknesses With all his excellence Prospero is made to awaken our sympathy for a natural imperfection Prosperorsquos Previous HistoryIn his retrospective narration of his previous history to Miranda we get a glimpse into Prosperorsquos past life As the Duke of Milan Prospero buried himself in his magic books which he prized above his dukedom He was essentially a scholar with no practical wisdom He failed to perform his first duty by neglecting the governance of his state and gave an opportunity to his wicked brother to undermine his throne He was thus driven from his home and thrown in a leaky boat with his weeping daughter to drift in the perilous seas It is only the thought of his little child that kept him aliveThe Development of Prosperorsquos CharacterThe development of his character is evident from the contrast between what he was before his banishment and what he is now in the island Formerly when his ldquolibrary was dukedom enoughrdquo he was altogether too unsuspecting Now he is watchful as providence and takes care to guard himself against the possibility of evil He has learnt to know human nature in its worst forms even Caliban has taught him something He will no longer put his trust in appearance except as ldquostale to catch thievesrdquo nor in oaths of which the strongest he says ldquoare straw to the fire irsquo the bloodrdquo He who once neglected worldly ends now consistently asserts his dignity enforces obedience and deals out justice with impartial hand He who without a thought of evil gave his power and his revenues into his brotherrsquos hands now puts Ferdinand to the severest test as a trial of his love before entrusting his daughter to him He makes the most practical use imaginable of his magic art exacts prompt servitudefrom his attendants does not hesitate to punish them is resolved and firm and knows how to seize the proper moment for action He is a most careful father to his daughter a considerate master of Ariel severe against the brutal Caliban humane towards the repentant enemies full of experience and wisdomThe Exercise of his Power ndash his SternnessWhat appears to us at the first sight one of the least pleasing features of Prosperorsquos character is the sternness which he frequently displays more particularly in his dealings with Caliban His harshness towards Caliban resulted from the failure of gentler methods his severity towards Ferdinand was exercised in the interest of his daughter ldquolest too light winning make the prize lightrdquo and his punishment of Alonso Sebastian and Antonio is justified by the attainment of his objectiveProsperorsquos TendernessThe tender side of Prosperorsquos character is exhibited in his relation to Miranda Ariel Gonzalo and the repentant sinners His love for Miranda is unbounded She was almost life to him In his darkest hours of trial this love sustained him and gave him strength to put a bold front to suffering He addresses her always with tenderness She is to him a lsquoloved darlingrsquo lsquodear heartrsquo lsquoa rich giftrsquo lsquoa third of his own lifersquo The same affectionate nature is shown in his dealing with his brother Antonio He loved his brother Antonio only next to Miranda before Antonio conspired against him In the island when Antonio is brought before him he forgives him
readily To Gonzalo the good old councilor he is all affection He sheds tears of joy and gratitude when he meets him in the island To Ariel he is a loving and considerable master Ariel is always to him ldquomy brave spiritrdquo ldquofine spiritrdquo ldquodelicate Arielrdquo ldquomy Arielrdquo etc When he promises Ariel his freedom he says with real emotion ndash ldquoI shall miss theerdquoProsperorsquos Power as a MagicianThe practice of magic has placed wonderful powers in the hands of Prospero He uses his supernatural powers like a god only to bring about the happiest results He causes The Tempest and the shipwreck only to bring his enemies within his power and not to destroy them Not a soul perished in the storm He leads Ferdinand to Miranda his high charms work and as he wishes the two falls in love He frustrates the plots of the conspirators and makes them know that he was conscious of it He drives Sebastian and Alonso to sincere repentance and readily forgives them The drunken associates of Caliban are no doubt sternly treated but even then they are promised conditional pardon The whole play at last ends in reconciliation joy and peace The wrongs are set right the lovers are made happy Ariel is set free and thus the powerful magician retires into the solitude of his study at MilanProsperorsquos ForgivenessAllied to his wisdom is his forgiving nature Though deeply wronged he bears no spite against the wrong-doers Though his power is unlimited he uses it to noble purposes The lesson of adversity has taught him that ldquoThe rarer action is in virtue than in vengeancerdquoProspero does not debase his noble nature by revenge but forgives his enemies absolutely He drives his erstwhile enemies to a sincere penitence for their past misdeeds and when repentance has wrought its full effect on them he receives them into his arms and is reconciled to them Is Prospero perfectProspero creates a great impression upon our minds by his dignity his nobility the divine spirit of forgiveness in him his generous and sympathetic nature etc Even with all these virtues we cannot call him perfect We perceive certain faults in him He displays an occasional impatience irritability and even a certain harshness of feeling His severe treatment of Caliban might have been justified but the language in which he addresses the monster and the threats that he uses show him to be a kind of tyrant On learning of Calibanrsquos plot against his life he is as violently disturbed and agitated as any ordinary human being would be His manner towards Ariel when the latter demands his liberty also seems somewhat arbitrary and tyrannicalSubject ndashBiology Topic ndashChapter -5 Inheritance amp Variations Summary ExecutionToday we will discuss about NON-Mendelian Inheritance
NON_MENDELIAN INHERITANCE Incomplete Dominance It is an inheritance in which heterozygous offspring shows
intermediate character between two parental characteristics Eg Flower colour in snapdragon (dog flower or Antirrhinum sp) and
Mirabilis jalapa ( 4rsquoO clock plant) Here phenotypic and genotypic ratios are same Phenotypic Ratio 1Red 2 Pink 1 White Genotypic Ratio 1(RR) 2 (Rr) 1(rr) This means that R was not completely dominant over r Pea plants also show incomplete dominance in other traits
Co- dominance It is the inheritance in which both alleles of a gene are expressed in a
hybrid Eg ABO blood grouping in human ABO Blood groups are controlled by the gene I The plasma membrane of the RBC has sugar polymer that protrude
from its surface and is controlled By the gene The gene I has three alleles IA IB i The alleles IA and IB produce a slightly different form of the sugar
while allele i does not produce any sugar In AB blood group both IA and IB are present together This is co ndash
dominanceMultiple Alleles
Multiple alternatives of the same gene which influence the same character and produce different expressions in different individuals of a species or population same genes have more than two allelic
forms These different forms of a single gene are referred as multiple alleles Eg human Blood group
Ac-12 250620 Topic- retirement
Illustration Om Jai and Jagdish are partners sharing profit in the ratio of 3 2 l Their balance sheet as at December 31st 2014 is as under
Balance sheet as at December 31 2014
Liabilities Amount Assets Amount
(Rs`) (Rs`)
Creditors 80000 Building 180000 Bills Payable 26000 Plant 140000 General reserve 24000 Motor Car 40000 Capital Stock 100000 Om 160000 Debtors 63000 Jai 120000 Less Provision Jagdish 120000
400000 for Bad debts 3000
60000 Cash at Bank 10000
530000 530000
Jai retires on that date on the following terms(a) The Goodwill of the firm is valued at Rs 60000(b) Stock and Building to be appreciated by 10(c) Plant is depreciated by 10(d) Provision for Bad debts is increased upto Rs 5000(e) Jairsquos share of goodwill was adjusted through remaining partners capital accountThe amount due to Jai is paid out of the fund brought in by Om and Jagdish in theirnew profit sharing ratio Jai is paid full amountPrepare Revaluation Account and Partnerrsquos Capital account
Solution WorkingsIt is assumed that Om and Jagdish gaining ratio remains 3 lJairsquo Share of goodwill = Rs 60000 times 26 = Rs20000Adjusted through the remaining partners capital account in 3 1 ratio
Revaluation Account
Dr Cr
Particulars Amount Particulars Amount
(Rs`) (`Rs)
To Provision for Bad debts 2000 By Stock 10000TO Plant 14000 By Building 18000To Profit transferred toCapital Accounts Om 6000 Jai 4000 Jagdish 2000
12000
28000 28000
Capital AccountDr Cr Particulars Om Jai Jagdish Particulars Om Jai Jagdish
(Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (rs`) (`Rs)
To Capital 15000 mdash 5000 By Balance bd 160000 120000 120000 ToBank 152000 By General Reserve 12000 8000 4000To Balance cd 277000 mdash 159000 By Revaluation (Profit) 6000 4000 2000 By Om Capital mdash 15000 mdash ByJagdish Capital mdash 5000 By Bank 114000 38000
292000 152000 164000 292000 152000 164000
agency functions
Functions of Commercial BanksCommercial banks perform a variety of functions which can be divided as (1) Accepting Deposits (2) Advancing Loans (3) Credit Creation (4) Financing Foreign Trade(5) Agency Services (6) Miscellaneous Services To Customers
2 Explain the various functions of Commercial Bank
Answer) Following are the various functions of Commercial Banks
1 Accepting Deposits This is the oldest function of a bank and the banker used to charge a commission for keeping the money in its custody when banking was developing as an institution Nowadays a bank accepts three kinds of deposits from its customers The first is the savings deposits on which the bank pays small interest to the depositors who are usually small savers
2 Advancing LoansOne of primary functions of commercial banks is to advance loans to its customers A bank lends a certain percentage of the cash lying in deposits on a higher interest rate than it pays on such deposits This is how it earns profits and carries on its business 3 Credit CreationCredit creation is one of the most important functions of the commercial banks Like other financial institutions they aim at earning profits For this purpose they accept deposits and advance loans by keeping small cash in reserve for day-to-day transactions When a bank advances a loan it opens and account in the name of the customer and does not pay him in cash but allows him to draw the money by cheque according to his needs By granting a loan the bank creates credit or deposit4 Financing ForeignTrade commercial bank finances foreign trade of its customers by accepting foreign bills of exchange and collecting them from foreign banks It also transacts other foreign exchange business and buys and sells foreign currency5 Agency ServicesA bank acts as an agent of its customers in collecting and paying cheques bills of exchange drafts dividends etc It also buys and sells
shares securities debentures etc for it customers Further it pays subscriptions insurance premium rent electric and water bills and other similar charges on behalf of its clients It also acts as a trustee and executor of the property and will of its customers Moreover the bank acts as an income tax consultant to its clients For some of these services the bank charges a normal fee while it renders others free of charge6 Miscellaneous ServicesBesides the above noted services the commercial bank performs a number of other services It acts as the custodian of the valuables of its customers by providing them lockers where they can keep their jewellery and valuable documents It issues various forms of credit instruments such as cheques drafts travellers cheques etc which facilitate transactions
Bengali হিবপরীতশবদ করণেয়কটি হিবপরীত শবদ গদওয়া ল1)সজীব = হি3জsব 2)শরদধা= ঘা 3)আকষ = হিবকষ4)সধবা = হিবধবা 5)উৎস = গা3া 6)অ = অ37)জয় = পরাজয় 8)তাপ = হৈশত যয 9)হি3ltা = পরশংসা10)াদা = অদা 11)রহিসক = গবরহিসক 12) অনতর = বাহির13)অহিতবষটি = অ3াবষটি 14)পরত যযi = পরণেরাi 15)3াবালক = সাবালক
Hindi 2nd lang नया रासता भा 5 अपन जीन की परिरसथिगितयो स गिश होकर मीन क हदय म कई बार हीन भाना
और जीन की कडाहट अनभ हईपरत ह दढता और साहस की मरतित थी ह
अपन जीन को वयथ नही होन दना चाहती थी बचपन स ही उसकी कील बनन की
इचछा थी आज मीन की लन उस और दखकर माता- गिपता न उस कालत करन की
आजञा द दी मीन न मरठ म दाखिखला ल लिलया उसक हरदय म कछ बनन और कछ
कर दिदखान की इचछा थी उसक गिचार स चारो और पस का ही बोलबाला हहॉसटल
की कलपना करत ही ह लिसहर उठती थी उसन अपन लिलए नए नए कपड बनाए पहली बार हॉसटल जान का चा थाआखिखर
ह दिदन आ ही या जब उस हॉसटल जाना था पहली बार ह अपन घर स अल हो
रही थी हॉसटल पहच कर कछ दिदनो तक उसका मन नही ला बचपन की घटनाए
एक- एक करक उसक समतपटल पर उतर ई ह अपनी ककषा म हमशा परथम आती
थी 2 दिदन बाद गिपताजी मीन स मिमलन आए मा न काफी चीज उसक लिलए बनाकर
भजी थी गिपताजी स मिमलकर ह बहत खश
1 ह सय की दढता साहस की मरतित थी
परशन1 लखिखका मीन को दढता साहस
की मरतित कयो कह रही ह 2 गिाह क अलाा मीन क जीन
का कया लकषय था 3 मीन समाज क झठ आरण को
हटाकर सतय दिदखाना चाहती ह सपषट कीजिजए
4 परसतत पलि[यो का भा सपषट अपन शबदो म लिलखिखए
उततरndash1 मीन म समाज स लडन की शलि[ ह
ह समाज म फली बराइयो क सामन ढढता स जमी हई ह ह साहस क साथ अपन उलिचत गिनणय
पर सथिर रहती ह जिजदी क उतार चढा सा घबरा टी नही ह बलकिलक साहस स काम लती ह इनही कारणो स लखिखका न उस ढढता
और साहस की मरतित कहा ह2 मरठ ालो न जब उसका रिरशता
ठकरा दिदया तो उसन गिनशचय कर लिलया गिक ह अपन परो पर खडी होी और समाज को दिदखा दी की नारी अबला नही ह उसन अपना
हई करीब 1 घटा रक कर गिपताजी चल ए लकषय बना लिलया गिक ह एलएलबी करक कील बनी
3 समाज म नारी क ऊपर अबला आशरीता का आरण पडा हआ ह
मीन समाज क दवारा होत हए इस आरण को हटाकर यह सतय परमाणिणत करना चाहती ह गिक आज
की नारी अबला नही ह और ना ही गिकसी क हाथ की कठपतली ह
4 लखिखका न मीन क बार म कहा गिक ह सय घटा और साहस की मरतित
ह ह अपन न हम ध और मसीबत म साहस का परिरचय दती हउतार
चढा को हर इसान क जीन म आत ही रहत ह उनको साधारण रप
स ही लना चागिहए अपन गिाह क मामल म उसन साहस स काम
लिलया और गिाह क बार म सोचना छोड दिदया मीन क सामन अभी बहत लबी जिजदी पडी ह इसलिलए उसन समय का महत समझा और
एक कषण भी वयथ ना करन का गिनशचय गिकया
Mathematics(x) Algebra Quadratic Equation in one variable
Study Item Some solved sums from exercise- 539)Solve for x 2(2x ndash 1 )(x+3) ndash 3 (x + 3)(2x ndash 1 ) = 5 x -3 frac12Solution Let (2x ndash 1)(x + 3) = y then we get2(y) ndash 3( 1y) = 50r 2y ndash 3y = 5Or 2y2 ndash 3 = 5y [multiplying both side by y we get]0r 2y2 ndash 5y ndash 3 = 0Now comparing the above equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0 we geta=2 b = - 5 and c = - 3Therefore y = -(- 5 )plusmnradic((-5)sup2-4(2)(-3))2(2) = 5 plusmnradic( 25 + 24)4 = 5plusmn radic(49)4 = (5 plusmn 7)4= (5+7)4 (5 ndash 7)4= 124 -24= 3 - 12Therefore y = 3 (2x ndash 1)( x + 3) = 3 2x ndash 1 = 3x + 9 3x - 2x = - 10 x= - 10Or y = - frac12 ( 2x ndash 1)(x + 3) = - frac124x ndash 2 = - x ndash 3 4x+x = - 3 + 2 5x = - 1 x= - 15Hence the roots of the given equation are - 10 and ndash 1510)(i) x2 - 5x ndash10 =0Solution x2 ndash 5x ndash 10 = 0Comparing the above equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0 we get a=1 b = - 5 and c = - 10Therefore x = - (- 5)plusmnradic( -5)sup2- 4(1)(- 10)2(1) = 5 plusmn radic( 25 +40)2 = 5 plusmn radic(65 )2
= (5 plusmn 8bull06)2 = (5 + 8bull06)2 (5 ndash 8bull06)2 = 13bull062 - 3bull062= 6bull53 - 1bull5312) Solve the equation x ndash 18x = 6 Given your answer correct to two significant figureSolution x ndash18x = 6Or (x2 ndash 18 )x = 6Or x2ndash 18 = 6xOr x2 ndash 6x ndash18 = 0Comparing the above equation with ax2 + bc + c = 0 we gera= 1 b = - 6 and c = -18Therefore x = -(-6) plusmnradic(- (- 6)2 ndash 4(1)(- 18)2(1) = 6 plusmn radic( 36 + 72)2 = (6 plusmnradic( 108)2 =(6 plusmn 10bull39)2= 16bull392 - 4bull392= 8bull195 - 2bull195 asymp 8bull2 - 2bull2
Chemistry Chapter-2L-1Chemical Bonding
1) Chemical Bonding-
It is basically the force of attraction which holds the different types of atoms in a molecule together
Cause of Chemical Combination-
The main cause is the tendency of elements to acquire eight electrons in its outermost shell like that of noble gases other than Helium(He) So the atoms combine to acheive the nearest noble gas configuration of 8 electrons( or 2 electrons) in their outermost orbit and become stable
2) Ion-
It is a charged particle made from an atom by the loss or gain of electrons
There are 2 types of Ions They are-
a) Cations- It is formed by the loss of electrons eg - K+ Ca2+
Na+ etc
b) Anions- It is formed by the gain of electrons eg- Cl- O2- F- etc
Q Why do elements form Ions
A Atoms of all elements except those of noble gases have one to seven valence electrons and are not in a state of minimum energy Thus to acquire a state of minimum energy elements lose or gain electrons and form ions so that they acquire stable configuration (Duplet or Octet)
Q What is the Electronic Theory of Valency
A In 1916 Kossel and Lewis on the basis of octet rule of electrons described simply the electronic structure of molecules of many chemical compounds and elements Kossel mainly described the structure of ionic compounds formed by loss and gain of electrons and Lewis mainly described the structure of Covalent Compounds formed by mutual sharing of electron pair This is known as ELECTRONIC THEORY OF VALENCY proposed by Kossel and Lewis
Q What do you mean by Electropositive and Electronegative Elements
3) Types of Chemical Bond-3 types
A)ElectrovalentIonic Bond
B) Covalent Bond
C) Co-ordinate Dative Bond4) ELECTROVALENT IONIC BOND-
It is the electrostatic force of attraction between the opposite charged ions which holds them together
The chemical compounds formed as a result of electron transfer from one atom of an element to another are called IONIC or ELECTROVALENT COMPOUND
The number of electrons which an element loses or gains during the formation of an ionic bond is called its ELECTROVALENCY
Conditions for the formation of Ionic Compounds-
i Large electronegativity difference between the combining atoms
ii Low IP for one of the atoms from which the cation can be easily formed
iii High electron affinity for one of the atoms from which the anions can be easily formed
iv High Lattice Energy
A
1) Electropositive Elements- have the tendency to lose the electrons and form Cations
eg- Na K Fe -mostly metals
2) Electronegative Elements- have the tendency to gain the electrons and form Anions
eg- Cl F O - mostly Non-metals
Q Give the brief description about the formation of NaCl
A See your Text Book
Q Practise the two types of diagram of the formation of different ionic compound
A See your Text Book
English All Summer in a Answer the following questions-
literature Day 3) Why did the children hate herAns- The children sensed that Margot was different from them She hated the continuous rain while they were used to it She spoke only about the sun and they had no memory of it They hated her pale snow face her waiting silence her thinness and her possible future of going back to the Earth4) What is the it referred to by WilliamAns- The it referred to by William is the Sun which the scientists had predicted would shine for a short while that day5) What was Margot waiting for Why did William say it was a jokeAns- Margot was waiting to see the sun predicted to shine that day for a short while William did not want her to have the joy of seeing the sun
Geography Water Resources SOURCES OF WATER SURFACE WATER AND GROUNDWATER Earth is known as the Blue Planet because 71 per cent of the Earths surface is covered with water Wateralso exists below land surface and as water vapour in the air Water is not added or removed from the environment it simply changes state and location This constant movement of water throughout our environment is called the hydrological cycle or water cycle Earth cleans and replenishes the water supply through the hydrologic cycle Groundwater exists in an aquifer or
underground layer of permeable rock sediment (usually sand or gravel) or soil that yields water
Aquifers are like underground reservoirs of water
SURFACE WATER The visible bodies of water are referred to as surface water Surface waters can be simply described as the water that is on the surface of the Earth This includes the oceans rivers and streams lakes and reservoirs Surface waters are very important Rivers and streams constitute the flowing surface waters Surface water canbe captured for a variety of biospheric and humanusesRunoff During heavy precipitation water cannot infiltrate into the ground It flows on the surface of the ground and called as runoff
GROUNDWATER Groundwater is detained as water that is found beneath the surface of the Earth in conditions of100 per
Q1 Why the Earth is called as Blue PlanetA1 Earth is known as the Blue Planet because 71 per cent of the Earths surface is covered with water
Q2 Define hydrological cycleA2 Water is not added or removed from the environment it simply changes state and location This constant movement of water throughout our environment is called the hydrological cycle or water cycle Earth cleans and replenishes the water supply through the hydrologic cycle
Q3 What is AquifersA3 Aquifers are like underground reservoirs of water
Q4 Why there is a shortage of fresh waterA4 Although the earth has an abundance of water but unfortunately there is a shortage of fresh water because 997 per cent of it occupied by oceans soils icecaps and floating in the atmosphere and rest 03 percent can use for daily uses
cent saturation (if it is less than100 per cent saturation then the water is considered as soil moisture) Ninety-eight per cent of Earths available fresh water is groundwater It is about60 times as plentiful as the fresh water found in lakes and streams Water in the ground travels through pores in soil and rock and in fractures and weathered areas of bed rockThe majority of fresh water is therefore found under ground as soil moisture and in aquifers
Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 88 to 126 (Portia helliphellip Such as the day is when the sun is hid) [Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]
Summary Questions amp Answerso Launcelot then arrives and informs
Lorenzo that Bassanio will also be arriving soon Both Lorenzo and Jessica return to the house and ask Stephano to order the family musicians to play music in order to extend a fitting welcome to Portia
o Portia and Nerissa dressed in their normal self return home and enter the building Lorenzo recognizes Portias voice and comes to greet her She orders the servants to pretend as if she had never left and asks Lorenzo and Jessica to do the same
o Soon thereafter Bassanio Gratiano and Antonio arrive
(1) PORTIA That light we see is burning in my hall (L 89-101)
How far that little candle throws his beams So shines a good deed in a
naughty worldNERISSA When the moon shone we did not see the candlePORTIA So doth the greater glory dim the less
A substitute shines brightly as a king
Unto the king be by and then his state
Empties itself as doth an inland brook
Into the main of waters Music hark
NERISSA It is your music madam of the housePORTIA Nothing is good I see without respect
Methinks it sounds much sweeter than by day
NERISSA Silence bestows that virtue on it madam
(i) Where are Lorenzo and Jessica sitting What message have they received What are they doing
Lorenzo and Jessica are sitting in Portiarsquos house in Belmont They have just received the message informing them of the arrival of Portia and Bassanio separately They are waiting for their arrivals and enjoying the beauty of the moonlight night(ii) In which mood is Lorenzo found after Stephanorsquos departure
After Stephanorsquos departure Lorenzo reverts to his romantic mood He is carried away by the magic of the loveliness of the moonlight He draws Jessicarsquos attention and says that the moonlight is sleeping beautifully on the raised ground He says that they will sit there and enjoy the sweetness of the gentle
music which will shortly creep into their ears very softly(iii) Why has Lorenzo sent Stephano What kind of man is he who does not appreciate the sweet harmony of sounds
Lorenzo has sent Stephano to instruct the musicians to play soft music to welcome Portia home Lorenzo tells that the
tranquility and the beautiful night suit the sweet music Praising the ennobling (M lend greater dignity) effect of music Lorenzo tells Jessica that the person who has no music in him and does not appreciate the sweet harmony of sounds is a dangerous person and so should be watched very carefully(iv) Who are returning to Belmont What does Nerissa remark on seeing the light of the house
Portia and Nerissa are returning to Belmont after successfully conducting Antoniorsquos trial in Venice as the lawyer and the clerk respectively When they are near their home Nerissa seeing the light of the house remarks that they did not see this light of this candle when the moon was shining(v) What does Portia comment on Nerissarsquos observation Commenting on Nerissarsquos observation Portia says that the lesser glory becomes insignificant before the greater glory She adds that the kingrsquos representative assumes great splendor and authority when the king himself is not near But before the real king the substitute becomes devoid of all splendor and
authority as the big rivers lose their identity after emptying into the vast sea
SUBJECT PHYSICS [TOPIC FORCE]Answer the following questions ( ICSE questions of previous years from chapter FORCE)
1 Write the position of centre of mass for the following bodies(i) A circular ring (ii) A cylinder(iii) A hollow sphere (iv) A triangular lamina
2 Explain why screw drivers are provided with longer handles3 Compare the magnitude and direction of centripetal force and centrifugal force4 How does uniform circular motion differ from uniform linear motion5 Why is the motion of a body moving with a constant speed around a circular path is said to be
accelerated6 A brass ball is hanging from a cotton thread Draw a neat labeled diagram showing the force acting
on the brass ball and the cotton thread 7 Define moment of force Write the relationship between the SI and CGS unit of moment of force8 Define couple State the SI unit of moment of couple9 A uniform half meter scale balanced horizontally on a knife edge at 29 cm mark when a weight of 20
gmf is suspended from one end(i) Draw the diagram of the arrangementWhat is the weight of the half meter rule
ECO-10 250620 Topic-Supply Analysis
MEANING OF SUPPLYSupply a commodity by a firm or seller may be defined as the quantity of a commodity that a firm or seller offers for sale at a given price during a given time period But the actual sale of the commodity may be different from its supply For example a farmer (produced of wheat) is willing to sell 50 quintals of wheat at a price of ` 15 per kg but he is able to sell only 30 quintals at this price So this case the supply of wheat is 50 quintals but the actual sale is 30 quintals So these two concepts should not be confused with each other Like demand supply also has three elements The definition of supply include (i) the quantity of the commodity that a firm is willing to supply (ii) the price at which it is willing to supply that quantity and (iii) the time period during which it is willing to supply that quantity
FACTORS DETERMINING SUPPLY OR DETERMINANTS OF SUPPLY OF A GOOD
The main determinant of supply is the price of the commodity But the cost of production of a commodity is an important factor in determining profit maximized on output of a firm The cost of production depends on the prices of various inputs like raw material wages of workers interest of capital rent of building etc The supply of a commodity also depends on the technology used in the production of the commodity and many other factors The main factors determining supply of a commodity are(i) Price of the commodity(ii) Price of other related good(iii) Price of inputsfactors(iv) Taxation policy of government(v) Objective of the firm(i) Price of the commodity Other factors determining supply remaining constant there is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity It means the quantity supplied of a commodity increases with rise in price and decreases with fall in price of the commodity More quantity of a commodity is supplied at a higher price and less quantity is supplied at a lower price For example a seller of tomatoes is willing to sell 100 kgs of tomatoes at a price of ` 40 per keg and only 50 kgs at a price of ` 20 per kg Due to this direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity the supply curve has a positive slope Supply curve is upward sloping to the right(ii) Price of other related goods Supply of a commodity is also influenced by the change in the price of other related goods With the help of given resources we can produce several goods by using the same technology This helps the firm to diversify and tide over fluctuations in demand For example a farmer can produce either pulses or food grains by using the resources If the price of pulses increases it becomes more profitable for him to make more production of pulses So he will divert some resources from the production of food grains to the production of pulses The production of pulses will increase and that of food grains will decrease So the supply of pulses will increase if the price of pulses increases and the supply of food grain will decrease at the same price reverse will happen if the price of food grains increases(iii) Price of inputsfactors Change in the price of inputs like raw material wage rent or interest also influences the supply of a commodity For example in the production of cloth cotton is the main raw material If the price of cotton increases the cost of production of cloth will increase At the same price the margin of profit will decrease So the producer will decrease the supply of cloth at the same price On the other hand if the price of cotton falls the cost of production per unit of cloth will decrease and hence the supply of cloth will increase The price of other inputs will also influence the supply of a good in the same manner(iv) Technology of production an improvement in the technology of production of a commodity decreases the per unit cost of the commodity The margin of profit will increase at the same price So the supply of a commodity will increase with improvement in technology of production at the same price On the other hand if a firm uses absolute technology of production the cost of production per unit of the commodity will increase The margin of profit will decrease so the firm will decrease its supply at the same price This is the main reason that the firms are trying to use better technology of production because it not only reduces the cost of production per unit but also improves the quality of the product(v) Taxation policy of government If the government reduces the excise duty or the production of a commodity the cost of production per unit of the commodity will decrease the margin of profit will increase at the same price so the producer of the commodity will increase its supply It happens when the government wants to increase the production of the commodity On the other hand to discourage the production of some harmful goods like cigarettes liquor etc the government increases the rate of excise duty on the production of such goods So the cost of production per unit of the commodity increases and the supply of such commodities decreases(vi) Objective of the firm The objective of the producer also influences the supply of a commodity Generally the objective of a producer is get maximize his profits Profits are maximized at a higher price So he increases the supply of a commodity at a higher price and decreases its supply at a lower price But sometimes the producer may be in maximizing his sales and not in maximizing his profits as he wants to capture the market In that case he goes on increasing the supply so long his target is not achieved can profit is not adversely affected He may increase the supply at the same price to any extent
SUPPLY FUNCTION
When the relationship between quantity supplied and the determinants of supplied is expressed mathematically in an equation it is called a supply function So a supply function can be expressed asSn = f(Pn Pr Pf T Tr G)where Sn = Supply of commodity nPn = Price of the commodity nPr = Price of other related goodsPf = Price of inputsfactors
T = Technology of productionTr = Government policy or tax rateG = Goal or objective of the producer
Typically supply function shows the relationship between price and quantity supplied keeping all other determinants of supply as constant It shows the amount of a good that a seller supplies at different levels of price
LAW OF SUPPLYThe law of supply depicts the relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity when all other determinants of supply remain constant This law states that there is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity other factors determining supply remaining constant It means quantity supplied of a commodity increases with increase in price and decreases with decrease in price
Assumptions of the law of supplyThe phrase other determinants of supply remaining constant in the law of supply shows the assumptions of the law of supply The mains factors which influence the supply of a commodity one price of the commodity price of other related goods price of inputs technology of production taxation policy of the government and objective of the firm etc The law of supply is based on the assumptions that all these factors determining supply except price of the commodity should remain constant The following are the main assumptions of the law of supply(i) Price of other related goods should remain the same(ii) There should be no change in the price of inputs (factors)(iii) Technology of production should not change(iv) There is no change in the taxation policy of the government(v) Objective of the firm should not changeThe law of supply is based on the assumptions that the supply of commodity changes only due to change in price when all other determinant of supply remain constantClass XISubject Topic Summary Execution EVS Chapter-2
Ecology Answer the following questions briefly Q Draw a neat labeled diagram of carbon cycleAnsndash
Mathematics Principle of Mathematical Induction
1) What is statement Ans A sentence which may be true or false is called statement eg i) 5 is greater than 3 ii) New Delhi is the capital of India iii) 5 divides 7 These all are statements We see that statement (i) amp (ii) are true but (iii) is false 2 What is Mathematical StatementAns Statement involving mathematical relations are called mathematical statement We shall use mathematical statement in principle of
Example If n be a positive integer show that n(n+1) is an even positive integer Solution Let P(n) be the statement n(n+1) is an even positive integer Then (i) P(1) is the statement 1(1+1) ie 2 is an even positive integer Therefore P(1) is true (ii) If P(m) is true for some positive integer m then m(m+1) is an even integer Now (m+1) [(m+1)+1]=(m+1)sup2+ (m+1) =msup2+2m+1+m+1=msup2+m+2m+2=m(m+1) +2(m+1) = an even integer + an even positive integer [Since P(m) is true and 2(m+1) is an even
mathematical induction 3 What is the use of Principle of mathematical inductionAns Sometimes it is difficult to prove a statement theorem or a formula by direct method In this case we use an indirect method known as the Principle of mathematical induction There are two steps in this processSTEP 1 Varify that the statement or formula is true for one or two particular values of n say for n=1 2STEP 2 Assuming that the statement or formula is true for n=m where m is any positive integer show that it is true for n=m+1Conclusion Since the statement is true for n=2 it is true for n=2+1 that is 3 and since it is true for n=3 it is true for n=3 + 1 that is 4 and so on Hence the statement or formula is true for all positive integral values of n
positive integer]= an even positive integer Therefore P(m+1) is true when P(m) is true Therefore By the principle of Mathematical Induction P(n) is true for all positive integral values of n Hence n(n+1) is an even positive integer
Hindi 2ndlang एक फल की चाह 5 दख रहा था जस सो सथिर हो नही बठती थी कषण भर हाय ही चपचाप पडी थी अटल शागित शी धारण कर सनना यही चाहता था म उस सय ही
उकसा करमझको दी क परसाद का एक फल ही दो लाकर
शबदाथ ससथिर - परी तरह ठहरी हई अटल- पकका
उकसाकर - पररणा दकर
वयाखयाndash उपय[ पलि[यो म कगि सखिखया की ददशा का णन कर रहा ह जो उनक गिपता दवारा वय[ गिकया या ह अपनी बटी सखिखया कीददशा का
गितरण करत हए गिपता कहता ह गिक म अपनी आखो क सामन दख रहा था गिक मरी बटी जो पल भर क लिलए दिटककर नही बठती थी ह अब सथिर शात मरतित की तरह पढी थी अब म ह बार- बार इस बात क लिलए पररिरत कर रहा
था गिक ह मझ गिफर स ही शबद कह गिपताजी मझ दी क परसाद का एक फल लाकर दो
6 ऊच शल लिशखर क ऊपर मदिदर था गिसतीणर गिशाल सण कलशसरलिसज गिहलिसत थ पाकरसमदिदत रगि कर जाल दीप धल स अचछदिदत था मदिदर का
आन सारा ज रही थी भीतर बाहर मखरिरत उतस की धारा
शबदाथ - शल लिशखर- पहाड की ऊची चोटी
सतीणर - फला हआ
सण कलश - कमल क समान सदर सोन का कलश मखरिरत - परकट समदिदत - अचछी परकार खिखला हआ रगि कर जाल - सय की गिकरणो का समह
वयाखया- परसतत पलि[या म कगि न मदिदर की सदरता का णन गिकया ह कहत ह गिक मझ पहाड की चोटी पर एक गिलिशषट और गिशालमश था उसक
सोन क कलश सय की गिकरणो म चमकत हए ऐस परतीत हो रह थ जस सय की खिखली हईगिकरणो क ाा सपशपाकर सनहर कमल खिखल उठ हो मदिदर का
आन धप दीप की सध स भरा हआ था मदिदर क अदर और बाहर मनाए जा रह उसकी परसननता की ज सनाई द रही थी
Bengali (2nd language)
কোনি মনি নদী পরথম অধযোয়
হি_তীয় হিদরণে3র পাঠ-
হিবষটবাব গলাকটির কায় গররণে কা বলরণেত পাররণে0 3া শধ গচাখ হিদরণেয় রা পরকাশ করহি0ল কা বলরণেত বলরণেত গলাকটি পাঞজাহিব লহিn খরণেল জ কররণেত শর করল তাই গদরণেখ হিবষটবাব ত2মভ রণেয় গল চাটি ারার 2হিnরণেত গলাকটি হিবষটবাবর হিদরণেক এরণোরণেল হিতহি3 াা 3ীচ করণের 3াহিরণেয় গ33 হিদ গলাকটি হিবষটবাবরণেক চাটিরণেয় ায় তারণেল হিতহি3 তাাতাহিউরণেঠ গলাকটিরণেক ধররণেত পাররণেব3 3া কার তার শরীরণেরর ওজরণে3র জ3য এই শরণে3 হিবষটবাব বরণে3া গারণেষর ত গতরণেZরণে উরণেঠ দাাল তারণেত গলাকটি দাহিরণেয় শরীরটারণেক একট দহিলরণেয় হি3ল এই সব শরণে3 হিবষট ধর চপ করণের রইল শধ lsquoগঘাৎrsquo করণের একটা শবদ করল গলাকটি হিসহি হিদরণেয় ওঠা3াা কররণে0 গদরণেখ হিবষটবাব খাহি3কটা হিদরণেশারা রণেয় গলহিবষটবাবর গচারণেখ রারণের বদরণেল এখ3 গকৌতল হিতহি3 বরণেল3 ldquoখাওায় আার গলা2 গ3ই Uায়টিং কহিরrdquo হিকনত হিতহি3 কতটা Uায়টিং করণের তা তার শরীর আর খাবারণেরর তাহিলকা গদরণেখ গলাকটি বরণে= গল গলাকটি এহিরণেয় হিরণেয় হিবষটবাবর 2হিরণেত াত বহিলরণেয় হিদরণেল গস আরা অ32ব করণের3 এবং হিপহি0রণেয় া3 গলাকটি হিবষটবাবর সারণে3 তার শরীরণেরর কসরত পরদশ3 কররণেল হিবষটবাব রণে3 রণে3 হিব হিব করণের বরণেল3 হিতহি3ও গরাা রণেত চা3 গসই হরণেত nা গরণেক আবার হিচৎকার গ2রণেস আরণেস lsquoগকা হি3 গকা হি3rsquo
ldquoকী রক Uায়টিংrdquo-ক)বকতা গককারণেক বলরণে0খ)Uায়টিং কার অ কী ) Uায়টিং করা বযহিকতর গচারার ব3া দাও ঘ) তার Uায়টিং এর ব3া দাও
উঃ- ক) আরণেলাচয অংশটি হিত3ltীর গলখা lsquoগকাহি3rsquo উপ3যাস গরণেক গ3ওয়া রণেয়রণে0 আরণেলাচয কাটি বকতা রণেল3 সাদা লহিnপরা ারণেয় গরয়া পাঞজাহিব ও কারণেধ রহিn3 বযা ওয়ালা হিiহিতশ হিসং হিতহি3 কাটি বরণেলরণে03 হিবষট ধররণেকখ) Uারণেয়টিং কার অ ল পহিরহিত খাদয গর অাৎ খাদয তাহিলকায় সসত খারণেদযর গ3াগ3 বজায় গররণেখ খাদয গর) হিবষট ধরণেরর গচারা হিবশাল ওজ3 পরায় হিত3 গদখরণেত জলহিসতর রণেতা সারা শরীরণের চহিব ল ল কররণে0 বয়স পরায় চহিশ হিবশাল 2হি উপ রণেয় শরণেল হিচৎ রণেত পারণের3া গকউ গঠরণেল হিদরণেল হিচৎ রণেত পারণের তারণেক কায় নধ াদ3 পবরণেতর সরণেn তল3া করা য়ঘ) হিবষট ধর গকৌতলী রণেয় বরণেল তার খাওয়ার গকা3 গলা2 গ3ই গস Uায়টিং করণের আরণে গস আধ হিকরণেলা হিiর গখত এখ3 গস হিত3রণেশা গরা হিiর খায় জল খাবারণের কহিটা লহিচ গখত এখ3 পরণে3রণেরাটা লহিচ খায় আাইরণেশা গরা চারণেলর 2াত খায় হিঘ খাওয়া গ0রণে হিদরণেয়রণে0 রারণেত াতর বারণেরাটা রটি খায় হিবরণেকরণেল দ-গলাস হি0হিরর জল সরণেn চাররণেট কা পারণেকর সরণেltশ বাহিরণেত রাধাকষণ আরণে0 বরণেল হিবষট ধর া0 াংস খায়3া আর তারণেত তার গকা3 গলা2 লালসা গ3ই
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 276 to 313 (Sebastian helliphellipIt struck mine ear most terribly)[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]
Summary Questions amp AnswersConspiracy of Antonio and Sebastian
o Antonio further suggests murder of Alonso and eventually Sebastian agrees
o They draw their swords and proceed to murder Alonso and Gonzalo who are sleeping
(1) (Act II Sc 2 L 277-291)ANTONIO Ay sir where lies that If rsquotwere a kibe
rsquoTwould put me to my slipper but I feel notThis deity in my bosom Twenty consciencesThat stand rsquotwixt me and Milan candied be they And melt ere they molest Here lies your brotherNo better than the earth he lies uponIf he were that which now hes likemdashthats deadWhom I with this obedient steel three inches of itCan lay to bed for ever (whiles you doing thus
o As they approach Ariel appears again and wakes up Gonzalo by singing a tune in his ear Alonso also wakes up and they see both Sebastian and Antonio with drawn swords On being caught off guard they make up a story saying that they had heard a bellowing of bulls or lions
IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED
(Act II Sc 1 L 277-281)ANTONIOAy sir where lies that If rsquotwere a kibersquoTwould put me to my slipper but I feel notThis deity in my bosom Twenty consciencesThat stand rsquotwixt me and Milan candied be they And melt ere they molest
In these lines Antonio speaks how he is a conscienceless villain In inciting Sebastian to the kingship of Naples by murdering his brother he quotes his own example He too had banished his brother and made himself the Duke of Milan This kingship now sits upon him like a well fittinggarment So will be the case of Sebastian Sebastian then questions Antonio if this foul deed did not prick his conscience To this Antonio replies like a hardened villain He laughs at the word lsquoconsciencersquo and says that he has never heard of anything like conscience A guilty conscience gave him no more pain that is chilblain (M a painful itching and swelling on hand and foot caused by exposure to extreme cold) A man can get rid of the pain of chilblain by wearing slippers instead of shoes so does Antonio get rid of the qualms (M an uneasy feeling of doubt worry or fear especially about onersquos conduct) of conscience very easily Even if he were troubled by twenty consciences that barred his way to the throne of Milan however frozen they might be he would melt them into insensibility before they could cause him to twinge
To the perpetual wink of aye might putThis ancient morsel this Sir Prudence whoShould not upbraid our course) - for all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour
(i) To whom does Antonio speak these lines Who is referred to as lsquoyour brotherrsquo What does Antonio mean by saying lsquoNo better than the earth he lies uponrsquo
These lines are spoken by Antonio to Sebastian King Alonso is referred to as Sebastianrsquos brother Indicating towards Alonso who is lying asleep on the ground Antonio tells Sebastian that here sleeps his brother and at this time he is no better than a clod of the earth on which he lies asleep Antonio means to say that if he were actually to become what he looks like he would be a dead body(ii) According to Antonio what would he do if he were at the place of Sebastian
Antonio says that if he were in the position of Sebastian he would not care even for twenty consciences in order to win the kingship of Naples He would rather forget all his consciences if they happen to trouble him at all (iii) What does Antonio suggest to Sebastian What does Antonio assure him
Antonio suggests to Sebastian that in a moment Sebastian can put to death Gonzalo who pretends to be a very wise man and who on that account rebukes others (particularly Antonio and Sebastian) whereas he (Antonio) himself can put Alonso to death with only three inches of his willing sword Antonio further assures Sebastian that by killing both of them there will be none left to oppose him and in this way every obstacle in his way will be removed
(iv) Explain the lines lsquofor all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hourrsquo
In other words Antonio says that even if he were endowed with a stiff conscience he could easily relax or soften it for the execution of his purpose Then Antonio suggests that conscience should be no hindrance to a manrsquos future greatness
Comments These are terrible words coming from the mouth of a villain of the worst type He is utterly devoid of conscience or remorse He is an utter atheist of human virtue He speaks of conscience as a deity that he does not feel in his bosom
According to Antonio so far as the other lords (Adrian Francisco and others) are concerned they need not be murdered because they would obey the orders of Antonio and Sebastian as willingly and readily as cat licks milk These other lords would endorse and support everything that Sebastian and Antonio may say or suggest These other lords would adjust their views in accordance with the wishes of Antonio and Sebastian and they would regard all proposals made by Antonio and Sebastian as being opportune and also as being acceptable(v) What opinion do you form of Antonio from the above speech
The speech given above shows Antonio to be an absolutely unscrupulous man After saying that he does not believe in any such faculty as the conscience he suggests to Sebastian to
(Act II Sc 1 L 285-291)ANTONIOhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (whiles you doing thus To the perpetual wink of aye might putThis ancient morsel this Sir Prudence whoShould not upbraid our course) - for all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour
Antonio has convinced Sebastian that he has made himself Duke of Milan by a crime for which he has felt no pricks of conscience In these lines Antonio tells Sebastian that now that the chance has presented itself to him he should take it and be King of Naples So far as Alonso is concerned Antonio agrees to undertake the task of killing him by sticking only three inches of his sharp dagger Making a thrust in the air with his sword he tells Sebastian that by a similar method he can put to sleep forever Gonzalo ndash the old piece of flesh already rotten ndash this piece of antiquity ndash this ldquoSir Prudencerdquo who is never tired of reading his moral lectures to them If ldquoProfessor Wisdomrdquo is got rid of he will not be able to denounce their action as he would surely do if they did not dispatch him as well As for the rest of the kingrsquos counselors (Adrian and Francisco) it is their nature to adopt any statements and views which are placed before them just as it is the nature of a cat to lap milk Antonio assures Sebastian that ldquothese othersrdquo will back them up in whatever they say or do that they will count the strokes of the clock exactly as they bid them not according to the real time but according to the time that is right for their business Hence only two persons Alonso and Gonzalo are required to be removed to fulfill their ambition
murder Gonzalo at the very time when he (Antonio) stabs Alonso to death And yet this brutal man has a fertile wit also He can talk in a persuasive manner and also in a sarcastic and satirical manner He knows human nature thoroughly and he understands that Gonzalo is loyal to Alonso while the other lords are only sycophants who can easily be won over to Sebastianrsquos side after Alonso has been assassinated
(2) (Act II Sc 1 291-296)SEBASTIAN Thy case dear friend
Shall be my precedent as thou gotst MilanIll come by Naples Draw thy swordmdashone strokeShall free thee from the tribute which thou payest And I the King shall love thee
ANTONIO Draw together And when I rear my hand do you the likeTo fall it on Gonzalo
(i) Explain the situation and introduce the persons engaged in conversation
After the supposed shipwreck King Alonso with his lords his brother Sebastian and Antonio the Duke of Milan land on a strange island Prince Ferdinand is feared to be drowned While the King and others have fallen asleep after exertions of the day and Ariel with his sweet music acting as a catalyst Antonio and Sebastian are awake They have hatched a conspiracy to kill King Alonso and his loyal lord Gonzalo Then Sebastian will become King of NaplesIn these lines Antonio and Sebastian are engaged in conversation They are just ready to execute their plan to attack King Alonso and Gonzalo simultaneously(ii) Antoniorsquos case shall become Sebastianrsquos precedent What has been Antoniorsquos case
Antonio proved treacherous towards his brother Prospero who was the Duke of Milan Since Prospero spent his time in his scholarly pursuits he had delegated his powers to his younger brother Antonio to administer the dukedom Antonio grew ambitious He overthrew his brother and expelled him from his own dukedom In his place Antonio became the Duke of Milan which he continues to be now His case urges Sebastian to do the same(iii) How is Sebastian going to follow Antonio
Sebastian is going to take Antoniorsquos case as his precedent He is convinced that if Antonio could usurp the dukedom from his living brother Sebastian could become the King of Naples by killing his sleeping brother(iv) What will one stroke of Antoniorsquos sword do What will Sebastian do to reward Antonio
Sebastian asks Antonio to put an end to Alonsorsquos life with one stroke of his sword The same stroke will earn for him a reward Sebastian will become the King of Naples and he will exempt Antonio from paying the annual tribute to Naples The dukedom of Milan is a tributary to the kingdom of Naples Its Duke has to pay tribute to the King every year When Sebastian takes over as the King he will give a benefit to his friend who is helping him to realize his ambition
(v) What is Antoniorsquos suggestion
Antonio suggests that they may draw their swords together When he raises his hand to attack Alonso Sebastian should raise his sword to bring it down on Gonzalo
ACCOUNTS-11 25062020 Topic- depreciation ndashSTRAIGHT LINE METHOD
Illustration Salman and Usman Bros acquired a machine on July 1 2014 at a cost of Rs 70000 and spent Rs5000 on its installation The firm writes off depreciation 10 on straight line method The books are closed on December 31 every year Show the machinery and depreciation account for three years
Solution Machinery Account
Date Particulars LF amount Date Particulars LF` Amount ( Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014July 01 To Bank Ac 70000 Dec 31 Dec By Depreciation Ac 3750
(70000 x10x612)
July 01 To Bank Ac 5000 Dec31 By Balance cd 71250
75000 75000
2015 2015Jan 01 To Balance bd 71250 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 x10 ) Dec31 By Balance cd 63750
71250 71250
2016 2016Jan 01 To Balance bd 63750 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 (75000 x10 ) Dec 31 By Balance cd 56250
63750 63750
Depreciation Account
Date Particulars LF Amount Date Particulars LF Amount (Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 3750 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 3750
2015 2015
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
2016 2016
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
WORKING
Cost of Machine RS70000Cost of Installation Rs 5000
Total 75000
Rate of Depreciation 10
Then annual depreciation will be 10 of Rs 75000 = Rs 7500
Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution Geography DRIANAGE THE PENINSULAR RIVERS
1 The Mahanadi2 The Godavari3 The Krishna4 The Kaveri5 The Subarnarekha6 The Narmada7 The Tapi8 The Sabarmati and the Mahi9 The Chambal
The Mahanadi Basin The Mahanadi rises from Dandakaranya
Q1 Which is the largest river of peninsular plateau Write a brief note about its courseA1 The largest river of peninsular plateau is Godavari The river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has
near Sihawa in Raipur district in the highlands of Chhattisgarhand flows through Odisha to reach the Bay of BengalThe length of the river is about 857 kmIts drainagebasin is shared by Maharashtra Chhattisgarh Jharkhandand Odisha
THE MAHANADI RIVER SYSTEM
The GodavariThe river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
THE GODAVARI RIVER SYSTEM
many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
Q2 Which river is known as Dakshin GangaA2 The Godavari river is known as lsquoDakshin Gangarsquo It is also known as Vridha Ganga
Q3 Differentiate between east-flowing rivers and west-flowing riversA3
East-flowing rivers
West-flowing rivers
Godavari Krishna Kaveri Mahanadi are the east-flowing rivers
Narmada Tapiwest-flowing rivers
They fall into the Bay of Bengal
They fall into Arabian Sea
These rivers form big deltas
These rivers form comparativelysmall deltas
Catchment area of these river are larger
Catchment area of these river are smaller
The KrishnaThe Krishna river rises from the Western Ghatsnear Mahabaleshwar It flows into the Bay of Bengalbefore forming a large delta Its length is about1400 km The Tungabhadra Koyana Ghatprabha Musi and Bhima are some of its tributariesIt has covers parts of Maharashtra Karnataka and AndhraPradesh
THE KRISHNA RIVER SYSTEM
The KaveriIt rises in the Brahmagiri range of the Western Ghats and flows into the Bay ofBengal Southof Cuddalore in Tamil Nadu The length of the river is about 760 km Its main tributaries are the Amravati Bhavani Hemavati and Kabini The Kaveri drains inthe parts of Karnataka Kerala and drains in Tamil Nadu The river Kaveri makes the second biggest waterfall in India known as Sivasamudram
POLITICAL SCIENCE
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
MEANING OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS-Fundamental rights are those rights which are essential for intellectual moral and spiritual development of citizens of India As these rights are fundamental or essential for existence and all-round development of individuals hence they are called Fundamental rights These are enshrined in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India These include individual rights common to most such as equality before the law freedom of speech and freedom of expression religious and cultural freedom Freedom of assembly (peaceful assembly) freedom of religion (freedom to practice religion) right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writsThere are six fundamental rights recognized by the Indian constitution
1 Right to equality (Articles 14-18)2 Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22)3 Right Against exploitation (Articles 23-24)4 Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25- 28)5 Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29-30) and6 Right to Constitutional remedies (Articles 32-35)
1 The right to equality includes equality before the law the prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion race caste gender or place of birth equality of opportunity in matters of employment the abolition of untouchability and abolition of titles
2 The right to freedom includes freedom of speech and expression association or union or cooperatives movement residence and right to practice any profession or occupation
3 The right against exploitation prohibits all forms of forced labour child labour and trafficking of human beings
4 The right to freedom of religion includes freedom of conscience and free profession practice and propagation of religion freedom to manage religious affairs freedom from certain taxes and freedom from religious instructions in certain educational institutes
5 The Cultural and educational Rights preserve the right of any section of citizens to conserve their culture language or script and right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice
6 The right to constitutional remedies is present for enforcement of fundamental rightsThe right to privacy is an intrinsic part of Article 21 (the Right to Freedom) that protects the life and liberty of the citizens The right to privacy is the newest right assured by the Supreme court of India It assures the peoples data and personal security
Fundamental rights for Indians have also been aimed at overturning the inequalities of pre-independence social practices Specifically they have also been used to abolish untouchability and thus prohibit discrimination on the grounds of religion race caste sex or place of birth They also forbid trafficking of human beings and forced labour (a crime) They also protect cultural and educational rights of religious and linguistic minorities by allowing them to preserve their languages and also establish and administer their own education institutions They are covered in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India
Mathematics
Relation Study Item Types of RelationToday class xii students we will discuss about the types of RelationsFirst we discuss Void RelationWhat is Void RelationAns Let A be a non-empty set Then φ A A and so it is a relation R on set A Thissube ⨯ relation is called the void or empty relation on set ANow from the above definition we came to know that no element of A is related to any element of AHere A A is called Cartesian product⨯
is the symbol of subsetsubeAnd φ is called phi and refer to void or empty relationNow I give an example to understand the above said relationLet A = 1 2 3 4Here A A =(11)(12)(13)(14)(21)(22)(23)(24)(31)(32)(33)(34)(41)⨯(42)(43)(44)Now we consider R is a relation which is defined by R=(ab) a+b= 50We notice that a+b 50 for any two elements of AnotinTherefore (ab) R for any ab A is called belong to and is not belong tonotin isin isin notinTherefore we can say R does not contain any element of A A⨯Therefore R is empty set Therefore we can say that R is the void or empty relation on AWhat is universal RelationAns Let A is a set Then A A A A and so it is a relation on A This relation is called⨯ sube ⨯ the universal relation on ANow from the above definition we can say that each element of A is related to every element of ANow we consider the relation R on the set A =1 234 defined by R = (ab) R |a -b|isin
0≽We observe that|a - b | 0 for all ab A≽ isin
(ab) R for all (ab) A ArArr isin isin ⨯ Each element of set A is related to set A every element of set ArArr
Therefore we write R= AxATherefore we can say R is universal relation on set ANote we can say that void relation is smallest relation and the universal relation is largest relationSometime both void relation and universal relation is called trivial relationWhat is identity relationAns Let A is a non-empty set Then the relation R or IA = (aa) a A on A is called theisin identity relation on A Therefore from the above definition we can say that every element of A is related to itself only
Example Let A = 1234 then Ror IA = (11)(22)(33)(44) is the identity relation on set ANow I give you another example R1 = (11)(22)(33) and R2 = (11)(22)(33)(44)(24)From the above example we can say that R1 and R2 are not identify relation Because in the case of R1 (44)R1 and on the other hand R2 where element 2 is related to elements 2 and 4
Hindi 2ndlang
भलि[ (महादी मा)
भलि[ कहानी की लखिखका महादी मा न इस कहानी म यह दशान का परयास गिकया ह गिक आजकल क जमान म भी लो सक बन कर गिनसाथ सा करत ह ह
गिबना तन लिसा करत ह और उसक बदल ना कछ मात ह और ना ही कोई आशा करत ह नौकर सा करक तन चाहता ह और ह भी कई सगिधाओ की आशा करता ह पर सक सदा गिनजी साथ भा स सा म सलगन रह कर काम करता ह भलि[ कहानी की मखय पातर लकषमी ह जिजस भलि[ नाम लखिखका न दिदया ह ह गिकसी
ोपाल काकी कनया ह पाच रष की आय म उसकी गि माता न ौना ही कर दिदया कहानी म भलि[ क दखो का अत नही ह गिफर भी ह बडी साहसी धयान और परिरशरमी ह कदिठनाइयो स जझ ती ह पहल गिपता की मतय गिफर पगित की मतय और
गिफर घर जमाई की मतय होती ह उस साहसी मगिहला न साहस नही छोडा और तीनो पतरी ओक हाथ पील गिकए लाना द पान क कारण उसका जमीदार न अपमान गिकया गिफरकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहचीकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहची शहर पहच करा लखिखका की सगिका बनी ही पर उसका नाम भलि[ पडा ह एक भ[ की तरह अपन सामिमनी की इमानदारी स सा करती और तन का जिजकर भी नही करती ह लखिखका क घर पाठशाला आदिद को अचछी तरह स सभालती पढी-
लिलखी ना होकर भी ह लखिखका की बहत सा ए सहायता करती ह लखिखका का साया बनकर चलती लखिखका की सा करना उसक जीन का उददशय ह ह
लखिखका की खशी क लिलए ही काय करती ह ह लखिखका को दखी नही दख सकती लखिखका पर भलि[ का इतना परभा पडा गिक ह सय दहाती बन ई
यदध क दिदनो म ह अपन परिरार क साथ रहन की अपकषा लखिखका क साथ रहना पसद करती थी यदध क भत न जब ीटा क ान पर पलायन गित जा दी तो
भलि[ न न लखिखका को अपन ा ल जान का अनरोध करन ली लखिखका को डर ह गिक यदिद उसक गिदा होन क अगितम छठा ए तो ह दहातीन दधा कया कर ी
इस परकार हम दखत ह गिक लखिखका न सामिमनी और सगिका क ण बरसात हए सक धम पर परकाश डाला ह और लखिखका न एक आदश सगिका क रप को सदर
रप स परसतत गिकया हBengali আদাব পরশন) ldquoশরণের ১৪৪ ধারা আর কারহিZউ অU ার জারী রণেয়রণে0ldquo
ক) কার গলখা গকা3 রচ3ার অংশ খ)গকাায় গক3 ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়রণে0 )১৪৪ ধারা কী এর Zরণেল কী য়
উততর) ক)আরণেলাচ য অংশটি সরণেরশ বসর রহিচত lsquoআদাবlsquo গ0াট রণেলপর অংশ
খ) বাংলারণেদরণেশর ঢাকা শরণের ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়হি0ল সামপরদাহিয়ক াnাা ও দাnা পরহিতরণেরারণেধর জ3 য হিlt সলা3রণেদর গ3তারণেদর সামপরদাহিয়ক উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা বারণেধ উ2য় সমপরদায় 2ীত রণেয় ঘর বহিlt রণেয় পরণে পরসপর পরসপররণেক সরণেltরণের গচারণেখ গদরণেখ গকউ কাউরণেক আরণের রণেতা হিবশবাস কররণেত পারণের3া হিক0 া3রণেষর উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা য় ার পহির3া অরণেতক রকত iয় ও ত য
) ১৪৪ ধারা আইরণে3র এ3 একটা ধারা ার _ারা এলাকা হি3হিদ ষট করণের গদওয়া য় গসই এলাকার রণেধ য গবহিশ া3রণেষর জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় হিহি0ল জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় আই3 2nকারীরণেক গহিলর হি3রণেদশ জাহির করা য় তাই সাধার3 া3ষ আর বাইরণের গবর রণেত পারণের3া পরারণে3র 2রণেয় বহিlt রণেয় ারণেক এর Zল য় সাংঘাহিতক গদাকা3 পাট বনধ ারণেক
হিজহি3স পতর অহিল য় রাসতা ঘাট জ3 শ3 য রণেয় ায় লরণেঠরা তারণেদর লঠত রাজ চাহিলরণেয় হি3রণেজরণেদর আরণেখর গহি0রণেয় গ3য় া3ষরণেক 2ীহিতর হিব2ীহিষহিক গরাস করণের ঘরণেরর া3রণেষর ইkা াকরণেলও ঘরণের হিZররণেত পারণের3া হিZররণেত হিরণেয় বltরণেকর গহিলরণেত পরা3 ারায়
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today we will discuss about Types of Leaves
An organization provides several kinds of leaves to the employees These days employees working both in government and private sector are allowed several types of leaves Following are the leaves achieved by the employees from their organization
Casual LeaveChild care leave -HospitalLeaveSpecial disability leaveChild Adoption leaveEarned LeavesHalf pay leaveMaternity leavePaternityleaveStudy leave
1 Casual Leave- Casual leave is not a recognised form of leaves and is not subject to any rules made by the government of India And official on casual leave is not treated as Absent from duty and pay is not intimated Normally 8 days of casual leave is permissible in a calendar year
2 Child care leave - Women employees having minor children may be granted child care leave by an authority competent to grant leave for a maximum period of 730 days means two years during their entire service for taking care of up to two children weather for sharing or to look after any of their names like examination sickness it is a
3HospitalLeave - Hospital leave is admissible to group C employees whose duties involved handling of dangerous machinery explosive materials poisonous drugs and performance of hazardous task and to group D employees Medical certificate from an authorised medical attendant is necessary for the grant of these leave However total period of
leave does not exceed 28 months4Special disability leave- Special
disability leave admissible to all employees when disabled by injury intentionally or accidentally inflicted are caused in law in consequence of the due performance of official duties or in consequence of official position It also it is also add miscible when disabled by illness incurred in the performance of any particular duty which has the effect of increasing laboratory to illness or injury beyond the ordinary least attaching to the Civil post held and the same condition
5Child Adoption leave- This leave is granted to female Employees with fewer than two surviving children on valid adoption of a child below the age of one year for a period of 135 days immediately after the date of valid adoption Leave salary will be equal to the pain immediately before processing on leave
6Earned Leaves- This leave is earned by duty The credit for earned leave will be awarded at a rate of 15 days on the 1st of January and 1st of July every year It can be accumulated up to 300 days in addition to the number of days for which encashment has been allowed along with LTC
7 Half pay leave -All government servant are entitled to 20 days of HPL half pay leave for every completed year of service Half pay leave is calculated at 20 days for each completed year of service The service includes periods of duty and leave including extra ordinary leave with or without MC (medical certificate)
8 Maternity leave -Maternity leave is granted to women Government employees full stop it is as possible only to Employees with less than 2 surviving children The maternity leave is not debited to leave account and full pay is granted It cannot be combined with any other the leaves and count as service for increment and pension
9 PaternityleaveA male employee with less than 2 surviving children may be granted paternity leave for a period of 15 days during the confinement of
his wife During the period of such leaves he shall be paid leave salary equal to the pay drawn immediately before proceeding on leave
10 Study leave-Study leave may be granted to all Government Employees with not less than 5 years service for undergoing a special course consisting of higher studies are specialised training in a professional or technical subject having a direct and close connection with the sphere of his duties as a Civil Servant
Commerce
Chapter-5Management
Let us today discuss about the nature of Management
Nature of management Management is defined as
An art A science A profession
Management is defined as an art because of the following reasons
1 In art there is an existence of theoretical knowledge Similarly in management various theories are propounded by management thinkers in various areas of management like finance marketing human resources etc
2 Every manager apply his or her personal skills and knowledge in the day to day functioning of an enterprise
3 Like an art management is creative as it provides solutions to Complex problems making resources productive and profitable moulding the attitudes of people for the betterment of an organisation
Management is is considered as science because of the following reasons
1 Like science there is a systemised body of knowledge in management consisting of theories principles vocabulary and concept
2 Principles of management are evolved after continuous observations and experimentation
Management both as Science and ArtManagement is both a science and an art It is a science because it uses certain principles and is an art because it requires continuous practice and application of personal skillsManagement as a profession Following points highlight whether management is a profession or not1 Like profession management has well
defined body of knowledge It has its own principles which are based on experiments One can acquire such
knowledge by pursuing courses like MBA BBA etc and acquire managerial skills through instruction and training
2 In management no such restriction is there for managers to clear an examination for hold a degree However these days more and more people are appointed for managerial post who opposes management degrees
3 Membership to a professional Association like AIMA is not mandatory for managers All managers directly or indirectly work for the development of society
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Essay Questions (EQ-2)
Question No 2Sketch the character of Prospero Would you call him perfect
AnswerProspero in The Tempest appears to be an intensely human being with human failings and weaknesses With all his excellence Prospero is made to awaken our sympathy for a natural imperfection Prosperorsquos Previous HistoryIn his retrospective narration of his previous history to Miranda we get a glimpse into Prosperorsquos past life As the Duke of Milan Prospero buried himself in his magic books which he prized above his dukedom He was essentially a scholar with no practical wisdom He failed to perform his first duty by neglecting the governance of his state and gave an opportunity to his wicked brother to undermine his throne He was thus driven from his home and thrown in a leaky boat with his weeping daughter to drift in the perilous seas It is only the thought of his little child that kept him aliveThe Development of Prosperorsquos CharacterThe development of his character is evident from the contrast between what he was before his banishment and what he is now in the island Formerly when his ldquolibrary was dukedom enoughrdquo he was altogether too unsuspecting Now he is watchful as providence and takes care to guard himself against the possibility of evil He has learnt to know human nature in its worst forms even Caliban has taught him something He will no longer put his trust in appearance except as ldquostale to catch thievesrdquo nor in oaths of which the strongest he says ldquoare straw to the fire irsquo the bloodrdquo He who once neglected worldly ends now consistently asserts his dignity enforces obedience and deals out justice with impartial hand He who without a thought of evil gave his power and his revenues into his brotherrsquos hands now puts Ferdinand to the severest test as a trial of his love before entrusting his daughter to him He makes the most practical use imaginable of his magic art exacts prompt servitudefrom his attendants does not hesitate to punish them is resolved and firm and knows how to seize the proper moment for action He is a most careful father to his daughter a considerate master of Ariel severe against the brutal Caliban humane towards the repentant enemies full of experience and wisdomThe Exercise of his Power ndash his SternnessWhat appears to us at the first sight one of the least pleasing features of Prosperorsquos character is the sternness which he frequently displays more particularly in his dealings with Caliban His harshness towards Caliban resulted from the failure of gentler methods his severity towards Ferdinand was exercised in the interest of his daughter ldquolest too light winning make the prize lightrdquo and his punishment of Alonso Sebastian and Antonio is justified by the attainment of his objectiveProsperorsquos TendernessThe tender side of Prosperorsquos character is exhibited in his relation to Miranda Ariel Gonzalo and the repentant sinners His love for Miranda is unbounded She was almost life to him In his darkest hours of trial this love sustained him and gave him strength to put a bold front to suffering He addresses her always with tenderness She is to him a lsquoloved darlingrsquo lsquodear heartrsquo lsquoa rich giftrsquo lsquoa third of his own lifersquo The same affectionate nature is shown in his dealing with his brother Antonio He loved his brother Antonio only next to Miranda before Antonio conspired against him In the island when Antonio is brought before him he forgives him
readily To Gonzalo the good old councilor he is all affection He sheds tears of joy and gratitude when he meets him in the island To Ariel he is a loving and considerable master Ariel is always to him ldquomy brave spiritrdquo ldquofine spiritrdquo ldquodelicate Arielrdquo ldquomy Arielrdquo etc When he promises Ariel his freedom he says with real emotion ndash ldquoI shall miss theerdquoProsperorsquos Power as a MagicianThe practice of magic has placed wonderful powers in the hands of Prospero He uses his supernatural powers like a god only to bring about the happiest results He causes The Tempest and the shipwreck only to bring his enemies within his power and not to destroy them Not a soul perished in the storm He leads Ferdinand to Miranda his high charms work and as he wishes the two falls in love He frustrates the plots of the conspirators and makes them know that he was conscious of it He drives Sebastian and Alonso to sincere repentance and readily forgives them The drunken associates of Caliban are no doubt sternly treated but even then they are promised conditional pardon The whole play at last ends in reconciliation joy and peace The wrongs are set right the lovers are made happy Ariel is set free and thus the powerful magician retires into the solitude of his study at MilanProsperorsquos ForgivenessAllied to his wisdom is his forgiving nature Though deeply wronged he bears no spite against the wrong-doers Though his power is unlimited he uses it to noble purposes The lesson of adversity has taught him that ldquoThe rarer action is in virtue than in vengeancerdquoProspero does not debase his noble nature by revenge but forgives his enemies absolutely He drives his erstwhile enemies to a sincere penitence for their past misdeeds and when repentance has wrought its full effect on them he receives them into his arms and is reconciled to them Is Prospero perfectProspero creates a great impression upon our minds by his dignity his nobility the divine spirit of forgiveness in him his generous and sympathetic nature etc Even with all these virtues we cannot call him perfect We perceive certain faults in him He displays an occasional impatience irritability and even a certain harshness of feeling His severe treatment of Caliban might have been justified but the language in which he addresses the monster and the threats that he uses show him to be a kind of tyrant On learning of Calibanrsquos plot against his life he is as violently disturbed and agitated as any ordinary human being would be His manner towards Ariel when the latter demands his liberty also seems somewhat arbitrary and tyrannicalSubject ndashBiology Topic ndashChapter -5 Inheritance amp Variations Summary ExecutionToday we will discuss about NON-Mendelian Inheritance
NON_MENDELIAN INHERITANCE Incomplete Dominance It is an inheritance in which heterozygous offspring shows
intermediate character between two parental characteristics Eg Flower colour in snapdragon (dog flower or Antirrhinum sp) and
Mirabilis jalapa ( 4rsquoO clock plant) Here phenotypic and genotypic ratios are same Phenotypic Ratio 1Red 2 Pink 1 White Genotypic Ratio 1(RR) 2 (Rr) 1(rr) This means that R was not completely dominant over r Pea plants also show incomplete dominance in other traits
Co- dominance It is the inheritance in which both alleles of a gene are expressed in a
hybrid Eg ABO blood grouping in human ABO Blood groups are controlled by the gene I The plasma membrane of the RBC has sugar polymer that protrude
from its surface and is controlled By the gene The gene I has three alleles IA IB i The alleles IA and IB produce a slightly different form of the sugar
while allele i does not produce any sugar In AB blood group both IA and IB are present together This is co ndash
dominanceMultiple Alleles
Multiple alternatives of the same gene which influence the same character and produce different expressions in different individuals of a species or population same genes have more than two allelic
forms These different forms of a single gene are referred as multiple alleles Eg human Blood group
Ac-12 250620 Topic- retirement
Illustration Om Jai and Jagdish are partners sharing profit in the ratio of 3 2 l Their balance sheet as at December 31st 2014 is as under
Balance sheet as at December 31 2014
Liabilities Amount Assets Amount
(Rs`) (Rs`)
Creditors 80000 Building 180000 Bills Payable 26000 Plant 140000 General reserve 24000 Motor Car 40000 Capital Stock 100000 Om 160000 Debtors 63000 Jai 120000 Less Provision Jagdish 120000
400000 for Bad debts 3000
60000 Cash at Bank 10000
530000 530000
Jai retires on that date on the following terms(a) The Goodwill of the firm is valued at Rs 60000(b) Stock and Building to be appreciated by 10(c) Plant is depreciated by 10(d) Provision for Bad debts is increased upto Rs 5000(e) Jairsquos share of goodwill was adjusted through remaining partners capital accountThe amount due to Jai is paid out of the fund brought in by Om and Jagdish in theirnew profit sharing ratio Jai is paid full amountPrepare Revaluation Account and Partnerrsquos Capital account
Solution WorkingsIt is assumed that Om and Jagdish gaining ratio remains 3 lJairsquo Share of goodwill = Rs 60000 times 26 = Rs20000Adjusted through the remaining partners capital account in 3 1 ratio
Revaluation Account
Dr Cr
Particulars Amount Particulars Amount
(Rs`) (`Rs)
To Provision for Bad debts 2000 By Stock 10000TO Plant 14000 By Building 18000To Profit transferred toCapital Accounts Om 6000 Jai 4000 Jagdish 2000
12000
28000 28000
Capital AccountDr Cr Particulars Om Jai Jagdish Particulars Om Jai Jagdish
(Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (rs`) (`Rs)
To Capital 15000 mdash 5000 By Balance bd 160000 120000 120000 ToBank 152000 By General Reserve 12000 8000 4000To Balance cd 277000 mdash 159000 By Revaluation (Profit) 6000 4000 2000 By Om Capital mdash 15000 mdash ByJagdish Capital mdash 5000 By Bank 114000 38000
292000 152000 164000 292000 152000 164000
shares securities debentures etc for it customers Further it pays subscriptions insurance premium rent electric and water bills and other similar charges on behalf of its clients It also acts as a trustee and executor of the property and will of its customers Moreover the bank acts as an income tax consultant to its clients For some of these services the bank charges a normal fee while it renders others free of charge6 Miscellaneous ServicesBesides the above noted services the commercial bank performs a number of other services It acts as the custodian of the valuables of its customers by providing them lockers where they can keep their jewellery and valuable documents It issues various forms of credit instruments such as cheques drafts travellers cheques etc which facilitate transactions
Bengali হিবপরীতশবদ করণেয়কটি হিবপরীত শবদ গদওয়া ল1)সজীব = হি3জsব 2)শরদধা= ঘা 3)আকষ = হিবকষ4)সধবা = হিবধবা 5)উৎস = গা3া 6)অ = অ37)জয় = পরাজয় 8)তাপ = হৈশত যয 9)হি3ltা = পরশংসা10)াদা = অদা 11)রহিসক = গবরহিসক 12) অনতর = বাহির13)অহিতবষটি = অ3াবষটি 14)পরত যযi = পরণেরাi 15)3াবালক = সাবালক
Hindi 2nd lang नया रासता भा 5 अपन जीन की परिरसथिगितयो स गिश होकर मीन क हदय म कई बार हीन भाना
और जीन की कडाहट अनभ हईपरत ह दढता और साहस की मरतित थी ह
अपन जीन को वयथ नही होन दना चाहती थी बचपन स ही उसकी कील बनन की
इचछा थी आज मीन की लन उस और दखकर माता- गिपता न उस कालत करन की
आजञा द दी मीन न मरठ म दाखिखला ल लिलया उसक हरदय म कछ बनन और कछ
कर दिदखान की इचछा थी उसक गिचार स चारो और पस का ही बोलबाला हहॉसटल
की कलपना करत ही ह लिसहर उठती थी उसन अपन लिलए नए नए कपड बनाए पहली बार हॉसटल जान का चा थाआखिखर
ह दिदन आ ही या जब उस हॉसटल जाना था पहली बार ह अपन घर स अल हो
रही थी हॉसटल पहच कर कछ दिदनो तक उसका मन नही ला बचपन की घटनाए
एक- एक करक उसक समतपटल पर उतर ई ह अपनी ककषा म हमशा परथम आती
थी 2 दिदन बाद गिपताजी मीन स मिमलन आए मा न काफी चीज उसक लिलए बनाकर
भजी थी गिपताजी स मिमलकर ह बहत खश
1 ह सय की दढता साहस की मरतित थी
परशन1 लखिखका मीन को दढता साहस
की मरतित कयो कह रही ह 2 गिाह क अलाा मीन क जीन
का कया लकषय था 3 मीन समाज क झठ आरण को
हटाकर सतय दिदखाना चाहती ह सपषट कीजिजए
4 परसतत पलि[यो का भा सपषट अपन शबदो म लिलखिखए
उततरndash1 मीन म समाज स लडन की शलि[ ह
ह समाज म फली बराइयो क सामन ढढता स जमी हई ह ह साहस क साथ अपन उलिचत गिनणय
पर सथिर रहती ह जिजदी क उतार चढा सा घबरा टी नही ह बलकिलक साहस स काम लती ह इनही कारणो स लखिखका न उस ढढता
और साहस की मरतित कहा ह2 मरठ ालो न जब उसका रिरशता
ठकरा दिदया तो उसन गिनशचय कर लिलया गिक ह अपन परो पर खडी होी और समाज को दिदखा दी की नारी अबला नही ह उसन अपना
हई करीब 1 घटा रक कर गिपताजी चल ए लकषय बना लिलया गिक ह एलएलबी करक कील बनी
3 समाज म नारी क ऊपर अबला आशरीता का आरण पडा हआ ह
मीन समाज क दवारा होत हए इस आरण को हटाकर यह सतय परमाणिणत करना चाहती ह गिक आज
की नारी अबला नही ह और ना ही गिकसी क हाथ की कठपतली ह
4 लखिखका न मीन क बार म कहा गिक ह सय घटा और साहस की मरतित
ह ह अपन न हम ध और मसीबत म साहस का परिरचय दती हउतार
चढा को हर इसान क जीन म आत ही रहत ह उनको साधारण रप
स ही लना चागिहए अपन गिाह क मामल म उसन साहस स काम
लिलया और गिाह क बार म सोचना छोड दिदया मीन क सामन अभी बहत लबी जिजदी पडी ह इसलिलए उसन समय का महत समझा और
एक कषण भी वयथ ना करन का गिनशचय गिकया
Mathematics(x) Algebra Quadratic Equation in one variable
Study Item Some solved sums from exercise- 539)Solve for x 2(2x ndash 1 )(x+3) ndash 3 (x + 3)(2x ndash 1 ) = 5 x -3 frac12Solution Let (2x ndash 1)(x + 3) = y then we get2(y) ndash 3( 1y) = 50r 2y ndash 3y = 5Or 2y2 ndash 3 = 5y [multiplying both side by y we get]0r 2y2 ndash 5y ndash 3 = 0Now comparing the above equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0 we geta=2 b = - 5 and c = - 3Therefore y = -(- 5 )plusmnradic((-5)sup2-4(2)(-3))2(2) = 5 plusmnradic( 25 + 24)4 = 5plusmn radic(49)4 = (5 plusmn 7)4= (5+7)4 (5 ndash 7)4= 124 -24= 3 - 12Therefore y = 3 (2x ndash 1)( x + 3) = 3 2x ndash 1 = 3x + 9 3x - 2x = - 10 x= - 10Or y = - frac12 ( 2x ndash 1)(x + 3) = - frac124x ndash 2 = - x ndash 3 4x+x = - 3 + 2 5x = - 1 x= - 15Hence the roots of the given equation are - 10 and ndash 1510)(i) x2 - 5x ndash10 =0Solution x2 ndash 5x ndash 10 = 0Comparing the above equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0 we get a=1 b = - 5 and c = - 10Therefore x = - (- 5)plusmnradic( -5)sup2- 4(1)(- 10)2(1) = 5 plusmn radic( 25 +40)2 = 5 plusmn radic(65 )2
= (5 plusmn 8bull06)2 = (5 + 8bull06)2 (5 ndash 8bull06)2 = 13bull062 - 3bull062= 6bull53 - 1bull5312) Solve the equation x ndash 18x = 6 Given your answer correct to two significant figureSolution x ndash18x = 6Or (x2 ndash 18 )x = 6Or x2ndash 18 = 6xOr x2 ndash 6x ndash18 = 0Comparing the above equation with ax2 + bc + c = 0 we gera= 1 b = - 6 and c = -18Therefore x = -(-6) plusmnradic(- (- 6)2 ndash 4(1)(- 18)2(1) = 6 plusmn radic( 36 + 72)2 = (6 plusmnradic( 108)2 =(6 plusmn 10bull39)2= 16bull392 - 4bull392= 8bull195 - 2bull195 asymp 8bull2 - 2bull2
Chemistry Chapter-2L-1Chemical Bonding
1) Chemical Bonding-
It is basically the force of attraction which holds the different types of atoms in a molecule together
Cause of Chemical Combination-
The main cause is the tendency of elements to acquire eight electrons in its outermost shell like that of noble gases other than Helium(He) So the atoms combine to acheive the nearest noble gas configuration of 8 electrons( or 2 electrons) in their outermost orbit and become stable
2) Ion-
It is a charged particle made from an atom by the loss or gain of electrons
There are 2 types of Ions They are-
a) Cations- It is formed by the loss of electrons eg - K+ Ca2+
Na+ etc
b) Anions- It is formed by the gain of electrons eg- Cl- O2- F- etc
Q Why do elements form Ions
A Atoms of all elements except those of noble gases have one to seven valence electrons and are not in a state of minimum energy Thus to acquire a state of minimum energy elements lose or gain electrons and form ions so that they acquire stable configuration (Duplet or Octet)
Q What is the Electronic Theory of Valency
A In 1916 Kossel and Lewis on the basis of octet rule of electrons described simply the electronic structure of molecules of many chemical compounds and elements Kossel mainly described the structure of ionic compounds formed by loss and gain of electrons and Lewis mainly described the structure of Covalent Compounds formed by mutual sharing of electron pair This is known as ELECTRONIC THEORY OF VALENCY proposed by Kossel and Lewis
Q What do you mean by Electropositive and Electronegative Elements
3) Types of Chemical Bond-3 types
A)ElectrovalentIonic Bond
B) Covalent Bond
C) Co-ordinate Dative Bond4) ELECTROVALENT IONIC BOND-
It is the electrostatic force of attraction between the opposite charged ions which holds them together
The chemical compounds formed as a result of electron transfer from one atom of an element to another are called IONIC or ELECTROVALENT COMPOUND
The number of electrons which an element loses or gains during the formation of an ionic bond is called its ELECTROVALENCY
Conditions for the formation of Ionic Compounds-
i Large electronegativity difference between the combining atoms
ii Low IP for one of the atoms from which the cation can be easily formed
iii High electron affinity for one of the atoms from which the anions can be easily formed
iv High Lattice Energy
A
1) Electropositive Elements- have the tendency to lose the electrons and form Cations
eg- Na K Fe -mostly metals
2) Electronegative Elements- have the tendency to gain the electrons and form Anions
eg- Cl F O - mostly Non-metals
Q Give the brief description about the formation of NaCl
A See your Text Book
Q Practise the two types of diagram of the formation of different ionic compound
A See your Text Book
English All Summer in a Answer the following questions-
literature Day 3) Why did the children hate herAns- The children sensed that Margot was different from them She hated the continuous rain while they were used to it She spoke only about the sun and they had no memory of it They hated her pale snow face her waiting silence her thinness and her possible future of going back to the Earth4) What is the it referred to by WilliamAns- The it referred to by William is the Sun which the scientists had predicted would shine for a short while that day5) What was Margot waiting for Why did William say it was a jokeAns- Margot was waiting to see the sun predicted to shine that day for a short while William did not want her to have the joy of seeing the sun
Geography Water Resources SOURCES OF WATER SURFACE WATER AND GROUNDWATER Earth is known as the Blue Planet because 71 per cent of the Earths surface is covered with water Wateralso exists below land surface and as water vapour in the air Water is not added or removed from the environment it simply changes state and location This constant movement of water throughout our environment is called the hydrological cycle or water cycle Earth cleans and replenishes the water supply through the hydrologic cycle Groundwater exists in an aquifer or
underground layer of permeable rock sediment (usually sand or gravel) or soil that yields water
Aquifers are like underground reservoirs of water
SURFACE WATER The visible bodies of water are referred to as surface water Surface waters can be simply described as the water that is on the surface of the Earth This includes the oceans rivers and streams lakes and reservoirs Surface waters are very important Rivers and streams constitute the flowing surface waters Surface water canbe captured for a variety of biospheric and humanusesRunoff During heavy precipitation water cannot infiltrate into the ground It flows on the surface of the ground and called as runoff
GROUNDWATER Groundwater is detained as water that is found beneath the surface of the Earth in conditions of100 per
Q1 Why the Earth is called as Blue PlanetA1 Earth is known as the Blue Planet because 71 per cent of the Earths surface is covered with water
Q2 Define hydrological cycleA2 Water is not added or removed from the environment it simply changes state and location This constant movement of water throughout our environment is called the hydrological cycle or water cycle Earth cleans and replenishes the water supply through the hydrologic cycle
Q3 What is AquifersA3 Aquifers are like underground reservoirs of water
Q4 Why there is a shortage of fresh waterA4 Although the earth has an abundance of water but unfortunately there is a shortage of fresh water because 997 per cent of it occupied by oceans soils icecaps and floating in the atmosphere and rest 03 percent can use for daily uses
cent saturation (if it is less than100 per cent saturation then the water is considered as soil moisture) Ninety-eight per cent of Earths available fresh water is groundwater It is about60 times as plentiful as the fresh water found in lakes and streams Water in the ground travels through pores in soil and rock and in fractures and weathered areas of bed rockThe majority of fresh water is therefore found under ground as soil moisture and in aquifers
Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 88 to 126 (Portia helliphellip Such as the day is when the sun is hid) [Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]
Summary Questions amp Answerso Launcelot then arrives and informs
Lorenzo that Bassanio will also be arriving soon Both Lorenzo and Jessica return to the house and ask Stephano to order the family musicians to play music in order to extend a fitting welcome to Portia
o Portia and Nerissa dressed in their normal self return home and enter the building Lorenzo recognizes Portias voice and comes to greet her She orders the servants to pretend as if she had never left and asks Lorenzo and Jessica to do the same
o Soon thereafter Bassanio Gratiano and Antonio arrive
(1) PORTIA That light we see is burning in my hall (L 89-101)
How far that little candle throws his beams So shines a good deed in a
naughty worldNERISSA When the moon shone we did not see the candlePORTIA So doth the greater glory dim the less
A substitute shines brightly as a king
Unto the king be by and then his state
Empties itself as doth an inland brook
Into the main of waters Music hark
NERISSA It is your music madam of the housePORTIA Nothing is good I see without respect
Methinks it sounds much sweeter than by day
NERISSA Silence bestows that virtue on it madam
(i) Where are Lorenzo and Jessica sitting What message have they received What are they doing
Lorenzo and Jessica are sitting in Portiarsquos house in Belmont They have just received the message informing them of the arrival of Portia and Bassanio separately They are waiting for their arrivals and enjoying the beauty of the moonlight night(ii) In which mood is Lorenzo found after Stephanorsquos departure
After Stephanorsquos departure Lorenzo reverts to his romantic mood He is carried away by the magic of the loveliness of the moonlight He draws Jessicarsquos attention and says that the moonlight is sleeping beautifully on the raised ground He says that they will sit there and enjoy the sweetness of the gentle
music which will shortly creep into their ears very softly(iii) Why has Lorenzo sent Stephano What kind of man is he who does not appreciate the sweet harmony of sounds
Lorenzo has sent Stephano to instruct the musicians to play soft music to welcome Portia home Lorenzo tells that the
tranquility and the beautiful night suit the sweet music Praising the ennobling (M lend greater dignity) effect of music Lorenzo tells Jessica that the person who has no music in him and does not appreciate the sweet harmony of sounds is a dangerous person and so should be watched very carefully(iv) Who are returning to Belmont What does Nerissa remark on seeing the light of the house
Portia and Nerissa are returning to Belmont after successfully conducting Antoniorsquos trial in Venice as the lawyer and the clerk respectively When they are near their home Nerissa seeing the light of the house remarks that they did not see this light of this candle when the moon was shining(v) What does Portia comment on Nerissarsquos observation Commenting on Nerissarsquos observation Portia says that the lesser glory becomes insignificant before the greater glory She adds that the kingrsquos representative assumes great splendor and authority when the king himself is not near But before the real king the substitute becomes devoid of all splendor and
authority as the big rivers lose their identity after emptying into the vast sea
SUBJECT PHYSICS [TOPIC FORCE]Answer the following questions ( ICSE questions of previous years from chapter FORCE)
1 Write the position of centre of mass for the following bodies(i) A circular ring (ii) A cylinder(iii) A hollow sphere (iv) A triangular lamina
2 Explain why screw drivers are provided with longer handles3 Compare the magnitude and direction of centripetal force and centrifugal force4 How does uniform circular motion differ from uniform linear motion5 Why is the motion of a body moving with a constant speed around a circular path is said to be
accelerated6 A brass ball is hanging from a cotton thread Draw a neat labeled diagram showing the force acting
on the brass ball and the cotton thread 7 Define moment of force Write the relationship between the SI and CGS unit of moment of force8 Define couple State the SI unit of moment of couple9 A uniform half meter scale balanced horizontally on a knife edge at 29 cm mark when a weight of 20
gmf is suspended from one end(i) Draw the diagram of the arrangementWhat is the weight of the half meter rule
ECO-10 250620 Topic-Supply Analysis
MEANING OF SUPPLYSupply a commodity by a firm or seller may be defined as the quantity of a commodity that a firm or seller offers for sale at a given price during a given time period But the actual sale of the commodity may be different from its supply For example a farmer (produced of wheat) is willing to sell 50 quintals of wheat at a price of ` 15 per kg but he is able to sell only 30 quintals at this price So this case the supply of wheat is 50 quintals but the actual sale is 30 quintals So these two concepts should not be confused with each other Like demand supply also has three elements The definition of supply include (i) the quantity of the commodity that a firm is willing to supply (ii) the price at which it is willing to supply that quantity and (iii) the time period during which it is willing to supply that quantity
FACTORS DETERMINING SUPPLY OR DETERMINANTS OF SUPPLY OF A GOOD
The main determinant of supply is the price of the commodity But the cost of production of a commodity is an important factor in determining profit maximized on output of a firm The cost of production depends on the prices of various inputs like raw material wages of workers interest of capital rent of building etc The supply of a commodity also depends on the technology used in the production of the commodity and many other factors The main factors determining supply of a commodity are(i) Price of the commodity(ii) Price of other related good(iii) Price of inputsfactors(iv) Taxation policy of government(v) Objective of the firm(i) Price of the commodity Other factors determining supply remaining constant there is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity It means the quantity supplied of a commodity increases with rise in price and decreases with fall in price of the commodity More quantity of a commodity is supplied at a higher price and less quantity is supplied at a lower price For example a seller of tomatoes is willing to sell 100 kgs of tomatoes at a price of ` 40 per keg and only 50 kgs at a price of ` 20 per kg Due to this direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity the supply curve has a positive slope Supply curve is upward sloping to the right(ii) Price of other related goods Supply of a commodity is also influenced by the change in the price of other related goods With the help of given resources we can produce several goods by using the same technology This helps the firm to diversify and tide over fluctuations in demand For example a farmer can produce either pulses or food grains by using the resources If the price of pulses increases it becomes more profitable for him to make more production of pulses So he will divert some resources from the production of food grains to the production of pulses The production of pulses will increase and that of food grains will decrease So the supply of pulses will increase if the price of pulses increases and the supply of food grain will decrease at the same price reverse will happen if the price of food grains increases(iii) Price of inputsfactors Change in the price of inputs like raw material wage rent or interest also influences the supply of a commodity For example in the production of cloth cotton is the main raw material If the price of cotton increases the cost of production of cloth will increase At the same price the margin of profit will decrease So the producer will decrease the supply of cloth at the same price On the other hand if the price of cotton falls the cost of production per unit of cloth will decrease and hence the supply of cloth will increase The price of other inputs will also influence the supply of a good in the same manner(iv) Technology of production an improvement in the technology of production of a commodity decreases the per unit cost of the commodity The margin of profit will increase at the same price So the supply of a commodity will increase with improvement in technology of production at the same price On the other hand if a firm uses absolute technology of production the cost of production per unit of the commodity will increase The margin of profit will decrease so the firm will decrease its supply at the same price This is the main reason that the firms are trying to use better technology of production because it not only reduces the cost of production per unit but also improves the quality of the product(v) Taxation policy of government If the government reduces the excise duty or the production of a commodity the cost of production per unit of the commodity will decrease the margin of profit will increase at the same price so the producer of the commodity will increase its supply It happens when the government wants to increase the production of the commodity On the other hand to discourage the production of some harmful goods like cigarettes liquor etc the government increases the rate of excise duty on the production of such goods So the cost of production per unit of the commodity increases and the supply of such commodities decreases(vi) Objective of the firm The objective of the producer also influences the supply of a commodity Generally the objective of a producer is get maximize his profits Profits are maximized at a higher price So he increases the supply of a commodity at a higher price and decreases its supply at a lower price But sometimes the producer may be in maximizing his sales and not in maximizing his profits as he wants to capture the market In that case he goes on increasing the supply so long his target is not achieved can profit is not adversely affected He may increase the supply at the same price to any extent
SUPPLY FUNCTION
When the relationship between quantity supplied and the determinants of supplied is expressed mathematically in an equation it is called a supply function So a supply function can be expressed asSn = f(Pn Pr Pf T Tr G)where Sn = Supply of commodity nPn = Price of the commodity nPr = Price of other related goodsPf = Price of inputsfactors
T = Technology of productionTr = Government policy or tax rateG = Goal or objective of the producer
Typically supply function shows the relationship between price and quantity supplied keeping all other determinants of supply as constant It shows the amount of a good that a seller supplies at different levels of price
LAW OF SUPPLYThe law of supply depicts the relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity when all other determinants of supply remain constant This law states that there is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity other factors determining supply remaining constant It means quantity supplied of a commodity increases with increase in price and decreases with decrease in price
Assumptions of the law of supplyThe phrase other determinants of supply remaining constant in the law of supply shows the assumptions of the law of supply The mains factors which influence the supply of a commodity one price of the commodity price of other related goods price of inputs technology of production taxation policy of the government and objective of the firm etc The law of supply is based on the assumptions that all these factors determining supply except price of the commodity should remain constant The following are the main assumptions of the law of supply(i) Price of other related goods should remain the same(ii) There should be no change in the price of inputs (factors)(iii) Technology of production should not change(iv) There is no change in the taxation policy of the government(v) Objective of the firm should not changeThe law of supply is based on the assumptions that the supply of commodity changes only due to change in price when all other determinant of supply remain constantClass XISubject Topic Summary Execution EVS Chapter-2
Ecology Answer the following questions briefly Q Draw a neat labeled diagram of carbon cycleAnsndash
Mathematics Principle of Mathematical Induction
1) What is statement Ans A sentence which may be true or false is called statement eg i) 5 is greater than 3 ii) New Delhi is the capital of India iii) 5 divides 7 These all are statements We see that statement (i) amp (ii) are true but (iii) is false 2 What is Mathematical StatementAns Statement involving mathematical relations are called mathematical statement We shall use mathematical statement in principle of
Example If n be a positive integer show that n(n+1) is an even positive integer Solution Let P(n) be the statement n(n+1) is an even positive integer Then (i) P(1) is the statement 1(1+1) ie 2 is an even positive integer Therefore P(1) is true (ii) If P(m) is true for some positive integer m then m(m+1) is an even integer Now (m+1) [(m+1)+1]=(m+1)sup2+ (m+1) =msup2+2m+1+m+1=msup2+m+2m+2=m(m+1) +2(m+1) = an even integer + an even positive integer [Since P(m) is true and 2(m+1) is an even
mathematical induction 3 What is the use of Principle of mathematical inductionAns Sometimes it is difficult to prove a statement theorem or a formula by direct method In this case we use an indirect method known as the Principle of mathematical induction There are two steps in this processSTEP 1 Varify that the statement or formula is true for one or two particular values of n say for n=1 2STEP 2 Assuming that the statement or formula is true for n=m where m is any positive integer show that it is true for n=m+1Conclusion Since the statement is true for n=2 it is true for n=2+1 that is 3 and since it is true for n=3 it is true for n=3 + 1 that is 4 and so on Hence the statement or formula is true for all positive integral values of n
positive integer]= an even positive integer Therefore P(m+1) is true when P(m) is true Therefore By the principle of Mathematical Induction P(n) is true for all positive integral values of n Hence n(n+1) is an even positive integer
Hindi 2ndlang एक फल की चाह 5 दख रहा था जस सो सथिर हो नही बठती थी कषण भर हाय ही चपचाप पडी थी अटल शागित शी धारण कर सनना यही चाहता था म उस सय ही
उकसा करमझको दी क परसाद का एक फल ही दो लाकर
शबदाथ ससथिर - परी तरह ठहरी हई अटल- पकका
उकसाकर - पररणा दकर
वयाखयाndash उपय[ पलि[यो म कगि सखिखया की ददशा का णन कर रहा ह जो उनक गिपता दवारा वय[ गिकया या ह अपनी बटी सखिखया कीददशा का
गितरण करत हए गिपता कहता ह गिक म अपनी आखो क सामन दख रहा था गिक मरी बटी जो पल भर क लिलए दिटककर नही बठती थी ह अब सथिर शात मरतित की तरह पढी थी अब म ह बार- बार इस बात क लिलए पररिरत कर रहा
था गिक ह मझ गिफर स ही शबद कह गिपताजी मझ दी क परसाद का एक फल लाकर दो
6 ऊच शल लिशखर क ऊपर मदिदर था गिसतीणर गिशाल सण कलशसरलिसज गिहलिसत थ पाकरसमदिदत रगि कर जाल दीप धल स अचछदिदत था मदिदर का
आन सारा ज रही थी भीतर बाहर मखरिरत उतस की धारा
शबदाथ - शल लिशखर- पहाड की ऊची चोटी
सतीणर - फला हआ
सण कलश - कमल क समान सदर सोन का कलश मखरिरत - परकट समदिदत - अचछी परकार खिखला हआ रगि कर जाल - सय की गिकरणो का समह
वयाखया- परसतत पलि[या म कगि न मदिदर की सदरता का णन गिकया ह कहत ह गिक मझ पहाड की चोटी पर एक गिलिशषट और गिशालमश था उसक
सोन क कलश सय की गिकरणो म चमकत हए ऐस परतीत हो रह थ जस सय की खिखली हईगिकरणो क ाा सपशपाकर सनहर कमल खिखल उठ हो मदिदर का
आन धप दीप की सध स भरा हआ था मदिदर क अदर और बाहर मनाए जा रह उसकी परसननता की ज सनाई द रही थी
Bengali (2nd language)
কোনি মনি নদী পরথম অধযোয়
হি_তীয় হিদরণে3র পাঠ-
হিবষটবাব গলাকটির কায় গররণে কা বলরণেত পাররণে0 3া শধ গচাখ হিদরণেয় রা পরকাশ করহি0ল কা বলরণেত বলরণেত গলাকটি পাঞজাহিব লহিn খরণেল জ কররণেত শর করল তাই গদরণেখ হিবষটবাব ত2মভ রণেয় গল চাটি ারার 2হিnরণেত গলাকটি হিবষটবাবর হিদরণেক এরণোরণেল হিতহি3 াা 3ীচ করণের 3াহিরণেয় গ33 হিদ গলাকটি হিবষটবাবরণেক চাটিরণেয় ায় তারণেল হিতহি3 তাাতাহিউরণেঠ গলাকটিরণেক ধররণেত পাররণেব3 3া কার তার শরীরণেরর ওজরণে3র জ3য এই শরণে3 হিবষটবাব বরণে3া গারণেষর ত গতরণেZরণে উরণেঠ দাাল তারণেত গলাকটি দাহিরণেয় শরীরটারণেক একট দহিলরণেয় হি3ল এই সব শরণে3 হিবষট ধর চপ করণের রইল শধ lsquoগঘাৎrsquo করণের একটা শবদ করল গলাকটি হিসহি হিদরণেয় ওঠা3াা কররণে0 গদরণেখ হিবষটবাব খাহি3কটা হিদরণেশারা রণেয় গলহিবষটবাবর গচারণেখ রারণের বদরণেল এখ3 গকৌতল হিতহি3 বরণেল3 ldquoখাওায় আার গলা2 গ3ই Uায়টিং কহিরrdquo হিকনত হিতহি3 কতটা Uায়টিং করণের তা তার শরীর আর খাবারণেরর তাহিলকা গদরণেখ গলাকটি বরণে= গল গলাকটি এহিরণেয় হিরণেয় হিবষটবাবর 2হিরণেত াত বহিলরণেয় হিদরণেল গস আরা অ32ব করণের3 এবং হিপহি0রণেয় া3 গলাকটি হিবষটবাবর সারণে3 তার শরীরণেরর কসরত পরদশ3 কররণেল হিবষটবাব রণে3 রণে3 হিব হিব করণের বরণেল3 হিতহি3ও গরাা রণেত চা3 গসই হরণেত nা গরণেক আবার হিচৎকার গ2রণেস আরণেস lsquoগকা হি3 গকা হি3rsquo
ldquoকী রক Uায়টিংrdquo-ক)বকতা গককারণেক বলরণে0খ)Uায়টিং কার অ কী ) Uায়টিং করা বযহিকতর গচারার ব3া দাও ঘ) তার Uায়টিং এর ব3া দাও
উঃ- ক) আরণেলাচয অংশটি হিত3ltীর গলখা lsquoগকাহি3rsquo উপ3যাস গরণেক গ3ওয়া রণেয়রণে0 আরণেলাচয কাটি বকতা রণেল3 সাদা লহিnপরা ারণেয় গরয়া পাঞজাহিব ও কারণেধ রহিn3 বযা ওয়ালা হিiহিতশ হিসং হিতহি3 কাটি বরণেলরণে03 হিবষট ধররণেকখ) Uারণেয়টিং কার অ ল পহিরহিত খাদয গর অাৎ খাদয তাহিলকায় সসত খারণেদযর গ3াগ3 বজায় গররণেখ খাদয গর) হিবষট ধরণেরর গচারা হিবশাল ওজ3 পরায় হিত3 গদখরণেত জলহিসতর রণেতা সারা শরীরণের চহিব ল ল কররণে0 বয়স পরায় চহিশ হিবশাল 2হি উপ রণেয় শরণেল হিচৎ রণেত পারণের3া গকউ গঠরণেল হিদরণেল হিচৎ রণেত পারণের তারণেক কায় নধ াদ3 পবরণেতর সরণেn তল3া করা য়ঘ) হিবষট ধর গকৌতলী রণেয় বরণেল তার খাওয়ার গকা3 গলা2 গ3ই গস Uায়টিং করণের আরণে গস আধ হিকরণেলা হিiর গখত এখ3 গস হিত3রণেশা গরা হিiর খায় জল খাবারণের কহিটা লহিচ গখত এখ3 পরণে3রণেরাটা লহিচ খায় আাইরণেশা গরা চারণেলর 2াত খায় হিঘ খাওয়া গ0রণে হিদরণেয়রণে0 রারণেত াতর বারণেরাটা রটি খায় হিবরণেকরণেল দ-গলাস হি0হিরর জল সরণেn চাররণেট কা পারণেকর সরণেltশ বাহিরণেত রাধাকষণ আরণে0 বরণেল হিবষট ধর া0 াংস খায়3া আর তারণেত তার গকা3 গলা2 লালসা গ3ই
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 276 to 313 (Sebastian helliphellipIt struck mine ear most terribly)[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]
Summary Questions amp AnswersConspiracy of Antonio and Sebastian
o Antonio further suggests murder of Alonso and eventually Sebastian agrees
o They draw their swords and proceed to murder Alonso and Gonzalo who are sleeping
(1) (Act II Sc 2 L 277-291)ANTONIO Ay sir where lies that If rsquotwere a kibe
rsquoTwould put me to my slipper but I feel notThis deity in my bosom Twenty consciencesThat stand rsquotwixt me and Milan candied be they And melt ere they molest Here lies your brotherNo better than the earth he lies uponIf he were that which now hes likemdashthats deadWhom I with this obedient steel three inches of itCan lay to bed for ever (whiles you doing thus
o As they approach Ariel appears again and wakes up Gonzalo by singing a tune in his ear Alonso also wakes up and they see both Sebastian and Antonio with drawn swords On being caught off guard they make up a story saying that they had heard a bellowing of bulls or lions
IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED
(Act II Sc 1 L 277-281)ANTONIOAy sir where lies that If rsquotwere a kibersquoTwould put me to my slipper but I feel notThis deity in my bosom Twenty consciencesThat stand rsquotwixt me and Milan candied be they And melt ere they molest
In these lines Antonio speaks how he is a conscienceless villain In inciting Sebastian to the kingship of Naples by murdering his brother he quotes his own example He too had banished his brother and made himself the Duke of Milan This kingship now sits upon him like a well fittinggarment So will be the case of Sebastian Sebastian then questions Antonio if this foul deed did not prick his conscience To this Antonio replies like a hardened villain He laughs at the word lsquoconsciencersquo and says that he has never heard of anything like conscience A guilty conscience gave him no more pain that is chilblain (M a painful itching and swelling on hand and foot caused by exposure to extreme cold) A man can get rid of the pain of chilblain by wearing slippers instead of shoes so does Antonio get rid of the qualms (M an uneasy feeling of doubt worry or fear especially about onersquos conduct) of conscience very easily Even if he were troubled by twenty consciences that barred his way to the throne of Milan however frozen they might be he would melt them into insensibility before they could cause him to twinge
To the perpetual wink of aye might putThis ancient morsel this Sir Prudence whoShould not upbraid our course) - for all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour
(i) To whom does Antonio speak these lines Who is referred to as lsquoyour brotherrsquo What does Antonio mean by saying lsquoNo better than the earth he lies uponrsquo
These lines are spoken by Antonio to Sebastian King Alonso is referred to as Sebastianrsquos brother Indicating towards Alonso who is lying asleep on the ground Antonio tells Sebastian that here sleeps his brother and at this time he is no better than a clod of the earth on which he lies asleep Antonio means to say that if he were actually to become what he looks like he would be a dead body(ii) According to Antonio what would he do if he were at the place of Sebastian
Antonio says that if he were in the position of Sebastian he would not care even for twenty consciences in order to win the kingship of Naples He would rather forget all his consciences if they happen to trouble him at all (iii) What does Antonio suggest to Sebastian What does Antonio assure him
Antonio suggests to Sebastian that in a moment Sebastian can put to death Gonzalo who pretends to be a very wise man and who on that account rebukes others (particularly Antonio and Sebastian) whereas he (Antonio) himself can put Alonso to death with only three inches of his willing sword Antonio further assures Sebastian that by killing both of them there will be none left to oppose him and in this way every obstacle in his way will be removed
(iv) Explain the lines lsquofor all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hourrsquo
In other words Antonio says that even if he were endowed with a stiff conscience he could easily relax or soften it for the execution of his purpose Then Antonio suggests that conscience should be no hindrance to a manrsquos future greatness
Comments These are terrible words coming from the mouth of a villain of the worst type He is utterly devoid of conscience or remorse He is an utter atheist of human virtue He speaks of conscience as a deity that he does not feel in his bosom
According to Antonio so far as the other lords (Adrian Francisco and others) are concerned they need not be murdered because they would obey the orders of Antonio and Sebastian as willingly and readily as cat licks milk These other lords would endorse and support everything that Sebastian and Antonio may say or suggest These other lords would adjust their views in accordance with the wishes of Antonio and Sebastian and they would regard all proposals made by Antonio and Sebastian as being opportune and also as being acceptable(v) What opinion do you form of Antonio from the above speech
The speech given above shows Antonio to be an absolutely unscrupulous man After saying that he does not believe in any such faculty as the conscience he suggests to Sebastian to
(Act II Sc 1 L 285-291)ANTONIOhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (whiles you doing thus To the perpetual wink of aye might putThis ancient morsel this Sir Prudence whoShould not upbraid our course) - for all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour
Antonio has convinced Sebastian that he has made himself Duke of Milan by a crime for which he has felt no pricks of conscience In these lines Antonio tells Sebastian that now that the chance has presented itself to him he should take it and be King of Naples So far as Alonso is concerned Antonio agrees to undertake the task of killing him by sticking only three inches of his sharp dagger Making a thrust in the air with his sword he tells Sebastian that by a similar method he can put to sleep forever Gonzalo ndash the old piece of flesh already rotten ndash this piece of antiquity ndash this ldquoSir Prudencerdquo who is never tired of reading his moral lectures to them If ldquoProfessor Wisdomrdquo is got rid of he will not be able to denounce their action as he would surely do if they did not dispatch him as well As for the rest of the kingrsquos counselors (Adrian and Francisco) it is their nature to adopt any statements and views which are placed before them just as it is the nature of a cat to lap milk Antonio assures Sebastian that ldquothese othersrdquo will back them up in whatever they say or do that they will count the strokes of the clock exactly as they bid them not according to the real time but according to the time that is right for their business Hence only two persons Alonso and Gonzalo are required to be removed to fulfill their ambition
murder Gonzalo at the very time when he (Antonio) stabs Alonso to death And yet this brutal man has a fertile wit also He can talk in a persuasive manner and also in a sarcastic and satirical manner He knows human nature thoroughly and he understands that Gonzalo is loyal to Alonso while the other lords are only sycophants who can easily be won over to Sebastianrsquos side after Alonso has been assassinated
(2) (Act II Sc 1 291-296)SEBASTIAN Thy case dear friend
Shall be my precedent as thou gotst MilanIll come by Naples Draw thy swordmdashone strokeShall free thee from the tribute which thou payest And I the King shall love thee
ANTONIO Draw together And when I rear my hand do you the likeTo fall it on Gonzalo
(i) Explain the situation and introduce the persons engaged in conversation
After the supposed shipwreck King Alonso with his lords his brother Sebastian and Antonio the Duke of Milan land on a strange island Prince Ferdinand is feared to be drowned While the King and others have fallen asleep after exertions of the day and Ariel with his sweet music acting as a catalyst Antonio and Sebastian are awake They have hatched a conspiracy to kill King Alonso and his loyal lord Gonzalo Then Sebastian will become King of NaplesIn these lines Antonio and Sebastian are engaged in conversation They are just ready to execute their plan to attack King Alonso and Gonzalo simultaneously(ii) Antoniorsquos case shall become Sebastianrsquos precedent What has been Antoniorsquos case
Antonio proved treacherous towards his brother Prospero who was the Duke of Milan Since Prospero spent his time in his scholarly pursuits he had delegated his powers to his younger brother Antonio to administer the dukedom Antonio grew ambitious He overthrew his brother and expelled him from his own dukedom In his place Antonio became the Duke of Milan which he continues to be now His case urges Sebastian to do the same(iii) How is Sebastian going to follow Antonio
Sebastian is going to take Antoniorsquos case as his precedent He is convinced that if Antonio could usurp the dukedom from his living brother Sebastian could become the King of Naples by killing his sleeping brother(iv) What will one stroke of Antoniorsquos sword do What will Sebastian do to reward Antonio
Sebastian asks Antonio to put an end to Alonsorsquos life with one stroke of his sword The same stroke will earn for him a reward Sebastian will become the King of Naples and he will exempt Antonio from paying the annual tribute to Naples The dukedom of Milan is a tributary to the kingdom of Naples Its Duke has to pay tribute to the King every year When Sebastian takes over as the King he will give a benefit to his friend who is helping him to realize his ambition
(v) What is Antoniorsquos suggestion
Antonio suggests that they may draw their swords together When he raises his hand to attack Alonso Sebastian should raise his sword to bring it down on Gonzalo
ACCOUNTS-11 25062020 Topic- depreciation ndashSTRAIGHT LINE METHOD
Illustration Salman and Usman Bros acquired a machine on July 1 2014 at a cost of Rs 70000 and spent Rs5000 on its installation The firm writes off depreciation 10 on straight line method The books are closed on December 31 every year Show the machinery and depreciation account for three years
Solution Machinery Account
Date Particulars LF amount Date Particulars LF` Amount ( Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014July 01 To Bank Ac 70000 Dec 31 Dec By Depreciation Ac 3750
(70000 x10x612)
July 01 To Bank Ac 5000 Dec31 By Balance cd 71250
75000 75000
2015 2015Jan 01 To Balance bd 71250 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 x10 ) Dec31 By Balance cd 63750
71250 71250
2016 2016Jan 01 To Balance bd 63750 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 (75000 x10 ) Dec 31 By Balance cd 56250
63750 63750
Depreciation Account
Date Particulars LF Amount Date Particulars LF Amount (Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 3750 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 3750
2015 2015
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
2016 2016
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
WORKING
Cost of Machine RS70000Cost of Installation Rs 5000
Total 75000
Rate of Depreciation 10
Then annual depreciation will be 10 of Rs 75000 = Rs 7500
Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution Geography DRIANAGE THE PENINSULAR RIVERS
1 The Mahanadi2 The Godavari3 The Krishna4 The Kaveri5 The Subarnarekha6 The Narmada7 The Tapi8 The Sabarmati and the Mahi9 The Chambal
The Mahanadi Basin The Mahanadi rises from Dandakaranya
Q1 Which is the largest river of peninsular plateau Write a brief note about its courseA1 The largest river of peninsular plateau is Godavari The river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has
near Sihawa in Raipur district in the highlands of Chhattisgarhand flows through Odisha to reach the Bay of BengalThe length of the river is about 857 kmIts drainagebasin is shared by Maharashtra Chhattisgarh Jharkhandand Odisha
THE MAHANADI RIVER SYSTEM
The GodavariThe river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
THE GODAVARI RIVER SYSTEM
many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
Q2 Which river is known as Dakshin GangaA2 The Godavari river is known as lsquoDakshin Gangarsquo It is also known as Vridha Ganga
Q3 Differentiate between east-flowing rivers and west-flowing riversA3
East-flowing rivers
West-flowing rivers
Godavari Krishna Kaveri Mahanadi are the east-flowing rivers
Narmada Tapiwest-flowing rivers
They fall into the Bay of Bengal
They fall into Arabian Sea
These rivers form big deltas
These rivers form comparativelysmall deltas
Catchment area of these river are larger
Catchment area of these river are smaller
The KrishnaThe Krishna river rises from the Western Ghatsnear Mahabaleshwar It flows into the Bay of Bengalbefore forming a large delta Its length is about1400 km The Tungabhadra Koyana Ghatprabha Musi and Bhima are some of its tributariesIt has covers parts of Maharashtra Karnataka and AndhraPradesh
THE KRISHNA RIVER SYSTEM
The KaveriIt rises in the Brahmagiri range of the Western Ghats and flows into the Bay ofBengal Southof Cuddalore in Tamil Nadu The length of the river is about 760 km Its main tributaries are the Amravati Bhavani Hemavati and Kabini The Kaveri drains inthe parts of Karnataka Kerala and drains in Tamil Nadu The river Kaveri makes the second biggest waterfall in India known as Sivasamudram
POLITICAL SCIENCE
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
MEANING OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS-Fundamental rights are those rights which are essential for intellectual moral and spiritual development of citizens of India As these rights are fundamental or essential for existence and all-round development of individuals hence they are called Fundamental rights These are enshrined in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India These include individual rights common to most such as equality before the law freedom of speech and freedom of expression religious and cultural freedom Freedom of assembly (peaceful assembly) freedom of religion (freedom to practice religion) right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writsThere are six fundamental rights recognized by the Indian constitution
1 Right to equality (Articles 14-18)2 Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22)3 Right Against exploitation (Articles 23-24)4 Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25- 28)5 Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29-30) and6 Right to Constitutional remedies (Articles 32-35)
1 The right to equality includes equality before the law the prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion race caste gender or place of birth equality of opportunity in matters of employment the abolition of untouchability and abolition of titles
2 The right to freedom includes freedom of speech and expression association or union or cooperatives movement residence and right to practice any profession or occupation
3 The right against exploitation prohibits all forms of forced labour child labour and trafficking of human beings
4 The right to freedom of religion includes freedom of conscience and free profession practice and propagation of religion freedom to manage religious affairs freedom from certain taxes and freedom from religious instructions in certain educational institutes
5 The Cultural and educational Rights preserve the right of any section of citizens to conserve their culture language or script and right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice
6 The right to constitutional remedies is present for enforcement of fundamental rightsThe right to privacy is an intrinsic part of Article 21 (the Right to Freedom) that protects the life and liberty of the citizens The right to privacy is the newest right assured by the Supreme court of India It assures the peoples data and personal security
Fundamental rights for Indians have also been aimed at overturning the inequalities of pre-independence social practices Specifically they have also been used to abolish untouchability and thus prohibit discrimination on the grounds of religion race caste sex or place of birth They also forbid trafficking of human beings and forced labour (a crime) They also protect cultural and educational rights of religious and linguistic minorities by allowing them to preserve their languages and also establish and administer their own education institutions They are covered in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India
Mathematics
Relation Study Item Types of RelationToday class xii students we will discuss about the types of RelationsFirst we discuss Void RelationWhat is Void RelationAns Let A be a non-empty set Then φ A A and so it is a relation R on set A Thissube ⨯ relation is called the void or empty relation on set ANow from the above definition we came to know that no element of A is related to any element of AHere A A is called Cartesian product⨯
is the symbol of subsetsubeAnd φ is called phi and refer to void or empty relationNow I give an example to understand the above said relationLet A = 1 2 3 4Here A A =(11)(12)(13)(14)(21)(22)(23)(24)(31)(32)(33)(34)(41)⨯(42)(43)(44)Now we consider R is a relation which is defined by R=(ab) a+b= 50We notice that a+b 50 for any two elements of AnotinTherefore (ab) R for any ab A is called belong to and is not belong tonotin isin isin notinTherefore we can say R does not contain any element of A A⨯Therefore R is empty set Therefore we can say that R is the void or empty relation on AWhat is universal RelationAns Let A is a set Then A A A A and so it is a relation on A This relation is called⨯ sube ⨯ the universal relation on ANow from the above definition we can say that each element of A is related to every element of ANow we consider the relation R on the set A =1 234 defined by R = (ab) R |a -b|isin
0≽We observe that|a - b | 0 for all ab A≽ isin
(ab) R for all (ab) A ArArr isin isin ⨯ Each element of set A is related to set A every element of set ArArr
Therefore we write R= AxATherefore we can say R is universal relation on set ANote we can say that void relation is smallest relation and the universal relation is largest relationSometime both void relation and universal relation is called trivial relationWhat is identity relationAns Let A is a non-empty set Then the relation R or IA = (aa) a A on A is called theisin identity relation on A Therefore from the above definition we can say that every element of A is related to itself only
Example Let A = 1234 then Ror IA = (11)(22)(33)(44) is the identity relation on set ANow I give you another example R1 = (11)(22)(33) and R2 = (11)(22)(33)(44)(24)From the above example we can say that R1 and R2 are not identify relation Because in the case of R1 (44)R1 and on the other hand R2 where element 2 is related to elements 2 and 4
Hindi 2ndlang
भलि[ (महादी मा)
भलि[ कहानी की लखिखका महादी मा न इस कहानी म यह दशान का परयास गिकया ह गिक आजकल क जमान म भी लो सक बन कर गिनसाथ सा करत ह ह
गिबना तन लिसा करत ह और उसक बदल ना कछ मात ह और ना ही कोई आशा करत ह नौकर सा करक तन चाहता ह और ह भी कई सगिधाओ की आशा करता ह पर सक सदा गिनजी साथ भा स सा म सलगन रह कर काम करता ह भलि[ कहानी की मखय पातर लकषमी ह जिजस भलि[ नाम लखिखका न दिदया ह ह गिकसी
ोपाल काकी कनया ह पाच रष की आय म उसकी गि माता न ौना ही कर दिदया कहानी म भलि[ क दखो का अत नही ह गिफर भी ह बडी साहसी धयान और परिरशरमी ह कदिठनाइयो स जझ ती ह पहल गिपता की मतय गिफर पगित की मतय और
गिफर घर जमाई की मतय होती ह उस साहसी मगिहला न साहस नही छोडा और तीनो पतरी ओक हाथ पील गिकए लाना द पान क कारण उसका जमीदार न अपमान गिकया गिफरकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहचीकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहची शहर पहच करा लखिखका की सगिका बनी ही पर उसका नाम भलि[ पडा ह एक भ[ की तरह अपन सामिमनी की इमानदारी स सा करती और तन का जिजकर भी नही करती ह लखिखका क घर पाठशाला आदिद को अचछी तरह स सभालती पढी-
लिलखी ना होकर भी ह लखिखका की बहत सा ए सहायता करती ह लखिखका का साया बनकर चलती लखिखका की सा करना उसक जीन का उददशय ह ह
लखिखका की खशी क लिलए ही काय करती ह ह लखिखका को दखी नही दख सकती लखिखका पर भलि[ का इतना परभा पडा गिक ह सय दहाती बन ई
यदध क दिदनो म ह अपन परिरार क साथ रहन की अपकषा लखिखका क साथ रहना पसद करती थी यदध क भत न जब ीटा क ान पर पलायन गित जा दी तो
भलि[ न न लखिखका को अपन ा ल जान का अनरोध करन ली लखिखका को डर ह गिक यदिद उसक गिदा होन क अगितम छठा ए तो ह दहातीन दधा कया कर ी
इस परकार हम दखत ह गिक लखिखका न सामिमनी और सगिका क ण बरसात हए सक धम पर परकाश डाला ह और लखिखका न एक आदश सगिका क रप को सदर
रप स परसतत गिकया हBengali আদাব পরশন) ldquoশরণের ১৪৪ ধারা আর কারহিZউ অU ার জারী রণেয়রণে0ldquo
ক) কার গলখা গকা3 রচ3ার অংশ খ)গকাায় গক3 ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়রণে0 )১৪৪ ধারা কী এর Zরণেল কী য়
উততর) ক)আরণেলাচ য অংশটি সরণেরশ বসর রহিচত lsquoআদাবlsquo গ0াট রণেলপর অংশ
খ) বাংলারণেদরণেশর ঢাকা শরণের ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়হি0ল সামপরদাহিয়ক াnাা ও দাnা পরহিতরণেরারণেধর জ3 য হিlt সলা3রণেদর গ3তারণেদর সামপরদাহিয়ক উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা বারণেধ উ2য় সমপরদায় 2ীত রণেয় ঘর বহিlt রণেয় পরণে পরসপর পরসপররণেক সরণেltরণের গচারণেখ গদরণেখ গকউ কাউরণেক আরণের রণেতা হিবশবাস কররণেত পারণের3া হিক0 া3রণেষর উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা য় ার পহির3া অরণেতক রকত iয় ও ত য
) ১৪৪ ধারা আইরণে3র এ3 একটা ধারা ার _ারা এলাকা হি3হিদ ষট করণের গদওয়া য় গসই এলাকার রণেধ য গবহিশ া3রণেষর জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় হিহি0ল জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় আই3 2nকারীরণেক গহিলর হি3রণেদশ জাহির করা য় তাই সাধার3 া3ষ আর বাইরণের গবর রণেত পারণের3া পরারণে3র 2রণেয় বহিlt রণেয় ারণেক এর Zল য় সাংঘাহিতক গদাকা3 পাট বনধ ারণেক
হিজহি3স পতর অহিল য় রাসতা ঘাট জ3 শ3 য রণেয় ায় লরণেঠরা তারণেদর লঠত রাজ চাহিলরণেয় হি3রণেজরণেদর আরণেখর গহি0রণেয় গ3য় া3ষরণেক 2ীহিতর হিব2ীহিষহিক গরাস করণের ঘরণেরর া3রণেষর ইkা াকরণেলও ঘরণের হিZররণেত পারণের3া হিZররণেত হিরণেয় বltরণেকর গহিলরণেত পরা3 ারায়
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today we will discuss about Types of Leaves
An organization provides several kinds of leaves to the employees These days employees working both in government and private sector are allowed several types of leaves Following are the leaves achieved by the employees from their organization
Casual LeaveChild care leave -HospitalLeaveSpecial disability leaveChild Adoption leaveEarned LeavesHalf pay leaveMaternity leavePaternityleaveStudy leave
1 Casual Leave- Casual leave is not a recognised form of leaves and is not subject to any rules made by the government of India And official on casual leave is not treated as Absent from duty and pay is not intimated Normally 8 days of casual leave is permissible in a calendar year
2 Child care leave - Women employees having minor children may be granted child care leave by an authority competent to grant leave for a maximum period of 730 days means two years during their entire service for taking care of up to two children weather for sharing or to look after any of their names like examination sickness it is a
3HospitalLeave - Hospital leave is admissible to group C employees whose duties involved handling of dangerous machinery explosive materials poisonous drugs and performance of hazardous task and to group D employees Medical certificate from an authorised medical attendant is necessary for the grant of these leave However total period of
leave does not exceed 28 months4Special disability leave- Special
disability leave admissible to all employees when disabled by injury intentionally or accidentally inflicted are caused in law in consequence of the due performance of official duties or in consequence of official position It also it is also add miscible when disabled by illness incurred in the performance of any particular duty which has the effect of increasing laboratory to illness or injury beyond the ordinary least attaching to the Civil post held and the same condition
5Child Adoption leave- This leave is granted to female Employees with fewer than two surviving children on valid adoption of a child below the age of one year for a period of 135 days immediately after the date of valid adoption Leave salary will be equal to the pain immediately before processing on leave
6Earned Leaves- This leave is earned by duty The credit for earned leave will be awarded at a rate of 15 days on the 1st of January and 1st of July every year It can be accumulated up to 300 days in addition to the number of days for which encashment has been allowed along with LTC
7 Half pay leave -All government servant are entitled to 20 days of HPL half pay leave for every completed year of service Half pay leave is calculated at 20 days for each completed year of service The service includes periods of duty and leave including extra ordinary leave with or without MC (medical certificate)
8 Maternity leave -Maternity leave is granted to women Government employees full stop it is as possible only to Employees with less than 2 surviving children The maternity leave is not debited to leave account and full pay is granted It cannot be combined with any other the leaves and count as service for increment and pension
9 PaternityleaveA male employee with less than 2 surviving children may be granted paternity leave for a period of 15 days during the confinement of
his wife During the period of such leaves he shall be paid leave salary equal to the pay drawn immediately before proceeding on leave
10 Study leave-Study leave may be granted to all Government Employees with not less than 5 years service for undergoing a special course consisting of higher studies are specialised training in a professional or technical subject having a direct and close connection with the sphere of his duties as a Civil Servant
Commerce
Chapter-5Management
Let us today discuss about the nature of Management
Nature of management Management is defined as
An art A science A profession
Management is defined as an art because of the following reasons
1 In art there is an existence of theoretical knowledge Similarly in management various theories are propounded by management thinkers in various areas of management like finance marketing human resources etc
2 Every manager apply his or her personal skills and knowledge in the day to day functioning of an enterprise
3 Like an art management is creative as it provides solutions to Complex problems making resources productive and profitable moulding the attitudes of people for the betterment of an organisation
Management is is considered as science because of the following reasons
1 Like science there is a systemised body of knowledge in management consisting of theories principles vocabulary and concept
2 Principles of management are evolved after continuous observations and experimentation
Management both as Science and ArtManagement is both a science and an art It is a science because it uses certain principles and is an art because it requires continuous practice and application of personal skillsManagement as a profession Following points highlight whether management is a profession or not1 Like profession management has well
defined body of knowledge It has its own principles which are based on experiments One can acquire such
knowledge by pursuing courses like MBA BBA etc and acquire managerial skills through instruction and training
2 In management no such restriction is there for managers to clear an examination for hold a degree However these days more and more people are appointed for managerial post who opposes management degrees
3 Membership to a professional Association like AIMA is not mandatory for managers All managers directly or indirectly work for the development of society
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Essay Questions (EQ-2)
Question No 2Sketch the character of Prospero Would you call him perfect
AnswerProspero in The Tempest appears to be an intensely human being with human failings and weaknesses With all his excellence Prospero is made to awaken our sympathy for a natural imperfection Prosperorsquos Previous HistoryIn his retrospective narration of his previous history to Miranda we get a glimpse into Prosperorsquos past life As the Duke of Milan Prospero buried himself in his magic books which he prized above his dukedom He was essentially a scholar with no practical wisdom He failed to perform his first duty by neglecting the governance of his state and gave an opportunity to his wicked brother to undermine his throne He was thus driven from his home and thrown in a leaky boat with his weeping daughter to drift in the perilous seas It is only the thought of his little child that kept him aliveThe Development of Prosperorsquos CharacterThe development of his character is evident from the contrast between what he was before his banishment and what he is now in the island Formerly when his ldquolibrary was dukedom enoughrdquo he was altogether too unsuspecting Now he is watchful as providence and takes care to guard himself against the possibility of evil He has learnt to know human nature in its worst forms even Caliban has taught him something He will no longer put his trust in appearance except as ldquostale to catch thievesrdquo nor in oaths of which the strongest he says ldquoare straw to the fire irsquo the bloodrdquo He who once neglected worldly ends now consistently asserts his dignity enforces obedience and deals out justice with impartial hand He who without a thought of evil gave his power and his revenues into his brotherrsquos hands now puts Ferdinand to the severest test as a trial of his love before entrusting his daughter to him He makes the most practical use imaginable of his magic art exacts prompt servitudefrom his attendants does not hesitate to punish them is resolved and firm and knows how to seize the proper moment for action He is a most careful father to his daughter a considerate master of Ariel severe against the brutal Caliban humane towards the repentant enemies full of experience and wisdomThe Exercise of his Power ndash his SternnessWhat appears to us at the first sight one of the least pleasing features of Prosperorsquos character is the sternness which he frequently displays more particularly in his dealings with Caliban His harshness towards Caliban resulted from the failure of gentler methods his severity towards Ferdinand was exercised in the interest of his daughter ldquolest too light winning make the prize lightrdquo and his punishment of Alonso Sebastian and Antonio is justified by the attainment of his objectiveProsperorsquos TendernessThe tender side of Prosperorsquos character is exhibited in his relation to Miranda Ariel Gonzalo and the repentant sinners His love for Miranda is unbounded She was almost life to him In his darkest hours of trial this love sustained him and gave him strength to put a bold front to suffering He addresses her always with tenderness She is to him a lsquoloved darlingrsquo lsquodear heartrsquo lsquoa rich giftrsquo lsquoa third of his own lifersquo The same affectionate nature is shown in his dealing with his brother Antonio He loved his brother Antonio only next to Miranda before Antonio conspired against him In the island when Antonio is brought before him he forgives him
readily To Gonzalo the good old councilor he is all affection He sheds tears of joy and gratitude when he meets him in the island To Ariel he is a loving and considerable master Ariel is always to him ldquomy brave spiritrdquo ldquofine spiritrdquo ldquodelicate Arielrdquo ldquomy Arielrdquo etc When he promises Ariel his freedom he says with real emotion ndash ldquoI shall miss theerdquoProsperorsquos Power as a MagicianThe practice of magic has placed wonderful powers in the hands of Prospero He uses his supernatural powers like a god only to bring about the happiest results He causes The Tempest and the shipwreck only to bring his enemies within his power and not to destroy them Not a soul perished in the storm He leads Ferdinand to Miranda his high charms work and as he wishes the two falls in love He frustrates the plots of the conspirators and makes them know that he was conscious of it He drives Sebastian and Alonso to sincere repentance and readily forgives them The drunken associates of Caliban are no doubt sternly treated but even then they are promised conditional pardon The whole play at last ends in reconciliation joy and peace The wrongs are set right the lovers are made happy Ariel is set free and thus the powerful magician retires into the solitude of his study at MilanProsperorsquos ForgivenessAllied to his wisdom is his forgiving nature Though deeply wronged he bears no spite against the wrong-doers Though his power is unlimited he uses it to noble purposes The lesson of adversity has taught him that ldquoThe rarer action is in virtue than in vengeancerdquoProspero does not debase his noble nature by revenge but forgives his enemies absolutely He drives his erstwhile enemies to a sincere penitence for their past misdeeds and when repentance has wrought its full effect on them he receives them into his arms and is reconciled to them Is Prospero perfectProspero creates a great impression upon our minds by his dignity his nobility the divine spirit of forgiveness in him his generous and sympathetic nature etc Even with all these virtues we cannot call him perfect We perceive certain faults in him He displays an occasional impatience irritability and even a certain harshness of feeling His severe treatment of Caliban might have been justified but the language in which he addresses the monster and the threats that he uses show him to be a kind of tyrant On learning of Calibanrsquos plot against his life he is as violently disturbed and agitated as any ordinary human being would be His manner towards Ariel when the latter demands his liberty also seems somewhat arbitrary and tyrannicalSubject ndashBiology Topic ndashChapter -5 Inheritance amp Variations Summary ExecutionToday we will discuss about NON-Mendelian Inheritance
NON_MENDELIAN INHERITANCE Incomplete Dominance It is an inheritance in which heterozygous offspring shows
intermediate character between two parental characteristics Eg Flower colour in snapdragon (dog flower or Antirrhinum sp) and
Mirabilis jalapa ( 4rsquoO clock plant) Here phenotypic and genotypic ratios are same Phenotypic Ratio 1Red 2 Pink 1 White Genotypic Ratio 1(RR) 2 (Rr) 1(rr) This means that R was not completely dominant over r Pea plants also show incomplete dominance in other traits
Co- dominance It is the inheritance in which both alleles of a gene are expressed in a
hybrid Eg ABO blood grouping in human ABO Blood groups are controlled by the gene I The plasma membrane of the RBC has sugar polymer that protrude
from its surface and is controlled By the gene The gene I has three alleles IA IB i The alleles IA and IB produce a slightly different form of the sugar
while allele i does not produce any sugar In AB blood group both IA and IB are present together This is co ndash
dominanceMultiple Alleles
Multiple alternatives of the same gene which influence the same character and produce different expressions in different individuals of a species or population same genes have more than two allelic
forms These different forms of a single gene are referred as multiple alleles Eg human Blood group
Ac-12 250620 Topic- retirement
Illustration Om Jai and Jagdish are partners sharing profit in the ratio of 3 2 l Their balance sheet as at December 31st 2014 is as under
Balance sheet as at December 31 2014
Liabilities Amount Assets Amount
(Rs`) (Rs`)
Creditors 80000 Building 180000 Bills Payable 26000 Plant 140000 General reserve 24000 Motor Car 40000 Capital Stock 100000 Om 160000 Debtors 63000 Jai 120000 Less Provision Jagdish 120000
400000 for Bad debts 3000
60000 Cash at Bank 10000
530000 530000
Jai retires on that date on the following terms(a) The Goodwill of the firm is valued at Rs 60000(b) Stock and Building to be appreciated by 10(c) Plant is depreciated by 10(d) Provision for Bad debts is increased upto Rs 5000(e) Jairsquos share of goodwill was adjusted through remaining partners capital accountThe amount due to Jai is paid out of the fund brought in by Om and Jagdish in theirnew profit sharing ratio Jai is paid full amountPrepare Revaluation Account and Partnerrsquos Capital account
Solution WorkingsIt is assumed that Om and Jagdish gaining ratio remains 3 lJairsquo Share of goodwill = Rs 60000 times 26 = Rs20000Adjusted through the remaining partners capital account in 3 1 ratio
Revaluation Account
Dr Cr
Particulars Amount Particulars Amount
(Rs`) (`Rs)
To Provision for Bad debts 2000 By Stock 10000TO Plant 14000 By Building 18000To Profit transferred toCapital Accounts Om 6000 Jai 4000 Jagdish 2000
12000
28000 28000
Capital AccountDr Cr Particulars Om Jai Jagdish Particulars Om Jai Jagdish
(Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (rs`) (`Rs)
To Capital 15000 mdash 5000 By Balance bd 160000 120000 120000 ToBank 152000 By General Reserve 12000 8000 4000To Balance cd 277000 mdash 159000 By Revaluation (Profit) 6000 4000 2000 By Om Capital mdash 15000 mdash ByJagdish Capital mdash 5000 By Bank 114000 38000
292000 152000 164000 292000 152000 164000
हई करीब 1 घटा रक कर गिपताजी चल ए लकषय बना लिलया गिक ह एलएलबी करक कील बनी
3 समाज म नारी क ऊपर अबला आशरीता का आरण पडा हआ ह
मीन समाज क दवारा होत हए इस आरण को हटाकर यह सतय परमाणिणत करना चाहती ह गिक आज
की नारी अबला नही ह और ना ही गिकसी क हाथ की कठपतली ह
4 लखिखका न मीन क बार म कहा गिक ह सय घटा और साहस की मरतित
ह ह अपन न हम ध और मसीबत म साहस का परिरचय दती हउतार
चढा को हर इसान क जीन म आत ही रहत ह उनको साधारण रप
स ही लना चागिहए अपन गिाह क मामल म उसन साहस स काम
लिलया और गिाह क बार म सोचना छोड दिदया मीन क सामन अभी बहत लबी जिजदी पडी ह इसलिलए उसन समय का महत समझा और
एक कषण भी वयथ ना करन का गिनशचय गिकया
Mathematics(x) Algebra Quadratic Equation in one variable
Study Item Some solved sums from exercise- 539)Solve for x 2(2x ndash 1 )(x+3) ndash 3 (x + 3)(2x ndash 1 ) = 5 x -3 frac12Solution Let (2x ndash 1)(x + 3) = y then we get2(y) ndash 3( 1y) = 50r 2y ndash 3y = 5Or 2y2 ndash 3 = 5y [multiplying both side by y we get]0r 2y2 ndash 5y ndash 3 = 0Now comparing the above equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0 we geta=2 b = - 5 and c = - 3Therefore y = -(- 5 )plusmnradic((-5)sup2-4(2)(-3))2(2) = 5 plusmnradic( 25 + 24)4 = 5plusmn radic(49)4 = (5 plusmn 7)4= (5+7)4 (5 ndash 7)4= 124 -24= 3 - 12Therefore y = 3 (2x ndash 1)( x + 3) = 3 2x ndash 1 = 3x + 9 3x - 2x = - 10 x= - 10Or y = - frac12 ( 2x ndash 1)(x + 3) = - frac124x ndash 2 = - x ndash 3 4x+x = - 3 + 2 5x = - 1 x= - 15Hence the roots of the given equation are - 10 and ndash 1510)(i) x2 - 5x ndash10 =0Solution x2 ndash 5x ndash 10 = 0Comparing the above equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0 we get a=1 b = - 5 and c = - 10Therefore x = - (- 5)plusmnradic( -5)sup2- 4(1)(- 10)2(1) = 5 plusmn radic( 25 +40)2 = 5 plusmn radic(65 )2
= (5 plusmn 8bull06)2 = (5 + 8bull06)2 (5 ndash 8bull06)2 = 13bull062 - 3bull062= 6bull53 - 1bull5312) Solve the equation x ndash 18x = 6 Given your answer correct to two significant figureSolution x ndash18x = 6Or (x2 ndash 18 )x = 6Or x2ndash 18 = 6xOr x2 ndash 6x ndash18 = 0Comparing the above equation with ax2 + bc + c = 0 we gera= 1 b = - 6 and c = -18Therefore x = -(-6) plusmnradic(- (- 6)2 ndash 4(1)(- 18)2(1) = 6 plusmn radic( 36 + 72)2 = (6 plusmnradic( 108)2 =(6 plusmn 10bull39)2= 16bull392 - 4bull392= 8bull195 - 2bull195 asymp 8bull2 - 2bull2
Chemistry Chapter-2L-1Chemical Bonding
1) Chemical Bonding-
It is basically the force of attraction which holds the different types of atoms in a molecule together
Cause of Chemical Combination-
The main cause is the tendency of elements to acquire eight electrons in its outermost shell like that of noble gases other than Helium(He) So the atoms combine to acheive the nearest noble gas configuration of 8 electrons( or 2 electrons) in their outermost orbit and become stable
2) Ion-
It is a charged particle made from an atom by the loss or gain of electrons
There are 2 types of Ions They are-
a) Cations- It is formed by the loss of electrons eg - K+ Ca2+
Na+ etc
b) Anions- It is formed by the gain of electrons eg- Cl- O2- F- etc
Q Why do elements form Ions
A Atoms of all elements except those of noble gases have one to seven valence electrons and are not in a state of minimum energy Thus to acquire a state of minimum energy elements lose or gain electrons and form ions so that they acquire stable configuration (Duplet or Octet)
Q What is the Electronic Theory of Valency
A In 1916 Kossel and Lewis on the basis of octet rule of electrons described simply the electronic structure of molecules of many chemical compounds and elements Kossel mainly described the structure of ionic compounds formed by loss and gain of electrons and Lewis mainly described the structure of Covalent Compounds formed by mutual sharing of electron pair This is known as ELECTRONIC THEORY OF VALENCY proposed by Kossel and Lewis
Q What do you mean by Electropositive and Electronegative Elements
3) Types of Chemical Bond-3 types
A)ElectrovalentIonic Bond
B) Covalent Bond
C) Co-ordinate Dative Bond4) ELECTROVALENT IONIC BOND-
It is the electrostatic force of attraction between the opposite charged ions which holds them together
The chemical compounds formed as a result of electron transfer from one atom of an element to another are called IONIC or ELECTROVALENT COMPOUND
The number of electrons which an element loses or gains during the formation of an ionic bond is called its ELECTROVALENCY
Conditions for the formation of Ionic Compounds-
i Large electronegativity difference between the combining atoms
ii Low IP for one of the atoms from which the cation can be easily formed
iii High electron affinity for one of the atoms from which the anions can be easily formed
iv High Lattice Energy
A
1) Electropositive Elements- have the tendency to lose the electrons and form Cations
eg- Na K Fe -mostly metals
2) Electronegative Elements- have the tendency to gain the electrons and form Anions
eg- Cl F O - mostly Non-metals
Q Give the brief description about the formation of NaCl
A See your Text Book
Q Practise the two types of diagram of the formation of different ionic compound
A See your Text Book
English All Summer in a Answer the following questions-
literature Day 3) Why did the children hate herAns- The children sensed that Margot was different from them She hated the continuous rain while they were used to it She spoke only about the sun and they had no memory of it They hated her pale snow face her waiting silence her thinness and her possible future of going back to the Earth4) What is the it referred to by WilliamAns- The it referred to by William is the Sun which the scientists had predicted would shine for a short while that day5) What was Margot waiting for Why did William say it was a jokeAns- Margot was waiting to see the sun predicted to shine that day for a short while William did not want her to have the joy of seeing the sun
Geography Water Resources SOURCES OF WATER SURFACE WATER AND GROUNDWATER Earth is known as the Blue Planet because 71 per cent of the Earths surface is covered with water Wateralso exists below land surface and as water vapour in the air Water is not added or removed from the environment it simply changes state and location This constant movement of water throughout our environment is called the hydrological cycle or water cycle Earth cleans and replenishes the water supply through the hydrologic cycle Groundwater exists in an aquifer or
underground layer of permeable rock sediment (usually sand or gravel) or soil that yields water
Aquifers are like underground reservoirs of water
SURFACE WATER The visible bodies of water are referred to as surface water Surface waters can be simply described as the water that is on the surface of the Earth This includes the oceans rivers and streams lakes and reservoirs Surface waters are very important Rivers and streams constitute the flowing surface waters Surface water canbe captured for a variety of biospheric and humanusesRunoff During heavy precipitation water cannot infiltrate into the ground It flows on the surface of the ground and called as runoff
GROUNDWATER Groundwater is detained as water that is found beneath the surface of the Earth in conditions of100 per
Q1 Why the Earth is called as Blue PlanetA1 Earth is known as the Blue Planet because 71 per cent of the Earths surface is covered with water
Q2 Define hydrological cycleA2 Water is not added or removed from the environment it simply changes state and location This constant movement of water throughout our environment is called the hydrological cycle or water cycle Earth cleans and replenishes the water supply through the hydrologic cycle
Q3 What is AquifersA3 Aquifers are like underground reservoirs of water
Q4 Why there is a shortage of fresh waterA4 Although the earth has an abundance of water but unfortunately there is a shortage of fresh water because 997 per cent of it occupied by oceans soils icecaps and floating in the atmosphere and rest 03 percent can use for daily uses
cent saturation (if it is less than100 per cent saturation then the water is considered as soil moisture) Ninety-eight per cent of Earths available fresh water is groundwater It is about60 times as plentiful as the fresh water found in lakes and streams Water in the ground travels through pores in soil and rock and in fractures and weathered areas of bed rockThe majority of fresh water is therefore found under ground as soil moisture and in aquifers
Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 88 to 126 (Portia helliphellip Such as the day is when the sun is hid) [Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]
Summary Questions amp Answerso Launcelot then arrives and informs
Lorenzo that Bassanio will also be arriving soon Both Lorenzo and Jessica return to the house and ask Stephano to order the family musicians to play music in order to extend a fitting welcome to Portia
o Portia and Nerissa dressed in their normal self return home and enter the building Lorenzo recognizes Portias voice and comes to greet her She orders the servants to pretend as if she had never left and asks Lorenzo and Jessica to do the same
o Soon thereafter Bassanio Gratiano and Antonio arrive
(1) PORTIA That light we see is burning in my hall (L 89-101)
How far that little candle throws his beams So shines a good deed in a
naughty worldNERISSA When the moon shone we did not see the candlePORTIA So doth the greater glory dim the less
A substitute shines brightly as a king
Unto the king be by and then his state
Empties itself as doth an inland brook
Into the main of waters Music hark
NERISSA It is your music madam of the housePORTIA Nothing is good I see without respect
Methinks it sounds much sweeter than by day
NERISSA Silence bestows that virtue on it madam
(i) Where are Lorenzo and Jessica sitting What message have they received What are they doing
Lorenzo and Jessica are sitting in Portiarsquos house in Belmont They have just received the message informing them of the arrival of Portia and Bassanio separately They are waiting for their arrivals and enjoying the beauty of the moonlight night(ii) In which mood is Lorenzo found after Stephanorsquos departure
After Stephanorsquos departure Lorenzo reverts to his romantic mood He is carried away by the magic of the loveliness of the moonlight He draws Jessicarsquos attention and says that the moonlight is sleeping beautifully on the raised ground He says that they will sit there and enjoy the sweetness of the gentle
music which will shortly creep into their ears very softly(iii) Why has Lorenzo sent Stephano What kind of man is he who does not appreciate the sweet harmony of sounds
Lorenzo has sent Stephano to instruct the musicians to play soft music to welcome Portia home Lorenzo tells that the
tranquility and the beautiful night suit the sweet music Praising the ennobling (M lend greater dignity) effect of music Lorenzo tells Jessica that the person who has no music in him and does not appreciate the sweet harmony of sounds is a dangerous person and so should be watched very carefully(iv) Who are returning to Belmont What does Nerissa remark on seeing the light of the house
Portia and Nerissa are returning to Belmont after successfully conducting Antoniorsquos trial in Venice as the lawyer and the clerk respectively When they are near their home Nerissa seeing the light of the house remarks that they did not see this light of this candle when the moon was shining(v) What does Portia comment on Nerissarsquos observation Commenting on Nerissarsquos observation Portia says that the lesser glory becomes insignificant before the greater glory She adds that the kingrsquos representative assumes great splendor and authority when the king himself is not near But before the real king the substitute becomes devoid of all splendor and
authority as the big rivers lose their identity after emptying into the vast sea
SUBJECT PHYSICS [TOPIC FORCE]Answer the following questions ( ICSE questions of previous years from chapter FORCE)
1 Write the position of centre of mass for the following bodies(i) A circular ring (ii) A cylinder(iii) A hollow sphere (iv) A triangular lamina
2 Explain why screw drivers are provided with longer handles3 Compare the magnitude and direction of centripetal force and centrifugal force4 How does uniform circular motion differ from uniform linear motion5 Why is the motion of a body moving with a constant speed around a circular path is said to be
accelerated6 A brass ball is hanging from a cotton thread Draw a neat labeled diagram showing the force acting
on the brass ball and the cotton thread 7 Define moment of force Write the relationship between the SI and CGS unit of moment of force8 Define couple State the SI unit of moment of couple9 A uniform half meter scale balanced horizontally on a knife edge at 29 cm mark when a weight of 20
gmf is suspended from one end(i) Draw the diagram of the arrangementWhat is the weight of the half meter rule
ECO-10 250620 Topic-Supply Analysis
MEANING OF SUPPLYSupply a commodity by a firm or seller may be defined as the quantity of a commodity that a firm or seller offers for sale at a given price during a given time period But the actual sale of the commodity may be different from its supply For example a farmer (produced of wheat) is willing to sell 50 quintals of wheat at a price of ` 15 per kg but he is able to sell only 30 quintals at this price So this case the supply of wheat is 50 quintals but the actual sale is 30 quintals So these two concepts should not be confused with each other Like demand supply also has three elements The definition of supply include (i) the quantity of the commodity that a firm is willing to supply (ii) the price at which it is willing to supply that quantity and (iii) the time period during which it is willing to supply that quantity
FACTORS DETERMINING SUPPLY OR DETERMINANTS OF SUPPLY OF A GOOD
The main determinant of supply is the price of the commodity But the cost of production of a commodity is an important factor in determining profit maximized on output of a firm The cost of production depends on the prices of various inputs like raw material wages of workers interest of capital rent of building etc The supply of a commodity also depends on the technology used in the production of the commodity and many other factors The main factors determining supply of a commodity are(i) Price of the commodity(ii) Price of other related good(iii) Price of inputsfactors(iv) Taxation policy of government(v) Objective of the firm(i) Price of the commodity Other factors determining supply remaining constant there is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity It means the quantity supplied of a commodity increases with rise in price and decreases with fall in price of the commodity More quantity of a commodity is supplied at a higher price and less quantity is supplied at a lower price For example a seller of tomatoes is willing to sell 100 kgs of tomatoes at a price of ` 40 per keg and only 50 kgs at a price of ` 20 per kg Due to this direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity the supply curve has a positive slope Supply curve is upward sloping to the right(ii) Price of other related goods Supply of a commodity is also influenced by the change in the price of other related goods With the help of given resources we can produce several goods by using the same technology This helps the firm to diversify and tide over fluctuations in demand For example a farmer can produce either pulses or food grains by using the resources If the price of pulses increases it becomes more profitable for him to make more production of pulses So he will divert some resources from the production of food grains to the production of pulses The production of pulses will increase and that of food grains will decrease So the supply of pulses will increase if the price of pulses increases and the supply of food grain will decrease at the same price reverse will happen if the price of food grains increases(iii) Price of inputsfactors Change in the price of inputs like raw material wage rent or interest also influences the supply of a commodity For example in the production of cloth cotton is the main raw material If the price of cotton increases the cost of production of cloth will increase At the same price the margin of profit will decrease So the producer will decrease the supply of cloth at the same price On the other hand if the price of cotton falls the cost of production per unit of cloth will decrease and hence the supply of cloth will increase The price of other inputs will also influence the supply of a good in the same manner(iv) Technology of production an improvement in the technology of production of a commodity decreases the per unit cost of the commodity The margin of profit will increase at the same price So the supply of a commodity will increase with improvement in technology of production at the same price On the other hand if a firm uses absolute technology of production the cost of production per unit of the commodity will increase The margin of profit will decrease so the firm will decrease its supply at the same price This is the main reason that the firms are trying to use better technology of production because it not only reduces the cost of production per unit but also improves the quality of the product(v) Taxation policy of government If the government reduces the excise duty or the production of a commodity the cost of production per unit of the commodity will decrease the margin of profit will increase at the same price so the producer of the commodity will increase its supply It happens when the government wants to increase the production of the commodity On the other hand to discourage the production of some harmful goods like cigarettes liquor etc the government increases the rate of excise duty on the production of such goods So the cost of production per unit of the commodity increases and the supply of such commodities decreases(vi) Objective of the firm The objective of the producer also influences the supply of a commodity Generally the objective of a producer is get maximize his profits Profits are maximized at a higher price So he increases the supply of a commodity at a higher price and decreases its supply at a lower price But sometimes the producer may be in maximizing his sales and not in maximizing his profits as he wants to capture the market In that case he goes on increasing the supply so long his target is not achieved can profit is not adversely affected He may increase the supply at the same price to any extent
SUPPLY FUNCTION
When the relationship between quantity supplied and the determinants of supplied is expressed mathematically in an equation it is called a supply function So a supply function can be expressed asSn = f(Pn Pr Pf T Tr G)where Sn = Supply of commodity nPn = Price of the commodity nPr = Price of other related goodsPf = Price of inputsfactors
T = Technology of productionTr = Government policy or tax rateG = Goal or objective of the producer
Typically supply function shows the relationship between price and quantity supplied keeping all other determinants of supply as constant It shows the amount of a good that a seller supplies at different levels of price
LAW OF SUPPLYThe law of supply depicts the relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity when all other determinants of supply remain constant This law states that there is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity other factors determining supply remaining constant It means quantity supplied of a commodity increases with increase in price and decreases with decrease in price
Assumptions of the law of supplyThe phrase other determinants of supply remaining constant in the law of supply shows the assumptions of the law of supply The mains factors which influence the supply of a commodity one price of the commodity price of other related goods price of inputs technology of production taxation policy of the government and objective of the firm etc The law of supply is based on the assumptions that all these factors determining supply except price of the commodity should remain constant The following are the main assumptions of the law of supply(i) Price of other related goods should remain the same(ii) There should be no change in the price of inputs (factors)(iii) Technology of production should not change(iv) There is no change in the taxation policy of the government(v) Objective of the firm should not changeThe law of supply is based on the assumptions that the supply of commodity changes only due to change in price when all other determinant of supply remain constantClass XISubject Topic Summary Execution EVS Chapter-2
Ecology Answer the following questions briefly Q Draw a neat labeled diagram of carbon cycleAnsndash
Mathematics Principle of Mathematical Induction
1) What is statement Ans A sentence which may be true or false is called statement eg i) 5 is greater than 3 ii) New Delhi is the capital of India iii) 5 divides 7 These all are statements We see that statement (i) amp (ii) are true but (iii) is false 2 What is Mathematical StatementAns Statement involving mathematical relations are called mathematical statement We shall use mathematical statement in principle of
Example If n be a positive integer show that n(n+1) is an even positive integer Solution Let P(n) be the statement n(n+1) is an even positive integer Then (i) P(1) is the statement 1(1+1) ie 2 is an even positive integer Therefore P(1) is true (ii) If P(m) is true for some positive integer m then m(m+1) is an even integer Now (m+1) [(m+1)+1]=(m+1)sup2+ (m+1) =msup2+2m+1+m+1=msup2+m+2m+2=m(m+1) +2(m+1) = an even integer + an even positive integer [Since P(m) is true and 2(m+1) is an even
mathematical induction 3 What is the use of Principle of mathematical inductionAns Sometimes it is difficult to prove a statement theorem or a formula by direct method In this case we use an indirect method known as the Principle of mathematical induction There are two steps in this processSTEP 1 Varify that the statement or formula is true for one or two particular values of n say for n=1 2STEP 2 Assuming that the statement or formula is true for n=m where m is any positive integer show that it is true for n=m+1Conclusion Since the statement is true for n=2 it is true for n=2+1 that is 3 and since it is true for n=3 it is true for n=3 + 1 that is 4 and so on Hence the statement or formula is true for all positive integral values of n
positive integer]= an even positive integer Therefore P(m+1) is true when P(m) is true Therefore By the principle of Mathematical Induction P(n) is true for all positive integral values of n Hence n(n+1) is an even positive integer
Hindi 2ndlang एक फल की चाह 5 दख रहा था जस सो सथिर हो नही बठती थी कषण भर हाय ही चपचाप पडी थी अटल शागित शी धारण कर सनना यही चाहता था म उस सय ही
उकसा करमझको दी क परसाद का एक फल ही दो लाकर
शबदाथ ससथिर - परी तरह ठहरी हई अटल- पकका
उकसाकर - पररणा दकर
वयाखयाndash उपय[ पलि[यो म कगि सखिखया की ददशा का णन कर रहा ह जो उनक गिपता दवारा वय[ गिकया या ह अपनी बटी सखिखया कीददशा का
गितरण करत हए गिपता कहता ह गिक म अपनी आखो क सामन दख रहा था गिक मरी बटी जो पल भर क लिलए दिटककर नही बठती थी ह अब सथिर शात मरतित की तरह पढी थी अब म ह बार- बार इस बात क लिलए पररिरत कर रहा
था गिक ह मझ गिफर स ही शबद कह गिपताजी मझ दी क परसाद का एक फल लाकर दो
6 ऊच शल लिशखर क ऊपर मदिदर था गिसतीणर गिशाल सण कलशसरलिसज गिहलिसत थ पाकरसमदिदत रगि कर जाल दीप धल स अचछदिदत था मदिदर का
आन सारा ज रही थी भीतर बाहर मखरिरत उतस की धारा
शबदाथ - शल लिशखर- पहाड की ऊची चोटी
सतीणर - फला हआ
सण कलश - कमल क समान सदर सोन का कलश मखरिरत - परकट समदिदत - अचछी परकार खिखला हआ रगि कर जाल - सय की गिकरणो का समह
वयाखया- परसतत पलि[या म कगि न मदिदर की सदरता का णन गिकया ह कहत ह गिक मझ पहाड की चोटी पर एक गिलिशषट और गिशालमश था उसक
सोन क कलश सय की गिकरणो म चमकत हए ऐस परतीत हो रह थ जस सय की खिखली हईगिकरणो क ाा सपशपाकर सनहर कमल खिखल उठ हो मदिदर का
आन धप दीप की सध स भरा हआ था मदिदर क अदर और बाहर मनाए जा रह उसकी परसननता की ज सनाई द रही थी
Bengali (2nd language)
কোনি মনি নদী পরথম অধযোয়
হি_তীয় হিদরণে3র পাঠ-
হিবষটবাব গলাকটির কায় গররণে কা বলরণেত পাররণে0 3া শধ গচাখ হিদরণেয় রা পরকাশ করহি0ল কা বলরণেত বলরণেত গলাকটি পাঞজাহিব লহিn খরণেল জ কররণেত শর করল তাই গদরণেখ হিবষটবাব ত2মভ রণেয় গল চাটি ারার 2হিnরণেত গলাকটি হিবষটবাবর হিদরণেক এরণোরণেল হিতহি3 াা 3ীচ করণের 3াহিরণেয় গ33 হিদ গলাকটি হিবষটবাবরণেক চাটিরণেয় ায় তারণেল হিতহি3 তাাতাহিউরণেঠ গলাকটিরণেক ধররণেত পাররণেব3 3া কার তার শরীরণেরর ওজরণে3র জ3য এই শরণে3 হিবষটবাব বরণে3া গারণেষর ত গতরণেZরণে উরণেঠ দাাল তারণেত গলাকটি দাহিরণেয় শরীরটারণেক একট দহিলরণেয় হি3ল এই সব শরণে3 হিবষট ধর চপ করণের রইল শধ lsquoগঘাৎrsquo করণের একটা শবদ করল গলাকটি হিসহি হিদরণেয় ওঠা3াা কররণে0 গদরণেখ হিবষটবাব খাহি3কটা হিদরণেশারা রণেয় গলহিবষটবাবর গচারণেখ রারণের বদরণেল এখ3 গকৌতল হিতহি3 বরণেল3 ldquoখাওায় আার গলা2 গ3ই Uায়টিং কহিরrdquo হিকনত হিতহি3 কতটা Uায়টিং করণের তা তার শরীর আর খাবারণেরর তাহিলকা গদরণেখ গলাকটি বরণে= গল গলাকটি এহিরণেয় হিরণেয় হিবষটবাবর 2হিরণেত াত বহিলরণেয় হিদরণেল গস আরা অ32ব করণের3 এবং হিপহি0রণেয় া3 গলাকটি হিবষটবাবর সারণে3 তার শরীরণেরর কসরত পরদশ3 কররণেল হিবষটবাব রণে3 রণে3 হিব হিব করণের বরণেল3 হিতহি3ও গরাা রণেত চা3 গসই হরণেত nা গরণেক আবার হিচৎকার গ2রণেস আরণেস lsquoগকা হি3 গকা হি3rsquo
ldquoকী রক Uায়টিংrdquo-ক)বকতা গককারণেক বলরণে0খ)Uায়টিং কার অ কী ) Uায়টিং করা বযহিকতর গচারার ব3া দাও ঘ) তার Uায়টিং এর ব3া দাও
উঃ- ক) আরণেলাচয অংশটি হিত3ltীর গলখা lsquoগকাহি3rsquo উপ3যাস গরণেক গ3ওয়া রণেয়রণে0 আরণেলাচয কাটি বকতা রণেল3 সাদা লহিnপরা ারণেয় গরয়া পাঞজাহিব ও কারণেধ রহিn3 বযা ওয়ালা হিiহিতশ হিসং হিতহি3 কাটি বরণেলরণে03 হিবষট ধররণেকখ) Uারণেয়টিং কার অ ল পহিরহিত খাদয গর অাৎ খাদয তাহিলকায় সসত খারণেদযর গ3াগ3 বজায় গররণেখ খাদয গর) হিবষট ধরণেরর গচারা হিবশাল ওজ3 পরায় হিত3 গদখরণেত জলহিসতর রণেতা সারা শরীরণের চহিব ল ল কররণে0 বয়স পরায় চহিশ হিবশাল 2হি উপ রণেয় শরণেল হিচৎ রণেত পারণের3া গকউ গঠরণেল হিদরণেল হিচৎ রণেত পারণের তারণেক কায় নধ াদ3 পবরণেতর সরণেn তল3া করা য়ঘ) হিবষট ধর গকৌতলী রণেয় বরণেল তার খাওয়ার গকা3 গলা2 গ3ই গস Uায়টিং করণের আরণে গস আধ হিকরণেলা হিiর গখত এখ3 গস হিত3রণেশা গরা হিiর খায় জল খাবারণের কহিটা লহিচ গখত এখ3 পরণে3রণেরাটা লহিচ খায় আাইরণেশা গরা চারণেলর 2াত খায় হিঘ খাওয়া গ0রণে হিদরণেয়রণে0 রারণেত াতর বারণেরাটা রটি খায় হিবরণেকরণেল দ-গলাস হি0হিরর জল সরণেn চাররণেট কা পারণেকর সরণেltশ বাহিরণেত রাধাকষণ আরণে0 বরণেল হিবষট ধর া0 াংস খায়3া আর তারণেত তার গকা3 গলা2 লালসা গ3ই
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 276 to 313 (Sebastian helliphellipIt struck mine ear most terribly)[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]
Summary Questions amp AnswersConspiracy of Antonio and Sebastian
o Antonio further suggests murder of Alonso and eventually Sebastian agrees
o They draw their swords and proceed to murder Alonso and Gonzalo who are sleeping
(1) (Act II Sc 2 L 277-291)ANTONIO Ay sir where lies that If rsquotwere a kibe
rsquoTwould put me to my slipper but I feel notThis deity in my bosom Twenty consciencesThat stand rsquotwixt me and Milan candied be they And melt ere they molest Here lies your brotherNo better than the earth he lies uponIf he were that which now hes likemdashthats deadWhom I with this obedient steel three inches of itCan lay to bed for ever (whiles you doing thus
o As they approach Ariel appears again and wakes up Gonzalo by singing a tune in his ear Alonso also wakes up and they see both Sebastian and Antonio with drawn swords On being caught off guard they make up a story saying that they had heard a bellowing of bulls or lions
IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED
(Act II Sc 1 L 277-281)ANTONIOAy sir where lies that If rsquotwere a kibersquoTwould put me to my slipper but I feel notThis deity in my bosom Twenty consciencesThat stand rsquotwixt me and Milan candied be they And melt ere they molest
In these lines Antonio speaks how he is a conscienceless villain In inciting Sebastian to the kingship of Naples by murdering his brother he quotes his own example He too had banished his brother and made himself the Duke of Milan This kingship now sits upon him like a well fittinggarment So will be the case of Sebastian Sebastian then questions Antonio if this foul deed did not prick his conscience To this Antonio replies like a hardened villain He laughs at the word lsquoconsciencersquo and says that he has never heard of anything like conscience A guilty conscience gave him no more pain that is chilblain (M a painful itching and swelling on hand and foot caused by exposure to extreme cold) A man can get rid of the pain of chilblain by wearing slippers instead of shoes so does Antonio get rid of the qualms (M an uneasy feeling of doubt worry or fear especially about onersquos conduct) of conscience very easily Even if he were troubled by twenty consciences that barred his way to the throne of Milan however frozen they might be he would melt them into insensibility before they could cause him to twinge
To the perpetual wink of aye might putThis ancient morsel this Sir Prudence whoShould not upbraid our course) - for all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour
(i) To whom does Antonio speak these lines Who is referred to as lsquoyour brotherrsquo What does Antonio mean by saying lsquoNo better than the earth he lies uponrsquo
These lines are spoken by Antonio to Sebastian King Alonso is referred to as Sebastianrsquos brother Indicating towards Alonso who is lying asleep on the ground Antonio tells Sebastian that here sleeps his brother and at this time he is no better than a clod of the earth on which he lies asleep Antonio means to say that if he were actually to become what he looks like he would be a dead body(ii) According to Antonio what would he do if he were at the place of Sebastian
Antonio says that if he were in the position of Sebastian he would not care even for twenty consciences in order to win the kingship of Naples He would rather forget all his consciences if they happen to trouble him at all (iii) What does Antonio suggest to Sebastian What does Antonio assure him
Antonio suggests to Sebastian that in a moment Sebastian can put to death Gonzalo who pretends to be a very wise man and who on that account rebukes others (particularly Antonio and Sebastian) whereas he (Antonio) himself can put Alonso to death with only three inches of his willing sword Antonio further assures Sebastian that by killing both of them there will be none left to oppose him and in this way every obstacle in his way will be removed
(iv) Explain the lines lsquofor all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hourrsquo
In other words Antonio says that even if he were endowed with a stiff conscience he could easily relax or soften it for the execution of his purpose Then Antonio suggests that conscience should be no hindrance to a manrsquos future greatness
Comments These are terrible words coming from the mouth of a villain of the worst type He is utterly devoid of conscience or remorse He is an utter atheist of human virtue He speaks of conscience as a deity that he does not feel in his bosom
According to Antonio so far as the other lords (Adrian Francisco and others) are concerned they need not be murdered because they would obey the orders of Antonio and Sebastian as willingly and readily as cat licks milk These other lords would endorse and support everything that Sebastian and Antonio may say or suggest These other lords would adjust their views in accordance with the wishes of Antonio and Sebastian and they would regard all proposals made by Antonio and Sebastian as being opportune and also as being acceptable(v) What opinion do you form of Antonio from the above speech
The speech given above shows Antonio to be an absolutely unscrupulous man After saying that he does not believe in any such faculty as the conscience he suggests to Sebastian to
(Act II Sc 1 L 285-291)ANTONIOhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (whiles you doing thus To the perpetual wink of aye might putThis ancient morsel this Sir Prudence whoShould not upbraid our course) - for all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour
Antonio has convinced Sebastian that he has made himself Duke of Milan by a crime for which he has felt no pricks of conscience In these lines Antonio tells Sebastian that now that the chance has presented itself to him he should take it and be King of Naples So far as Alonso is concerned Antonio agrees to undertake the task of killing him by sticking only three inches of his sharp dagger Making a thrust in the air with his sword he tells Sebastian that by a similar method he can put to sleep forever Gonzalo ndash the old piece of flesh already rotten ndash this piece of antiquity ndash this ldquoSir Prudencerdquo who is never tired of reading his moral lectures to them If ldquoProfessor Wisdomrdquo is got rid of he will not be able to denounce their action as he would surely do if they did not dispatch him as well As for the rest of the kingrsquos counselors (Adrian and Francisco) it is their nature to adopt any statements and views which are placed before them just as it is the nature of a cat to lap milk Antonio assures Sebastian that ldquothese othersrdquo will back them up in whatever they say or do that they will count the strokes of the clock exactly as they bid them not according to the real time but according to the time that is right for their business Hence only two persons Alonso and Gonzalo are required to be removed to fulfill their ambition
murder Gonzalo at the very time when he (Antonio) stabs Alonso to death And yet this brutal man has a fertile wit also He can talk in a persuasive manner and also in a sarcastic and satirical manner He knows human nature thoroughly and he understands that Gonzalo is loyal to Alonso while the other lords are only sycophants who can easily be won over to Sebastianrsquos side after Alonso has been assassinated
(2) (Act II Sc 1 291-296)SEBASTIAN Thy case dear friend
Shall be my precedent as thou gotst MilanIll come by Naples Draw thy swordmdashone strokeShall free thee from the tribute which thou payest And I the King shall love thee
ANTONIO Draw together And when I rear my hand do you the likeTo fall it on Gonzalo
(i) Explain the situation and introduce the persons engaged in conversation
After the supposed shipwreck King Alonso with his lords his brother Sebastian and Antonio the Duke of Milan land on a strange island Prince Ferdinand is feared to be drowned While the King and others have fallen asleep after exertions of the day and Ariel with his sweet music acting as a catalyst Antonio and Sebastian are awake They have hatched a conspiracy to kill King Alonso and his loyal lord Gonzalo Then Sebastian will become King of NaplesIn these lines Antonio and Sebastian are engaged in conversation They are just ready to execute their plan to attack King Alonso and Gonzalo simultaneously(ii) Antoniorsquos case shall become Sebastianrsquos precedent What has been Antoniorsquos case
Antonio proved treacherous towards his brother Prospero who was the Duke of Milan Since Prospero spent his time in his scholarly pursuits he had delegated his powers to his younger brother Antonio to administer the dukedom Antonio grew ambitious He overthrew his brother and expelled him from his own dukedom In his place Antonio became the Duke of Milan which he continues to be now His case urges Sebastian to do the same(iii) How is Sebastian going to follow Antonio
Sebastian is going to take Antoniorsquos case as his precedent He is convinced that if Antonio could usurp the dukedom from his living brother Sebastian could become the King of Naples by killing his sleeping brother(iv) What will one stroke of Antoniorsquos sword do What will Sebastian do to reward Antonio
Sebastian asks Antonio to put an end to Alonsorsquos life with one stroke of his sword The same stroke will earn for him a reward Sebastian will become the King of Naples and he will exempt Antonio from paying the annual tribute to Naples The dukedom of Milan is a tributary to the kingdom of Naples Its Duke has to pay tribute to the King every year When Sebastian takes over as the King he will give a benefit to his friend who is helping him to realize his ambition
(v) What is Antoniorsquos suggestion
Antonio suggests that they may draw their swords together When he raises his hand to attack Alonso Sebastian should raise his sword to bring it down on Gonzalo
ACCOUNTS-11 25062020 Topic- depreciation ndashSTRAIGHT LINE METHOD
Illustration Salman and Usman Bros acquired a machine on July 1 2014 at a cost of Rs 70000 and spent Rs5000 on its installation The firm writes off depreciation 10 on straight line method The books are closed on December 31 every year Show the machinery and depreciation account for three years
Solution Machinery Account
Date Particulars LF amount Date Particulars LF` Amount ( Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014July 01 To Bank Ac 70000 Dec 31 Dec By Depreciation Ac 3750
(70000 x10x612)
July 01 To Bank Ac 5000 Dec31 By Balance cd 71250
75000 75000
2015 2015Jan 01 To Balance bd 71250 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 x10 ) Dec31 By Balance cd 63750
71250 71250
2016 2016Jan 01 To Balance bd 63750 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 (75000 x10 ) Dec 31 By Balance cd 56250
63750 63750
Depreciation Account
Date Particulars LF Amount Date Particulars LF Amount (Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 3750 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 3750
2015 2015
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
2016 2016
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
WORKING
Cost of Machine RS70000Cost of Installation Rs 5000
Total 75000
Rate of Depreciation 10
Then annual depreciation will be 10 of Rs 75000 = Rs 7500
Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution Geography DRIANAGE THE PENINSULAR RIVERS
1 The Mahanadi2 The Godavari3 The Krishna4 The Kaveri5 The Subarnarekha6 The Narmada7 The Tapi8 The Sabarmati and the Mahi9 The Chambal
The Mahanadi Basin The Mahanadi rises from Dandakaranya
Q1 Which is the largest river of peninsular plateau Write a brief note about its courseA1 The largest river of peninsular plateau is Godavari The river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has
near Sihawa in Raipur district in the highlands of Chhattisgarhand flows through Odisha to reach the Bay of BengalThe length of the river is about 857 kmIts drainagebasin is shared by Maharashtra Chhattisgarh Jharkhandand Odisha
THE MAHANADI RIVER SYSTEM
The GodavariThe river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
THE GODAVARI RIVER SYSTEM
many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
Q2 Which river is known as Dakshin GangaA2 The Godavari river is known as lsquoDakshin Gangarsquo It is also known as Vridha Ganga
Q3 Differentiate between east-flowing rivers and west-flowing riversA3
East-flowing rivers
West-flowing rivers
Godavari Krishna Kaveri Mahanadi are the east-flowing rivers
Narmada Tapiwest-flowing rivers
They fall into the Bay of Bengal
They fall into Arabian Sea
These rivers form big deltas
These rivers form comparativelysmall deltas
Catchment area of these river are larger
Catchment area of these river are smaller
The KrishnaThe Krishna river rises from the Western Ghatsnear Mahabaleshwar It flows into the Bay of Bengalbefore forming a large delta Its length is about1400 km The Tungabhadra Koyana Ghatprabha Musi and Bhima are some of its tributariesIt has covers parts of Maharashtra Karnataka and AndhraPradesh
THE KRISHNA RIVER SYSTEM
The KaveriIt rises in the Brahmagiri range of the Western Ghats and flows into the Bay ofBengal Southof Cuddalore in Tamil Nadu The length of the river is about 760 km Its main tributaries are the Amravati Bhavani Hemavati and Kabini The Kaveri drains inthe parts of Karnataka Kerala and drains in Tamil Nadu The river Kaveri makes the second biggest waterfall in India known as Sivasamudram
POLITICAL SCIENCE
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
MEANING OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS-Fundamental rights are those rights which are essential for intellectual moral and spiritual development of citizens of India As these rights are fundamental or essential for existence and all-round development of individuals hence they are called Fundamental rights These are enshrined in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India These include individual rights common to most such as equality before the law freedom of speech and freedom of expression religious and cultural freedom Freedom of assembly (peaceful assembly) freedom of religion (freedom to practice religion) right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writsThere are six fundamental rights recognized by the Indian constitution
1 Right to equality (Articles 14-18)2 Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22)3 Right Against exploitation (Articles 23-24)4 Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25- 28)5 Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29-30) and6 Right to Constitutional remedies (Articles 32-35)
1 The right to equality includes equality before the law the prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion race caste gender or place of birth equality of opportunity in matters of employment the abolition of untouchability and abolition of titles
2 The right to freedom includes freedom of speech and expression association or union or cooperatives movement residence and right to practice any profession or occupation
3 The right against exploitation prohibits all forms of forced labour child labour and trafficking of human beings
4 The right to freedom of religion includes freedom of conscience and free profession practice and propagation of religion freedom to manage religious affairs freedom from certain taxes and freedom from religious instructions in certain educational institutes
5 The Cultural and educational Rights preserve the right of any section of citizens to conserve their culture language or script and right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice
6 The right to constitutional remedies is present for enforcement of fundamental rightsThe right to privacy is an intrinsic part of Article 21 (the Right to Freedom) that protects the life and liberty of the citizens The right to privacy is the newest right assured by the Supreme court of India It assures the peoples data and personal security
Fundamental rights for Indians have also been aimed at overturning the inequalities of pre-independence social practices Specifically they have also been used to abolish untouchability and thus prohibit discrimination on the grounds of religion race caste sex or place of birth They also forbid trafficking of human beings and forced labour (a crime) They also protect cultural and educational rights of religious and linguistic minorities by allowing them to preserve their languages and also establish and administer their own education institutions They are covered in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India
Mathematics
Relation Study Item Types of RelationToday class xii students we will discuss about the types of RelationsFirst we discuss Void RelationWhat is Void RelationAns Let A be a non-empty set Then φ A A and so it is a relation R on set A Thissube ⨯ relation is called the void or empty relation on set ANow from the above definition we came to know that no element of A is related to any element of AHere A A is called Cartesian product⨯
is the symbol of subsetsubeAnd φ is called phi and refer to void or empty relationNow I give an example to understand the above said relationLet A = 1 2 3 4Here A A =(11)(12)(13)(14)(21)(22)(23)(24)(31)(32)(33)(34)(41)⨯(42)(43)(44)Now we consider R is a relation which is defined by R=(ab) a+b= 50We notice that a+b 50 for any two elements of AnotinTherefore (ab) R for any ab A is called belong to and is not belong tonotin isin isin notinTherefore we can say R does not contain any element of A A⨯Therefore R is empty set Therefore we can say that R is the void or empty relation on AWhat is universal RelationAns Let A is a set Then A A A A and so it is a relation on A This relation is called⨯ sube ⨯ the universal relation on ANow from the above definition we can say that each element of A is related to every element of ANow we consider the relation R on the set A =1 234 defined by R = (ab) R |a -b|isin
0≽We observe that|a - b | 0 for all ab A≽ isin
(ab) R for all (ab) A ArArr isin isin ⨯ Each element of set A is related to set A every element of set ArArr
Therefore we write R= AxATherefore we can say R is universal relation on set ANote we can say that void relation is smallest relation and the universal relation is largest relationSometime both void relation and universal relation is called trivial relationWhat is identity relationAns Let A is a non-empty set Then the relation R or IA = (aa) a A on A is called theisin identity relation on A Therefore from the above definition we can say that every element of A is related to itself only
Example Let A = 1234 then Ror IA = (11)(22)(33)(44) is the identity relation on set ANow I give you another example R1 = (11)(22)(33) and R2 = (11)(22)(33)(44)(24)From the above example we can say that R1 and R2 are not identify relation Because in the case of R1 (44)R1 and on the other hand R2 where element 2 is related to elements 2 and 4
Hindi 2ndlang
भलि[ (महादी मा)
भलि[ कहानी की लखिखका महादी मा न इस कहानी म यह दशान का परयास गिकया ह गिक आजकल क जमान म भी लो सक बन कर गिनसाथ सा करत ह ह
गिबना तन लिसा करत ह और उसक बदल ना कछ मात ह और ना ही कोई आशा करत ह नौकर सा करक तन चाहता ह और ह भी कई सगिधाओ की आशा करता ह पर सक सदा गिनजी साथ भा स सा म सलगन रह कर काम करता ह भलि[ कहानी की मखय पातर लकषमी ह जिजस भलि[ नाम लखिखका न दिदया ह ह गिकसी
ोपाल काकी कनया ह पाच रष की आय म उसकी गि माता न ौना ही कर दिदया कहानी म भलि[ क दखो का अत नही ह गिफर भी ह बडी साहसी धयान और परिरशरमी ह कदिठनाइयो स जझ ती ह पहल गिपता की मतय गिफर पगित की मतय और
गिफर घर जमाई की मतय होती ह उस साहसी मगिहला न साहस नही छोडा और तीनो पतरी ओक हाथ पील गिकए लाना द पान क कारण उसका जमीदार न अपमान गिकया गिफरकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहचीकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहची शहर पहच करा लखिखका की सगिका बनी ही पर उसका नाम भलि[ पडा ह एक भ[ की तरह अपन सामिमनी की इमानदारी स सा करती और तन का जिजकर भी नही करती ह लखिखका क घर पाठशाला आदिद को अचछी तरह स सभालती पढी-
लिलखी ना होकर भी ह लखिखका की बहत सा ए सहायता करती ह लखिखका का साया बनकर चलती लखिखका की सा करना उसक जीन का उददशय ह ह
लखिखका की खशी क लिलए ही काय करती ह ह लखिखका को दखी नही दख सकती लखिखका पर भलि[ का इतना परभा पडा गिक ह सय दहाती बन ई
यदध क दिदनो म ह अपन परिरार क साथ रहन की अपकषा लखिखका क साथ रहना पसद करती थी यदध क भत न जब ीटा क ान पर पलायन गित जा दी तो
भलि[ न न लखिखका को अपन ा ल जान का अनरोध करन ली लखिखका को डर ह गिक यदिद उसक गिदा होन क अगितम छठा ए तो ह दहातीन दधा कया कर ी
इस परकार हम दखत ह गिक लखिखका न सामिमनी और सगिका क ण बरसात हए सक धम पर परकाश डाला ह और लखिखका न एक आदश सगिका क रप को सदर
रप स परसतत गिकया हBengali আদাব পরশন) ldquoশরণের ১৪৪ ধারা আর কারহিZউ অU ার জারী রণেয়রণে0ldquo
ক) কার গলখা গকা3 রচ3ার অংশ খ)গকাায় গক3 ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়রণে0 )১৪৪ ধারা কী এর Zরণেল কী য়
উততর) ক)আরণেলাচ য অংশটি সরণেরশ বসর রহিচত lsquoআদাবlsquo গ0াট রণেলপর অংশ
খ) বাংলারণেদরণেশর ঢাকা শরণের ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়হি0ল সামপরদাহিয়ক াnাা ও দাnা পরহিতরণেরারণেধর জ3 য হিlt সলা3রণেদর গ3তারণেদর সামপরদাহিয়ক উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা বারণেধ উ2য় সমপরদায় 2ীত রণেয় ঘর বহিlt রণেয় পরণে পরসপর পরসপররণেক সরণেltরণের গচারণেখ গদরণেখ গকউ কাউরণেক আরণের রণেতা হিবশবাস কররণেত পারণের3া হিক0 া3রণেষর উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা য় ার পহির3া অরণেতক রকত iয় ও ত য
) ১৪৪ ধারা আইরণে3র এ3 একটা ধারা ার _ারা এলাকা হি3হিদ ষট করণের গদওয়া য় গসই এলাকার রণেধ য গবহিশ া3রণেষর জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় হিহি0ল জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় আই3 2nকারীরণেক গহিলর হি3রণেদশ জাহির করা য় তাই সাধার3 া3ষ আর বাইরণের গবর রণেত পারণের3া পরারণে3র 2রণেয় বহিlt রণেয় ারণেক এর Zল য় সাংঘাহিতক গদাকা3 পাট বনধ ারণেক
হিজহি3স পতর অহিল য় রাসতা ঘাট জ3 শ3 য রণেয় ায় লরণেঠরা তারণেদর লঠত রাজ চাহিলরণেয় হি3রণেজরণেদর আরণেখর গহি0রণেয় গ3য় া3ষরণেক 2ীহিতর হিব2ীহিষহিক গরাস করণের ঘরণেরর া3রণেষর ইkা াকরণেলও ঘরণের হিZররণেত পারণের3া হিZররণেত হিরণেয় বltরণেকর গহিলরণেত পরা3 ারায়
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today we will discuss about Types of Leaves
An organization provides several kinds of leaves to the employees These days employees working both in government and private sector are allowed several types of leaves Following are the leaves achieved by the employees from their organization
Casual LeaveChild care leave -HospitalLeaveSpecial disability leaveChild Adoption leaveEarned LeavesHalf pay leaveMaternity leavePaternityleaveStudy leave
1 Casual Leave- Casual leave is not a recognised form of leaves and is not subject to any rules made by the government of India And official on casual leave is not treated as Absent from duty and pay is not intimated Normally 8 days of casual leave is permissible in a calendar year
2 Child care leave - Women employees having minor children may be granted child care leave by an authority competent to grant leave for a maximum period of 730 days means two years during their entire service for taking care of up to two children weather for sharing or to look after any of their names like examination sickness it is a
3HospitalLeave - Hospital leave is admissible to group C employees whose duties involved handling of dangerous machinery explosive materials poisonous drugs and performance of hazardous task and to group D employees Medical certificate from an authorised medical attendant is necessary for the grant of these leave However total period of
leave does not exceed 28 months4Special disability leave- Special
disability leave admissible to all employees when disabled by injury intentionally or accidentally inflicted are caused in law in consequence of the due performance of official duties or in consequence of official position It also it is also add miscible when disabled by illness incurred in the performance of any particular duty which has the effect of increasing laboratory to illness or injury beyond the ordinary least attaching to the Civil post held and the same condition
5Child Adoption leave- This leave is granted to female Employees with fewer than two surviving children on valid adoption of a child below the age of one year for a period of 135 days immediately after the date of valid adoption Leave salary will be equal to the pain immediately before processing on leave
6Earned Leaves- This leave is earned by duty The credit for earned leave will be awarded at a rate of 15 days on the 1st of January and 1st of July every year It can be accumulated up to 300 days in addition to the number of days for which encashment has been allowed along with LTC
7 Half pay leave -All government servant are entitled to 20 days of HPL half pay leave for every completed year of service Half pay leave is calculated at 20 days for each completed year of service The service includes periods of duty and leave including extra ordinary leave with or without MC (medical certificate)
8 Maternity leave -Maternity leave is granted to women Government employees full stop it is as possible only to Employees with less than 2 surviving children The maternity leave is not debited to leave account and full pay is granted It cannot be combined with any other the leaves and count as service for increment and pension
9 PaternityleaveA male employee with less than 2 surviving children may be granted paternity leave for a period of 15 days during the confinement of
his wife During the period of such leaves he shall be paid leave salary equal to the pay drawn immediately before proceeding on leave
10 Study leave-Study leave may be granted to all Government Employees with not less than 5 years service for undergoing a special course consisting of higher studies are specialised training in a professional or technical subject having a direct and close connection with the sphere of his duties as a Civil Servant
Commerce
Chapter-5Management
Let us today discuss about the nature of Management
Nature of management Management is defined as
An art A science A profession
Management is defined as an art because of the following reasons
1 In art there is an existence of theoretical knowledge Similarly in management various theories are propounded by management thinkers in various areas of management like finance marketing human resources etc
2 Every manager apply his or her personal skills and knowledge in the day to day functioning of an enterprise
3 Like an art management is creative as it provides solutions to Complex problems making resources productive and profitable moulding the attitudes of people for the betterment of an organisation
Management is is considered as science because of the following reasons
1 Like science there is a systemised body of knowledge in management consisting of theories principles vocabulary and concept
2 Principles of management are evolved after continuous observations and experimentation
Management both as Science and ArtManagement is both a science and an art It is a science because it uses certain principles and is an art because it requires continuous practice and application of personal skillsManagement as a profession Following points highlight whether management is a profession or not1 Like profession management has well
defined body of knowledge It has its own principles which are based on experiments One can acquire such
knowledge by pursuing courses like MBA BBA etc and acquire managerial skills through instruction and training
2 In management no such restriction is there for managers to clear an examination for hold a degree However these days more and more people are appointed for managerial post who opposes management degrees
3 Membership to a professional Association like AIMA is not mandatory for managers All managers directly or indirectly work for the development of society
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Essay Questions (EQ-2)
Question No 2Sketch the character of Prospero Would you call him perfect
AnswerProspero in The Tempest appears to be an intensely human being with human failings and weaknesses With all his excellence Prospero is made to awaken our sympathy for a natural imperfection Prosperorsquos Previous HistoryIn his retrospective narration of his previous history to Miranda we get a glimpse into Prosperorsquos past life As the Duke of Milan Prospero buried himself in his magic books which he prized above his dukedom He was essentially a scholar with no practical wisdom He failed to perform his first duty by neglecting the governance of his state and gave an opportunity to his wicked brother to undermine his throne He was thus driven from his home and thrown in a leaky boat with his weeping daughter to drift in the perilous seas It is only the thought of his little child that kept him aliveThe Development of Prosperorsquos CharacterThe development of his character is evident from the contrast between what he was before his banishment and what he is now in the island Formerly when his ldquolibrary was dukedom enoughrdquo he was altogether too unsuspecting Now he is watchful as providence and takes care to guard himself against the possibility of evil He has learnt to know human nature in its worst forms even Caliban has taught him something He will no longer put his trust in appearance except as ldquostale to catch thievesrdquo nor in oaths of which the strongest he says ldquoare straw to the fire irsquo the bloodrdquo He who once neglected worldly ends now consistently asserts his dignity enforces obedience and deals out justice with impartial hand He who without a thought of evil gave his power and his revenues into his brotherrsquos hands now puts Ferdinand to the severest test as a trial of his love before entrusting his daughter to him He makes the most practical use imaginable of his magic art exacts prompt servitudefrom his attendants does not hesitate to punish them is resolved and firm and knows how to seize the proper moment for action He is a most careful father to his daughter a considerate master of Ariel severe against the brutal Caliban humane towards the repentant enemies full of experience and wisdomThe Exercise of his Power ndash his SternnessWhat appears to us at the first sight one of the least pleasing features of Prosperorsquos character is the sternness which he frequently displays more particularly in his dealings with Caliban His harshness towards Caliban resulted from the failure of gentler methods his severity towards Ferdinand was exercised in the interest of his daughter ldquolest too light winning make the prize lightrdquo and his punishment of Alonso Sebastian and Antonio is justified by the attainment of his objectiveProsperorsquos TendernessThe tender side of Prosperorsquos character is exhibited in his relation to Miranda Ariel Gonzalo and the repentant sinners His love for Miranda is unbounded She was almost life to him In his darkest hours of trial this love sustained him and gave him strength to put a bold front to suffering He addresses her always with tenderness She is to him a lsquoloved darlingrsquo lsquodear heartrsquo lsquoa rich giftrsquo lsquoa third of his own lifersquo The same affectionate nature is shown in his dealing with his brother Antonio He loved his brother Antonio only next to Miranda before Antonio conspired against him In the island when Antonio is brought before him he forgives him
readily To Gonzalo the good old councilor he is all affection He sheds tears of joy and gratitude when he meets him in the island To Ariel he is a loving and considerable master Ariel is always to him ldquomy brave spiritrdquo ldquofine spiritrdquo ldquodelicate Arielrdquo ldquomy Arielrdquo etc When he promises Ariel his freedom he says with real emotion ndash ldquoI shall miss theerdquoProsperorsquos Power as a MagicianThe practice of magic has placed wonderful powers in the hands of Prospero He uses his supernatural powers like a god only to bring about the happiest results He causes The Tempest and the shipwreck only to bring his enemies within his power and not to destroy them Not a soul perished in the storm He leads Ferdinand to Miranda his high charms work and as he wishes the two falls in love He frustrates the plots of the conspirators and makes them know that he was conscious of it He drives Sebastian and Alonso to sincere repentance and readily forgives them The drunken associates of Caliban are no doubt sternly treated but even then they are promised conditional pardon The whole play at last ends in reconciliation joy and peace The wrongs are set right the lovers are made happy Ariel is set free and thus the powerful magician retires into the solitude of his study at MilanProsperorsquos ForgivenessAllied to his wisdom is his forgiving nature Though deeply wronged he bears no spite against the wrong-doers Though his power is unlimited he uses it to noble purposes The lesson of adversity has taught him that ldquoThe rarer action is in virtue than in vengeancerdquoProspero does not debase his noble nature by revenge but forgives his enemies absolutely He drives his erstwhile enemies to a sincere penitence for their past misdeeds and when repentance has wrought its full effect on them he receives them into his arms and is reconciled to them Is Prospero perfectProspero creates a great impression upon our minds by his dignity his nobility the divine spirit of forgiveness in him his generous and sympathetic nature etc Even with all these virtues we cannot call him perfect We perceive certain faults in him He displays an occasional impatience irritability and even a certain harshness of feeling His severe treatment of Caliban might have been justified but the language in which he addresses the monster and the threats that he uses show him to be a kind of tyrant On learning of Calibanrsquos plot against his life he is as violently disturbed and agitated as any ordinary human being would be His manner towards Ariel when the latter demands his liberty also seems somewhat arbitrary and tyrannicalSubject ndashBiology Topic ndashChapter -5 Inheritance amp Variations Summary ExecutionToday we will discuss about NON-Mendelian Inheritance
NON_MENDELIAN INHERITANCE Incomplete Dominance It is an inheritance in which heterozygous offspring shows
intermediate character between two parental characteristics Eg Flower colour in snapdragon (dog flower or Antirrhinum sp) and
Mirabilis jalapa ( 4rsquoO clock plant) Here phenotypic and genotypic ratios are same Phenotypic Ratio 1Red 2 Pink 1 White Genotypic Ratio 1(RR) 2 (Rr) 1(rr) This means that R was not completely dominant over r Pea plants also show incomplete dominance in other traits
Co- dominance It is the inheritance in which both alleles of a gene are expressed in a
hybrid Eg ABO blood grouping in human ABO Blood groups are controlled by the gene I The plasma membrane of the RBC has sugar polymer that protrude
from its surface and is controlled By the gene The gene I has three alleles IA IB i The alleles IA and IB produce a slightly different form of the sugar
while allele i does not produce any sugar In AB blood group both IA and IB are present together This is co ndash
dominanceMultiple Alleles
Multiple alternatives of the same gene which influence the same character and produce different expressions in different individuals of a species or population same genes have more than two allelic
forms These different forms of a single gene are referred as multiple alleles Eg human Blood group
Ac-12 250620 Topic- retirement
Illustration Om Jai and Jagdish are partners sharing profit in the ratio of 3 2 l Their balance sheet as at December 31st 2014 is as under
Balance sheet as at December 31 2014
Liabilities Amount Assets Amount
(Rs`) (Rs`)
Creditors 80000 Building 180000 Bills Payable 26000 Plant 140000 General reserve 24000 Motor Car 40000 Capital Stock 100000 Om 160000 Debtors 63000 Jai 120000 Less Provision Jagdish 120000
400000 for Bad debts 3000
60000 Cash at Bank 10000
530000 530000
Jai retires on that date on the following terms(a) The Goodwill of the firm is valued at Rs 60000(b) Stock and Building to be appreciated by 10(c) Plant is depreciated by 10(d) Provision for Bad debts is increased upto Rs 5000(e) Jairsquos share of goodwill was adjusted through remaining partners capital accountThe amount due to Jai is paid out of the fund brought in by Om and Jagdish in theirnew profit sharing ratio Jai is paid full amountPrepare Revaluation Account and Partnerrsquos Capital account
Solution WorkingsIt is assumed that Om and Jagdish gaining ratio remains 3 lJairsquo Share of goodwill = Rs 60000 times 26 = Rs20000Adjusted through the remaining partners capital account in 3 1 ratio
Revaluation Account
Dr Cr
Particulars Amount Particulars Amount
(Rs`) (`Rs)
To Provision for Bad debts 2000 By Stock 10000TO Plant 14000 By Building 18000To Profit transferred toCapital Accounts Om 6000 Jai 4000 Jagdish 2000
12000
28000 28000
Capital AccountDr Cr Particulars Om Jai Jagdish Particulars Om Jai Jagdish
(Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (rs`) (`Rs)
To Capital 15000 mdash 5000 By Balance bd 160000 120000 120000 ToBank 152000 By General Reserve 12000 8000 4000To Balance cd 277000 mdash 159000 By Revaluation (Profit) 6000 4000 2000 By Om Capital mdash 15000 mdash ByJagdish Capital mdash 5000 By Bank 114000 38000
292000 152000 164000 292000 152000 164000
= (5 plusmn 8bull06)2 = (5 + 8bull06)2 (5 ndash 8bull06)2 = 13bull062 - 3bull062= 6bull53 - 1bull5312) Solve the equation x ndash 18x = 6 Given your answer correct to two significant figureSolution x ndash18x = 6Or (x2 ndash 18 )x = 6Or x2ndash 18 = 6xOr x2 ndash 6x ndash18 = 0Comparing the above equation with ax2 + bc + c = 0 we gera= 1 b = - 6 and c = -18Therefore x = -(-6) plusmnradic(- (- 6)2 ndash 4(1)(- 18)2(1) = 6 plusmn radic( 36 + 72)2 = (6 plusmnradic( 108)2 =(6 plusmn 10bull39)2= 16bull392 - 4bull392= 8bull195 - 2bull195 asymp 8bull2 - 2bull2
Chemistry Chapter-2L-1Chemical Bonding
1) Chemical Bonding-
It is basically the force of attraction which holds the different types of atoms in a molecule together
Cause of Chemical Combination-
The main cause is the tendency of elements to acquire eight electrons in its outermost shell like that of noble gases other than Helium(He) So the atoms combine to acheive the nearest noble gas configuration of 8 electrons( or 2 electrons) in their outermost orbit and become stable
2) Ion-
It is a charged particle made from an atom by the loss or gain of electrons
There are 2 types of Ions They are-
a) Cations- It is formed by the loss of electrons eg - K+ Ca2+
Na+ etc
b) Anions- It is formed by the gain of electrons eg- Cl- O2- F- etc
Q Why do elements form Ions
A Atoms of all elements except those of noble gases have one to seven valence electrons and are not in a state of minimum energy Thus to acquire a state of minimum energy elements lose or gain electrons and form ions so that they acquire stable configuration (Duplet or Octet)
Q What is the Electronic Theory of Valency
A In 1916 Kossel and Lewis on the basis of octet rule of electrons described simply the electronic structure of molecules of many chemical compounds and elements Kossel mainly described the structure of ionic compounds formed by loss and gain of electrons and Lewis mainly described the structure of Covalent Compounds formed by mutual sharing of electron pair This is known as ELECTRONIC THEORY OF VALENCY proposed by Kossel and Lewis
Q What do you mean by Electropositive and Electronegative Elements
3) Types of Chemical Bond-3 types
A)ElectrovalentIonic Bond
B) Covalent Bond
C) Co-ordinate Dative Bond4) ELECTROVALENT IONIC BOND-
It is the electrostatic force of attraction between the opposite charged ions which holds them together
The chemical compounds formed as a result of electron transfer from one atom of an element to another are called IONIC or ELECTROVALENT COMPOUND
The number of electrons which an element loses or gains during the formation of an ionic bond is called its ELECTROVALENCY
Conditions for the formation of Ionic Compounds-
i Large electronegativity difference between the combining atoms
ii Low IP for one of the atoms from which the cation can be easily formed
iii High electron affinity for one of the atoms from which the anions can be easily formed
iv High Lattice Energy
A
1) Electropositive Elements- have the tendency to lose the electrons and form Cations
eg- Na K Fe -mostly metals
2) Electronegative Elements- have the tendency to gain the electrons and form Anions
eg- Cl F O - mostly Non-metals
Q Give the brief description about the formation of NaCl
A See your Text Book
Q Practise the two types of diagram of the formation of different ionic compound
A See your Text Book
English All Summer in a Answer the following questions-
literature Day 3) Why did the children hate herAns- The children sensed that Margot was different from them She hated the continuous rain while they were used to it She spoke only about the sun and they had no memory of it They hated her pale snow face her waiting silence her thinness and her possible future of going back to the Earth4) What is the it referred to by WilliamAns- The it referred to by William is the Sun which the scientists had predicted would shine for a short while that day5) What was Margot waiting for Why did William say it was a jokeAns- Margot was waiting to see the sun predicted to shine that day for a short while William did not want her to have the joy of seeing the sun
Geography Water Resources SOURCES OF WATER SURFACE WATER AND GROUNDWATER Earth is known as the Blue Planet because 71 per cent of the Earths surface is covered with water Wateralso exists below land surface and as water vapour in the air Water is not added or removed from the environment it simply changes state and location This constant movement of water throughout our environment is called the hydrological cycle or water cycle Earth cleans and replenishes the water supply through the hydrologic cycle Groundwater exists in an aquifer or
underground layer of permeable rock sediment (usually sand or gravel) or soil that yields water
Aquifers are like underground reservoirs of water
SURFACE WATER The visible bodies of water are referred to as surface water Surface waters can be simply described as the water that is on the surface of the Earth This includes the oceans rivers and streams lakes and reservoirs Surface waters are very important Rivers and streams constitute the flowing surface waters Surface water canbe captured for a variety of biospheric and humanusesRunoff During heavy precipitation water cannot infiltrate into the ground It flows on the surface of the ground and called as runoff
GROUNDWATER Groundwater is detained as water that is found beneath the surface of the Earth in conditions of100 per
Q1 Why the Earth is called as Blue PlanetA1 Earth is known as the Blue Planet because 71 per cent of the Earths surface is covered with water
Q2 Define hydrological cycleA2 Water is not added or removed from the environment it simply changes state and location This constant movement of water throughout our environment is called the hydrological cycle or water cycle Earth cleans and replenishes the water supply through the hydrologic cycle
Q3 What is AquifersA3 Aquifers are like underground reservoirs of water
Q4 Why there is a shortage of fresh waterA4 Although the earth has an abundance of water but unfortunately there is a shortage of fresh water because 997 per cent of it occupied by oceans soils icecaps and floating in the atmosphere and rest 03 percent can use for daily uses
cent saturation (if it is less than100 per cent saturation then the water is considered as soil moisture) Ninety-eight per cent of Earths available fresh water is groundwater It is about60 times as plentiful as the fresh water found in lakes and streams Water in the ground travels through pores in soil and rock and in fractures and weathered areas of bed rockThe majority of fresh water is therefore found under ground as soil moisture and in aquifers
Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 88 to 126 (Portia helliphellip Such as the day is when the sun is hid) [Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]
Summary Questions amp Answerso Launcelot then arrives and informs
Lorenzo that Bassanio will also be arriving soon Both Lorenzo and Jessica return to the house and ask Stephano to order the family musicians to play music in order to extend a fitting welcome to Portia
o Portia and Nerissa dressed in their normal self return home and enter the building Lorenzo recognizes Portias voice and comes to greet her She orders the servants to pretend as if she had never left and asks Lorenzo and Jessica to do the same
o Soon thereafter Bassanio Gratiano and Antonio arrive
(1) PORTIA That light we see is burning in my hall (L 89-101)
How far that little candle throws his beams So shines a good deed in a
naughty worldNERISSA When the moon shone we did not see the candlePORTIA So doth the greater glory dim the less
A substitute shines brightly as a king
Unto the king be by and then his state
Empties itself as doth an inland brook
Into the main of waters Music hark
NERISSA It is your music madam of the housePORTIA Nothing is good I see without respect
Methinks it sounds much sweeter than by day
NERISSA Silence bestows that virtue on it madam
(i) Where are Lorenzo and Jessica sitting What message have they received What are they doing
Lorenzo and Jessica are sitting in Portiarsquos house in Belmont They have just received the message informing them of the arrival of Portia and Bassanio separately They are waiting for their arrivals and enjoying the beauty of the moonlight night(ii) In which mood is Lorenzo found after Stephanorsquos departure
After Stephanorsquos departure Lorenzo reverts to his romantic mood He is carried away by the magic of the loveliness of the moonlight He draws Jessicarsquos attention and says that the moonlight is sleeping beautifully on the raised ground He says that they will sit there and enjoy the sweetness of the gentle
music which will shortly creep into their ears very softly(iii) Why has Lorenzo sent Stephano What kind of man is he who does not appreciate the sweet harmony of sounds
Lorenzo has sent Stephano to instruct the musicians to play soft music to welcome Portia home Lorenzo tells that the
tranquility and the beautiful night suit the sweet music Praising the ennobling (M lend greater dignity) effect of music Lorenzo tells Jessica that the person who has no music in him and does not appreciate the sweet harmony of sounds is a dangerous person and so should be watched very carefully(iv) Who are returning to Belmont What does Nerissa remark on seeing the light of the house
Portia and Nerissa are returning to Belmont after successfully conducting Antoniorsquos trial in Venice as the lawyer and the clerk respectively When they are near their home Nerissa seeing the light of the house remarks that they did not see this light of this candle when the moon was shining(v) What does Portia comment on Nerissarsquos observation Commenting on Nerissarsquos observation Portia says that the lesser glory becomes insignificant before the greater glory She adds that the kingrsquos representative assumes great splendor and authority when the king himself is not near But before the real king the substitute becomes devoid of all splendor and
authority as the big rivers lose their identity after emptying into the vast sea
SUBJECT PHYSICS [TOPIC FORCE]Answer the following questions ( ICSE questions of previous years from chapter FORCE)
1 Write the position of centre of mass for the following bodies(i) A circular ring (ii) A cylinder(iii) A hollow sphere (iv) A triangular lamina
2 Explain why screw drivers are provided with longer handles3 Compare the magnitude and direction of centripetal force and centrifugal force4 How does uniform circular motion differ from uniform linear motion5 Why is the motion of a body moving with a constant speed around a circular path is said to be
accelerated6 A brass ball is hanging from a cotton thread Draw a neat labeled diagram showing the force acting
on the brass ball and the cotton thread 7 Define moment of force Write the relationship between the SI and CGS unit of moment of force8 Define couple State the SI unit of moment of couple9 A uniform half meter scale balanced horizontally on a knife edge at 29 cm mark when a weight of 20
gmf is suspended from one end(i) Draw the diagram of the arrangementWhat is the weight of the half meter rule
ECO-10 250620 Topic-Supply Analysis
MEANING OF SUPPLYSupply a commodity by a firm or seller may be defined as the quantity of a commodity that a firm or seller offers for sale at a given price during a given time period But the actual sale of the commodity may be different from its supply For example a farmer (produced of wheat) is willing to sell 50 quintals of wheat at a price of ` 15 per kg but he is able to sell only 30 quintals at this price So this case the supply of wheat is 50 quintals but the actual sale is 30 quintals So these two concepts should not be confused with each other Like demand supply also has three elements The definition of supply include (i) the quantity of the commodity that a firm is willing to supply (ii) the price at which it is willing to supply that quantity and (iii) the time period during which it is willing to supply that quantity
FACTORS DETERMINING SUPPLY OR DETERMINANTS OF SUPPLY OF A GOOD
The main determinant of supply is the price of the commodity But the cost of production of a commodity is an important factor in determining profit maximized on output of a firm The cost of production depends on the prices of various inputs like raw material wages of workers interest of capital rent of building etc The supply of a commodity also depends on the technology used in the production of the commodity and many other factors The main factors determining supply of a commodity are(i) Price of the commodity(ii) Price of other related good(iii) Price of inputsfactors(iv) Taxation policy of government(v) Objective of the firm(i) Price of the commodity Other factors determining supply remaining constant there is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity It means the quantity supplied of a commodity increases with rise in price and decreases with fall in price of the commodity More quantity of a commodity is supplied at a higher price and less quantity is supplied at a lower price For example a seller of tomatoes is willing to sell 100 kgs of tomatoes at a price of ` 40 per keg and only 50 kgs at a price of ` 20 per kg Due to this direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity the supply curve has a positive slope Supply curve is upward sloping to the right(ii) Price of other related goods Supply of a commodity is also influenced by the change in the price of other related goods With the help of given resources we can produce several goods by using the same technology This helps the firm to diversify and tide over fluctuations in demand For example a farmer can produce either pulses or food grains by using the resources If the price of pulses increases it becomes more profitable for him to make more production of pulses So he will divert some resources from the production of food grains to the production of pulses The production of pulses will increase and that of food grains will decrease So the supply of pulses will increase if the price of pulses increases and the supply of food grain will decrease at the same price reverse will happen if the price of food grains increases(iii) Price of inputsfactors Change in the price of inputs like raw material wage rent or interest also influences the supply of a commodity For example in the production of cloth cotton is the main raw material If the price of cotton increases the cost of production of cloth will increase At the same price the margin of profit will decrease So the producer will decrease the supply of cloth at the same price On the other hand if the price of cotton falls the cost of production per unit of cloth will decrease and hence the supply of cloth will increase The price of other inputs will also influence the supply of a good in the same manner(iv) Technology of production an improvement in the technology of production of a commodity decreases the per unit cost of the commodity The margin of profit will increase at the same price So the supply of a commodity will increase with improvement in technology of production at the same price On the other hand if a firm uses absolute technology of production the cost of production per unit of the commodity will increase The margin of profit will decrease so the firm will decrease its supply at the same price This is the main reason that the firms are trying to use better technology of production because it not only reduces the cost of production per unit but also improves the quality of the product(v) Taxation policy of government If the government reduces the excise duty or the production of a commodity the cost of production per unit of the commodity will decrease the margin of profit will increase at the same price so the producer of the commodity will increase its supply It happens when the government wants to increase the production of the commodity On the other hand to discourage the production of some harmful goods like cigarettes liquor etc the government increases the rate of excise duty on the production of such goods So the cost of production per unit of the commodity increases and the supply of such commodities decreases(vi) Objective of the firm The objective of the producer also influences the supply of a commodity Generally the objective of a producer is get maximize his profits Profits are maximized at a higher price So he increases the supply of a commodity at a higher price and decreases its supply at a lower price But sometimes the producer may be in maximizing his sales and not in maximizing his profits as he wants to capture the market In that case he goes on increasing the supply so long his target is not achieved can profit is not adversely affected He may increase the supply at the same price to any extent
SUPPLY FUNCTION
When the relationship between quantity supplied and the determinants of supplied is expressed mathematically in an equation it is called a supply function So a supply function can be expressed asSn = f(Pn Pr Pf T Tr G)where Sn = Supply of commodity nPn = Price of the commodity nPr = Price of other related goodsPf = Price of inputsfactors
T = Technology of productionTr = Government policy or tax rateG = Goal or objective of the producer
Typically supply function shows the relationship between price and quantity supplied keeping all other determinants of supply as constant It shows the amount of a good that a seller supplies at different levels of price
LAW OF SUPPLYThe law of supply depicts the relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity when all other determinants of supply remain constant This law states that there is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity other factors determining supply remaining constant It means quantity supplied of a commodity increases with increase in price and decreases with decrease in price
Assumptions of the law of supplyThe phrase other determinants of supply remaining constant in the law of supply shows the assumptions of the law of supply The mains factors which influence the supply of a commodity one price of the commodity price of other related goods price of inputs technology of production taxation policy of the government and objective of the firm etc The law of supply is based on the assumptions that all these factors determining supply except price of the commodity should remain constant The following are the main assumptions of the law of supply(i) Price of other related goods should remain the same(ii) There should be no change in the price of inputs (factors)(iii) Technology of production should not change(iv) There is no change in the taxation policy of the government(v) Objective of the firm should not changeThe law of supply is based on the assumptions that the supply of commodity changes only due to change in price when all other determinant of supply remain constantClass XISubject Topic Summary Execution EVS Chapter-2
Ecology Answer the following questions briefly Q Draw a neat labeled diagram of carbon cycleAnsndash
Mathematics Principle of Mathematical Induction
1) What is statement Ans A sentence which may be true or false is called statement eg i) 5 is greater than 3 ii) New Delhi is the capital of India iii) 5 divides 7 These all are statements We see that statement (i) amp (ii) are true but (iii) is false 2 What is Mathematical StatementAns Statement involving mathematical relations are called mathematical statement We shall use mathematical statement in principle of
Example If n be a positive integer show that n(n+1) is an even positive integer Solution Let P(n) be the statement n(n+1) is an even positive integer Then (i) P(1) is the statement 1(1+1) ie 2 is an even positive integer Therefore P(1) is true (ii) If P(m) is true for some positive integer m then m(m+1) is an even integer Now (m+1) [(m+1)+1]=(m+1)sup2+ (m+1) =msup2+2m+1+m+1=msup2+m+2m+2=m(m+1) +2(m+1) = an even integer + an even positive integer [Since P(m) is true and 2(m+1) is an even
mathematical induction 3 What is the use of Principle of mathematical inductionAns Sometimes it is difficult to prove a statement theorem or a formula by direct method In this case we use an indirect method known as the Principle of mathematical induction There are two steps in this processSTEP 1 Varify that the statement or formula is true for one or two particular values of n say for n=1 2STEP 2 Assuming that the statement or formula is true for n=m where m is any positive integer show that it is true for n=m+1Conclusion Since the statement is true for n=2 it is true for n=2+1 that is 3 and since it is true for n=3 it is true for n=3 + 1 that is 4 and so on Hence the statement or formula is true for all positive integral values of n
positive integer]= an even positive integer Therefore P(m+1) is true when P(m) is true Therefore By the principle of Mathematical Induction P(n) is true for all positive integral values of n Hence n(n+1) is an even positive integer
Hindi 2ndlang एक फल की चाह 5 दख रहा था जस सो सथिर हो नही बठती थी कषण भर हाय ही चपचाप पडी थी अटल शागित शी धारण कर सनना यही चाहता था म उस सय ही
उकसा करमझको दी क परसाद का एक फल ही दो लाकर
शबदाथ ससथिर - परी तरह ठहरी हई अटल- पकका
उकसाकर - पररणा दकर
वयाखयाndash उपय[ पलि[यो म कगि सखिखया की ददशा का णन कर रहा ह जो उनक गिपता दवारा वय[ गिकया या ह अपनी बटी सखिखया कीददशा का
गितरण करत हए गिपता कहता ह गिक म अपनी आखो क सामन दख रहा था गिक मरी बटी जो पल भर क लिलए दिटककर नही बठती थी ह अब सथिर शात मरतित की तरह पढी थी अब म ह बार- बार इस बात क लिलए पररिरत कर रहा
था गिक ह मझ गिफर स ही शबद कह गिपताजी मझ दी क परसाद का एक फल लाकर दो
6 ऊच शल लिशखर क ऊपर मदिदर था गिसतीणर गिशाल सण कलशसरलिसज गिहलिसत थ पाकरसमदिदत रगि कर जाल दीप धल स अचछदिदत था मदिदर का
आन सारा ज रही थी भीतर बाहर मखरिरत उतस की धारा
शबदाथ - शल लिशखर- पहाड की ऊची चोटी
सतीणर - फला हआ
सण कलश - कमल क समान सदर सोन का कलश मखरिरत - परकट समदिदत - अचछी परकार खिखला हआ रगि कर जाल - सय की गिकरणो का समह
वयाखया- परसतत पलि[या म कगि न मदिदर की सदरता का णन गिकया ह कहत ह गिक मझ पहाड की चोटी पर एक गिलिशषट और गिशालमश था उसक
सोन क कलश सय की गिकरणो म चमकत हए ऐस परतीत हो रह थ जस सय की खिखली हईगिकरणो क ाा सपशपाकर सनहर कमल खिखल उठ हो मदिदर का
आन धप दीप की सध स भरा हआ था मदिदर क अदर और बाहर मनाए जा रह उसकी परसननता की ज सनाई द रही थी
Bengali (2nd language)
কোনি মনি নদী পরথম অধযোয়
হি_তীয় হিদরণে3র পাঠ-
হিবষটবাব গলাকটির কায় গররণে কা বলরণেত পাররণে0 3া শধ গচাখ হিদরণেয় রা পরকাশ করহি0ল কা বলরণেত বলরণেত গলাকটি পাঞজাহিব লহিn খরণেল জ কররণেত শর করল তাই গদরণেখ হিবষটবাব ত2মভ রণেয় গল চাটি ারার 2হিnরণেত গলাকটি হিবষটবাবর হিদরণেক এরণোরণেল হিতহি3 াা 3ীচ করণের 3াহিরণেয় গ33 হিদ গলাকটি হিবষটবাবরণেক চাটিরণেয় ায় তারণেল হিতহি3 তাাতাহিউরণেঠ গলাকটিরণেক ধররণেত পাররণেব3 3া কার তার শরীরণেরর ওজরণে3র জ3য এই শরণে3 হিবষটবাব বরণে3া গারণেষর ত গতরণেZরণে উরণেঠ দাাল তারণেত গলাকটি দাহিরণেয় শরীরটারণেক একট দহিলরণেয় হি3ল এই সব শরণে3 হিবষট ধর চপ করণের রইল শধ lsquoগঘাৎrsquo করণের একটা শবদ করল গলাকটি হিসহি হিদরণেয় ওঠা3াা কররণে0 গদরণেখ হিবষটবাব খাহি3কটা হিদরণেশারা রণেয় গলহিবষটবাবর গচারণেখ রারণের বদরণেল এখ3 গকৌতল হিতহি3 বরণেল3 ldquoখাওায় আার গলা2 গ3ই Uায়টিং কহিরrdquo হিকনত হিতহি3 কতটা Uায়টিং করণের তা তার শরীর আর খাবারণেরর তাহিলকা গদরণেখ গলাকটি বরণে= গল গলাকটি এহিরণেয় হিরণেয় হিবষটবাবর 2হিরণেত াত বহিলরণেয় হিদরণেল গস আরা অ32ব করণের3 এবং হিপহি0রণেয় া3 গলাকটি হিবষটবাবর সারণে3 তার শরীরণেরর কসরত পরদশ3 কররণেল হিবষটবাব রণে3 রণে3 হিব হিব করণের বরণেল3 হিতহি3ও গরাা রণেত চা3 গসই হরণেত nা গরণেক আবার হিচৎকার গ2রণেস আরণেস lsquoগকা হি3 গকা হি3rsquo
ldquoকী রক Uায়টিংrdquo-ক)বকতা গককারণেক বলরণে0খ)Uায়টিং কার অ কী ) Uায়টিং করা বযহিকতর গচারার ব3া দাও ঘ) তার Uায়টিং এর ব3া দাও
উঃ- ক) আরণেলাচয অংশটি হিত3ltীর গলখা lsquoগকাহি3rsquo উপ3যাস গরণেক গ3ওয়া রণেয়রণে0 আরণেলাচয কাটি বকতা রণেল3 সাদা লহিnপরা ারণেয় গরয়া পাঞজাহিব ও কারণেধ রহিn3 বযা ওয়ালা হিiহিতশ হিসং হিতহি3 কাটি বরণেলরণে03 হিবষট ধররণেকখ) Uারণেয়টিং কার অ ল পহিরহিত খাদয গর অাৎ খাদয তাহিলকায় সসত খারণেদযর গ3াগ3 বজায় গররণেখ খাদয গর) হিবষট ধরণেরর গচারা হিবশাল ওজ3 পরায় হিত3 গদখরণেত জলহিসতর রণেতা সারা শরীরণের চহিব ল ল কররণে0 বয়স পরায় চহিশ হিবশাল 2হি উপ রণেয় শরণেল হিচৎ রণেত পারণের3া গকউ গঠরণেল হিদরণেল হিচৎ রণেত পারণের তারণেক কায় নধ াদ3 পবরণেতর সরণেn তল3া করা য়ঘ) হিবষট ধর গকৌতলী রণেয় বরণেল তার খাওয়ার গকা3 গলা2 গ3ই গস Uায়টিং করণের আরণে গস আধ হিকরণেলা হিiর গখত এখ3 গস হিত3রণেশা গরা হিiর খায় জল খাবারণের কহিটা লহিচ গখত এখ3 পরণে3রণেরাটা লহিচ খায় আাইরণেশা গরা চারণেলর 2াত খায় হিঘ খাওয়া গ0রণে হিদরণেয়রণে0 রারণেত াতর বারণেরাটা রটি খায় হিবরণেকরণেল দ-গলাস হি0হিরর জল সরণেn চাররণেট কা পারণেকর সরণেltশ বাহিরণেত রাধাকষণ আরণে0 বরণেল হিবষট ধর া0 াংস খায়3া আর তারণেত তার গকা3 গলা2 লালসা গ3ই
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 276 to 313 (Sebastian helliphellipIt struck mine ear most terribly)[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]
Summary Questions amp AnswersConspiracy of Antonio and Sebastian
o Antonio further suggests murder of Alonso and eventually Sebastian agrees
o They draw their swords and proceed to murder Alonso and Gonzalo who are sleeping
(1) (Act II Sc 2 L 277-291)ANTONIO Ay sir where lies that If rsquotwere a kibe
rsquoTwould put me to my slipper but I feel notThis deity in my bosom Twenty consciencesThat stand rsquotwixt me and Milan candied be they And melt ere they molest Here lies your brotherNo better than the earth he lies uponIf he were that which now hes likemdashthats deadWhom I with this obedient steel three inches of itCan lay to bed for ever (whiles you doing thus
o As they approach Ariel appears again and wakes up Gonzalo by singing a tune in his ear Alonso also wakes up and they see both Sebastian and Antonio with drawn swords On being caught off guard they make up a story saying that they had heard a bellowing of bulls or lions
IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED
(Act II Sc 1 L 277-281)ANTONIOAy sir where lies that If rsquotwere a kibersquoTwould put me to my slipper but I feel notThis deity in my bosom Twenty consciencesThat stand rsquotwixt me and Milan candied be they And melt ere they molest
In these lines Antonio speaks how he is a conscienceless villain In inciting Sebastian to the kingship of Naples by murdering his brother he quotes his own example He too had banished his brother and made himself the Duke of Milan This kingship now sits upon him like a well fittinggarment So will be the case of Sebastian Sebastian then questions Antonio if this foul deed did not prick his conscience To this Antonio replies like a hardened villain He laughs at the word lsquoconsciencersquo and says that he has never heard of anything like conscience A guilty conscience gave him no more pain that is chilblain (M a painful itching and swelling on hand and foot caused by exposure to extreme cold) A man can get rid of the pain of chilblain by wearing slippers instead of shoes so does Antonio get rid of the qualms (M an uneasy feeling of doubt worry or fear especially about onersquos conduct) of conscience very easily Even if he were troubled by twenty consciences that barred his way to the throne of Milan however frozen they might be he would melt them into insensibility before they could cause him to twinge
To the perpetual wink of aye might putThis ancient morsel this Sir Prudence whoShould not upbraid our course) - for all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour
(i) To whom does Antonio speak these lines Who is referred to as lsquoyour brotherrsquo What does Antonio mean by saying lsquoNo better than the earth he lies uponrsquo
These lines are spoken by Antonio to Sebastian King Alonso is referred to as Sebastianrsquos brother Indicating towards Alonso who is lying asleep on the ground Antonio tells Sebastian that here sleeps his brother and at this time he is no better than a clod of the earth on which he lies asleep Antonio means to say that if he were actually to become what he looks like he would be a dead body(ii) According to Antonio what would he do if he were at the place of Sebastian
Antonio says that if he were in the position of Sebastian he would not care even for twenty consciences in order to win the kingship of Naples He would rather forget all his consciences if they happen to trouble him at all (iii) What does Antonio suggest to Sebastian What does Antonio assure him
Antonio suggests to Sebastian that in a moment Sebastian can put to death Gonzalo who pretends to be a very wise man and who on that account rebukes others (particularly Antonio and Sebastian) whereas he (Antonio) himself can put Alonso to death with only three inches of his willing sword Antonio further assures Sebastian that by killing both of them there will be none left to oppose him and in this way every obstacle in his way will be removed
(iv) Explain the lines lsquofor all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hourrsquo
In other words Antonio says that even if he were endowed with a stiff conscience he could easily relax or soften it for the execution of his purpose Then Antonio suggests that conscience should be no hindrance to a manrsquos future greatness
Comments These are terrible words coming from the mouth of a villain of the worst type He is utterly devoid of conscience or remorse He is an utter atheist of human virtue He speaks of conscience as a deity that he does not feel in his bosom
According to Antonio so far as the other lords (Adrian Francisco and others) are concerned they need not be murdered because they would obey the orders of Antonio and Sebastian as willingly and readily as cat licks milk These other lords would endorse and support everything that Sebastian and Antonio may say or suggest These other lords would adjust their views in accordance with the wishes of Antonio and Sebastian and they would regard all proposals made by Antonio and Sebastian as being opportune and also as being acceptable(v) What opinion do you form of Antonio from the above speech
The speech given above shows Antonio to be an absolutely unscrupulous man After saying that he does not believe in any such faculty as the conscience he suggests to Sebastian to
(Act II Sc 1 L 285-291)ANTONIOhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (whiles you doing thus To the perpetual wink of aye might putThis ancient morsel this Sir Prudence whoShould not upbraid our course) - for all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour
Antonio has convinced Sebastian that he has made himself Duke of Milan by a crime for which he has felt no pricks of conscience In these lines Antonio tells Sebastian that now that the chance has presented itself to him he should take it and be King of Naples So far as Alonso is concerned Antonio agrees to undertake the task of killing him by sticking only three inches of his sharp dagger Making a thrust in the air with his sword he tells Sebastian that by a similar method he can put to sleep forever Gonzalo ndash the old piece of flesh already rotten ndash this piece of antiquity ndash this ldquoSir Prudencerdquo who is never tired of reading his moral lectures to them If ldquoProfessor Wisdomrdquo is got rid of he will not be able to denounce their action as he would surely do if they did not dispatch him as well As for the rest of the kingrsquos counselors (Adrian and Francisco) it is their nature to adopt any statements and views which are placed before them just as it is the nature of a cat to lap milk Antonio assures Sebastian that ldquothese othersrdquo will back them up in whatever they say or do that they will count the strokes of the clock exactly as they bid them not according to the real time but according to the time that is right for their business Hence only two persons Alonso and Gonzalo are required to be removed to fulfill their ambition
murder Gonzalo at the very time when he (Antonio) stabs Alonso to death And yet this brutal man has a fertile wit also He can talk in a persuasive manner and also in a sarcastic and satirical manner He knows human nature thoroughly and he understands that Gonzalo is loyal to Alonso while the other lords are only sycophants who can easily be won over to Sebastianrsquos side after Alonso has been assassinated
(2) (Act II Sc 1 291-296)SEBASTIAN Thy case dear friend
Shall be my precedent as thou gotst MilanIll come by Naples Draw thy swordmdashone strokeShall free thee from the tribute which thou payest And I the King shall love thee
ANTONIO Draw together And when I rear my hand do you the likeTo fall it on Gonzalo
(i) Explain the situation and introduce the persons engaged in conversation
After the supposed shipwreck King Alonso with his lords his brother Sebastian and Antonio the Duke of Milan land on a strange island Prince Ferdinand is feared to be drowned While the King and others have fallen asleep after exertions of the day and Ariel with his sweet music acting as a catalyst Antonio and Sebastian are awake They have hatched a conspiracy to kill King Alonso and his loyal lord Gonzalo Then Sebastian will become King of NaplesIn these lines Antonio and Sebastian are engaged in conversation They are just ready to execute their plan to attack King Alonso and Gonzalo simultaneously(ii) Antoniorsquos case shall become Sebastianrsquos precedent What has been Antoniorsquos case
Antonio proved treacherous towards his brother Prospero who was the Duke of Milan Since Prospero spent his time in his scholarly pursuits he had delegated his powers to his younger brother Antonio to administer the dukedom Antonio grew ambitious He overthrew his brother and expelled him from his own dukedom In his place Antonio became the Duke of Milan which he continues to be now His case urges Sebastian to do the same(iii) How is Sebastian going to follow Antonio
Sebastian is going to take Antoniorsquos case as his precedent He is convinced that if Antonio could usurp the dukedom from his living brother Sebastian could become the King of Naples by killing his sleeping brother(iv) What will one stroke of Antoniorsquos sword do What will Sebastian do to reward Antonio
Sebastian asks Antonio to put an end to Alonsorsquos life with one stroke of his sword The same stroke will earn for him a reward Sebastian will become the King of Naples and he will exempt Antonio from paying the annual tribute to Naples The dukedom of Milan is a tributary to the kingdom of Naples Its Duke has to pay tribute to the King every year When Sebastian takes over as the King he will give a benefit to his friend who is helping him to realize his ambition
(v) What is Antoniorsquos suggestion
Antonio suggests that they may draw their swords together When he raises his hand to attack Alonso Sebastian should raise his sword to bring it down on Gonzalo
ACCOUNTS-11 25062020 Topic- depreciation ndashSTRAIGHT LINE METHOD
Illustration Salman and Usman Bros acquired a machine on July 1 2014 at a cost of Rs 70000 and spent Rs5000 on its installation The firm writes off depreciation 10 on straight line method The books are closed on December 31 every year Show the machinery and depreciation account for three years
Solution Machinery Account
Date Particulars LF amount Date Particulars LF` Amount ( Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014July 01 To Bank Ac 70000 Dec 31 Dec By Depreciation Ac 3750
(70000 x10x612)
July 01 To Bank Ac 5000 Dec31 By Balance cd 71250
75000 75000
2015 2015Jan 01 To Balance bd 71250 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 x10 ) Dec31 By Balance cd 63750
71250 71250
2016 2016Jan 01 To Balance bd 63750 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 (75000 x10 ) Dec 31 By Balance cd 56250
63750 63750
Depreciation Account
Date Particulars LF Amount Date Particulars LF Amount (Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 3750 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 3750
2015 2015
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
2016 2016
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
WORKING
Cost of Machine RS70000Cost of Installation Rs 5000
Total 75000
Rate of Depreciation 10
Then annual depreciation will be 10 of Rs 75000 = Rs 7500
Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution Geography DRIANAGE THE PENINSULAR RIVERS
1 The Mahanadi2 The Godavari3 The Krishna4 The Kaveri5 The Subarnarekha6 The Narmada7 The Tapi8 The Sabarmati and the Mahi9 The Chambal
The Mahanadi Basin The Mahanadi rises from Dandakaranya
Q1 Which is the largest river of peninsular plateau Write a brief note about its courseA1 The largest river of peninsular plateau is Godavari The river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has
near Sihawa in Raipur district in the highlands of Chhattisgarhand flows through Odisha to reach the Bay of BengalThe length of the river is about 857 kmIts drainagebasin is shared by Maharashtra Chhattisgarh Jharkhandand Odisha
THE MAHANADI RIVER SYSTEM
The GodavariThe river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
THE GODAVARI RIVER SYSTEM
many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
Q2 Which river is known as Dakshin GangaA2 The Godavari river is known as lsquoDakshin Gangarsquo It is also known as Vridha Ganga
Q3 Differentiate between east-flowing rivers and west-flowing riversA3
East-flowing rivers
West-flowing rivers
Godavari Krishna Kaveri Mahanadi are the east-flowing rivers
Narmada Tapiwest-flowing rivers
They fall into the Bay of Bengal
They fall into Arabian Sea
These rivers form big deltas
These rivers form comparativelysmall deltas
Catchment area of these river are larger
Catchment area of these river are smaller
The KrishnaThe Krishna river rises from the Western Ghatsnear Mahabaleshwar It flows into the Bay of Bengalbefore forming a large delta Its length is about1400 km The Tungabhadra Koyana Ghatprabha Musi and Bhima are some of its tributariesIt has covers parts of Maharashtra Karnataka and AndhraPradesh
THE KRISHNA RIVER SYSTEM
The KaveriIt rises in the Brahmagiri range of the Western Ghats and flows into the Bay ofBengal Southof Cuddalore in Tamil Nadu The length of the river is about 760 km Its main tributaries are the Amravati Bhavani Hemavati and Kabini The Kaveri drains inthe parts of Karnataka Kerala and drains in Tamil Nadu The river Kaveri makes the second biggest waterfall in India known as Sivasamudram
POLITICAL SCIENCE
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
MEANING OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS-Fundamental rights are those rights which are essential for intellectual moral and spiritual development of citizens of India As these rights are fundamental or essential for existence and all-round development of individuals hence they are called Fundamental rights These are enshrined in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India These include individual rights common to most such as equality before the law freedom of speech and freedom of expression religious and cultural freedom Freedom of assembly (peaceful assembly) freedom of religion (freedom to practice religion) right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writsThere are six fundamental rights recognized by the Indian constitution
1 Right to equality (Articles 14-18)2 Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22)3 Right Against exploitation (Articles 23-24)4 Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25- 28)5 Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29-30) and6 Right to Constitutional remedies (Articles 32-35)
1 The right to equality includes equality before the law the prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion race caste gender or place of birth equality of opportunity in matters of employment the abolition of untouchability and abolition of titles
2 The right to freedom includes freedom of speech and expression association or union or cooperatives movement residence and right to practice any profession or occupation
3 The right against exploitation prohibits all forms of forced labour child labour and trafficking of human beings
4 The right to freedom of religion includes freedom of conscience and free profession practice and propagation of religion freedom to manage religious affairs freedom from certain taxes and freedom from religious instructions in certain educational institutes
5 The Cultural and educational Rights preserve the right of any section of citizens to conserve their culture language or script and right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice
6 The right to constitutional remedies is present for enforcement of fundamental rightsThe right to privacy is an intrinsic part of Article 21 (the Right to Freedom) that protects the life and liberty of the citizens The right to privacy is the newest right assured by the Supreme court of India It assures the peoples data and personal security
Fundamental rights for Indians have also been aimed at overturning the inequalities of pre-independence social practices Specifically they have also been used to abolish untouchability and thus prohibit discrimination on the grounds of religion race caste sex or place of birth They also forbid trafficking of human beings and forced labour (a crime) They also protect cultural and educational rights of religious and linguistic minorities by allowing them to preserve their languages and also establish and administer their own education institutions They are covered in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India
Mathematics
Relation Study Item Types of RelationToday class xii students we will discuss about the types of RelationsFirst we discuss Void RelationWhat is Void RelationAns Let A be a non-empty set Then φ A A and so it is a relation R on set A Thissube ⨯ relation is called the void or empty relation on set ANow from the above definition we came to know that no element of A is related to any element of AHere A A is called Cartesian product⨯
is the symbol of subsetsubeAnd φ is called phi and refer to void or empty relationNow I give an example to understand the above said relationLet A = 1 2 3 4Here A A =(11)(12)(13)(14)(21)(22)(23)(24)(31)(32)(33)(34)(41)⨯(42)(43)(44)Now we consider R is a relation which is defined by R=(ab) a+b= 50We notice that a+b 50 for any two elements of AnotinTherefore (ab) R for any ab A is called belong to and is not belong tonotin isin isin notinTherefore we can say R does not contain any element of A A⨯Therefore R is empty set Therefore we can say that R is the void or empty relation on AWhat is universal RelationAns Let A is a set Then A A A A and so it is a relation on A This relation is called⨯ sube ⨯ the universal relation on ANow from the above definition we can say that each element of A is related to every element of ANow we consider the relation R on the set A =1 234 defined by R = (ab) R |a -b|isin
0≽We observe that|a - b | 0 for all ab A≽ isin
(ab) R for all (ab) A ArArr isin isin ⨯ Each element of set A is related to set A every element of set ArArr
Therefore we write R= AxATherefore we can say R is universal relation on set ANote we can say that void relation is smallest relation and the universal relation is largest relationSometime both void relation and universal relation is called trivial relationWhat is identity relationAns Let A is a non-empty set Then the relation R or IA = (aa) a A on A is called theisin identity relation on A Therefore from the above definition we can say that every element of A is related to itself only
Example Let A = 1234 then Ror IA = (11)(22)(33)(44) is the identity relation on set ANow I give you another example R1 = (11)(22)(33) and R2 = (11)(22)(33)(44)(24)From the above example we can say that R1 and R2 are not identify relation Because in the case of R1 (44)R1 and on the other hand R2 where element 2 is related to elements 2 and 4
Hindi 2ndlang
भलि[ (महादी मा)
भलि[ कहानी की लखिखका महादी मा न इस कहानी म यह दशान का परयास गिकया ह गिक आजकल क जमान म भी लो सक बन कर गिनसाथ सा करत ह ह
गिबना तन लिसा करत ह और उसक बदल ना कछ मात ह और ना ही कोई आशा करत ह नौकर सा करक तन चाहता ह और ह भी कई सगिधाओ की आशा करता ह पर सक सदा गिनजी साथ भा स सा म सलगन रह कर काम करता ह भलि[ कहानी की मखय पातर लकषमी ह जिजस भलि[ नाम लखिखका न दिदया ह ह गिकसी
ोपाल काकी कनया ह पाच रष की आय म उसकी गि माता न ौना ही कर दिदया कहानी म भलि[ क दखो का अत नही ह गिफर भी ह बडी साहसी धयान और परिरशरमी ह कदिठनाइयो स जझ ती ह पहल गिपता की मतय गिफर पगित की मतय और
गिफर घर जमाई की मतय होती ह उस साहसी मगिहला न साहस नही छोडा और तीनो पतरी ओक हाथ पील गिकए लाना द पान क कारण उसका जमीदार न अपमान गिकया गिफरकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहचीकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहची शहर पहच करा लखिखका की सगिका बनी ही पर उसका नाम भलि[ पडा ह एक भ[ की तरह अपन सामिमनी की इमानदारी स सा करती और तन का जिजकर भी नही करती ह लखिखका क घर पाठशाला आदिद को अचछी तरह स सभालती पढी-
लिलखी ना होकर भी ह लखिखका की बहत सा ए सहायता करती ह लखिखका का साया बनकर चलती लखिखका की सा करना उसक जीन का उददशय ह ह
लखिखका की खशी क लिलए ही काय करती ह ह लखिखका को दखी नही दख सकती लखिखका पर भलि[ का इतना परभा पडा गिक ह सय दहाती बन ई
यदध क दिदनो म ह अपन परिरार क साथ रहन की अपकषा लखिखका क साथ रहना पसद करती थी यदध क भत न जब ीटा क ान पर पलायन गित जा दी तो
भलि[ न न लखिखका को अपन ा ल जान का अनरोध करन ली लखिखका को डर ह गिक यदिद उसक गिदा होन क अगितम छठा ए तो ह दहातीन दधा कया कर ी
इस परकार हम दखत ह गिक लखिखका न सामिमनी और सगिका क ण बरसात हए सक धम पर परकाश डाला ह और लखिखका न एक आदश सगिका क रप को सदर
रप स परसतत गिकया हBengali আদাব পরশন) ldquoশরণের ১৪৪ ধারা আর কারহিZউ অU ার জারী রণেয়রণে0ldquo
ক) কার গলখা গকা3 রচ3ার অংশ খ)গকাায় গক3 ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়রণে0 )১৪৪ ধারা কী এর Zরণেল কী য়
উততর) ক)আরণেলাচ য অংশটি সরণেরশ বসর রহিচত lsquoআদাবlsquo গ0াট রণেলপর অংশ
খ) বাংলারণেদরণেশর ঢাকা শরণের ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়হি0ল সামপরদাহিয়ক াnাা ও দাnা পরহিতরণেরারণেধর জ3 য হিlt সলা3রণেদর গ3তারণেদর সামপরদাহিয়ক উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা বারণেধ উ2য় সমপরদায় 2ীত রণেয় ঘর বহিlt রণেয় পরণে পরসপর পরসপররণেক সরণেltরণের গচারণেখ গদরণেখ গকউ কাউরণেক আরণের রণেতা হিবশবাস কররণেত পারণের3া হিক0 া3রণেষর উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা য় ার পহির3া অরণেতক রকত iয় ও ত য
) ১৪৪ ধারা আইরণে3র এ3 একটা ধারা ার _ারা এলাকা হি3হিদ ষট করণের গদওয়া য় গসই এলাকার রণেধ য গবহিশ া3রণেষর জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় হিহি0ল জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় আই3 2nকারীরণেক গহিলর হি3রণেদশ জাহির করা য় তাই সাধার3 া3ষ আর বাইরণের গবর রণেত পারণের3া পরারণে3র 2রণেয় বহিlt রণেয় ারণেক এর Zল য় সাংঘাহিতক গদাকা3 পাট বনধ ারণেক
হিজহি3স পতর অহিল য় রাসতা ঘাট জ3 শ3 য রণেয় ায় লরণেঠরা তারণেদর লঠত রাজ চাহিলরণেয় হি3রণেজরণেদর আরণেখর গহি0রণেয় গ3য় া3ষরণেক 2ীহিতর হিব2ীহিষহিক গরাস করণের ঘরণেরর া3রণেষর ইkা াকরণেলও ঘরণের হিZররণেত পারণের3া হিZররণেত হিরণেয় বltরণেকর গহিলরণেত পরা3 ারায়
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today we will discuss about Types of Leaves
An organization provides several kinds of leaves to the employees These days employees working both in government and private sector are allowed several types of leaves Following are the leaves achieved by the employees from their organization
Casual LeaveChild care leave -HospitalLeaveSpecial disability leaveChild Adoption leaveEarned LeavesHalf pay leaveMaternity leavePaternityleaveStudy leave
1 Casual Leave- Casual leave is not a recognised form of leaves and is not subject to any rules made by the government of India And official on casual leave is not treated as Absent from duty and pay is not intimated Normally 8 days of casual leave is permissible in a calendar year
2 Child care leave - Women employees having minor children may be granted child care leave by an authority competent to grant leave for a maximum period of 730 days means two years during their entire service for taking care of up to two children weather for sharing or to look after any of their names like examination sickness it is a
3HospitalLeave - Hospital leave is admissible to group C employees whose duties involved handling of dangerous machinery explosive materials poisonous drugs and performance of hazardous task and to group D employees Medical certificate from an authorised medical attendant is necessary for the grant of these leave However total period of
leave does not exceed 28 months4Special disability leave- Special
disability leave admissible to all employees when disabled by injury intentionally or accidentally inflicted are caused in law in consequence of the due performance of official duties or in consequence of official position It also it is also add miscible when disabled by illness incurred in the performance of any particular duty which has the effect of increasing laboratory to illness or injury beyond the ordinary least attaching to the Civil post held and the same condition
5Child Adoption leave- This leave is granted to female Employees with fewer than two surviving children on valid adoption of a child below the age of one year for a period of 135 days immediately after the date of valid adoption Leave salary will be equal to the pain immediately before processing on leave
6Earned Leaves- This leave is earned by duty The credit for earned leave will be awarded at a rate of 15 days on the 1st of January and 1st of July every year It can be accumulated up to 300 days in addition to the number of days for which encashment has been allowed along with LTC
7 Half pay leave -All government servant are entitled to 20 days of HPL half pay leave for every completed year of service Half pay leave is calculated at 20 days for each completed year of service The service includes periods of duty and leave including extra ordinary leave with or without MC (medical certificate)
8 Maternity leave -Maternity leave is granted to women Government employees full stop it is as possible only to Employees with less than 2 surviving children The maternity leave is not debited to leave account and full pay is granted It cannot be combined with any other the leaves and count as service for increment and pension
9 PaternityleaveA male employee with less than 2 surviving children may be granted paternity leave for a period of 15 days during the confinement of
his wife During the period of such leaves he shall be paid leave salary equal to the pay drawn immediately before proceeding on leave
10 Study leave-Study leave may be granted to all Government Employees with not less than 5 years service for undergoing a special course consisting of higher studies are specialised training in a professional or technical subject having a direct and close connection with the sphere of his duties as a Civil Servant
Commerce
Chapter-5Management
Let us today discuss about the nature of Management
Nature of management Management is defined as
An art A science A profession
Management is defined as an art because of the following reasons
1 In art there is an existence of theoretical knowledge Similarly in management various theories are propounded by management thinkers in various areas of management like finance marketing human resources etc
2 Every manager apply his or her personal skills and knowledge in the day to day functioning of an enterprise
3 Like an art management is creative as it provides solutions to Complex problems making resources productive and profitable moulding the attitudes of people for the betterment of an organisation
Management is is considered as science because of the following reasons
1 Like science there is a systemised body of knowledge in management consisting of theories principles vocabulary and concept
2 Principles of management are evolved after continuous observations and experimentation
Management both as Science and ArtManagement is both a science and an art It is a science because it uses certain principles and is an art because it requires continuous practice and application of personal skillsManagement as a profession Following points highlight whether management is a profession or not1 Like profession management has well
defined body of knowledge It has its own principles which are based on experiments One can acquire such
knowledge by pursuing courses like MBA BBA etc and acquire managerial skills through instruction and training
2 In management no such restriction is there for managers to clear an examination for hold a degree However these days more and more people are appointed for managerial post who opposes management degrees
3 Membership to a professional Association like AIMA is not mandatory for managers All managers directly or indirectly work for the development of society
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Essay Questions (EQ-2)
Question No 2Sketch the character of Prospero Would you call him perfect
AnswerProspero in The Tempest appears to be an intensely human being with human failings and weaknesses With all his excellence Prospero is made to awaken our sympathy for a natural imperfection Prosperorsquos Previous HistoryIn his retrospective narration of his previous history to Miranda we get a glimpse into Prosperorsquos past life As the Duke of Milan Prospero buried himself in his magic books which he prized above his dukedom He was essentially a scholar with no practical wisdom He failed to perform his first duty by neglecting the governance of his state and gave an opportunity to his wicked brother to undermine his throne He was thus driven from his home and thrown in a leaky boat with his weeping daughter to drift in the perilous seas It is only the thought of his little child that kept him aliveThe Development of Prosperorsquos CharacterThe development of his character is evident from the contrast between what he was before his banishment and what he is now in the island Formerly when his ldquolibrary was dukedom enoughrdquo he was altogether too unsuspecting Now he is watchful as providence and takes care to guard himself against the possibility of evil He has learnt to know human nature in its worst forms even Caliban has taught him something He will no longer put his trust in appearance except as ldquostale to catch thievesrdquo nor in oaths of which the strongest he says ldquoare straw to the fire irsquo the bloodrdquo He who once neglected worldly ends now consistently asserts his dignity enforces obedience and deals out justice with impartial hand He who without a thought of evil gave his power and his revenues into his brotherrsquos hands now puts Ferdinand to the severest test as a trial of his love before entrusting his daughter to him He makes the most practical use imaginable of his magic art exacts prompt servitudefrom his attendants does not hesitate to punish them is resolved and firm and knows how to seize the proper moment for action He is a most careful father to his daughter a considerate master of Ariel severe against the brutal Caliban humane towards the repentant enemies full of experience and wisdomThe Exercise of his Power ndash his SternnessWhat appears to us at the first sight one of the least pleasing features of Prosperorsquos character is the sternness which he frequently displays more particularly in his dealings with Caliban His harshness towards Caliban resulted from the failure of gentler methods his severity towards Ferdinand was exercised in the interest of his daughter ldquolest too light winning make the prize lightrdquo and his punishment of Alonso Sebastian and Antonio is justified by the attainment of his objectiveProsperorsquos TendernessThe tender side of Prosperorsquos character is exhibited in his relation to Miranda Ariel Gonzalo and the repentant sinners His love for Miranda is unbounded She was almost life to him In his darkest hours of trial this love sustained him and gave him strength to put a bold front to suffering He addresses her always with tenderness She is to him a lsquoloved darlingrsquo lsquodear heartrsquo lsquoa rich giftrsquo lsquoa third of his own lifersquo The same affectionate nature is shown in his dealing with his brother Antonio He loved his brother Antonio only next to Miranda before Antonio conspired against him In the island when Antonio is brought before him he forgives him
readily To Gonzalo the good old councilor he is all affection He sheds tears of joy and gratitude when he meets him in the island To Ariel he is a loving and considerable master Ariel is always to him ldquomy brave spiritrdquo ldquofine spiritrdquo ldquodelicate Arielrdquo ldquomy Arielrdquo etc When he promises Ariel his freedom he says with real emotion ndash ldquoI shall miss theerdquoProsperorsquos Power as a MagicianThe practice of magic has placed wonderful powers in the hands of Prospero He uses his supernatural powers like a god only to bring about the happiest results He causes The Tempest and the shipwreck only to bring his enemies within his power and not to destroy them Not a soul perished in the storm He leads Ferdinand to Miranda his high charms work and as he wishes the two falls in love He frustrates the plots of the conspirators and makes them know that he was conscious of it He drives Sebastian and Alonso to sincere repentance and readily forgives them The drunken associates of Caliban are no doubt sternly treated but even then they are promised conditional pardon The whole play at last ends in reconciliation joy and peace The wrongs are set right the lovers are made happy Ariel is set free and thus the powerful magician retires into the solitude of his study at MilanProsperorsquos ForgivenessAllied to his wisdom is his forgiving nature Though deeply wronged he bears no spite against the wrong-doers Though his power is unlimited he uses it to noble purposes The lesson of adversity has taught him that ldquoThe rarer action is in virtue than in vengeancerdquoProspero does not debase his noble nature by revenge but forgives his enemies absolutely He drives his erstwhile enemies to a sincere penitence for their past misdeeds and when repentance has wrought its full effect on them he receives them into his arms and is reconciled to them Is Prospero perfectProspero creates a great impression upon our minds by his dignity his nobility the divine spirit of forgiveness in him his generous and sympathetic nature etc Even with all these virtues we cannot call him perfect We perceive certain faults in him He displays an occasional impatience irritability and even a certain harshness of feeling His severe treatment of Caliban might have been justified but the language in which he addresses the monster and the threats that he uses show him to be a kind of tyrant On learning of Calibanrsquos plot against his life he is as violently disturbed and agitated as any ordinary human being would be His manner towards Ariel when the latter demands his liberty also seems somewhat arbitrary and tyrannicalSubject ndashBiology Topic ndashChapter -5 Inheritance amp Variations Summary ExecutionToday we will discuss about NON-Mendelian Inheritance
NON_MENDELIAN INHERITANCE Incomplete Dominance It is an inheritance in which heterozygous offspring shows
intermediate character between two parental characteristics Eg Flower colour in snapdragon (dog flower or Antirrhinum sp) and
Mirabilis jalapa ( 4rsquoO clock plant) Here phenotypic and genotypic ratios are same Phenotypic Ratio 1Red 2 Pink 1 White Genotypic Ratio 1(RR) 2 (Rr) 1(rr) This means that R was not completely dominant over r Pea plants also show incomplete dominance in other traits
Co- dominance It is the inheritance in which both alleles of a gene are expressed in a
hybrid Eg ABO blood grouping in human ABO Blood groups are controlled by the gene I The plasma membrane of the RBC has sugar polymer that protrude
from its surface and is controlled By the gene The gene I has three alleles IA IB i The alleles IA and IB produce a slightly different form of the sugar
while allele i does not produce any sugar In AB blood group both IA and IB are present together This is co ndash
dominanceMultiple Alleles
Multiple alternatives of the same gene which influence the same character and produce different expressions in different individuals of a species or population same genes have more than two allelic
forms These different forms of a single gene are referred as multiple alleles Eg human Blood group
Ac-12 250620 Topic- retirement
Illustration Om Jai and Jagdish are partners sharing profit in the ratio of 3 2 l Their balance sheet as at December 31st 2014 is as under
Balance sheet as at December 31 2014
Liabilities Amount Assets Amount
(Rs`) (Rs`)
Creditors 80000 Building 180000 Bills Payable 26000 Plant 140000 General reserve 24000 Motor Car 40000 Capital Stock 100000 Om 160000 Debtors 63000 Jai 120000 Less Provision Jagdish 120000
400000 for Bad debts 3000
60000 Cash at Bank 10000
530000 530000
Jai retires on that date on the following terms(a) The Goodwill of the firm is valued at Rs 60000(b) Stock and Building to be appreciated by 10(c) Plant is depreciated by 10(d) Provision for Bad debts is increased upto Rs 5000(e) Jairsquos share of goodwill was adjusted through remaining partners capital accountThe amount due to Jai is paid out of the fund brought in by Om and Jagdish in theirnew profit sharing ratio Jai is paid full amountPrepare Revaluation Account and Partnerrsquos Capital account
Solution WorkingsIt is assumed that Om and Jagdish gaining ratio remains 3 lJairsquo Share of goodwill = Rs 60000 times 26 = Rs20000Adjusted through the remaining partners capital account in 3 1 ratio
Revaluation Account
Dr Cr
Particulars Amount Particulars Amount
(Rs`) (`Rs)
To Provision for Bad debts 2000 By Stock 10000TO Plant 14000 By Building 18000To Profit transferred toCapital Accounts Om 6000 Jai 4000 Jagdish 2000
12000
28000 28000
Capital AccountDr Cr Particulars Om Jai Jagdish Particulars Om Jai Jagdish
(Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (rs`) (`Rs)
To Capital 15000 mdash 5000 By Balance bd 160000 120000 120000 ToBank 152000 By General Reserve 12000 8000 4000To Balance cd 277000 mdash 159000 By Revaluation (Profit) 6000 4000 2000 By Om Capital mdash 15000 mdash ByJagdish Capital mdash 5000 By Bank 114000 38000
292000 152000 164000 292000 152000 164000
3) Types of Chemical Bond-3 types
A)ElectrovalentIonic Bond
B) Covalent Bond
C) Co-ordinate Dative Bond4) ELECTROVALENT IONIC BOND-
It is the electrostatic force of attraction between the opposite charged ions which holds them together
The chemical compounds formed as a result of electron transfer from one atom of an element to another are called IONIC or ELECTROVALENT COMPOUND
The number of electrons which an element loses or gains during the formation of an ionic bond is called its ELECTROVALENCY
Conditions for the formation of Ionic Compounds-
i Large electronegativity difference between the combining atoms
ii Low IP for one of the atoms from which the cation can be easily formed
iii High electron affinity for one of the atoms from which the anions can be easily formed
iv High Lattice Energy
A
1) Electropositive Elements- have the tendency to lose the electrons and form Cations
eg- Na K Fe -mostly metals
2) Electronegative Elements- have the tendency to gain the electrons and form Anions
eg- Cl F O - mostly Non-metals
Q Give the brief description about the formation of NaCl
A See your Text Book
Q Practise the two types of diagram of the formation of different ionic compound
A See your Text Book
English All Summer in a Answer the following questions-
literature Day 3) Why did the children hate herAns- The children sensed that Margot was different from them She hated the continuous rain while they were used to it She spoke only about the sun and they had no memory of it They hated her pale snow face her waiting silence her thinness and her possible future of going back to the Earth4) What is the it referred to by WilliamAns- The it referred to by William is the Sun which the scientists had predicted would shine for a short while that day5) What was Margot waiting for Why did William say it was a jokeAns- Margot was waiting to see the sun predicted to shine that day for a short while William did not want her to have the joy of seeing the sun
Geography Water Resources SOURCES OF WATER SURFACE WATER AND GROUNDWATER Earth is known as the Blue Planet because 71 per cent of the Earths surface is covered with water Wateralso exists below land surface and as water vapour in the air Water is not added or removed from the environment it simply changes state and location This constant movement of water throughout our environment is called the hydrological cycle or water cycle Earth cleans and replenishes the water supply through the hydrologic cycle Groundwater exists in an aquifer or
underground layer of permeable rock sediment (usually sand or gravel) or soil that yields water
Aquifers are like underground reservoirs of water
SURFACE WATER The visible bodies of water are referred to as surface water Surface waters can be simply described as the water that is on the surface of the Earth This includes the oceans rivers and streams lakes and reservoirs Surface waters are very important Rivers and streams constitute the flowing surface waters Surface water canbe captured for a variety of biospheric and humanusesRunoff During heavy precipitation water cannot infiltrate into the ground It flows on the surface of the ground and called as runoff
GROUNDWATER Groundwater is detained as water that is found beneath the surface of the Earth in conditions of100 per
Q1 Why the Earth is called as Blue PlanetA1 Earth is known as the Blue Planet because 71 per cent of the Earths surface is covered with water
Q2 Define hydrological cycleA2 Water is not added or removed from the environment it simply changes state and location This constant movement of water throughout our environment is called the hydrological cycle or water cycle Earth cleans and replenishes the water supply through the hydrologic cycle
Q3 What is AquifersA3 Aquifers are like underground reservoirs of water
Q4 Why there is a shortage of fresh waterA4 Although the earth has an abundance of water but unfortunately there is a shortage of fresh water because 997 per cent of it occupied by oceans soils icecaps and floating in the atmosphere and rest 03 percent can use for daily uses
cent saturation (if it is less than100 per cent saturation then the water is considered as soil moisture) Ninety-eight per cent of Earths available fresh water is groundwater It is about60 times as plentiful as the fresh water found in lakes and streams Water in the ground travels through pores in soil and rock and in fractures and weathered areas of bed rockThe majority of fresh water is therefore found under ground as soil moisture and in aquifers
Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 88 to 126 (Portia helliphellip Such as the day is when the sun is hid) [Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]
Summary Questions amp Answerso Launcelot then arrives and informs
Lorenzo that Bassanio will also be arriving soon Both Lorenzo and Jessica return to the house and ask Stephano to order the family musicians to play music in order to extend a fitting welcome to Portia
o Portia and Nerissa dressed in their normal self return home and enter the building Lorenzo recognizes Portias voice and comes to greet her She orders the servants to pretend as if she had never left and asks Lorenzo and Jessica to do the same
o Soon thereafter Bassanio Gratiano and Antonio arrive
(1) PORTIA That light we see is burning in my hall (L 89-101)
How far that little candle throws his beams So shines a good deed in a
naughty worldNERISSA When the moon shone we did not see the candlePORTIA So doth the greater glory dim the less
A substitute shines brightly as a king
Unto the king be by and then his state
Empties itself as doth an inland brook
Into the main of waters Music hark
NERISSA It is your music madam of the housePORTIA Nothing is good I see without respect
Methinks it sounds much sweeter than by day
NERISSA Silence bestows that virtue on it madam
(i) Where are Lorenzo and Jessica sitting What message have they received What are they doing
Lorenzo and Jessica are sitting in Portiarsquos house in Belmont They have just received the message informing them of the arrival of Portia and Bassanio separately They are waiting for their arrivals and enjoying the beauty of the moonlight night(ii) In which mood is Lorenzo found after Stephanorsquos departure
After Stephanorsquos departure Lorenzo reverts to his romantic mood He is carried away by the magic of the loveliness of the moonlight He draws Jessicarsquos attention and says that the moonlight is sleeping beautifully on the raised ground He says that they will sit there and enjoy the sweetness of the gentle
music which will shortly creep into their ears very softly(iii) Why has Lorenzo sent Stephano What kind of man is he who does not appreciate the sweet harmony of sounds
Lorenzo has sent Stephano to instruct the musicians to play soft music to welcome Portia home Lorenzo tells that the
tranquility and the beautiful night suit the sweet music Praising the ennobling (M lend greater dignity) effect of music Lorenzo tells Jessica that the person who has no music in him and does not appreciate the sweet harmony of sounds is a dangerous person and so should be watched very carefully(iv) Who are returning to Belmont What does Nerissa remark on seeing the light of the house
Portia and Nerissa are returning to Belmont after successfully conducting Antoniorsquos trial in Venice as the lawyer and the clerk respectively When they are near their home Nerissa seeing the light of the house remarks that they did not see this light of this candle when the moon was shining(v) What does Portia comment on Nerissarsquos observation Commenting on Nerissarsquos observation Portia says that the lesser glory becomes insignificant before the greater glory She adds that the kingrsquos representative assumes great splendor and authority when the king himself is not near But before the real king the substitute becomes devoid of all splendor and
authority as the big rivers lose their identity after emptying into the vast sea
SUBJECT PHYSICS [TOPIC FORCE]Answer the following questions ( ICSE questions of previous years from chapter FORCE)
1 Write the position of centre of mass for the following bodies(i) A circular ring (ii) A cylinder(iii) A hollow sphere (iv) A triangular lamina
2 Explain why screw drivers are provided with longer handles3 Compare the magnitude and direction of centripetal force and centrifugal force4 How does uniform circular motion differ from uniform linear motion5 Why is the motion of a body moving with a constant speed around a circular path is said to be
accelerated6 A brass ball is hanging from a cotton thread Draw a neat labeled diagram showing the force acting
on the brass ball and the cotton thread 7 Define moment of force Write the relationship between the SI and CGS unit of moment of force8 Define couple State the SI unit of moment of couple9 A uniform half meter scale balanced horizontally on a knife edge at 29 cm mark when a weight of 20
gmf is suspended from one end(i) Draw the diagram of the arrangementWhat is the weight of the half meter rule
ECO-10 250620 Topic-Supply Analysis
MEANING OF SUPPLYSupply a commodity by a firm or seller may be defined as the quantity of a commodity that a firm or seller offers for sale at a given price during a given time period But the actual sale of the commodity may be different from its supply For example a farmer (produced of wheat) is willing to sell 50 quintals of wheat at a price of ` 15 per kg but he is able to sell only 30 quintals at this price So this case the supply of wheat is 50 quintals but the actual sale is 30 quintals So these two concepts should not be confused with each other Like demand supply also has three elements The definition of supply include (i) the quantity of the commodity that a firm is willing to supply (ii) the price at which it is willing to supply that quantity and (iii) the time period during which it is willing to supply that quantity
FACTORS DETERMINING SUPPLY OR DETERMINANTS OF SUPPLY OF A GOOD
The main determinant of supply is the price of the commodity But the cost of production of a commodity is an important factor in determining profit maximized on output of a firm The cost of production depends on the prices of various inputs like raw material wages of workers interest of capital rent of building etc The supply of a commodity also depends on the technology used in the production of the commodity and many other factors The main factors determining supply of a commodity are(i) Price of the commodity(ii) Price of other related good(iii) Price of inputsfactors(iv) Taxation policy of government(v) Objective of the firm(i) Price of the commodity Other factors determining supply remaining constant there is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity It means the quantity supplied of a commodity increases with rise in price and decreases with fall in price of the commodity More quantity of a commodity is supplied at a higher price and less quantity is supplied at a lower price For example a seller of tomatoes is willing to sell 100 kgs of tomatoes at a price of ` 40 per keg and only 50 kgs at a price of ` 20 per kg Due to this direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity the supply curve has a positive slope Supply curve is upward sloping to the right(ii) Price of other related goods Supply of a commodity is also influenced by the change in the price of other related goods With the help of given resources we can produce several goods by using the same technology This helps the firm to diversify and tide over fluctuations in demand For example a farmer can produce either pulses or food grains by using the resources If the price of pulses increases it becomes more profitable for him to make more production of pulses So he will divert some resources from the production of food grains to the production of pulses The production of pulses will increase and that of food grains will decrease So the supply of pulses will increase if the price of pulses increases and the supply of food grain will decrease at the same price reverse will happen if the price of food grains increases(iii) Price of inputsfactors Change in the price of inputs like raw material wage rent or interest also influences the supply of a commodity For example in the production of cloth cotton is the main raw material If the price of cotton increases the cost of production of cloth will increase At the same price the margin of profit will decrease So the producer will decrease the supply of cloth at the same price On the other hand if the price of cotton falls the cost of production per unit of cloth will decrease and hence the supply of cloth will increase The price of other inputs will also influence the supply of a good in the same manner(iv) Technology of production an improvement in the technology of production of a commodity decreases the per unit cost of the commodity The margin of profit will increase at the same price So the supply of a commodity will increase with improvement in technology of production at the same price On the other hand if a firm uses absolute technology of production the cost of production per unit of the commodity will increase The margin of profit will decrease so the firm will decrease its supply at the same price This is the main reason that the firms are trying to use better technology of production because it not only reduces the cost of production per unit but also improves the quality of the product(v) Taxation policy of government If the government reduces the excise duty or the production of a commodity the cost of production per unit of the commodity will decrease the margin of profit will increase at the same price so the producer of the commodity will increase its supply It happens when the government wants to increase the production of the commodity On the other hand to discourage the production of some harmful goods like cigarettes liquor etc the government increases the rate of excise duty on the production of such goods So the cost of production per unit of the commodity increases and the supply of such commodities decreases(vi) Objective of the firm The objective of the producer also influences the supply of a commodity Generally the objective of a producer is get maximize his profits Profits are maximized at a higher price So he increases the supply of a commodity at a higher price and decreases its supply at a lower price But sometimes the producer may be in maximizing his sales and not in maximizing his profits as he wants to capture the market In that case he goes on increasing the supply so long his target is not achieved can profit is not adversely affected He may increase the supply at the same price to any extent
SUPPLY FUNCTION
When the relationship between quantity supplied and the determinants of supplied is expressed mathematically in an equation it is called a supply function So a supply function can be expressed asSn = f(Pn Pr Pf T Tr G)where Sn = Supply of commodity nPn = Price of the commodity nPr = Price of other related goodsPf = Price of inputsfactors
T = Technology of productionTr = Government policy or tax rateG = Goal or objective of the producer
Typically supply function shows the relationship between price and quantity supplied keeping all other determinants of supply as constant It shows the amount of a good that a seller supplies at different levels of price
LAW OF SUPPLYThe law of supply depicts the relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity when all other determinants of supply remain constant This law states that there is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity other factors determining supply remaining constant It means quantity supplied of a commodity increases with increase in price and decreases with decrease in price
Assumptions of the law of supplyThe phrase other determinants of supply remaining constant in the law of supply shows the assumptions of the law of supply The mains factors which influence the supply of a commodity one price of the commodity price of other related goods price of inputs technology of production taxation policy of the government and objective of the firm etc The law of supply is based on the assumptions that all these factors determining supply except price of the commodity should remain constant The following are the main assumptions of the law of supply(i) Price of other related goods should remain the same(ii) There should be no change in the price of inputs (factors)(iii) Technology of production should not change(iv) There is no change in the taxation policy of the government(v) Objective of the firm should not changeThe law of supply is based on the assumptions that the supply of commodity changes only due to change in price when all other determinant of supply remain constantClass XISubject Topic Summary Execution EVS Chapter-2
Ecology Answer the following questions briefly Q Draw a neat labeled diagram of carbon cycleAnsndash
Mathematics Principle of Mathematical Induction
1) What is statement Ans A sentence which may be true or false is called statement eg i) 5 is greater than 3 ii) New Delhi is the capital of India iii) 5 divides 7 These all are statements We see that statement (i) amp (ii) are true but (iii) is false 2 What is Mathematical StatementAns Statement involving mathematical relations are called mathematical statement We shall use mathematical statement in principle of
Example If n be a positive integer show that n(n+1) is an even positive integer Solution Let P(n) be the statement n(n+1) is an even positive integer Then (i) P(1) is the statement 1(1+1) ie 2 is an even positive integer Therefore P(1) is true (ii) If P(m) is true for some positive integer m then m(m+1) is an even integer Now (m+1) [(m+1)+1]=(m+1)sup2+ (m+1) =msup2+2m+1+m+1=msup2+m+2m+2=m(m+1) +2(m+1) = an even integer + an even positive integer [Since P(m) is true and 2(m+1) is an even
mathematical induction 3 What is the use of Principle of mathematical inductionAns Sometimes it is difficult to prove a statement theorem or a formula by direct method In this case we use an indirect method known as the Principle of mathematical induction There are two steps in this processSTEP 1 Varify that the statement or formula is true for one or two particular values of n say for n=1 2STEP 2 Assuming that the statement or formula is true for n=m where m is any positive integer show that it is true for n=m+1Conclusion Since the statement is true for n=2 it is true for n=2+1 that is 3 and since it is true for n=3 it is true for n=3 + 1 that is 4 and so on Hence the statement or formula is true for all positive integral values of n
positive integer]= an even positive integer Therefore P(m+1) is true when P(m) is true Therefore By the principle of Mathematical Induction P(n) is true for all positive integral values of n Hence n(n+1) is an even positive integer
Hindi 2ndlang एक फल की चाह 5 दख रहा था जस सो सथिर हो नही बठती थी कषण भर हाय ही चपचाप पडी थी अटल शागित शी धारण कर सनना यही चाहता था म उस सय ही
उकसा करमझको दी क परसाद का एक फल ही दो लाकर
शबदाथ ससथिर - परी तरह ठहरी हई अटल- पकका
उकसाकर - पररणा दकर
वयाखयाndash उपय[ पलि[यो म कगि सखिखया की ददशा का णन कर रहा ह जो उनक गिपता दवारा वय[ गिकया या ह अपनी बटी सखिखया कीददशा का
गितरण करत हए गिपता कहता ह गिक म अपनी आखो क सामन दख रहा था गिक मरी बटी जो पल भर क लिलए दिटककर नही बठती थी ह अब सथिर शात मरतित की तरह पढी थी अब म ह बार- बार इस बात क लिलए पररिरत कर रहा
था गिक ह मझ गिफर स ही शबद कह गिपताजी मझ दी क परसाद का एक फल लाकर दो
6 ऊच शल लिशखर क ऊपर मदिदर था गिसतीणर गिशाल सण कलशसरलिसज गिहलिसत थ पाकरसमदिदत रगि कर जाल दीप धल स अचछदिदत था मदिदर का
आन सारा ज रही थी भीतर बाहर मखरिरत उतस की धारा
शबदाथ - शल लिशखर- पहाड की ऊची चोटी
सतीणर - फला हआ
सण कलश - कमल क समान सदर सोन का कलश मखरिरत - परकट समदिदत - अचछी परकार खिखला हआ रगि कर जाल - सय की गिकरणो का समह
वयाखया- परसतत पलि[या म कगि न मदिदर की सदरता का णन गिकया ह कहत ह गिक मझ पहाड की चोटी पर एक गिलिशषट और गिशालमश था उसक
सोन क कलश सय की गिकरणो म चमकत हए ऐस परतीत हो रह थ जस सय की खिखली हईगिकरणो क ाा सपशपाकर सनहर कमल खिखल उठ हो मदिदर का
आन धप दीप की सध स भरा हआ था मदिदर क अदर और बाहर मनाए जा रह उसकी परसननता की ज सनाई द रही थी
Bengali (2nd language)
কোনি মনি নদী পরথম অধযোয়
হি_তীয় হিদরণে3র পাঠ-
হিবষটবাব গলাকটির কায় গররণে কা বলরণেত পাররণে0 3া শধ গচাখ হিদরণেয় রা পরকাশ করহি0ল কা বলরণেত বলরণেত গলাকটি পাঞজাহিব লহিn খরণেল জ কররণেত শর করল তাই গদরণেখ হিবষটবাব ত2মভ রণেয় গল চাটি ারার 2হিnরণেত গলাকটি হিবষটবাবর হিদরণেক এরণোরণেল হিতহি3 াা 3ীচ করণের 3াহিরণেয় গ33 হিদ গলাকটি হিবষটবাবরণেক চাটিরণেয় ায় তারণেল হিতহি3 তাাতাহিউরণেঠ গলাকটিরণেক ধররণেত পাররণেব3 3া কার তার শরীরণেরর ওজরণে3র জ3য এই শরণে3 হিবষটবাব বরণে3া গারণেষর ত গতরণেZরণে উরণেঠ দাাল তারণেত গলাকটি দাহিরণেয় শরীরটারণেক একট দহিলরণেয় হি3ল এই সব শরণে3 হিবষট ধর চপ করণের রইল শধ lsquoগঘাৎrsquo করণের একটা শবদ করল গলাকটি হিসহি হিদরণেয় ওঠা3াা কররণে0 গদরণেখ হিবষটবাব খাহি3কটা হিদরণেশারা রণেয় গলহিবষটবাবর গচারণেখ রারণের বদরণেল এখ3 গকৌতল হিতহি3 বরণেল3 ldquoখাওায় আার গলা2 গ3ই Uায়টিং কহিরrdquo হিকনত হিতহি3 কতটা Uায়টিং করণের তা তার শরীর আর খাবারণেরর তাহিলকা গদরণেখ গলাকটি বরণে= গল গলাকটি এহিরণেয় হিরণেয় হিবষটবাবর 2হিরণেত াত বহিলরণেয় হিদরণেল গস আরা অ32ব করণের3 এবং হিপহি0রণেয় া3 গলাকটি হিবষটবাবর সারণে3 তার শরীরণেরর কসরত পরদশ3 কররণেল হিবষটবাব রণে3 রণে3 হিব হিব করণের বরণেল3 হিতহি3ও গরাা রণেত চা3 গসই হরণেত nা গরণেক আবার হিচৎকার গ2রণেস আরণেস lsquoগকা হি3 গকা হি3rsquo
ldquoকী রক Uায়টিংrdquo-ক)বকতা গককারণেক বলরণে0খ)Uায়টিং কার অ কী ) Uায়টিং করা বযহিকতর গচারার ব3া দাও ঘ) তার Uায়টিং এর ব3া দাও
উঃ- ক) আরণেলাচয অংশটি হিত3ltীর গলখা lsquoগকাহি3rsquo উপ3যাস গরণেক গ3ওয়া রণেয়রণে0 আরণেলাচয কাটি বকতা রণেল3 সাদা লহিnপরা ারণেয় গরয়া পাঞজাহিব ও কারণেধ রহিn3 বযা ওয়ালা হিiহিতশ হিসং হিতহি3 কাটি বরণেলরণে03 হিবষট ধররণেকখ) Uারণেয়টিং কার অ ল পহিরহিত খাদয গর অাৎ খাদয তাহিলকায় সসত খারণেদযর গ3াগ3 বজায় গররণেখ খাদয গর) হিবষট ধরণেরর গচারা হিবশাল ওজ3 পরায় হিত3 গদখরণেত জলহিসতর রণেতা সারা শরীরণের চহিব ল ল কররণে0 বয়স পরায় চহিশ হিবশাল 2হি উপ রণেয় শরণেল হিচৎ রণেত পারণের3া গকউ গঠরণেল হিদরণেল হিচৎ রণেত পারণের তারণেক কায় নধ াদ3 পবরণেতর সরণেn তল3া করা য়ঘ) হিবষট ধর গকৌতলী রণেয় বরণেল তার খাওয়ার গকা3 গলা2 গ3ই গস Uায়টিং করণের আরণে গস আধ হিকরণেলা হিiর গখত এখ3 গস হিত3রণেশা গরা হিiর খায় জল খাবারণের কহিটা লহিচ গখত এখ3 পরণে3রণেরাটা লহিচ খায় আাইরণেশা গরা চারণেলর 2াত খায় হিঘ খাওয়া গ0রণে হিদরণেয়রণে0 রারণেত াতর বারণেরাটা রটি খায় হিবরণেকরণেল দ-গলাস হি0হিরর জল সরণেn চাররণেট কা পারণেকর সরণেltশ বাহিরণেত রাধাকষণ আরণে0 বরণেল হিবষট ধর া0 াংস খায়3া আর তারণেত তার গকা3 গলা2 লালসা গ3ই
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 276 to 313 (Sebastian helliphellipIt struck mine ear most terribly)[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]
Summary Questions amp AnswersConspiracy of Antonio and Sebastian
o Antonio further suggests murder of Alonso and eventually Sebastian agrees
o They draw their swords and proceed to murder Alonso and Gonzalo who are sleeping
(1) (Act II Sc 2 L 277-291)ANTONIO Ay sir where lies that If rsquotwere a kibe
rsquoTwould put me to my slipper but I feel notThis deity in my bosom Twenty consciencesThat stand rsquotwixt me and Milan candied be they And melt ere they molest Here lies your brotherNo better than the earth he lies uponIf he were that which now hes likemdashthats deadWhom I with this obedient steel three inches of itCan lay to bed for ever (whiles you doing thus
o As they approach Ariel appears again and wakes up Gonzalo by singing a tune in his ear Alonso also wakes up and they see both Sebastian and Antonio with drawn swords On being caught off guard they make up a story saying that they had heard a bellowing of bulls or lions
IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED
(Act II Sc 1 L 277-281)ANTONIOAy sir where lies that If rsquotwere a kibersquoTwould put me to my slipper but I feel notThis deity in my bosom Twenty consciencesThat stand rsquotwixt me and Milan candied be they And melt ere they molest
In these lines Antonio speaks how he is a conscienceless villain In inciting Sebastian to the kingship of Naples by murdering his brother he quotes his own example He too had banished his brother and made himself the Duke of Milan This kingship now sits upon him like a well fittinggarment So will be the case of Sebastian Sebastian then questions Antonio if this foul deed did not prick his conscience To this Antonio replies like a hardened villain He laughs at the word lsquoconsciencersquo and says that he has never heard of anything like conscience A guilty conscience gave him no more pain that is chilblain (M a painful itching and swelling on hand and foot caused by exposure to extreme cold) A man can get rid of the pain of chilblain by wearing slippers instead of shoes so does Antonio get rid of the qualms (M an uneasy feeling of doubt worry or fear especially about onersquos conduct) of conscience very easily Even if he were troubled by twenty consciences that barred his way to the throne of Milan however frozen they might be he would melt them into insensibility before they could cause him to twinge
To the perpetual wink of aye might putThis ancient morsel this Sir Prudence whoShould not upbraid our course) - for all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour
(i) To whom does Antonio speak these lines Who is referred to as lsquoyour brotherrsquo What does Antonio mean by saying lsquoNo better than the earth he lies uponrsquo
These lines are spoken by Antonio to Sebastian King Alonso is referred to as Sebastianrsquos brother Indicating towards Alonso who is lying asleep on the ground Antonio tells Sebastian that here sleeps his brother and at this time he is no better than a clod of the earth on which he lies asleep Antonio means to say that if he were actually to become what he looks like he would be a dead body(ii) According to Antonio what would he do if he were at the place of Sebastian
Antonio says that if he were in the position of Sebastian he would not care even for twenty consciences in order to win the kingship of Naples He would rather forget all his consciences if they happen to trouble him at all (iii) What does Antonio suggest to Sebastian What does Antonio assure him
Antonio suggests to Sebastian that in a moment Sebastian can put to death Gonzalo who pretends to be a very wise man and who on that account rebukes others (particularly Antonio and Sebastian) whereas he (Antonio) himself can put Alonso to death with only three inches of his willing sword Antonio further assures Sebastian that by killing both of them there will be none left to oppose him and in this way every obstacle in his way will be removed
(iv) Explain the lines lsquofor all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hourrsquo
In other words Antonio says that even if he were endowed with a stiff conscience he could easily relax or soften it for the execution of his purpose Then Antonio suggests that conscience should be no hindrance to a manrsquos future greatness
Comments These are terrible words coming from the mouth of a villain of the worst type He is utterly devoid of conscience or remorse He is an utter atheist of human virtue He speaks of conscience as a deity that he does not feel in his bosom
According to Antonio so far as the other lords (Adrian Francisco and others) are concerned they need not be murdered because they would obey the orders of Antonio and Sebastian as willingly and readily as cat licks milk These other lords would endorse and support everything that Sebastian and Antonio may say or suggest These other lords would adjust their views in accordance with the wishes of Antonio and Sebastian and they would regard all proposals made by Antonio and Sebastian as being opportune and also as being acceptable(v) What opinion do you form of Antonio from the above speech
The speech given above shows Antonio to be an absolutely unscrupulous man After saying that he does not believe in any such faculty as the conscience he suggests to Sebastian to
(Act II Sc 1 L 285-291)ANTONIOhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (whiles you doing thus To the perpetual wink of aye might putThis ancient morsel this Sir Prudence whoShould not upbraid our course) - for all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour
Antonio has convinced Sebastian that he has made himself Duke of Milan by a crime for which he has felt no pricks of conscience In these lines Antonio tells Sebastian that now that the chance has presented itself to him he should take it and be King of Naples So far as Alonso is concerned Antonio agrees to undertake the task of killing him by sticking only three inches of his sharp dagger Making a thrust in the air with his sword he tells Sebastian that by a similar method he can put to sleep forever Gonzalo ndash the old piece of flesh already rotten ndash this piece of antiquity ndash this ldquoSir Prudencerdquo who is never tired of reading his moral lectures to them If ldquoProfessor Wisdomrdquo is got rid of he will not be able to denounce their action as he would surely do if they did not dispatch him as well As for the rest of the kingrsquos counselors (Adrian and Francisco) it is their nature to adopt any statements and views which are placed before them just as it is the nature of a cat to lap milk Antonio assures Sebastian that ldquothese othersrdquo will back them up in whatever they say or do that they will count the strokes of the clock exactly as they bid them not according to the real time but according to the time that is right for their business Hence only two persons Alonso and Gonzalo are required to be removed to fulfill their ambition
murder Gonzalo at the very time when he (Antonio) stabs Alonso to death And yet this brutal man has a fertile wit also He can talk in a persuasive manner and also in a sarcastic and satirical manner He knows human nature thoroughly and he understands that Gonzalo is loyal to Alonso while the other lords are only sycophants who can easily be won over to Sebastianrsquos side after Alonso has been assassinated
(2) (Act II Sc 1 291-296)SEBASTIAN Thy case dear friend
Shall be my precedent as thou gotst MilanIll come by Naples Draw thy swordmdashone strokeShall free thee from the tribute which thou payest And I the King shall love thee
ANTONIO Draw together And when I rear my hand do you the likeTo fall it on Gonzalo
(i) Explain the situation and introduce the persons engaged in conversation
After the supposed shipwreck King Alonso with his lords his brother Sebastian and Antonio the Duke of Milan land on a strange island Prince Ferdinand is feared to be drowned While the King and others have fallen asleep after exertions of the day and Ariel with his sweet music acting as a catalyst Antonio and Sebastian are awake They have hatched a conspiracy to kill King Alonso and his loyal lord Gonzalo Then Sebastian will become King of NaplesIn these lines Antonio and Sebastian are engaged in conversation They are just ready to execute their plan to attack King Alonso and Gonzalo simultaneously(ii) Antoniorsquos case shall become Sebastianrsquos precedent What has been Antoniorsquos case
Antonio proved treacherous towards his brother Prospero who was the Duke of Milan Since Prospero spent his time in his scholarly pursuits he had delegated his powers to his younger brother Antonio to administer the dukedom Antonio grew ambitious He overthrew his brother and expelled him from his own dukedom In his place Antonio became the Duke of Milan which he continues to be now His case urges Sebastian to do the same(iii) How is Sebastian going to follow Antonio
Sebastian is going to take Antoniorsquos case as his precedent He is convinced that if Antonio could usurp the dukedom from his living brother Sebastian could become the King of Naples by killing his sleeping brother(iv) What will one stroke of Antoniorsquos sword do What will Sebastian do to reward Antonio
Sebastian asks Antonio to put an end to Alonsorsquos life with one stroke of his sword The same stroke will earn for him a reward Sebastian will become the King of Naples and he will exempt Antonio from paying the annual tribute to Naples The dukedom of Milan is a tributary to the kingdom of Naples Its Duke has to pay tribute to the King every year When Sebastian takes over as the King he will give a benefit to his friend who is helping him to realize his ambition
(v) What is Antoniorsquos suggestion
Antonio suggests that they may draw their swords together When he raises his hand to attack Alonso Sebastian should raise his sword to bring it down on Gonzalo
ACCOUNTS-11 25062020 Topic- depreciation ndashSTRAIGHT LINE METHOD
Illustration Salman and Usman Bros acquired a machine on July 1 2014 at a cost of Rs 70000 and spent Rs5000 on its installation The firm writes off depreciation 10 on straight line method The books are closed on December 31 every year Show the machinery and depreciation account for three years
Solution Machinery Account
Date Particulars LF amount Date Particulars LF` Amount ( Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014July 01 To Bank Ac 70000 Dec 31 Dec By Depreciation Ac 3750
(70000 x10x612)
July 01 To Bank Ac 5000 Dec31 By Balance cd 71250
75000 75000
2015 2015Jan 01 To Balance bd 71250 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 x10 ) Dec31 By Balance cd 63750
71250 71250
2016 2016Jan 01 To Balance bd 63750 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 (75000 x10 ) Dec 31 By Balance cd 56250
63750 63750
Depreciation Account
Date Particulars LF Amount Date Particulars LF Amount (Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 3750 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 3750
2015 2015
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
2016 2016
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
WORKING
Cost of Machine RS70000Cost of Installation Rs 5000
Total 75000
Rate of Depreciation 10
Then annual depreciation will be 10 of Rs 75000 = Rs 7500
Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution Geography DRIANAGE THE PENINSULAR RIVERS
1 The Mahanadi2 The Godavari3 The Krishna4 The Kaveri5 The Subarnarekha6 The Narmada7 The Tapi8 The Sabarmati and the Mahi9 The Chambal
The Mahanadi Basin The Mahanadi rises from Dandakaranya
Q1 Which is the largest river of peninsular plateau Write a brief note about its courseA1 The largest river of peninsular plateau is Godavari The river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has
near Sihawa in Raipur district in the highlands of Chhattisgarhand flows through Odisha to reach the Bay of BengalThe length of the river is about 857 kmIts drainagebasin is shared by Maharashtra Chhattisgarh Jharkhandand Odisha
THE MAHANADI RIVER SYSTEM
The GodavariThe river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
THE GODAVARI RIVER SYSTEM
many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
Q2 Which river is known as Dakshin GangaA2 The Godavari river is known as lsquoDakshin Gangarsquo It is also known as Vridha Ganga
Q3 Differentiate between east-flowing rivers and west-flowing riversA3
East-flowing rivers
West-flowing rivers
Godavari Krishna Kaveri Mahanadi are the east-flowing rivers
Narmada Tapiwest-flowing rivers
They fall into the Bay of Bengal
They fall into Arabian Sea
These rivers form big deltas
These rivers form comparativelysmall deltas
Catchment area of these river are larger
Catchment area of these river are smaller
The KrishnaThe Krishna river rises from the Western Ghatsnear Mahabaleshwar It flows into the Bay of Bengalbefore forming a large delta Its length is about1400 km The Tungabhadra Koyana Ghatprabha Musi and Bhima are some of its tributariesIt has covers parts of Maharashtra Karnataka and AndhraPradesh
THE KRISHNA RIVER SYSTEM
The KaveriIt rises in the Brahmagiri range of the Western Ghats and flows into the Bay ofBengal Southof Cuddalore in Tamil Nadu The length of the river is about 760 km Its main tributaries are the Amravati Bhavani Hemavati and Kabini The Kaveri drains inthe parts of Karnataka Kerala and drains in Tamil Nadu The river Kaveri makes the second biggest waterfall in India known as Sivasamudram
POLITICAL SCIENCE
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
MEANING OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS-Fundamental rights are those rights which are essential for intellectual moral and spiritual development of citizens of India As these rights are fundamental or essential for existence and all-round development of individuals hence they are called Fundamental rights These are enshrined in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India These include individual rights common to most such as equality before the law freedom of speech and freedom of expression religious and cultural freedom Freedom of assembly (peaceful assembly) freedom of religion (freedom to practice religion) right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writsThere are six fundamental rights recognized by the Indian constitution
1 Right to equality (Articles 14-18)2 Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22)3 Right Against exploitation (Articles 23-24)4 Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25- 28)5 Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29-30) and6 Right to Constitutional remedies (Articles 32-35)
1 The right to equality includes equality before the law the prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion race caste gender or place of birth equality of opportunity in matters of employment the abolition of untouchability and abolition of titles
2 The right to freedom includes freedom of speech and expression association or union or cooperatives movement residence and right to practice any profession or occupation
3 The right against exploitation prohibits all forms of forced labour child labour and trafficking of human beings
4 The right to freedom of religion includes freedom of conscience and free profession practice and propagation of religion freedom to manage religious affairs freedom from certain taxes and freedom from religious instructions in certain educational institutes
5 The Cultural and educational Rights preserve the right of any section of citizens to conserve their culture language or script and right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice
6 The right to constitutional remedies is present for enforcement of fundamental rightsThe right to privacy is an intrinsic part of Article 21 (the Right to Freedom) that protects the life and liberty of the citizens The right to privacy is the newest right assured by the Supreme court of India It assures the peoples data and personal security
Fundamental rights for Indians have also been aimed at overturning the inequalities of pre-independence social practices Specifically they have also been used to abolish untouchability and thus prohibit discrimination on the grounds of religion race caste sex or place of birth They also forbid trafficking of human beings and forced labour (a crime) They also protect cultural and educational rights of religious and linguistic minorities by allowing them to preserve their languages and also establish and administer their own education institutions They are covered in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India
Mathematics
Relation Study Item Types of RelationToday class xii students we will discuss about the types of RelationsFirst we discuss Void RelationWhat is Void RelationAns Let A be a non-empty set Then φ A A and so it is a relation R on set A Thissube ⨯ relation is called the void or empty relation on set ANow from the above definition we came to know that no element of A is related to any element of AHere A A is called Cartesian product⨯
is the symbol of subsetsubeAnd φ is called phi and refer to void or empty relationNow I give an example to understand the above said relationLet A = 1 2 3 4Here A A =(11)(12)(13)(14)(21)(22)(23)(24)(31)(32)(33)(34)(41)⨯(42)(43)(44)Now we consider R is a relation which is defined by R=(ab) a+b= 50We notice that a+b 50 for any two elements of AnotinTherefore (ab) R for any ab A is called belong to and is not belong tonotin isin isin notinTherefore we can say R does not contain any element of A A⨯Therefore R is empty set Therefore we can say that R is the void or empty relation on AWhat is universal RelationAns Let A is a set Then A A A A and so it is a relation on A This relation is called⨯ sube ⨯ the universal relation on ANow from the above definition we can say that each element of A is related to every element of ANow we consider the relation R on the set A =1 234 defined by R = (ab) R |a -b|isin
0≽We observe that|a - b | 0 for all ab A≽ isin
(ab) R for all (ab) A ArArr isin isin ⨯ Each element of set A is related to set A every element of set ArArr
Therefore we write R= AxATherefore we can say R is universal relation on set ANote we can say that void relation is smallest relation and the universal relation is largest relationSometime both void relation and universal relation is called trivial relationWhat is identity relationAns Let A is a non-empty set Then the relation R or IA = (aa) a A on A is called theisin identity relation on A Therefore from the above definition we can say that every element of A is related to itself only
Example Let A = 1234 then Ror IA = (11)(22)(33)(44) is the identity relation on set ANow I give you another example R1 = (11)(22)(33) and R2 = (11)(22)(33)(44)(24)From the above example we can say that R1 and R2 are not identify relation Because in the case of R1 (44)R1 and on the other hand R2 where element 2 is related to elements 2 and 4
Hindi 2ndlang
भलि[ (महादी मा)
भलि[ कहानी की लखिखका महादी मा न इस कहानी म यह दशान का परयास गिकया ह गिक आजकल क जमान म भी लो सक बन कर गिनसाथ सा करत ह ह
गिबना तन लिसा करत ह और उसक बदल ना कछ मात ह और ना ही कोई आशा करत ह नौकर सा करक तन चाहता ह और ह भी कई सगिधाओ की आशा करता ह पर सक सदा गिनजी साथ भा स सा म सलगन रह कर काम करता ह भलि[ कहानी की मखय पातर लकषमी ह जिजस भलि[ नाम लखिखका न दिदया ह ह गिकसी
ोपाल काकी कनया ह पाच रष की आय म उसकी गि माता न ौना ही कर दिदया कहानी म भलि[ क दखो का अत नही ह गिफर भी ह बडी साहसी धयान और परिरशरमी ह कदिठनाइयो स जझ ती ह पहल गिपता की मतय गिफर पगित की मतय और
गिफर घर जमाई की मतय होती ह उस साहसी मगिहला न साहस नही छोडा और तीनो पतरी ओक हाथ पील गिकए लाना द पान क कारण उसका जमीदार न अपमान गिकया गिफरकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहचीकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहची शहर पहच करा लखिखका की सगिका बनी ही पर उसका नाम भलि[ पडा ह एक भ[ की तरह अपन सामिमनी की इमानदारी स सा करती और तन का जिजकर भी नही करती ह लखिखका क घर पाठशाला आदिद को अचछी तरह स सभालती पढी-
लिलखी ना होकर भी ह लखिखका की बहत सा ए सहायता करती ह लखिखका का साया बनकर चलती लखिखका की सा करना उसक जीन का उददशय ह ह
लखिखका की खशी क लिलए ही काय करती ह ह लखिखका को दखी नही दख सकती लखिखका पर भलि[ का इतना परभा पडा गिक ह सय दहाती बन ई
यदध क दिदनो म ह अपन परिरार क साथ रहन की अपकषा लखिखका क साथ रहना पसद करती थी यदध क भत न जब ीटा क ान पर पलायन गित जा दी तो
भलि[ न न लखिखका को अपन ा ल जान का अनरोध करन ली लखिखका को डर ह गिक यदिद उसक गिदा होन क अगितम छठा ए तो ह दहातीन दधा कया कर ी
इस परकार हम दखत ह गिक लखिखका न सामिमनी और सगिका क ण बरसात हए सक धम पर परकाश डाला ह और लखिखका न एक आदश सगिका क रप को सदर
रप स परसतत गिकया हBengali আদাব পরশন) ldquoশরণের ১৪৪ ধারা আর কারহিZউ অU ার জারী রণেয়রণে0ldquo
ক) কার গলখা গকা3 রচ3ার অংশ খ)গকাায় গক3 ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়রণে0 )১৪৪ ধারা কী এর Zরণেল কী য়
উততর) ক)আরণেলাচ য অংশটি সরণেরশ বসর রহিচত lsquoআদাবlsquo গ0াট রণেলপর অংশ
খ) বাংলারণেদরণেশর ঢাকা শরণের ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়হি0ল সামপরদাহিয়ক াnাা ও দাnা পরহিতরণেরারণেধর জ3 য হিlt সলা3রণেদর গ3তারণেদর সামপরদাহিয়ক উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা বারণেধ উ2য় সমপরদায় 2ীত রণেয় ঘর বহিlt রণেয় পরণে পরসপর পরসপররণেক সরণেltরণের গচারণেখ গদরণেখ গকউ কাউরণেক আরণের রণেতা হিবশবাস কররণেত পারণের3া হিক0 া3রণেষর উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা য় ার পহির3া অরণেতক রকত iয় ও ত য
) ১৪৪ ধারা আইরণে3র এ3 একটা ধারা ার _ারা এলাকা হি3হিদ ষট করণের গদওয়া য় গসই এলাকার রণেধ য গবহিশ া3রণেষর জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় হিহি0ল জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় আই3 2nকারীরণেক গহিলর হি3রণেদশ জাহির করা য় তাই সাধার3 া3ষ আর বাইরণের গবর রণেত পারণের3া পরারণে3র 2রণেয় বহিlt রণেয় ারণেক এর Zল য় সাংঘাহিতক গদাকা3 পাট বনধ ারণেক
হিজহি3স পতর অহিল য় রাসতা ঘাট জ3 শ3 য রণেয় ায় লরণেঠরা তারণেদর লঠত রাজ চাহিলরণেয় হি3রণেজরণেদর আরণেখর গহি0রণেয় গ3য় া3ষরণেক 2ীহিতর হিব2ীহিষহিক গরাস করণের ঘরণেরর া3রণেষর ইkা াকরণেলও ঘরণের হিZররণেত পারণের3া হিZররণেত হিরণেয় বltরণেকর গহিলরণেত পরা3 ারায়
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today we will discuss about Types of Leaves
An organization provides several kinds of leaves to the employees These days employees working both in government and private sector are allowed several types of leaves Following are the leaves achieved by the employees from their organization
Casual LeaveChild care leave -HospitalLeaveSpecial disability leaveChild Adoption leaveEarned LeavesHalf pay leaveMaternity leavePaternityleaveStudy leave
1 Casual Leave- Casual leave is not a recognised form of leaves and is not subject to any rules made by the government of India And official on casual leave is not treated as Absent from duty and pay is not intimated Normally 8 days of casual leave is permissible in a calendar year
2 Child care leave - Women employees having minor children may be granted child care leave by an authority competent to grant leave for a maximum period of 730 days means two years during their entire service for taking care of up to two children weather for sharing or to look after any of their names like examination sickness it is a
3HospitalLeave - Hospital leave is admissible to group C employees whose duties involved handling of dangerous machinery explosive materials poisonous drugs and performance of hazardous task and to group D employees Medical certificate from an authorised medical attendant is necessary for the grant of these leave However total period of
leave does not exceed 28 months4Special disability leave- Special
disability leave admissible to all employees when disabled by injury intentionally or accidentally inflicted are caused in law in consequence of the due performance of official duties or in consequence of official position It also it is also add miscible when disabled by illness incurred in the performance of any particular duty which has the effect of increasing laboratory to illness or injury beyond the ordinary least attaching to the Civil post held and the same condition
5Child Adoption leave- This leave is granted to female Employees with fewer than two surviving children on valid adoption of a child below the age of one year for a period of 135 days immediately after the date of valid adoption Leave salary will be equal to the pain immediately before processing on leave
6Earned Leaves- This leave is earned by duty The credit for earned leave will be awarded at a rate of 15 days on the 1st of January and 1st of July every year It can be accumulated up to 300 days in addition to the number of days for which encashment has been allowed along with LTC
7 Half pay leave -All government servant are entitled to 20 days of HPL half pay leave for every completed year of service Half pay leave is calculated at 20 days for each completed year of service The service includes periods of duty and leave including extra ordinary leave with or without MC (medical certificate)
8 Maternity leave -Maternity leave is granted to women Government employees full stop it is as possible only to Employees with less than 2 surviving children The maternity leave is not debited to leave account and full pay is granted It cannot be combined with any other the leaves and count as service for increment and pension
9 PaternityleaveA male employee with less than 2 surviving children may be granted paternity leave for a period of 15 days during the confinement of
his wife During the period of such leaves he shall be paid leave salary equal to the pay drawn immediately before proceeding on leave
10 Study leave-Study leave may be granted to all Government Employees with not less than 5 years service for undergoing a special course consisting of higher studies are specialised training in a professional or technical subject having a direct and close connection with the sphere of his duties as a Civil Servant
Commerce
Chapter-5Management
Let us today discuss about the nature of Management
Nature of management Management is defined as
An art A science A profession
Management is defined as an art because of the following reasons
1 In art there is an existence of theoretical knowledge Similarly in management various theories are propounded by management thinkers in various areas of management like finance marketing human resources etc
2 Every manager apply his or her personal skills and knowledge in the day to day functioning of an enterprise
3 Like an art management is creative as it provides solutions to Complex problems making resources productive and profitable moulding the attitudes of people for the betterment of an organisation
Management is is considered as science because of the following reasons
1 Like science there is a systemised body of knowledge in management consisting of theories principles vocabulary and concept
2 Principles of management are evolved after continuous observations and experimentation
Management both as Science and ArtManagement is both a science and an art It is a science because it uses certain principles and is an art because it requires continuous practice and application of personal skillsManagement as a profession Following points highlight whether management is a profession or not1 Like profession management has well
defined body of knowledge It has its own principles which are based on experiments One can acquire such
knowledge by pursuing courses like MBA BBA etc and acquire managerial skills through instruction and training
2 In management no such restriction is there for managers to clear an examination for hold a degree However these days more and more people are appointed for managerial post who opposes management degrees
3 Membership to a professional Association like AIMA is not mandatory for managers All managers directly or indirectly work for the development of society
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Essay Questions (EQ-2)
Question No 2Sketch the character of Prospero Would you call him perfect
AnswerProspero in The Tempest appears to be an intensely human being with human failings and weaknesses With all his excellence Prospero is made to awaken our sympathy for a natural imperfection Prosperorsquos Previous HistoryIn his retrospective narration of his previous history to Miranda we get a glimpse into Prosperorsquos past life As the Duke of Milan Prospero buried himself in his magic books which he prized above his dukedom He was essentially a scholar with no practical wisdom He failed to perform his first duty by neglecting the governance of his state and gave an opportunity to his wicked brother to undermine his throne He was thus driven from his home and thrown in a leaky boat with his weeping daughter to drift in the perilous seas It is only the thought of his little child that kept him aliveThe Development of Prosperorsquos CharacterThe development of his character is evident from the contrast between what he was before his banishment and what he is now in the island Formerly when his ldquolibrary was dukedom enoughrdquo he was altogether too unsuspecting Now he is watchful as providence and takes care to guard himself against the possibility of evil He has learnt to know human nature in its worst forms even Caliban has taught him something He will no longer put his trust in appearance except as ldquostale to catch thievesrdquo nor in oaths of which the strongest he says ldquoare straw to the fire irsquo the bloodrdquo He who once neglected worldly ends now consistently asserts his dignity enforces obedience and deals out justice with impartial hand He who without a thought of evil gave his power and his revenues into his brotherrsquos hands now puts Ferdinand to the severest test as a trial of his love before entrusting his daughter to him He makes the most practical use imaginable of his magic art exacts prompt servitudefrom his attendants does not hesitate to punish them is resolved and firm and knows how to seize the proper moment for action He is a most careful father to his daughter a considerate master of Ariel severe against the brutal Caliban humane towards the repentant enemies full of experience and wisdomThe Exercise of his Power ndash his SternnessWhat appears to us at the first sight one of the least pleasing features of Prosperorsquos character is the sternness which he frequently displays more particularly in his dealings with Caliban His harshness towards Caliban resulted from the failure of gentler methods his severity towards Ferdinand was exercised in the interest of his daughter ldquolest too light winning make the prize lightrdquo and his punishment of Alonso Sebastian and Antonio is justified by the attainment of his objectiveProsperorsquos TendernessThe tender side of Prosperorsquos character is exhibited in his relation to Miranda Ariel Gonzalo and the repentant sinners His love for Miranda is unbounded She was almost life to him In his darkest hours of trial this love sustained him and gave him strength to put a bold front to suffering He addresses her always with tenderness She is to him a lsquoloved darlingrsquo lsquodear heartrsquo lsquoa rich giftrsquo lsquoa third of his own lifersquo The same affectionate nature is shown in his dealing with his brother Antonio He loved his brother Antonio only next to Miranda before Antonio conspired against him In the island when Antonio is brought before him he forgives him
readily To Gonzalo the good old councilor he is all affection He sheds tears of joy and gratitude when he meets him in the island To Ariel he is a loving and considerable master Ariel is always to him ldquomy brave spiritrdquo ldquofine spiritrdquo ldquodelicate Arielrdquo ldquomy Arielrdquo etc When he promises Ariel his freedom he says with real emotion ndash ldquoI shall miss theerdquoProsperorsquos Power as a MagicianThe practice of magic has placed wonderful powers in the hands of Prospero He uses his supernatural powers like a god only to bring about the happiest results He causes The Tempest and the shipwreck only to bring his enemies within his power and not to destroy them Not a soul perished in the storm He leads Ferdinand to Miranda his high charms work and as he wishes the two falls in love He frustrates the plots of the conspirators and makes them know that he was conscious of it He drives Sebastian and Alonso to sincere repentance and readily forgives them The drunken associates of Caliban are no doubt sternly treated but even then they are promised conditional pardon The whole play at last ends in reconciliation joy and peace The wrongs are set right the lovers are made happy Ariel is set free and thus the powerful magician retires into the solitude of his study at MilanProsperorsquos ForgivenessAllied to his wisdom is his forgiving nature Though deeply wronged he bears no spite against the wrong-doers Though his power is unlimited he uses it to noble purposes The lesson of adversity has taught him that ldquoThe rarer action is in virtue than in vengeancerdquoProspero does not debase his noble nature by revenge but forgives his enemies absolutely He drives his erstwhile enemies to a sincere penitence for their past misdeeds and when repentance has wrought its full effect on them he receives them into his arms and is reconciled to them Is Prospero perfectProspero creates a great impression upon our minds by his dignity his nobility the divine spirit of forgiveness in him his generous and sympathetic nature etc Even with all these virtues we cannot call him perfect We perceive certain faults in him He displays an occasional impatience irritability and even a certain harshness of feeling His severe treatment of Caliban might have been justified but the language in which he addresses the monster and the threats that he uses show him to be a kind of tyrant On learning of Calibanrsquos plot against his life he is as violently disturbed and agitated as any ordinary human being would be His manner towards Ariel when the latter demands his liberty also seems somewhat arbitrary and tyrannicalSubject ndashBiology Topic ndashChapter -5 Inheritance amp Variations Summary ExecutionToday we will discuss about NON-Mendelian Inheritance
NON_MENDELIAN INHERITANCE Incomplete Dominance It is an inheritance in which heterozygous offspring shows
intermediate character between two parental characteristics Eg Flower colour in snapdragon (dog flower or Antirrhinum sp) and
Mirabilis jalapa ( 4rsquoO clock plant) Here phenotypic and genotypic ratios are same Phenotypic Ratio 1Red 2 Pink 1 White Genotypic Ratio 1(RR) 2 (Rr) 1(rr) This means that R was not completely dominant over r Pea plants also show incomplete dominance in other traits
Co- dominance It is the inheritance in which both alleles of a gene are expressed in a
hybrid Eg ABO blood grouping in human ABO Blood groups are controlled by the gene I The plasma membrane of the RBC has sugar polymer that protrude
from its surface and is controlled By the gene The gene I has three alleles IA IB i The alleles IA and IB produce a slightly different form of the sugar
while allele i does not produce any sugar In AB blood group both IA and IB are present together This is co ndash
dominanceMultiple Alleles
Multiple alternatives of the same gene which influence the same character and produce different expressions in different individuals of a species or population same genes have more than two allelic
forms These different forms of a single gene are referred as multiple alleles Eg human Blood group
Ac-12 250620 Topic- retirement
Illustration Om Jai and Jagdish are partners sharing profit in the ratio of 3 2 l Their balance sheet as at December 31st 2014 is as under
Balance sheet as at December 31 2014
Liabilities Amount Assets Amount
(Rs`) (Rs`)
Creditors 80000 Building 180000 Bills Payable 26000 Plant 140000 General reserve 24000 Motor Car 40000 Capital Stock 100000 Om 160000 Debtors 63000 Jai 120000 Less Provision Jagdish 120000
400000 for Bad debts 3000
60000 Cash at Bank 10000
530000 530000
Jai retires on that date on the following terms(a) The Goodwill of the firm is valued at Rs 60000(b) Stock and Building to be appreciated by 10(c) Plant is depreciated by 10(d) Provision for Bad debts is increased upto Rs 5000(e) Jairsquos share of goodwill was adjusted through remaining partners capital accountThe amount due to Jai is paid out of the fund brought in by Om and Jagdish in theirnew profit sharing ratio Jai is paid full amountPrepare Revaluation Account and Partnerrsquos Capital account
Solution WorkingsIt is assumed that Om and Jagdish gaining ratio remains 3 lJairsquo Share of goodwill = Rs 60000 times 26 = Rs20000Adjusted through the remaining partners capital account in 3 1 ratio
Revaluation Account
Dr Cr
Particulars Amount Particulars Amount
(Rs`) (`Rs)
To Provision for Bad debts 2000 By Stock 10000TO Plant 14000 By Building 18000To Profit transferred toCapital Accounts Om 6000 Jai 4000 Jagdish 2000
12000
28000 28000
Capital AccountDr Cr Particulars Om Jai Jagdish Particulars Om Jai Jagdish
(Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (rs`) (`Rs)
To Capital 15000 mdash 5000 By Balance bd 160000 120000 120000 ToBank 152000 By General Reserve 12000 8000 4000To Balance cd 277000 mdash 159000 By Revaluation (Profit) 6000 4000 2000 By Om Capital mdash 15000 mdash ByJagdish Capital mdash 5000 By Bank 114000 38000
292000 152000 164000 292000 152000 164000
literature Day 3) Why did the children hate herAns- The children sensed that Margot was different from them She hated the continuous rain while they were used to it She spoke only about the sun and they had no memory of it They hated her pale snow face her waiting silence her thinness and her possible future of going back to the Earth4) What is the it referred to by WilliamAns- The it referred to by William is the Sun which the scientists had predicted would shine for a short while that day5) What was Margot waiting for Why did William say it was a jokeAns- Margot was waiting to see the sun predicted to shine that day for a short while William did not want her to have the joy of seeing the sun
Geography Water Resources SOURCES OF WATER SURFACE WATER AND GROUNDWATER Earth is known as the Blue Planet because 71 per cent of the Earths surface is covered with water Wateralso exists below land surface and as water vapour in the air Water is not added or removed from the environment it simply changes state and location This constant movement of water throughout our environment is called the hydrological cycle or water cycle Earth cleans and replenishes the water supply through the hydrologic cycle Groundwater exists in an aquifer or
underground layer of permeable rock sediment (usually sand or gravel) or soil that yields water
Aquifers are like underground reservoirs of water
SURFACE WATER The visible bodies of water are referred to as surface water Surface waters can be simply described as the water that is on the surface of the Earth This includes the oceans rivers and streams lakes and reservoirs Surface waters are very important Rivers and streams constitute the flowing surface waters Surface water canbe captured for a variety of biospheric and humanusesRunoff During heavy precipitation water cannot infiltrate into the ground It flows on the surface of the ground and called as runoff
GROUNDWATER Groundwater is detained as water that is found beneath the surface of the Earth in conditions of100 per
Q1 Why the Earth is called as Blue PlanetA1 Earth is known as the Blue Planet because 71 per cent of the Earths surface is covered with water
Q2 Define hydrological cycleA2 Water is not added or removed from the environment it simply changes state and location This constant movement of water throughout our environment is called the hydrological cycle or water cycle Earth cleans and replenishes the water supply through the hydrologic cycle
Q3 What is AquifersA3 Aquifers are like underground reservoirs of water
Q4 Why there is a shortage of fresh waterA4 Although the earth has an abundance of water but unfortunately there is a shortage of fresh water because 997 per cent of it occupied by oceans soils icecaps and floating in the atmosphere and rest 03 percent can use for daily uses
cent saturation (if it is less than100 per cent saturation then the water is considered as soil moisture) Ninety-eight per cent of Earths available fresh water is groundwater It is about60 times as plentiful as the fresh water found in lakes and streams Water in the ground travels through pores in soil and rock and in fractures and weathered areas of bed rockThe majority of fresh water is therefore found under ground as soil moisture and in aquifers
Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 88 to 126 (Portia helliphellip Such as the day is when the sun is hid) [Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]
Summary Questions amp Answerso Launcelot then arrives and informs
Lorenzo that Bassanio will also be arriving soon Both Lorenzo and Jessica return to the house and ask Stephano to order the family musicians to play music in order to extend a fitting welcome to Portia
o Portia and Nerissa dressed in their normal self return home and enter the building Lorenzo recognizes Portias voice and comes to greet her She orders the servants to pretend as if she had never left and asks Lorenzo and Jessica to do the same
o Soon thereafter Bassanio Gratiano and Antonio arrive
(1) PORTIA That light we see is burning in my hall (L 89-101)
How far that little candle throws his beams So shines a good deed in a
naughty worldNERISSA When the moon shone we did not see the candlePORTIA So doth the greater glory dim the less
A substitute shines brightly as a king
Unto the king be by and then his state
Empties itself as doth an inland brook
Into the main of waters Music hark
NERISSA It is your music madam of the housePORTIA Nothing is good I see without respect
Methinks it sounds much sweeter than by day
NERISSA Silence bestows that virtue on it madam
(i) Where are Lorenzo and Jessica sitting What message have they received What are they doing
Lorenzo and Jessica are sitting in Portiarsquos house in Belmont They have just received the message informing them of the arrival of Portia and Bassanio separately They are waiting for their arrivals and enjoying the beauty of the moonlight night(ii) In which mood is Lorenzo found after Stephanorsquos departure
After Stephanorsquos departure Lorenzo reverts to his romantic mood He is carried away by the magic of the loveliness of the moonlight He draws Jessicarsquos attention and says that the moonlight is sleeping beautifully on the raised ground He says that they will sit there and enjoy the sweetness of the gentle
music which will shortly creep into their ears very softly(iii) Why has Lorenzo sent Stephano What kind of man is he who does not appreciate the sweet harmony of sounds
Lorenzo has sent Stephano to instruct the musicians to play soft music to welcome Portia home Lorenzo tells that the
tranquility and the beautiful night suit the sweet music Praising the ennobling (M lend greater dignity) effect of music Lorenzo tells Jessica that the person who has no music in him and does not appreciate the sweet harmony of sounds is a dangerous person and so should be watched very carefully(iv) Who are returning to Belmont What does Nerissa remark on seeing the light of the house
Portia and Nerissa are returning to Belmont after successfully conducting Antoniorsquos trial in Venice as the lawyer and the clerk respectively When they are near their home Nerissa seeing the light of the house remarks that they did not see this light of this candle when the moon was shining(v) What does Portia comment on Nerissarsquos observation Commenting on Nerissarsquos observation Portia says that the lesser glory becomes insignificant before the greater glory She adds that the kingrsquos representative assumes great splendor and authority when the king himself is not near But before the real king the substitute becomes devoid of all splendor and
authority as the big rivers lose their identity after emptying into the vast sea
SUBJECT PHYSICS [TOPIC FORCE]Answer the following questions ( ICSE questions of previous years from chapter FORCE)
1 Write the position of centre of mass for the following bodies(i) A circular ring (ii) A cylinder(iii) A hollow sphere (iv) A triangular lamina
2 Explain why screw drivers are provided with longer handles3 Compare the magnitude and direction of centripetal force and centrifugal force4 How does uniform circular motion differ from uniform linear motion5 Why is the motion of a body moving with a constant speed around a circular path is said to be
accelerated6 A brass ball is hanging from a cotton thread Draw a neat labeled diagram showing the force acting
on the brass ball and the cotton thread 7 Define moment of force Write the relationship between the SI and CGS unit of moment of force8 Define couple State the SI unit of moment of couple9 A uniform half meter scale balanced horizontally on a knife edge at 29 cm mark when a weight of 20
gmf is suspended from one end(i) Draw the diagram of the arrangementWhat is the weight of the half meter rule
ECO-10 250620 Topic-Supply Analysis
MEANING OF SUPPLYSupply a commodity by a firm or seller may be defined as the quantity of a commodity that a firm or seller offers for sale at a given price during a given time period But the actual sale of the commodity may be different from its supply For example a farmer (produced of wheat) is willing to sell 50 quintals of wheat at a price of ` 15 per kg but he is able to sell only 30 quintals at this price So this case the supply of wheat is 50 quintals but the actual sale is 30 quintals So these two concepts should not be confused with each other Like demand supply also has three elements The definition of supply include (i) the quantity of the commodity that a firm is willing to supply (ii) the price at which it is willing to supply that quantity and (iii) the time period during which it is willing to supply that quantity
FACTORS DETERMINING SUPPLY OR DETERMINANTS OF SUPPLY OF A GOOD
The main determinant of supply is the price of the commodity But the cost of production of a commodity is an important factor in determining profit maximized on output of a firm The cost of production depends on the prices of various inputs like raw material wages of workers interest of capital rent of building etc The supply of a commodity also depends on the technology used in the production of the commodity and many other factors The main factors determining supply of a commodity are(i) Price of the commodity(ii) Price of other related good(iii) Price of inputsfactors(iv) Taxation policy of government(v) Objective of the firm(i) Price of the commodity Other factors determining supply remaining constant there is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity It means the quantity supplied of a commodity increases with rise in price and decreases with fall in price of the commodity More quantity of a commodity is supplied at a higher price and less quantity is supplied at a lower price For example a seller of tomatoes is willing to sell 100 kgs of tomatoes at a price of ` 40 per keg and only 50 kgs at a price of ` 20 per kg Due to this direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity the supply curve has a positive slope Supply curve is upward sloping to the right(ii) Price of other related goods Supply of a commodity is also influenced by the change in the price of other related goods With the help of given resources we can produce several goods by using the same technology This helps the firm to diversify and tide over fluctuations in demand For example a farmer can produce either pulses or food grains by using the resources If the price of pulses increases it becomes more profitable for him to make more production of pulses So he will divert some resources from the production of food grains to the production of pulses The production of pulses will increase and that of food grains will decrease So the supply of pulses will increase if the price of pulses increases and the supply of food grain will decrease at the same price reverse will happen if the price of food grains increases(iii) Price of inputsfactors Change in the price of inputs like raw material wage rent or interest also influences the supply of a commodity For example in the production of cloth cotton is the main raw material If the price of cotton increases the cost of production of cloth will increase At the same price the margin of profit will decrease So the producer will decrease the supply of cloth at the same price On the other hand if the price of cotton falls the cost of production per unit of cloth will decrease and hence the supply of cloth will increase The price of other inputs will also influence the supply of a good in the same manner(iv) Technology of production an improvement in the technology of production of a commodity decreases the per unit cost of the commodity The margin of profit will increase at the same price So the supply of a commodity will increase with improvement in technology of production at the same price On the other hand if a firm uses absolute technology of production the cost of production per unit of the commodity will increase The margin of profit will decrease so the firm will decrease its supply at the same price This is the main reason that the firms are trying to use better technology of production because it not only reduces the cost of production per unit but also improves the quality of the product(v) Taxation policy of government If the government reduces the excise duty or the production of a commodity the cost of production per unit of the commodity will decrease the margin of profit will increase at the same price so the producer of the commodity will increase its supply It happens when the government wants to increase the production of the commodity On the other hand to discourage the production of some harmful goods like cigarettes liquor etc the government increases the rate of excise duty on the production of such goods So the cost of production per unit of the commodity increases and the supply of such commodities decreases(vi) Objective of the firm The objective of the producer also influences the supply of a commodity Generally the objective of a producer is get maximize his profits Profits are maximized at a higher price So he increases the supply of a commodity at a higher price and decreases its supply at a lower price But sometimes the producer may be in maximizing his sales and not in maximizing his profits as he wants to capture the market In that case he goes on increasing the supply so long his target is not achieved can profit is not adversely affected He may increase the supply at the same price to any extent
SUPPLY FUNCTION
When the relationship between quantity supplied and the determinants of supplied is expressed mathematically in an equation it is called a supply function So a supply function can be expressed asSn = f(Pn Pr Pf T Tr G)where Sn = Supply of commodity nPn = Price of the commodity nPr = Price of other related goodsPf = Price of inputsfactors
T = Technology of productionTr = Government policy or tax rateG = Goal or objective of the producer
Typically supply function shows the relationship between price and quantity supplied keeping all other determinants of supply as constant It shows the amount of a good that a seller supplies at different levels of price
LAW OF SUPPLYThe law of supply depicts the relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity when all other determinants of supply remain constant This law states that there is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity other factors determining supply remaining constant It means quantity supplied of a commodity increases with increase in price and decreases with decrease in price
Assumptions of the law of supplyThe phrase other determinants of supply remaining constant in the law of supply shows the assumptions of the law of supply The mains factors which influence the supply of a commodity one price of the commodity price of other related goods price of inputs technology of production taxation policy of the government and objective of the firm etc The law of supply is based on the assumptions that all these factors determining supply except price of the commodity should remain constant The following are the main assumptions of the law of supply(i) Price of other related goods should remain the same(ii) There should be no change in the price of inputs (factors)(iii) Technology of production should not change(iv) There is no change in the taxation policy of the government(v) Objective of the firm should not changeThe law of supply is based on the assumptions that the supply of commodity changes only due to change in price when all other determinant of supply remain constantClass XISubject Topic Summary Execution EVS Chapter-2
Ecology Answer the following questions briefly Q Draw a neat labeled diagram of carbon cycleAnsndash
Mathematics Principle of Mathematical Induction
1) What is statement Ans A sentence which may be true or false is called statement eg i) 5 is greater than 3 ii) New Delhi is the capital of India iii) 5 divides 7 These all are statements We see that statement (i) amp (ii) are true but (iii) is false 2 What is Mathematical StatementAns Statement involving mathematical relations are called mathematical statement We shall use mathematical statement in principle of
Example If n be a positive integer show that n(n+1) is an even positive integer Solution Let P(n) be the statement n(n+1) is an even positive integer Then (i) P(1) is the statement 1(1+1) ie 2 is an even positive integer Therefore P(1) is true (ii) If P(m) is true for some positive integer m then m(m+1) is an even integer Now (m+1) [(m+1)+1]=(m+1)sup2+ (m+1) =msup2+2m+1+m+1=msup2+m+2m+2=m(m+1) +2(m+1) = an even integer + an even positive integer [Since P(m) is true and 2(m+1) is an even
mathematical induction 3 What is the use of Principle of mathematical inductionAns Sometimes it is difficult to prove a statement theorem or a formula by direct method In this case we use an indirect method known as the Principle of mathematical induction There are two steps in this processSTEP 1 Varify that the statement or formula is true for one or two particular values of n say for n=1 2STEP 2 Assuming that the statement or formula is true for n=m where m is any positive integer show that it is true for n=m+1Conclusion Since the statement is true for n=2 it is true for n=2+1 that is 3 and since it is true for n=3 it is true for n=3 + 1 that is 4 and so on Hence the statement or formula is true for all positive integral values of n
positive integer]= an even positive integer Therefore P(m+1) is true when P(m) is true Therefore By the principle of Mathematical Induction P(n) is true for all positive integral values of n Hence n(n+1) is an even positive integer
Hindi 2ndlang एक फल की चाह 5 दख रहा था जस सो सथिर हो नही बठती थी कषण भर हाय ही चपचाप पडी थी अटल शागित शी धारण कर सनना यही चाहता था म उस सय ही
उकसा करमझको दी क परसाद का एक फल ही दो लाकर
शबदाथ ससथिर - परी तरह ठहरी हई अटल- पकका
उकसाकर - पररणा दकर
वयाखयाndash उपय[ पलि[यो म कगि सखिखया की ददशा का णन कर रहा ह जो उनक गिपता दवारा वय[ गिकया या ह अपनी बटी सखिखया कीददशा का
गितरण करत हए गिपता कहता ह गिक म अपनी आखो क सामन दख रहा था गिक मरी बटी जो पल भर क लिलए दिटककर नही बठती थी ह अब सथिर शात मरतित की तरह पढी थी अब म ह बार- बार इस बात क लिलए पररिरत कर रहा
था गिक ह मझ गिफर स ही शबद कह गिपताजी मझ दी क परसाद का एक फल लाकर दो
6 ऊच शल लिशखर क ऊपर मदिदर था गिसतीणर गिशाल सण कलशसरलिसज गिहलिसत थ पाकरसमदिदत रगि कर जाल दीप धल स अचछदिदत था मदिदर का
आन सारा ज रही थी भीतर बाहर मखरिरत उतस की धारा
शबदाथ - शल लिशखर- पहाड की ऊची चोटी
सतीणर - फला हआ
सण कलश - कमल क समान सदर सोन का कलश मखरिरत - परकट समदिदत - अचछी परकार खिखला हआ रगि कर जाल - सय की गिकरणो का समह
वयाखया- परसतत पलि[या म कगि न मदिदर की सदरता का णन गिकया ह कहत ह गिक मझ पहाड की चोटी पर एक गिलिशषट और गिशालमश था उसक
सोन क कलश सय की गिकरणो म चमकत हए ऐस परतीत हो रह थ जस सय की खिखली हईगिकरणो क ाा सपशपाकर सनहर कमल खिखल उठ हो मदिदर का
आन धप दीप की सध स भरा हआ था मदिदर क अदर और बाहर मनाए जा रह उसकी परसननता की ज सनाई द रही थी
Bengali (2nd language)
কোনি মনি নদী পরথম অধযোয়
হি_তীয় হিদরণে3র পাঠ-
হিবষটবাব গলাকটির কায় গররণে কা বলরণেত পাররণে0 3া শধ গচাখ হিদরণেয় রা পরকাশ করহি0ল কা বলরণেত বলরণেত গলাকটি পাঞজাহিব লহিn খরণেল জ কররণেত শর করল তাই গদরণেখ হিবষটবাব ত2মভ রণেয় গল চাটি ারার 2হিnরণেত গলাকটি হিবষটবাবর হিদরণেক এরণোরণেল হিতহি3 াা 3ীচ করণের 3াহিরণেয় গ33 হিদ গলাকটি হিবষটবাবরণেক চাটিরণেয় ায় তারণেল হিতহি3 তাাতাহিউরণেঠ গলাকটিরণেক ধররণেত পাররণেব3 3া কার তার শরীরণেরর ওজরণে3র জ3য এই শরণে3 হিবষটবাব বরণে3া গারণেষর ত গতরণেZরণে উরণেঠ দাাল তারণেত গলাকটি দাহিরণেয় শরীরটারণেক একট দহিলরণেয় হি3ল এই সব শরণে3 হিবষট ধর চপ করণের রইল শধ lsquoগঘাৎrsquo করণের একটা শবদ করল গলাকটি হিসহি হিদরণেয় ওঠা3াা কররণে0 গদরণেখ হিবষটবাব খাহি3কটা হিদরণেশারা রণেয় গলহিবষটবাবর গচারণেখ রারণের বদরণেল এখ3 গকৌতল হিতহি3 বরণেল3 ldquoখাওায় আার গলা2 গ3ই Uায়টিং কহিরrdquo হিকনত হিতহি3 কতটা Uায়টিং করণের তা তার শরীর আর খাবারণেরর তাহিলকা গদরণেখ গলাকটি বরণে= গল গলাকটি এহিরণেয় হিরণেয় হিবষটবাবর 2হিরণেত াত বহিলরণেয় হিদরণেল গস আরা অ32ব করণের3 এবং হিপহি0রণেয় া3 গলাকটি হিবষটবাবর সারণে3 তার শরীরণেরর কসরত পরদশ3 কররণেল হিবষটবাব রণে3 রণে3 হিব হিব করণের বরণেল3 হিতহি3ও গরাা রণেত চা3 গসই হরণেত nা গরণেক আবার হিচৎকার গ2রণেস আরণেস lsquoগকা হি3 গকা হি3rsquo
ldquoকী রক Uায়টিংrdquo-ক)বকতা গককারণেক বলরণে0খ)Uায়টিং কার অ কী ) Uায়টিং করা বযহিকতর গচারার ব3া দাও ঘ) তার Uায়টিং এর ব3া দাও
উঃ- ক) আরণেলাচয অংশটি হিত3ltীর গলখা lsquoগকাহি3rsquo উপ3যাস গরণেক গ3ওয়া রণেয়রণে0 আরণেলাচয কাটি বকতা রণেল3 সাদা লহিnপরা ারণেয় গরয়া পাঞজাহিব ও কারণেধ রহিn3 বযা ওয়ালা হিiহিতশ হিসং হিতহি3 কাটি বরণেলরণে03 হিবষট ধররণেকখ) Uারণেয়টিং কার অ ল পহিরহিত খাদয গর অাৎ খাদয তাহিলকায় সসত খারণেদযর গ3াগ3 বজায় গররণেখ খাদয গর) হিবষট ধরণেরর গচারা হিবশাল ওজ3 পরায় হিত3 গদখরণেত জলহিসতর রণেতা সারা শরীরণের চহিব ল ল কররণে0 বয়স পরায় চহিশ হিবশাল 2হি উপ রণেয় শরণেল হিচৎ রণেত পারণের3া গকউ গঠরণেল হিদরণেল হিচৎ রণেত পারণের তারণেক কায় নধ াদ3 পবরণেতর সরণেn তল3া করা য়ঘ) হিবষট ধর গকৌতলী রণেয় বরণেল তার খাওয়ার গকা3 গলা2 গ3ই গস Uায়টিং করণের আরণে গস আধ হিকরণেলা হিiর গখত এখ3 গস হিত3রণেশা গরা হিiর খায় জল খাবারণের কহিটা লহিচ গখত এখ3 পরণে3রণেরাটা লহিচ খায় আাইরণেশা গরা চারণেলর 2াত খায় হিঘ খাওয়া গ0রণে হিদরণেয়রণে0 রারণেত াতর বারণেরাটা রটি খায় হিবরণেকরণেল দ-গলাস হি0হিরর জল সরণেn চাররণেট কা পারণেকর সরণেltশ বাহিরণেত রাধাকষণ আরণে0 বরণেল হিবষট ধর া0 াংস খায়3া আর তারণেত তার গকা3 গলা2 লালসা গ3ই
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 276 to 313 (Sebastian helliphellipIt struck mine ear most terribly)[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]
Summary Questions amp AnswersConspiracy of Antonio and Sebastian
o Antonio further suggests murder of Alonso and eventually Sebastian agrees
o They draw their swords and proceed to murder Alonso and Gonzalo who are sleeping
(1) (Act II Sc 2 L 277-291)ANTONIO Ay sir where lies that If rsquotwere a kibe
rsquoTwould put me to my slipper but I feel notThis deity in my bosom Twenty consciencesThat stand rsquotwixt me and Milan candied be they And melt ere they molest Here lies your brotherNo better than the earth he lies uponIf he were that which now hes likemdashthats deadWhom I with this obedient steel three inches of itCan lay to bed for ever (whiles you doing thus
o As they approach Ariel appears again and wakes up Gonzalo by singing a tune in his ear Alonso also wakes up and they see both Sebastian and Antonio with drawn swords On being caught off guard they make up a story saying that they had heard a bellowing of bulls or lions
IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED
(Act II Sc 1 L 277-281)ANTONIOAy sir where lies that If rsquotwere a kibersquoTwould put me to my slipper but I feel notThis deity in my bosom Twenty consciencesThat stand rsquotwixt me and Milan candied be they And melt ere they molest
In these lines Antonio speaks how he is a conscienceless villain In inciting Sebastian to the kingship of Naples by murdering his brother he quotes his own example He too had banished his brother and made himself the Duke of Milan This kingship now sits upon him like a well fittinggarment So will be the case of Sebastian Sebastian then questions Antonio if this foul deed did not prick his conscience To this Antonio replies like a hardened villain He laughs at the word lsquoconsciencersquo and says that he has never heard of anything like conscience A guilty conscience gave him no more pain that is chilblain (M a painful itching and swelling on hand and foot caused by exposure to extreme cold) A man can get rid of the pain of chilblain by wearing slippers instead of shoes so does Antonio get rid of the qualms (M an uneasy feeling of doubt worry or fear especially about onersquos conduct) of conscience very easily Even if he were troubled by twenty consciences that barred his way to the throne of Milan however frozen they might be he would melt them into insensibility before they could cause him to twinge
To the perpetual wink of aye might putThis ancient morsel this Sir Prudence whoShould not upbraid our course) - for all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour
(i) To whom does Antonio speak these lines Who is referred to as lsquoyour brotherrsquo What does Antonio mean by saying lsquoNo better than the earth he lies uponrsquo
These lines are spoken by Antonio to Sebastian King Alonso is referred to as Sebastianrsquos brother Indicating towards Alonso who is lying asleep on the ground Antonio tells Sebastian that here sleeps his brother and at this time he is no better than a clod of the earth on which he lies asleep Antonio means to say that if he were actually to become what he looks like he would be a dead body(ii) According to Antonio what would he do if he were at the place of Sebastian
Antonio says that if he were in the position of Sebastian he would not care even for twenty consciences in order to win the kingship of Naples He would rather forget all his consciences if they happen to trouble him at all (iii) What does Antonio suggest to Sebastian What does Antonio assure him
Antonio suggests to Sebastian that in a moment Sebastian can put to death Gonzalo who pretends to be a very wise man and who on that account rebukes others (particularly Antonio and Sebastian) whereas he (Antonio) himself can put Alonso to death with only three inches of his willing sword Antonio further assures Sebastian that by killing both of them there will be none left to oppose him and in this way every obstacle in his way will be removed
(iv) Explain the lines lsquofor all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hourrsquo
In other words Antonio says that even if he were endowed with a stiff conscience he could easily relax or soften it for the execution of his purpose Then Antonio suggests that conscience should be no hindrance to a manrsquos future greatness
Comments These are terrible words coming from the mouth of a villain of the worst type He is utterly devoid of conscience or remorse He is an utter atheist of human virtue He speaks of conscience as a deity that he does not feel in his bosom
According to Antonio so far as the other lords (Adrian Francisco and others) are concerned they need not be murdered because they would obey the orders of Antonio and Sebastian as willingly and readily as cat licks milk These other lords would endorse and support everything that Sebastian and Antonio may say or suggest These other lords would adjust their views in accordance with the wishes of Antonio and Sebastian and they would regard all proposals made by Antonio and Sebastian as being opportune and also as being acceptable(v) What opinion do you form of Antonio from the above speech
The speech given above shows Antonio to be an absolutely unscrupulous man After saying that he does not believe in any such faculty as the conscience he suggests to Sebastian to
(Act II Sc 1 L 285-291)ANTONIOhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (whiles you doing thus To the perpetual wink of aye might putThis ancient morsel this Sir Prudence whoShould not upbraid our course) - for all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour
Antonio has convinced Sebastian that he has made himself Duke of Milan by a crime for which he has felt no pricks of conscience In these lines Antonio tells Sebastian that now that the chance has presented itself to him he should take it and be King of Naples So far as Alonso is concerned Antonio agrees to undertake the task of killing him by sticking only three inches of his sharp dagger Making a thrust in the air with his sword he tells Sebastian that by a similar method he can put to sleep forever Gonzalo ndash the old piece of flesh already rotten ndash this piece of antiquity ndash this ldquoSir Prudencerdquo who is never tired of reading his moral lectures to them If ldquoProfessor Wisdomrdquo is got rid of he will not be able to denounce their action as he would surely do if they did not dispatch him as well As for the rest of the kingrsquos counselors (Adrian and Francisco) it is their nature to adopt any statements and views which are placed before them just as it is the nature of a cat to lap milk Antonio assures Sebastian that ldquothese othersrdquo will back them up in whatever they say or do that they will count the strokes of the clock exactly as they bid them not according to the real time but according to the time that is right for their business Hence only two persons Alonso and Gonzalo are required to be removed to fulfill their ambition
murder Gonzalo at the very time when he (Antonio) stabs Alonso to death And yet this brutal man has a fertile wit also He can talk in a persuasive manner and also in a sarcastic and satirical manner He knows human nature thoroughly and he understands that Gonzalo is loyal to Alonso while the other lords are only sycophants who can easily be won over to Sebastianrsquos side after Alonso has been assassinated
(2) (Act II Sc 1 291-296)SEBASTIAN Thy case dear friend
Shall be my precedent as thou gotst MilanIll come by Naples Draw thy swordmdashone strokeShall free thee from the tribute which thou payest And I the King shall love thee
ANTONIO Draw together And when I rear my hand do you the likeTo fall it on Gonzalo
(i) Explain the situation and introduce the persons engaged in conversation
After the supposed shipwreck King Alonso with his lords his brother Sebastian and Antonio the Duke of Milan land on a strange island Prince Ferdinand is feared to be drowned While the King and others have fallen asleep after exertions of the day and Ariel with his sweet music acting as a catalyst Antonio and Sebastian are awake They have hatched a conspiracy to kill King Alonso and his loyal lord Gonzalo Then Sebastian will become King of NaplesIn these lines Antonio and Sebastian are engaged in conversation They are just ready to execute their plan to attack King Alonso and Gonzalo simultaneously(ii) Antoniorsquos case shall become Sebastianrsquos precedent What has been Antoniorsquos case
Antonio proved treacherous towards his brother Prospero who was the Duke of Milan Since Prospero spent his time in his scholarly pursuits he had delegated his powers to his younger brother Antonio to administer the dukedom Antonio grew ambitious He overthrew his brother and expelled him from his own dukedom In his place Antonio became the Duke of Milan which he continues to be now His case urges Sebastian to do the same(iii) How is Sebastian going to follow Antonio
Sebastian is going to take Antoniorsquos case as his precedent He is convinced that if Antonio could usurp the dukedom from his living brother Sebastian could become the King of Naples by killing his sleeping brother(iv) What will one stroke of Antoniorsquos sword do What will Sebastian do to reward Antonio
Sebastian asks Antonio to put an end to Alonsorsquos life with one stroke of his sword The same stroke will earn for him a reward Sebastian will become the King of Naples and he will exempt Antonio from paying the annual tribute to Naples The dukedom of Milan is a tributary to the kingdom of Naples Its Duke has to pay tribute to the King every year When Sebastian takes over as the King he will give a benefit to his friend who is helping him to realize his ambition
(v) What is Antoniorsquos suggestion
Antonio suggests that they may draw their swords together When he raises his hand to attack Alonso Sebastian should raise his sword to bring it down on Gonzalo
ACCOUNTS-11 25062020 Topic- depreciation ndashSTRAIGHT LINE METHOD
Illustration Salman and Usman Bros acquired a machine on July 1 2014 at a cost of Rs 70000 and spent Rs5000 on its installation The firm writes off depreciation 10 on straight line method The books are closed on December 31 every year Show the machinery and depreciation account for three years
Solution Machinery Account
Date Particulars LF amount Date Particulars LF` Amount ( Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014July 01 To Bank Ac 70000 Dec 31 Dec By Depreciation Ac 3750
(70000 x10x612)
July 01 To Bank Ac 5000 Dec31 By Balance cd 71250
75000 75000
2015 2015Jan 01 To Balance bd 71250 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 x10 ) Dec31 By Balance cd 63750
71250 71250
2016 2016Jan 01 To Balance bd 63750 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 (75000 x10 ) Dec 31 By Balance cd 56250
63750 63750
Depreciation Account
Date Particulars LF Amount Date Particulars LF Amount (Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 3750 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 3750
2015 2015
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
2016 2016
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
WORKING
Cost of Machine RS70000Cost of Installation Rs 5000
Total 75000
Rate of Depreciation 10
Then annual depreciation will be 10 of Rs 75000 = Rs 7500
Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution Geography DRIANAGE THE PENINSULAR RIVERS
1 The Mahanadi2 The Godavari3 The Krishna4 The Kaveri5 The Subarnarekha6 The Narmada7 The Tapi8 The Sabarmati and the Mahi9 The Chambal
The Mahanadi Basin The Mahanadi rises from Dandakaranya
Q1 Which is the largest river of peninsular plateau Write a brief note about its courseA1 The largest river of peninsular plateau is Godavari The river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has
near Sihawa in Raipur district in the highlands of Chhattisgarhand flows through Odisha to reach the Bay of BengalThe length of the river is about 857 kmIts drainagebasin is shared by Maharashtra Chhattisgarh Jharkhandand Odisha
THE MAHANADI RIVER SYSTEM
The GodavariThe river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
THE GODAVARI RIVER SYSTEM
many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
Q2 Which river is known as Dakshin GangaA2 The Godavari river is known as lsquoDakshin Gangarsquo It is also known as Vridha Ganga
Q3 Differentiate between east-flowing rivers and west-flowing riversA3
East-flowing rivers
West-flowing rivers
Godavari Krishna Kaveri Mahanadi are the east-flowing rivers
Narmada Tapiwest-flowing rivers
They fall into the Bay of Bengal
They fall into Arabian Sea
These rivers form big deltas
These rivers form comparativelysmall deltas
Catchment area of these river are larger
Catchment area of these river are smaller
The KrishnaThe Krishna river rises from the Western Ghatsnear Mahabaleshwar It flows into the Bay of Bengalbefore forming a large delta Its length is about1400 km The Tungabhadra Koyana Ghatprabha Musi and Bhima are some of its tributariesIt has covers parts of Maharashtra Karnataka and AndhraPradesh
THE KRISHNA RIVER SYSTEM
The KaveriIt rises in the Brahmagiri range of the Western Ghats and flows into the Bay ofBengal Southof Cuddalore in Tamil Nadu The length of the river is about 760 km Its main tributaries are the Amravati Bhavani Hemavati and Kabini The Kaveri drains inthe parts of Karnataka Kerala and drains in Tamil Nadu The river Kaveri makes the second biggest waterfall in India known as Sivasamudram
POLITICAL SCIENCE
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
MEANING OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS-Fundamental rights are those rights which are essential for intellectual moral and spiritual development of citizens of India As these rights are fundamental or essential for existence and all-round development of individuals hence they are called Fundamental rights These are enshrined in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India These include individual rights common to most such as equality before the law freedom of speech and freedom of expression religious and cultural freedom Freedom of assembly (peaceful assembly) freedom of religion (freedom to practice religion) right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writsThere are six fundamental rights recognized by the Indian constitution
1 Right to equality (Articles 14-18)2 Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22)3 Right Against exploitation (Articles 23-24)4 Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25- 28)5 Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29-30) and6 Right to Constitutional remedies (Articles 32-35)
1 The right to equality includes equality before the law the prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion race caste gender or place of birth equality of opportunity in matters of employment the abolition of untouchability and abolition of titles
2 The right to freedom includes freedom of speech and expression association or union or cooperatives movement residence and right to practice any profession or occupation
3 The right against exploitation prohibits all forms of forced labour child labour and trafficking of human beings
4 The right to freedom of religion includes freedom of conscience and free profession practice and propagation of religion freedom to manage religious affairs freedom from certain taxes and freedom from religious instructions in certain educational institutes
5 The Cultural and educational Rights preserve the right of any section of citizens to conserve their culture language or script and right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice
6 The right to constitutional remedies is present for enforcement of fundamental rightsThe right to privacy is an intrinsic part of Article 21 (the Right to Freedom) that protects the life and liberty of the citizens The right to privacy is the newest right assured by the Supreme court of India It assures the peoples data and personal security
Fundamental rights for Indians have also been aimed at overturning the inequalities of pre-independence social practices Specifically they have also been used to abolish untouchability and thus prohibit discrimination on the grounds of religion race caste sex or place of birth They also forbid trafficking of human beings and forced labour (a crime) They also protect cultural and educational rights of religious and linguistic minorities by allowing them to preserve their languages and also establish and administer their own education institutions They are covered in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India
Mathematics
Relation Study Item Types of RelationToday class xii students we will discuss about the types of RelationsFirst we discuss Void RelationWhat is Void RelationAns Let A be a non-empty set Then φ A A and so it is a relation R on set A Thissube ⨯ relation is called the void or empty relation on set ANow from the above definition we came to know that no element of A is related to any element of AHere A A is called Cartesian product⨯
is the symbol of subsetsubeAnd φ is called phi and refer to void or empty relationNow I give an example to understand the above said relationLet A = 1 2 3 4Here A A =(11)(12)(13)(14)(21)(22)(23)(24)(31)(32)(33)(34)(41)⨯(42)(43)(44)Now we consider R is a relation which is defined by R=(ab) a+b= 50We notice that a+b 50 for any two elements of AnotinTherefore (ab) R for any ab A is called belong to and is not belong tonotin isin isin notinTherefore we can say R does not contain any element of A A⨯Therefore R is empty set Therefore we can say that R is the void or empty relation on AWhat is universal RelationAns Let A is a set Then A A A A and so it is a relation on A This relation is called⨯ sube ⨯ the universal relation on ANow from the above definition we can say that each element of A is related to every element of ANow we consider the relation R on the set A =1 234 defined by R = (ab) R |a -b|isin
0≽We observe that|a - b | 0 for all ab A≽ isin
(ab) R for all (ab) A ArArr isin isin ⨯ Each element of set A is related to set A every element of set ArArr
Therefore we write R= AxATherefore we can say R is universal relation on set ANote we can say that void relation is smallest relation and the universal relation is largest relationSometime both void relation and universal relation is called trivial relationWhat is identity relationAns Let A is a non-empty set Then the relation R or IA = (aa) a A on A is called theisin identity relation on A Therefore from the above definition we can say that every element of A is related to itself only
Example Let A = 1234 then Ror IA = (11)(22)(33)(44) is the identity relation on set ANow I give you another example R1 = (11)(22)(33) and R2 = (11)(22)(33)(44)(24)From the above example we can say that R1 and R2 are not identify relation Because in the case of R1 (44)R1 and on the other hand R2 where element 2 is related to elements 2 and 4
Hindi 2ndlang
भलि[ (महादी मा)
भलि[ कहानी की लखिखका महादी मा न इस कहानी म यह दशान का परयास गिकया ह गिक आजकल क जमान म भी लो सक बन कर गिनसाथ सा करत ह ह
गिबना तन लिसा करत ह और उसक बदल ना कछ मात ह और ना ही कोई आशा करत ह नौकर सा करक तन चाहता ह और ह भी कई सगिधाओ की आशा करता ह पर सक सदा गिनजी साथ भा स सा म सलगन रह कर काम करता ह भलि[ कहानी की मखय पातर लकषमी ह जिजस भलि[ नाम लखिखका न दिदया ह ह गिकसी
ोपाल काकी कनया ह पाच रष की आय म उसकी गि माता न ौना ही कर दिदया कहानी म भलि[ क दखो का अत नही ह गिफर भी ह बडी साहसी धयान और परिरशरमी ह कदिठनाइयो स जझ ती ह पहल गिपता की मतय गिफर पगित की मतय और
गिफर घर जमाई की मतय होती ह उस साहसी मगिहला न साहस नही छोडा और तीनो पतरी ओक हाथ पील गिकए लाना द पान क कारण उसका जमीदार न अपमान गिकया गिफरकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहचीकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहची शहर पहच करा लखिखका की सगिका बनी ही पर उसका नाम भलि[ पडा ह एक भ[ की तरह अपन सामिमनी की इमानदारी स सा करती और तन का जिजकर भी नही करती ह लखिखका क घर पाठशाला आदिद को अचछी तरह स सभालती पढी-
लिलखी ना होकर भी ह लखिखका की बहत सा ए सहायता करती ह लखिखका का साया बनकर चलती लखिखका की सा करना उसक जीन का उददशय ह ह
लखिखका की खशी क लिलए ही काय करती ह ह लखिखका को दखी नही दख सकती लखिखका पर भलि[ का इतना परभा पडा गिक ह सय दहाती बन ई
यदध क दिदनो म ह अपन परिरार क साथ रहन की अपकषा लखिखका क साथ रहना पसद करती थी यदध क भत न जब ीटा क ान पर पलायन गित जा दी तो
भलि[ न न लखिखका को अपन ा ल जान का अनरोध करन ली लखिखका को डर ह गिक यदिद उसक गिदा होन क अगितम छठा ए तो ह दहातीन दधा कया कर ी
इस परकार हम दखत ह गिक लखिखका न सामिमनी और सगिका क ण बरसात हए सक धम पर परकाश डाला ह और लखिखका न एक आदश सगिका क रप को सदर
रप स परसतत गिकया हBengali আদাব পরশন) ldquoশরণের ১৪৪ ধারা আর কারহিZউ অU ার জারী রণেয়রণে0ldquo
ক) কার গলখা গকা3 রচ3ার অংশ খ)গকাায় গক3 ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়রণে0 )১৪৪ ধারা কী এর Zরণেল কী য়
উততর) ক)আরণেলাচ য অংশটি সরণেরশ বসর রহিচত lsquoআদাবlsquo গ0াট রণেলপর অংশ
খ) বাংলারণেদরণেশর ঢাকা শরণের ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়হি0ল সামপরদাহিয়ক াnাা ও দাnা পরহিতরণেরারণেধর জ3 য হিlt সলা3রণেদর গ3তারণেদর সামপরদাহিয়ক উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা বারণেধ উ2য় সমপরদায় 2ীত রণেয় ঘর বহিlt রণেয় পরণে পরসপর পরসপররণেক সরণেltরণের গচারণেখ গদরণেখ গকউ কাউরণেক আরণের রণেতা হিবশবাস কররণেত পারণের3া হিক0 া3রণেষর উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা য় ার পহির3া অরণেতক রকত iয় ও ত য
) ১৪৪ ধারা আইরণে3র এ3 একটা ধারা ার _ারা এলাকা হি3হিদ ষট করণের গদওয়া য় গসই এলাকার রণেধ য গবহিশ া3রণেষর জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় হিহি0ল জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় আই3 2nকারীরণেক গহিলর হি3রণেদশ জাহির করা য় তাই সাধার3 া3ষ আর বাইরণের গবর রণেত পারণের3া পরারণে3র 2রণেয় বহিlt রণেয় ারণেক এর Zল য় সাংঘাহিতক গদাকা3 পাট বনধ ারণেক
হিজহি3স পতর অহিল য় রাসতা ঘাট জ3 শ3 য রণেয় ায় লরণেঠরা তারণেদর লঠত রাজ চাহিলরণেয় হি3রণেজরণেদর আরণেখর গহি0রণেয় গ3য় া3ষরণেক 2ীহিতর হিব2ীহিষহিক গরাস করণের ঘরণেরর া3রণেষর ইkা াকরণেলও ঘরণের হিZররণেত পারণের3া হিZররণেত হিরণেয় বltরণেকর গহিলরণেত পরা3 ারায়
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today we will discuss about Types of Leaves
An organization provides several kinds of leaves to the employees These days employees working both in government and private sector are allowed several types of leaves Following are the leaves achieved by the employees from their organization
Casual LeaveChild care leave -HospitalLeaveSpecial disability leaveChild Adoption leaveEarned LeavesHalf pay leaveMaternity leavePaternityleaveStudy leave
1 Casual Leave- Casual leave is not a recognised form of leaves and is not subject to any rules made by the government of India And official on casual leave is not treated as Absent from duty and pay is not intimated Normally 8 days of casual leave is permissible in a calendar year
2 Child care leave - Women employees having minor children may be granted child care leave by an authority competent to grant leave for a maximum period of 730 days means two years during their entire service for taking care of up to two children weather for sharing or to look after any of their names like examination sickness it is a
3HospitalLeave - Hospital leave is admissible to group C employees whose duties involved handling of dangerous machinery explosive materials poisonous drugs and performance of hazardous task and to group D employees Medical certificate from an authorised medical attendant is necessary for the grant of these leave However total period of
leave does not exceed 28 months4Special disability leave- Special
disability leave admissible to all employees when disabled by injury intentionally or accidentally inflicted are caused in law in consequence of the due performance of official duties or in consequence of official position It also it is also add miscible when disabled by illness incurred in the performance of any particular duty which has the effect of increasing laboratory to illness or injury beyond the ordinary least attaching to the Civil post held and the same condition
5Child Adoption leave- This leave is granted to female Employees with fewer than two surviving children on valid adoption of a child below the age of one year for a period of 135 days immediately after the date of valid adoption Leave salary will be equal to the pain immediately before processing on leave
6Earned Leaves- This leave is earned by duty The credit for earned leave will be awarded at a rate of 15 days on the 1st of January and 1st of July every year It can be accumulated up to 300 days in addition to the number of days for which encashment has been allowed along with LTC
7 Half pay leave -All government servant are entitled to 20 days of HPL half pay leave for every completed year of service Half pay leave is calculated at 20 days for each completed year of service The service includes periods of duty and leave including extra ordinary leave with or without MC (medical certificate)
8 Maternity leave -Maternity leave is granted to women Government employees full stop it is as possible only to Employees with less than 2 surviving children The maternity leave is not debited to leave account and full pay is granted It cannot be combined with any other the leaves and count as service for increment and pension
9 PaternityleaveA male employee with less than 2 surviving children may be granted paternity leave for a period of 15 days during the confinement of
his wife During the period of such leaves he shall be paid leave salary equal to the pay drawn immediately before proceeding on leave
10 Study leave-Study leave may be granted to all Government Employees with not less than 5 years service for undergoing a special course consisting of higher studies are specialised training in a professional or technical subject having a direct and close connection with the sphere of his duties as a Civil Servant
Commerce
Chapter-5Management
Let us today discuss about the nature of Management
Nature of management Management is defined as
An art A science A profession
Management is defined as an art because of the following reasons
1 In art there is an existence of theoretical knowledge Similarly in management various theories are propounded by management thinkers in various areas of management like finance marketing human resources etc
2 Every manager apply his or her personal skills and knowledge in the day to day functioning of an enterprise
3 Like an art management is creative as it provides solutions to Complex problems making resources productive and profitable moulding the attitudes of people for the betterment of an organisation
Management is is considered as science because of the following reasons
1 Like science there is a systemised body of knowledge in management consisting of theories principles vocabulary and concept
2 Principles of management are evolved after continuous observations and experimentation
Management both as Science and ArtManagement is both a science and an art It is a science because it uses certain principles and is an art because it requires continuous practice and application of personal skillsManagement as a profession Following points highlight whether management is a profession or not1 Like profession management has well
defined body of knowledge It has its own principles which are based on experiments One can acquire such
knowledge by pursuing courses like MBA BBA etc and acquire managerial skills through instruction and training
2 In management no such restriction is there for managers to clear an examination for hold a degree However these days more and more people are appointed for managerial post who opposes management degrees
3 Membership to a professional Association like AIMA is not mandatory for managers All managers directly or indirectly work for the development of society
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Essay Questions (EQ-2)
Question No 2Sketch the character of Prospero Would you call him perfect
AnswerProspero in The Tempest appears to be an intensely human being with human failings and weaknesses With all his excellence Prospero is made to awaken our sympathy for a natural imperfection Prosperorsquos Previous HistoryIn his retrospective narration of his previous history to Miranda we get a glimpse into Prosperorsquos past life As the Duke of Milan Prospero buried himself in his magic books which he prized above his dukedom He was essentially a scholar with no practical wisdom He failed to perform his first duty by neglecting the governance of his state and gave an opportunity to his wicked brother to undermine his throne He was thus driven from his home and thrown in a leaky boat with his weeping daughter to drift in the perilous seas It is only the thought of his little child that kept him aliveThe Development of Prosperorsquos CharacterThe development of his character is evident from the contrast between what he was before his banishment and what he is now in the island Formerly when his ldquolibrary was dukedom enoughrdquo he was altogether too unsuspecting Now he is watchful as providence and takes care to guard himself against the possibility of evil He has learnt to know human nature in its worst forms even Caliban has taught him something He will no longer put his trust in appearance except as ldquostale to catch thievesrdquo nor in oaths of which the strongest he says ldquoare straw to the fire irsquo the bloodrdquo He who once neglected worldly ends now consistently asserts his dignity enforces obedience and deals out justice with impartial hand He who without a thought of evil gave his power and his revenues into his brotherrsquos hands now puts Ferdinand to the severest test as a trial of his love before entrusting his daughter to him He makes the most practical use imaginable of his magic art exacts prompt servitudefrom his attendants does not hesitate to punish them is resolved and firm and knows how to seize the proper moment for action He is a most careful father to his daughter a considerate master of Ariel severe against the brutal Caliban humane towards the repentant enemies full of experience and wisdomThe Exercise of his Power ndash his SternnessWhat appears to us at the first sight one of the least pleasing features of Prosperorsquos character is the sternness which he frequently displays more particularly in his dealings with Caliban His harshness towards Caliban resulted from the failure of gentler methods his severity towards Ferdinand was exercised in the interest of his daughter ldquolest too light winning make the prize lightrdquo and his punishment of Alonso Sebastian and Antonio is justified by the attainment of his objectiveProsperorsquos TendernessThe tender side of Prosperorsquos character is exhibited in his relation to Miranda Ariel Gonzalo and the repentant sinners His love for Miranda is unbounded She was almost life to him In his darkest hours of trial this love sustained him and gave him strength to put a bold front to suffering He addresses her always with tenderness She is to him a lsquoloved darlingrsquo lsquodear heartrsquo lsquoa rich giftrsquo lsquoa third of his own lifersquo The same affectionate nature is shown in his dealing with his brother Antonio He loved his brother Antonio only next to Miranda before Antonio conspired against him In the island when Antonio is brought before him he forgives him
readily To Gonzalo the good old councilor he is all affection He sheds tears of joy and gratitude when he meets him in the island To Ariel he is a loving and considerable master Ariel is always to him ldquomy brave spiritrdquo ldquofine spiritrdquo ldquodelicate Arielrdquo ldquomy Arielrdquo etc When he promises Ariel his freedom he says with real emotion ndash ldquoI shall miss theerdquoProsperorsquos Power as a MagicianThe practice of magic has placed wonderful powers in the hands of Prospero He uses his supernatural powers like a god only to bring about the happiest results He causes The Tempest and the shipwreck only to bring his enemies within his power and not to destroy them Not a soul perished in the storm He leads Ferdinand to Miranda his high charms work and as he wishes the two falls in love He frustrates the plots of the conspirators and makes them know that he was conscious of it He drives Sebastian and Alonso to sincere repentance and readily forgives them The drunken associates of Caliban are no doubt sternly treated but even then they are promised conditional pardon The whole play at last ends in reconciliation joy and peace The wrongs are set right the lovers are made happy Ariel is set free and thus the powerful magician retires into the solitude of his study at MilanProsperorsquos ForgivenessAllied to his wisdom is his forgiving nature Though deeply wronged he bears no spite against the wrong-doers Though his power is unlimited he uses it to noble purposes The lesson of adversity has taught him that ldquoThe rarer action is in virtue than in vengeancerdquoProspero does not debase his noble nature by revenge but forgives his enemies absolutely He drives his erstwhile enemies to a sincere penitence for their past misdeeds and when repentance has wrought its full effect on them he receives them into his arms and is reconciled to them Is Prospero perfectProspero creates a great impression upon our minds by his dignity his nobility the divine spirit of forgiveness in him his generous and sympathetic nature etc Even with all these virtues we cannot call him perfect We perceive certain faults in him He displays an occasional impatience irritability and even a certain harshness of feeling His severe treatment of Caliban might have been justified but the language in which he addresses the monster and the threats that he uses show him to be a kind of tyrant On learning of Calibanrsquos plot against his life he is as violently disturbed and agitated as any ordinary human being would be His manner towards Ariel when the latter demands his liberty also seems somewhat arbitrary and tyrannicalSubject ndashBiology Topic ndashChapter -5 Inheritance amp Variations Summary ExecutionToday we will discuss about NON-Mendelian Inheritance
NON_MENDELIAN INHERITANCE Incomplete Dominance It is an inheritance in which heterozygous offspring shows
intermediate character between two parental characteristics Eg Flower colour in snapdragon (dog flower or Antirrhinum sp) and
Mirabilis jalapa ( 4rsquoO clock plant) Here phenotypic and genotypic ratios are same Phenotypic Ratio 1Red 2 Pink 1 White Genotypic Ratio 1(RR) 2 (Rr) 1(rr) This means that R was not completely dominant over r Pea plants also show incomplete dominance in other traits
Co- dominance It is the inheritance in which both alleles of a gene are expressed in a
hybrid Eg ABO blood grouping in human ABO Blood groups are controlled by the gene I The plasma membrane of the RBC has sugar polymer that protrude
from its surface and is controlled By the gene The gene I has three alleles IA IB i The alleles IA and IB produce a slightly different form of the sugar
while allele i does not produce any sugar In AB blood group both IA and IB are present together This is co ndash
dominanceMultiple Alleles
Multiple alternatives of the same gene which influence the same character and produce different expressions in different individuals of a species or population same genes have more than two allelic
forms These different forms of a single gene are referred as multiple alleles Eg human Blood group
Ac-12 250620 Topic- retirement
Illustration Om Jai and Jagdish are partners sharing profit in the ratio of 3 2 l Their balance sheet as at December 31st 2014 is as under
Balance sheet as at December 31 2014
Liabilities Amount Assets Amount
(Rs`) (Rs`)
Creditors 80000 Building 180000 Bills Payable 26000 Plant 140000 General reserve 24000 Motor Car 40000 Capital Stock 100000 Om 160000 Debtors 63000 Jai 120000 Less Provision Jagdish 120000
400000 for Bad debts 3000
60000 Cash at Bank 10000
530000 530000
Jai retires on that date on the following terms(a) The Goodwill of the firm is valued at Rs 60000(b) Stock and Building to be appreciated by 10(c) Plant is depreciated by 10(d) Provision for Bad debts is increased upto Rs 5000(e) Jairsquos share of goodwill was adjusted through remaining partners capital accountThe amount due to Jai is paid out of the fund brought in by Om and Jagdish in theirnew profit sharing ratio Jai is paid full amountPrepare Revaluation Account and Partnerrsquos Capital account
Solution WorkingsIt is assumed that Om and Jagdish gaining ratio remains 3 lJairsquo Share of goodwill = Rs 60000 times 26 = Rs20000Adjusted through the remaining partners capital account in 3 1 ratio
Revaluation Account
Dr Cr
Particulars Amount Particulars Amount
(Rs`) (`Rs)
To Provision for Bad debts 2000 By Stock 10000TO Plant 14000 By Building 18000To Profit transferred toCapital Accounts Om 6000 Jai 4000 Jagdish 2000
12000
28000 28000
Capital AccountDr Cr Particulars Om Jai Jagdish Particulars Om Jai Jagdish
(Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (rs`) (`Rs)
To Capital 15000 mdash 5000 By Balance bd 160000 120000 120000 ToBank 152000 By General Reserve 12000 8000 4000To Balance cd 277000 mdash 159000 By Revaluation (Profit) 6000 4000 2000 By Om Capital mdash 15000 mdash ByJagdish Capital mdash 5000 By Bank 114000 38000
292000 152000 164000 292000 152000 164000
cent saturation (if it is less than100 per cent saturation then the water is considered as soil moisture) Ninety-eight per cent of Earths available fresh water is groundwater It is about60 times as plentiful as the fresh water found in lakes and streams Water in the ground travels through pores in soil and rock and in fractures and weathered areas of bed rockThe majority of fresh water is therefore found under ground as soil moisture and in aquifers
Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 88 to 126 (Portia helliphellip Such as the day is when the sun is hid) [Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]
Summary Questions amp Answerso Launcelot then arrives and informs
Lorenzo that Bassanio will also be arriving soon Both Lorenzo and Jessica return to the house and ask Stephano to order the family musicians to play music in order to extend a fitting welcome to Portia
o Portia and Nerissa dressed in their normal self return home and enter the building Lorenzo recognizes Portias voice and comes to greet her She orders the servants to pretend as if she had never left and asks Lorenzo and Jessica to do the same
o Soon thereafter Bassanio Gratiano and Antonio arrive
(1) PORTIA That light we see is burning in my hall (L 89-101)
How far that little candle throws his beams So shines a good deed in a
naughty worldNERISSA When the moon shone we did not see the candlePORTIA So doth the greater glory dim the less
A substitute shines brightly as a king
Unto the king be by and then his state
Empties itself as doth an inland brook
Into the main of waters Music hark
NERISSA It is your music madam of the housePORTIA Nothing is good I see without respect
Methinks it sounds much sweeter than by day
NERISSA Silence bestows that virtue on it madam
(i) Where are Lorenzo and Jessica sitting What message have they received What are they doing
Lorenzo and Jessica are sitting in Portiarsquos house in Belmont They have just received the message informing them of the arrival of Portia and Bassanio separately They are waiting for their arrivals and enjoying the beauty of the moonlight night(ii) In which mood is Lorenzo found after Stephanorsquos departure
After Stephanorsquos departure Lorenzo reverts to his romantic mood He is carried away by the magic of the loveliness of the moonlight He draws Jessicarsquos attention and says that the moonlight is sleeping beautifully on the raised ground He says that they will sit there and enjoy the sweetness of the gentle
music which will shortly creep into their ears very softly(iii) Why has Lorenzo sent Stephano What kind of man is he who does not appreciate the sweet harmony of sounds
Lorenzo has sent Stephano to instruct the musicians to play soft music to welcome Portia home Lorenzo tells that the
tranquility and the beautiful night suit the sweet music Praising the ennobling (M lend greater dignity) effect of music Lorenzo tells Jessica that the person who has no music in him and does not appreciate the sweet harmony of sounds is a dangerous person and so should be watched very carefully(iv) Who are returning to Belmont What does Nerissa remark on seeing the light of the house
Portia and Nerissa are returning to Belmont after successfully conducting Antoniorsquos trial in Venice as the lawyer and the clerk respectively When they are near their home Nerissa seeing the light of the house remarks that they did not see this light of this candle when the moon was shining(v) What does Portia comment on Nerissarsquos observation Commenting on Nerissarsquos observation Portia says that the lesser glory becomes insignificant before the greater glory She adds that the kingrsquos representative assumes great splendor and authority when the king himself is not near But before the real king the substitute becomes devoid of all splendor and
authority as the big rivers lose their identity after emptying into the vast sea
SUBJECT PHYSICS [TOPIC FORCE]Answer the following questions ( ICSE questions of previous years from chapter FORCE)
1 Write the position of centre of mass for the following bodies(i) A circular ring (ii) A cylinder(iii) A hollow sphere (iv) A triangular lamina
2 Explain why screw drivers are provided with longer handles3 Compare the magnitude and direction of centripetal force and centrifugal force4 How does uniform circular motion differ from uniform linear motion5 Why is the motion of a body moving with a constant speed around a circular path is said to be
accelerated6 A brass ball is hanging from a cotton thread Draw a neat labeled diagram showing the force acting
on the brass ball and the cotton thread 7 Define moment of force Write the relationship between the SI and CGS unit of moment of force8 Define couple State the SI unit of moment of couple9 A uniform half meter scale balanced horizontally on a knife edge at 29 cm mark when a weight of 20
gmf is suspended from one end(i) Draw the diagram of the arrangementWhat is the weight of the half meter rule
ECO-10 250620 Topic-Supply Analysis
MEANING OF SUPPLYSupply a commodity by a firm or seller may be defined as the quantity of a commodity that a firm or seller offers for sale at a given price during a given time period But the actual sale of the commodity may be different from its supply For example a farmer (produced of wheat) is willing to sell 50 quintals of wheat at a price of ` 15 per kg but he is able to sell only 30 quintals at this price So this case the supply of wheat is 50 quintals but the actual sale is 30 quintals So these two concepts should not be confused with each other Like demand supply also has three elements The definition of supply include (i) the quantity of the commodity that a firm is willing to supply (ii) the price at which it is willing to supply that quantity and (iii) the time period during which it is willing to supply that quantity
FACTORS DETERMINING SUPPLY OR DETERMINANTS OF SUPPLY OF A GOOD
The main determinant of supply is the price of the commodity But the cost of production of a commodity is an important factor in determining profit maximized on output of a firm The cost of production depends on the prices of various inputs like raw material wages of workers interest of capital rent of building etc The supply of a commodity also depends on the technology used in the production of the commodity and many other factors The main factors determining supply of a commodity are(i) Price of the commodity(ii) Price of other related good(iii) Price of inputsfactors(iv) Taxation policy of government(v) Objective of the firm(i) Price of the commodity Other factors determining supply remaining constant there is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity It means the quantity supplied of a commodity increases with rise in price and decreases with fall in price of the commodity More quantity of a commodity is supplied at a higher price and less quantity is supplied at a lower price For example a seller of tomatoes is willing to sell 100 kgs of tomatoes at a price of ` 40 per keg and only 50 kgs at a price of ` 20 per kg Due to this direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity the supply curve has a positive slope Supply curve is upward sloping to the right(ii) Price of other related goods Supply of a commodity is also influenced by the change in the price of other related goods With the help of given resources we can produce several goods by using the same technology This helps the firm to diversify and tide over fluctuations in demand For example a farmer can produce either pulses or food grains by using the resources If the price of pulses increases it becomes more profitable for him to make more production of pulses So he will divert some resources from the production of food grains to the production of pulses The production of pulses will increase and that of food grains will decrease So the supply of pulses will increase if the price of pulses increases and the supply of food grain will decrease at the same price reverse will happen if the price of food grains increases(iii) Price of inputsfactors Change in the price of inputs like raw material wage rent or interest also influences the supply of a commodity For example in the production of cloth cotton is the main raw material If the price of cotton increases the cost of production of cloth will increase At the same price the margin of profit will decrease So the producer will decrease the supply of cloth at the same price On the other hand if the price of cotton falls the cost of production per unit of cloth will decrease and hence the supply of cloth will increase The price of other inputs will also influence the supply of a good in the same manner(iv) Technology of production an improvement in the technology of production of a commodity decreases the per unit cost of the commodity The margin of profit will increase at the same price So the supply of a commodity will increase with improvement in technology of production at the same price On the other hand if a firm uses absolute technology of production the cost of production per unit of the commodity will increase The margin of profit will decrease so the firm will decrease its supply at the same price This is the main reason that the firms are trying to use better technology of production because it not only reduces the cost of production per unit but also improves the quality of the product(v) Taxation policy of government If the government reduces the excise duty or the production of a commodity the cost of production per unit of the commodity will decrease the margin of profit will increase at the same price so the producer of the commodity will increase its supply It happens when the government wants to increase the production of the commodity On the other hand to discourage the production of some harmful goods like cigarettes liquor etc the government increases the rate of excise duty on the production of such goods So the cost of production per unit of the commodity increases and the supply of such commodities decreases(vi) Objective of the firm The objective of the producer also influences the supply of a commodity Generally the objective of a producer is get maximize his profits Profits are maximized at a higher price So he increases the supply of a commodity at a higher price and decreases its supply at a lower price But sometimes the producer may be in maximizing his sales and not in maximizing his profits as he wants to capture the market In that case he goes on increasing the supply so long his target is not achieved can profit is not adversely affected He may increase the supply at the same price to any extent
SUPPLY FUNCTION
When the relationship between quantity supplied and the determinants of supplied is expressed mathematically in an equation it is called a supply function So a supply function can be expressed asSn = f(Pn Pr Pf T Tr G)where Sn = Supply of commodity nPn = Price of the commodity nPr = Price of other related goodsPf = Price of inputsfactors
T = Technology of productionTr = Government policy or tax rateG = Goal or objective of the producer
Typically supply function shows the relationship between price and quantity supplied keeping all other determinants of supply as constant It shows the amount of a good that a seller supplies at different levels of price
LAW OF SUPPLYThe law of supply depicts the relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity when all other determinants of supply remain constant This law states that there is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity other factors determining supply remaining constant It means quantity supplied of a commodity increases with increase in price and decreases with decrease in price
Assumptions of the law of supplyThe phrase other determinants of supply remaining constant in the law of supply shows the assumptions of the law of supply The mains factors which influence the supply of a commodity one price of the commodity price of other related goods price of inputs technology of production taxation policy of the government and objective of the firm etc The law of supply is based on the assumptions that all these factors determining supply except price of the commodity should remain constant The following are the main assumptions of the law of supply(i) Price of other related goods should remain the same(ii) There should be no change in the price of inputs (factors)(iii) Technology of production should not change(iv) There is no change in the taxation policy of the government(v) Objective of the firm should not changeThe law of supply is based on the assumptions that the supply of commodity changes only due to change in price when all other determinant of supply remain constantClass XISubject Topic Summary Execution EVS Chapter-2
Ecology Answer the following questions briefly Q Draw a neat labeled diagram of carbon cycleAnsndash
Mathematics Principle of Mathematical Induction
1) What is statement Ans A sentence which may be true or false is called statement eg i) 5 is greater than 3 ii) New Delhi is the capital of India iii) 5 divides 7 These all are statements We see that statement (i) amp (ii) are true but (iii) is false 2 What is Mathematical StatementAns Statement involving mathematical relations are called mathematical statement We shall use mathematical statement in principle of
Example If n be a positive integer show that n(n+1) is an even positive integer Solution Let P(n) be the statement n(n+1) is an even positive integer Then (i) P(1) is the statement 1(1+1) ie 2 is an even positive integer Therefore P(1) is true (ii) If P(m) is true for some positive integer m then m(m+1) is an even integer Now (m+1) [(m+1)+1]=(m+1)sup2+ (m+1) =msup2+2m+1+m+1=msup2+m+2m+2=m(m+1) +2(m+1) = an even integer + an even positive integer [Since P(m) is true and 2(m+1) is an even
mathematical induction 3 What is the use of Principle of mathematical inductionAns Sometimes it is difficult to prove a statement theorem or a formula by direct method In this case we use an indirect method known as the Principle of mathematical induction There are two steps in this processSTEP 1 Varify that the statement or formula is true for one or two particular values of n say for n=1 2STEP 2 Assuming that the statement or formula is true for n=m where m is any positive integer show that it is true for n=m+1Conclusion Since the statement is true for n=2 it is true for n=2+1 that is 3 and since it is true for n=3 it is true for n=3 + 1 that is 4 and so on Hence the statement or formula is true for all positive integral values of n
positive integer]= an even positive integer Therefore P(m+1) is true when P(m) is true Therefore By the principle of Mathematical Induction P(n) is true for all positive integral values of n Hence n(n+1) is an even positive integer
Hindi 2ndlang एक फल की चाह 5 दख रहा था जस सो सथिर हो नही बठती थी कषण भर हाय ही चपचाप पडी थी अटल शागित शी धारण कर सनना यही चाहता था म उस सय ही
उकसा करमझको दी क परसाद का एक फल ही दो लाकर
शबदाथ ससथिर - परी तरह ठहरी हई अटल- पकका
उकसाकर - पररणा दकर
वयाखयाndash उपय[ पलि[यो म कगि सखिखया की ददशा का णन कर रहा ह जो उनक गिपता दवारा वय[ गिकया या ह अपनी बटी सखिखया कीददशा का
गितरण करत हए गिपता कहता ह गिक म अपनी आखो क सामन दख रहा था गिक मरी बटी जो पल भर क लिलए दिटककर नही बठती थी ह अब सथिर शात मरतित की तरह पढी थी अब म ह बार- बार इस बात क लिलए पररिरत कर रहा
था गिक ह मझ गिफर स ही शबद कह गिपताजी मझ दी क परसाद का एक फल लाकर दो
6 ऊच शल लिशखर क ऊपर मदिदर था गिसतीणर गिशाल सण कलशसरलिसज गिहलिसत थ पाकरसमदिदत रगि कर जाल दीप धल स अचछदिदत था मदिदर का
आन सारा ज रही थी भीतर बाहर मखरिरत उतस की धारा
शबदाथ - शल लिशखर- पहाड की ऊची चोटी
सतीणर - फला हआ
सण कलश - कमल क समान सदर सोन का कलश मखरिरत - परकट समदिदत - अचछी परकार खिखला हआ रगि कर जाल - सय की गिकरणो का समह
वयाखया- परसतत पलि[या म कगि न मदिदर की सदरता का णन गिकया ह कहत ह गिक मझ पहाड की चोटी पर एक गिलिशषट और गिशालमश था उसक
सोन क कलश सय की गिकरणो म चमकत हए ऐस परतीत हो रह थ जस सय की खिखली हईगिकरणो क ाा सपशपाकर सनहर कमल खिखल उठ हो मदिदर का
आन धप दीप की सध स भरा हआ था मदिदर क अदर और बाहर मनाए जा रह उसकी परसननता की ज सनाई द रही थी
Bengali (2nd language)
কোনি মনি নদী পরথম অধযোয়
হি_তীয় হিদরণে3র পাঠ-
হিবষটবাব গলাকটির কায় গররণে কা বলরণেত পাররণে0 3া শধ গচাখ হিদরণেয় রা পরকাশ করহি0ল কা বলরণেত বলরণেত গলাকটি পাঞজাহিব লহিn খরণেল জ কররণেত শর করল তাই গদরণেখ হিবষটবাব ত2মভ রণেয় গল চাটি ারার 2হিnরণেত গলাকটি হিবষটবাবর হিদরণেক এরণোরণেল হিতহি3 াা 3ীচ করণের 3াহিরণেয় গ33 হিদ গলাকটি হিবষটবাবরণেক চাটিরণেয় ায় তারণেল হিতহি3 তাাতাহিউরণেঠ গলাকটিরণেক ধররণেত পাররণেব3 3া কার তার শরীরণেরর ওজরণে3র জ3য এই শরণে3 হিবষটবাব বরণে3া গারণেষর ত গতরণেZরণে উরণেঠ দাাল তারণেত গলাকটি দাহিরণেয় শরীরটারণেক একট দহিলরণেয় হি3ল এই সব শরণে3 হিবষট ধর চপ করণের রইল শধ lsquoগঘাৎrsquo করণের একটা শবদ করল গলাকটি হিসহি হিদরণেয় ওঠা3াা কররণে0 গদরণেখ হিবষটবাব খাহি3কটা হিদরণেশারা রণেয় গলহিবষটবাবর গচারণেখ রারণের বদরণেল এখ3 গকৌতল হিতহি3 বরণেল3 ldquoখাওায় আার গলা2 গ3ই Uায়টিং কহিরrdquo হিকনত হিতহি3 কতটা Uায়টিং করণের তা তার শরীর আর খাবারণেরর তাহিলকা গদরণেখ গলাকটি বরণে= গল গলাকটি এহিরণেয় হিরণেয় হিবষটবাবর 2হিরণেত াত বহিলরণেয় হিদরণেল গস আরা অ32ব করণের3 এবং হিপহি0রণেয় া3 গলাকটি হিবষটবাবর সারণে3 তার শরীরণেরর কসরত পরদশ3 কররণেল হিবষটবাব রণে3 রণে3 হিব হিব করণের বরণেল3 হিতহি3ও গরাা রণেত চা3 গসই হরণেত nা গরণেক আবার হিচৎকার গ2রণেস আরণেস lsquoগকা হি3 গকা হি3rsquo
ldquoকী রক Uায়টিংrdquo-ক)বকতা গককারণেক বলরণে0খ)Uায়টিং কার অ কী ) Uায়টিং করা বযহিকতর গচারার ব3া দাও ঘ) তার Uায়টিং এর ব3া দাও
উঃ- ক) আরণেলাচয অংশটি হিত3ltীর গলখা lsquoগকাহি3rsquo উপ3যাস গরণেক গ3ওয়া রণেয়রণে0 আরণেলাচয কাটি বকতা রণেল3 সাদা লহিnপরা ারণেয় গরয়া পাঞজাহিব ও কারণেধ রহিn3 বযা ওয়ালা হিiহিতশ হিসং হিতহি3 কাটি বরণেলরণে03 হিবষট ধররণেকখ) Uারণেয়টিং কার অ ল পহিরহিত খাদয গর অাৎ খাদয তাহিলকায় সসত খারণেদযর গ3াগ3 বজায় গররণেখ খাদয গর) হিবষট ধরণেরর গচারা হিবশাল ওজ3 পরায় হিত3 গদখরণেত জলহিসতর রণেতা সারা শরীরণের চহিব ল ল কররণে0 বয়স পরায় চহিশ হিবশাল 2হি উপ রণেয় শরণেল হিচৎ রণেত পারণের3া গকউ গঠরণেল হিদরণেল হিচৎ রণেত পারণের তারণেক কায় নধ াদ3 পবরণেতর সরণেn তল3া করা য়ঘ) হিবষট ধর গকৌতলী রণেয় বরণেল তার খাওয়ার গকা3 গলা2 গ3ই গস Uায়টিং করণের আরণে গস আধ হিকরণেলা হিiর গখত এখ3 গস হিত3রণেশা গরা হিiর খায় জল খাবারণের কহিটা লহিচ গখত এখ3 পরণে3রণেরাটা লহিচ খায় আাইরণেশা গরা চারণেলর 2াত খায় হিঘ খাওয়া গ0রণে হিদরণেয়রণে0 রারণেত াতর বারণেরাটা রটি খায় হিবরণেকরণেল দ-গলাস হি0হিরর জল সরণেn চাররণেট কা পারণেকর সরণেltশ বাহিরণেত রাধাকষণ আরণে0 বরণেল হিবষট ধর া0 াংস খায়3া আর তারণেত তার গকা3 গলা2 লালসা গ3ই
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 276 to 313 (Sebastian helliphellipIt struck mine ear most terribly)[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]
Summary Questions amp AnswersConspiracy of Antonio and Sebastian
o Antonio further suggests murder of Alonso and eventually Sebastian agrees
o They draw their swords and proceed to murder Alonso and Gonzalo who are sleeping
(1) (Act II Sc 2 L 277-291)ANTONIO Ay sir where lies that If rsquotwere a kibe
rsquoTwould put me to my slipper but I feel notThis deity in my bosom Twenty consciencesThat stand rsquotwixt me and Milan candied be they And melt ere they molest Here lies your brotherNo better than the earth he lies uponIf he were that which now hes likemdashthats deadWhom I with this obedient steel three inches of itCan lay to bed for ever (whiles you doing thus
o As they approach Ariel appears again and wakes up Gonzalo by singing a tune in his ear Alonso also wakes up and they see both Sebastian and Antonio with drawn swords On being caught off guard they make up a story saying that they had heard a bellowing of bulls or lions
IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED
(Act II Sc 1 L 277-281)ANTONIOAy sir where lies that If rsquotwere a kibersquoTwould put me to my slipper but I feel notThis deity in my bosom Twenty consciencesThat stand rsquotwixt me and Milan candied be they And melt ere they molest
In these lines Antonio speaks how he is a conscienceless villain In inciting Sebastian to the kingship of Naples by murdering his brother he quotes his own example He too had banished his brother and made himself the Duke of Milan This kingship now sits upon him like a well fittinggarment So will be the case of Sebastian Sebastian then questions Antonio if this foul deed did not prick his conscience To this Antonio replies like a hardened villain He laughs at the word lsquoconsciencersquo and says that he has never heard of anything like conscience A guilty conscience gave him no more pain that is chilblain (M a painful itching and swelling on hand and foot caused by exposure to extreme cold) A man can get rid of the pain of chilblain by wearing slippers instead of shoes so does Antonio get rid of the qualms (M an uneasy feeling of doubt worry or fear especially about onersquos conduct) of conscience very easily Even if he were troubled by twenty consciences that barred his way to the throne of Milan however frozen they might be he would melt them into insensibility before they could cause him to twinge
To the perpetual wink of aye might putThis ancient morsel this Sir Prudence whoShould not upbraid our course) - for all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour
(i) To whom does Antonio speak these lines Who is referred to as lsquoyour brotherrsquo What does Antonio mean by saying lsquoNo better than the earth he lies uponrsquo
These lines are spoken by Antonio to Sebastian King Alonso is referred to as Sebastianrsquos brother Indicating towards Alonso who is lying asleep on the ground Antonio tells Sebastian that here sleeps his brother and at this time he is no better than a clod of the earth on which he lies asleep Antonio means to say that if he were actually to become what he looks like he would be a dead body(ii) According to Antonio what would he do if he were at the place of Sebastian
Antonio says that if he were in the position of Sebastian he would not care even for twenty consciences in order to win the kingship of Naples He would rather forget all his consciences if they happen to trouble him at all (iii) What does Antonio suggest to Sebastian What does Antonio assure him
Antonio suggests to Sebastian that in a moment Sebastian can put to death Gonzalo who pretends to be a very wise man and who on that account rebukes others (particularly Antonio and Sebastian) whereas he (Antonio) himself can put Alonso to death with only three inches of his willing sword Antonio further assures Sebastian that by killing both of them there will be none left to oppose him and in this way every obstacle in his way will be removed
(iv) Explain the lines lsquofor all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hourrsquo
In other words Antonio says that even if he were endowed with a stiff conscience he could easily relax or soften it for the execution of his purpose Then Antonio suggests that conscience should be no hindrance to a manrsquos future greatness
Comments These are terrible words coming from the mouth of a villain of the worst type He is utterly devoid of conscience or remorse He is an utter atheist of human virtue He speaks of conscience as a deity that he does not feel in his bosom
According to Antonio so far as the other lords (Adrian Francisco and others) are concerned they need not be murdered because they would obey the orders of Antonio and Sebastian as willingly and readily as cat licks milk These other lords would endorse and support everything that Sebastian and Antonio may say or suggest These other lords would adjust their views in accordance with the wishes of Antonio and Sebastian and they would regard all proposals made by Antonio and Sebastian as being opportune and also as being acceptable(v) What opinion do you form of Antonio from the above speech
The speech given above shows Antonio to be an absolutely unscrupulous man After saying that he does not believe in any such faculty as the conscience he suggests to Sebastian to
(Act II Sc 1 L 285-291)ANTONIOhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (whiles you doing thus To the perpetual wink of aye might putThis ancient morsel this Sir Prudence whoShould not upbraid our course) - for all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour
Antonio has convinced Sebastian that he has made himself Duke of Milan by a crime for which he has felt no pricks of conscience In these lines Antonio tells Sebastian that now that the chance has presented itself to him he should take it and be King of Naples So far as Alonso is concerned Antonio agrees to undertake the task of killing him by sticking only three inches of his sharp dagger Making a thrust in the air with his sword he tells Sebastian that by a similar method he can put to sleep forever Gonzalo ndash the old piece of flesh already rotten ndash this piece of antiquity ndash this ldquoSir Prudencerdquo who is never tired of reading his moral lectures to them If ldquoProfessor Wisdomrdquo is got rid of he will not be able to denounce their action as he would surely do if they did not dispatch him as well As for the rest of the kingrsquos counselors (Adrian and Francisco) it is their nature to adopt any statements and views which are placed before them just as it is the nature of a cat to lap milk Antonio assures Sebastian that ldquothese othersrdquo will back them up in whatever they say or do that they will count the strokes of the clock exactly as they bid them not according to the real time but according to the time that is right for their business Hence only two persons Alonso and Gonzalo are required to be removed to fulfill their ambition
murder Gonzalo at the very time when he (Antonio) stabs Alonso to death And yet this brutal man has a fertile wit also He can talk in a persuasive manner and also in a sarcastic and satirical manner He knows human nature thoroughly and he understands that Gonzalo is loyal to Alonso while the other lords are only sycophants who can easily be won over to Sebastianrsquos side after Alonso has been assassinated
(2) (Act II Sc 1 291-296)SEBASTIAN Thy case dear friend
Shall be my precedent as thou gotst MilanIll come by Naples Draw thy swordmdashone strokeShall free thee from the tribute which thou payest And I the King shall love thee
ANTONIO Draw together And when I rear my hand do you the likeTo fall it on Gonzalo
(i) Explain the situation and introduce the persons engaged in conversation
After the supposed shipwreck King Alonso with his lords his brother Sebastian and Antonio the Duke of Milan land on a strange island Prince Ferdinand is feared to be drowned While the King and others have fallen asleep after exertions of the day and Ariel with his sweet music acting as a catalyst Antonio and Sebastian are awake They have hatched a conspiracy to kill King Alonso and his loyal lord Gonzalo Then Sebastian will become King of NaplesIn these lines Antonio and Sebastian are engaged in conversation They are just ready to execute their plan to attack King Alonso and Gonzalo simultaneously(ii) Antoniorsquos case shall become Sebastianrsquos precedent What has been Antoniorsquos case
Antonio proved treacherous towards his brother Prospero who was the Duke of Milan Since Prospero spent his time in his scholarly pursuits he had delegated his powers to his younger brother Antonio to administer the dukedom Antonio grew ambitious He overthrew his brother and expelled him from his own dukedom In his place Antonio became the Duke of Milan which he continues to be now His case urges Sebastian to do the same(iii) How is Sebastian going to follow Antonio
Sebastian is going to take Antoniorsquos case as his precedent He is convinced that if Antonio could usurp the dukedom from his living brother Sebastian could become the King of Naples by killing his sleeping brother(iv) What will one stroke of Antoniorsquos sword do What will Sebastian do to reward Antonio
Sebastian asks Antonio to put an end to Alonsorsquos life with one stroke of his sword The same stroke will earn for him a reward Sebastian will become the King of Naples and he will exempt Antonio from paying the annual tribute to Naples The dukedom of Milan is a tributary to the kingdom of Naples Its Duke has to pay tribute to the King every year When Sebastian takes over as the King he will give a benefit to his friend who is helping him to realize his ambition
(v) What is Antoniorsquos suggestion
Antonio suggests that they may draw their swords together When he raises his hand to attack Alonso Sebastian should raise his sword to bring it down on Gonzalo
ACCOUNTS-11 25062020 Topic- depreciation ndashSTRAIGHT LINE METHOD
Illustration Salman and Usman Bros acquired a machine on July 1 2014 at a cost of Rs 70000 and spent Rs5000 on its installation The firm writes off depreciation 10 on straight line method The books are closed on December 31 every year Show the machinery and depreciation account for three years
Solution Machinery Account
Date Particulars LF amount Date Particulars LF` Amount ( Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014July 01 To Bank Ac 70000 Dec 31 Dec By Depreciation Ac 3750
(70000 x10x612)
July 01 To Bank Ac 5000 Dec31 By Balance cd 71250
75000 75000
2015 2015Jan 01 To Balance bd 71250 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 x10 ) Dec31 By Balance cd 63750
71250 71250
2016 2016Jan 01 To Balance bd 63750 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 (75000 x10 ) Dec 31 By Balance cd 56250
63750 63750
Depreciation Account
Date Particulars LF Amount Date Particulars LF Amount (Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 3750 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 3750
2015 2015
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
2016 2016
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
WORKING
Cost of Machine RS70000Cost of Installation Rs 5000
Total 75000
Rate of Depreciation 10
Then annual depreciation will be 10 of Rs 75000 = Rs 7500
Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution Geography DRIANAGE THE PENINSULAR RIVERS
1 The Mahanadi2 The Godavari3 The Krishna4 The Kaveri5 The Subarnarekha6 The Narmada7 The Tapi8 The Sabarmati and the Mahi9 The Chambal
The Mahanadi Basin The Mahanadi rises from Dandakaranya
Q1 Which is the largest river of peninsular plateau Write a brief note about its courseA1 The largest river of peninsular plateau is Godavari The river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has
near Sihawa in Raipur district in the highlands of Chhattisgarhand flows through Odisha to reach the Bay of BengalThe length of the river is about 857 kmIts drainagebasin is shared by Maharashtra Chhattisgarh Jharkhandand Odisha
THE MAHANADI RIVER SYSTEM
The GodavariThe river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
THE GODAVARI RIVER SYSTEM
many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
Q2 Which river is known as Dakshin GangaA2 The Godavari river is known as lsquoDakshin Gangarsquo It is also known as Vridha Ganga
Q3 Differentiate between east-flowing rivers and west-flowing riversA3
East-flowing rivers
West-flowing rivers
Godavari Krishna Kaveri Mahanadi are the east-flowing rivers
Narmada Tapiwest-flowing rivers
They fall into the Bay of Bengal
They fall into Arabian Sea
These rivers form big deltas
These rivers form comparativelysmall deltas
Catchment area of these river are larger
Catchment area of these river are smaller
The KrishnaThe Krishna river rises from the Western Ghatsnear Mahabaleshwar It flows into the Bay of Bengalbefore forming a large delta Its length is about1400 km The Tungabhadra Koyana Ghatprabha Musi and Bhima are some of its tributariesIt has covers parts of Maharashtra Karnataka and AndhraPradesh
THE KRISHNA RIVER SYSTEM
The KaveriIt rises in the Brahmagiri range of the Western Ghats and flows into the Bay ofBengal Southof Cuddalore in Tamil Nadu The length of the river is about 760 km Its main tributaries are the Amravati Bhavani Hemavati and Kabini The Kaveri drains inthe parts of Karnataka Kerala and drains in Tamil Nadu The river Kaveri makes the second biggest waterfall in India known as Sivasamudram
POLITICAL SCIENCE
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
MEANING OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS-Fundamental rights are those rights which are essential for intellectual moral and spiritual development of citizens of India As these rights are fundamental or essential for existence and all-round development of individuals hence they are called Fundamental rights These are enshrined in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India These include individual rights common to most such as equality before the law freedom of speech and freedom of expression religious and cultural freedom Freedom of assembly (peaceful assembly) freedom of religion (freedom to practice religion) right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writsThere are six fundamental rights recognized by the Indian constitution
1 Right to equality (Articles 14-18)2 Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22)3 Right Against exploitation (Articles 23-24)4 Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25- 28)5 Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29-30) and6 Right to Constitutional remedies (Articles 32-35)
1 The right to equality includes equality before the law the prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion race caste gender or place of birth equality of opportunity in matters of employment the abolition of untouchability and abolition of titles
2 The right to freedom includes freedom of speech and expression association or union or cooperatives movement residence and right to practice any profession or occupation
3 The right against exploitation prohibits all forms of forced labour child labour and trafficking of human beings
4 The right to freedom of religion includes freedom of conscience and free profession practice and propagation of religion freedom to manage religious affairs freedom from certain taxes and freedom from religious instructions in certain educational institutes
5 The Cultural and educational Rights preserve the right of any section of citizens to conserve their culture language or script and right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice
6 The right to constitutional remedies is present for enforcement of fundamental rightsThe right to privacy is an intrinsic part of Article 21 (the Right to Freedom) that protects the life and liberty of the citizens The right to privacy is the newest right assured by the Supreme court of India It assures the peoples data and personal security
Fundamental rights for Indians have also been aimed at overturning the inequalities of pre-independence social practices Specifically they have also been used to abolish untouchability and thus prohibit discrimination on the grounds of religion race caste sex or place of birth They also forbid trafficking of human beings and forced labour (a crime) They also protect cultural and educational rights of religious and linguistic minorities by allowing them to preserve their languages and also establish and administer their own education institutions They are covered in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India
Mathematics
Relation Study Item Types of RelationToday class xii students we will discuss about the types of RelationsFirst we discuss Void RelationWhat is Void RelationAns Let A be a non-empty set Then φ A A and so it is a relation R on set A Thissube ⨯ relation is called the void or empty relation on set ANow from the above definition we came to know that no element of A is related to any element of AHere A A is called Cartesian product⨯
is the symbol of subsetsubeAnd φ is called phi and refer to void or empty relationNow I give an example to understand the above said relationLet A = 1 2 3 4Here A A =(11)(12)(13)(14)(21)(22)(23)(24)(31)(32)(33)(34)(41)⨯(42)(43)(44)Now we consider R is a relation which is defined by R=(ab) a+b= 50We notice that a+b 50 for any two elements of AnotinTherefore (ab) R for any ab A is called belong to and is not belong tonotin isin isin notinTherefore we can say R does not contain any element of A A⨯Therefore R is empty set Therefore we can say that R is the void or empty relation on AWhat is universal RelationAns Let A is a set Then A A A A and so it is a relation on A This relation is called⨯ sube ⨯ the universal relation on ANow from the above definition we can say that each element of A is related to every element of ANow we consider the relation R on the set A =1 234 defined by R = (ab) R |a -b|isin
0≽We observe that|a - b | 0 for all ab A≽ isin
(ab) R for all (ab) A ArArr isin isin ⨯ Each element of set A is related to set A every element of set ArArr
Therefore we write R= AxATherefore we can say R is universal relation on set ANote we can say that void relation is smallest relation and the universal relation is largest relationSometime both void relation and universal relation is called trivial relationWhat is identity relationAns Let A is a non-empty set Then the relation R or IA = (aa) a A on A is called theisin identity relation on A Therefore from the above definition we can say that every element of A is related to itself only
Example Let A = 1234 then Ror IA = (11)(22)(33)(44) is the identity relation on set ANow I give you another example R1 = (11)(22)(33) and R2 = (11)(22)(33)(44)(24)From the above example we can say that R1 and R2 are not identify relation Because in the case of R1 (44)R1 and on the other hand R2 where element 2 is related to elements 2 and 4
Hindi 2ndlang
भलि[ (महादी मा)
भलि[ कहानी की लखिखका महादी मा न इस कहानी म यह दशान का परयास गिकया ह गिक आजकल क जमान म भी लो सक बन कर गिनसाथ सा करत ह ह
गिबना तन लिसा करत ह और उसक बदल ना कछ मात ह और ना ही कोई आशा करत ह नौकर सा करक तन चाहता ह और ह भी कई सगिधाओ की आशा करता ह पर सक सदा गिनजी साथ भा स सा म सलगन रह कर काम करता ह भलि[ कहानी की मखय पातर लकषमी ह जिजस भलि[ नाम लखिखका न दिदया ह ह गिकसी
ोपाल काकी कनया ह पाच रष की आय म उसकी गि माता न ौना ही कर दिदया कहानी म भलि[ क दखो का अत नही ह गिफर भी ह बडी साहसी धयान और परिरशरमी ह कदिठनाइयो स जझ ती ह पहल गिपता की मतय गिफर पगित की मतय और
गिफर घर जमाई की मतय होती ह उस साहसी मगिहला न साहस नही छोडा और तीनो पतरी ओक हाथ पील गिकए लाना द पान क कारण उसका जमीदार न अपमान गिकया गिफरकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहचीकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहची शहर पहच करा लखिखका की सगिका बनी ही पर उसका नाम भलि[ पडा ह एक भ[ की तरह अपन सामिमनी की इमानदारी स सा करती और तन का जिजकर भी नही करती ह लखिखका क घर पाठशाला आदिद को अचछी तरह स सभालती पढी-
लिलखी ना होकर भी ह लखिखका की बहत सा ए सहायता करती ह लखिखका का साया बनकर चलती लखिखका की सा करना उसक जीन का उददशय ह ह
लखिखका की खशी क लिलए ही काय करती ह ह लखिखका को दखी नही दख सकती लखिखका पर भलि[ का इतना परभा पडा गिक ह सय दहाती बन ई
यदध क दिदनो म ह अपन परिरार क साथ रहन की अपकषा लखिखका क साथ रहना पसद करती थी यदध क भत न जब ीटा क ान पर पलायन गित जा दी तो
भलि[ न न लखिखका को अपन ा ल जान का अनरोध करन ली लखिखका को डर ह गिक यदिद उसक गिदा होन क अगितम छठा ए तो ह दहातीन दधा कया कर ी
इस परकार हम दखत ह गिक लखिखका न सामिमनी और सगिका क ण बरसात हए सक धम पर परकाश डाला ह और लखिखका न एक आदश सगिका क रप को सदर
रप स परसतत गिकया हBengali আদাব পরশন) ldquoশরণের ১৪৪ ধারা আর কারহিZউ অU ার জারী রণেয়রণে0ldquo
ক) কার গলখা গকা3 রচ3ার অংশ খ)গকাায় গক3 ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়রণে0 )১৪৪ ধারা কী এর Zরণেল কী য়
উততর) ক)আরণেলাচ য অংশটি সরণেরশ বসর রহিচত lsquoআদাবlsquo গ0াট রণেলপর অংশ
খ) বাংলারণেদরণেশর ঢাকা শরণের ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়হি0ল সামপরদাহিয়ক াnাা ও দাnা পরহিতরণেরারণেধর জ3 য হিlt সলা3রণেদর গ3তারণেদর সামপরদাহিয়ক উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা বারণেধ উ2য় সমপরদায় 2ীত রণেয় ঘর বহিlt রণেয় পরণে পরসপর পরসপররণেক সরণেltরণের গচারণেখ গদরণেখ গকউ কাউরণেক আরণের রণেতা হিবশবাস কররণেত পারণের3া হিক0 া3রণেষর উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা য় ার পহির3া অরণেতক রকত iয় ও ত য
) ১৪৪ ধারা আইরণে3র এ3 একটা ধারা ার _ারা এলাকা হি3হিদ ষট করণের গদওয়া য় গসই এলাকার রণেধ য গবহিশ া3রণেষর জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় হিহি0ল জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় আই3 2nকারীরণেক গহিলর হি3রণেদশ জাহির করা য় তাই সাধার3 া3ষ আর বাইরণের গবর রণেত পারণের3া পরারণে3র 2রণেয় বহিlt রণেয় ারণেক এর Zল য় সাংঘাহিতক গদাকা3 পাট বনধ ারণেক
হিজহি3স পতর অহিল য় রাসতা ঘাট জ3 শ3 য রণেয় ায় লরণেঠরা তারণেদর লঠত রাজ চাহিলরণেয় হি3রণেজরণেদর আরণেখর গহি0রণেয় গ3য় া3ষরণেক 2ীহিতর হিব2ীহিষহিক গরাস করণের ঘরণেরর া3রণেষর ইkা াকরণেলও ঘরণের হিZররণেত পারণের3া হিZররণেত হিরণেয় বltরণেকর গহিলরণেত পরা3 ারায়
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today we will discuss about Types of Leaves
An organization provides several kinds of leaves to the employees These days employees working both in government and private sector are allowed several types of leaves Following are the leaves achieved by the employees from their organization
Casual LeaveChild care leave -HospitalLeaveSpecial disability leaveChild Adoption leaveEarned LeavesHalf pay leaveMaternity leavePaternityleaveStudy leave
1 Casual Leave- Casual leave is not a recognised form of leaves and is not subject to any rules made by the government of India And official on casual leave is not treated as Absent from duty and pay is not intimated Normally 8 days of casual leave is permissible in a calendar year
2 Child care leave - Women employees having minor children may be granted child care leave by an authority competent to grant leave for a maximum period of 730 days means two years during their entire service for taking care of up to two children weather for sharing or to look after any of their names like examination sickness it is a
3HospitalLeave - Hospital leave is admissible to group C employees whose duties involved handling of dangerous machinery explosive materials poisonous drugs and performance of hazardous task and to group D employees Medical certificate from an authorised medical attendant is necessary for the grant of these leave However total period of
leave does not exceed 28 months4Special disability leave- Special
disability leave admissible to all employees when disabled by injury intentionally or accidentally inflicted are caused in law in consequence of the due performance of official duties or in consequence of official position It also it is also add miscible when disabled by illness incurred in the performance of any particular duty which has the effect of increasing laboratory to illness or injury beyond the ordinary least attaching to the Civil post held and the same condition
5Child Adoption leave- This leave is granted to female Employees with fewer than two surviving children on valid adoption of a child below the age of one year for a period of 135 days immediately after the date of valid adoption Leave salary will be equal to the pain immediately before processing on leave
6Earned Leaves- This leave is earned by duty The credit for earned leave will be awarded at a rate of 15 days on the 1st of January and 1st of July every year It can be accumulated up to 300 days in addition to the number of days for which encashment has been allowed along with LTC
7 Half pay leave -All government servant are entitled to 20 days of HPL half pay leave for every completed year of service Half pay leave is calculated at 20 days for each completed year of service The service includes periods of duty and leave including extra ordinary leave with or without MC (medical certificate)
8 Maternity leave -Maternity leave is granted to women Government employees full stop it is as possible only to Employees with less than 2 surviving children The maternity leave is not debited to leave account and full pay is granted It cannot be combined with any other the leaves and count as service for increment and pension
9 PaternityleaveA male employee with less than 2 surviving children may be granted paternity leave for a period of 15 days during the confinement of
his wife During the period of such leaves he shall be paid leave salary equal to the pay drawn immediately before proceeding on leave
10 Study leave-Study leave may be granted to all Government Employees with not less than 5 years service for undergoing a special course consisting of higher studies are specialised training in a professional or technical subject having a direct and close connection with the sphere of his duties as a Civil Servant
Commerce
Chapter-5Management
Let us today discuss about the nature of Management
Nature of management Management is defined as
An art A science A profession
Management is defined as an art because of the following reasons
1 In art there is an existence of theoretical knowledge Similarly in management various theories are propounded by management thinkers in various areas of management like finance marketing human resources etc
2 Every manager apply his or her personal skills and knowledge in the day to day functioning of an enterprise
3 Like an art management is creative as it provides solutions to Complex problems making resources productive and profitable moulding the attitudes of people for the betterment of an organisation
Management is is considered as science because of the following reasons
1 Like science there is a systemised body of knowledge in management consisting of theories principles vocabulary and concept
2 Principles of management are evolved after continuous observations and experimentation
Management both as Science and ArtManagement is both a science and an art It is a science because it uses certain principles and is an art because it requires continuous practice and application of personal skillsManagement as a profession Following points highlight whether management is a profession or not1 Like profession management has well
defined body of knowledge It has its own principles which are based on experiments One can acquire such
knowledge by pursuing courses like MBA BBA etc and acquire managerial skills through instruction and training
2 In management no such restriction is there for managers to clear an examination for hold a degree However these days more and more people are appointed for managerial post who opposes management degrees
3 Membership to a professional Association like AIMA is not mandatory for managers All managers directly or indirectly work for the development of society
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Essay Questions (EQ-2)
Question No 2Sketch the character of Prospero Would you call him perfect
AnswerProspero in The Tempest appears to be an intensely human being with human failings and weaknesses With all his excellence Prospero is made to awaken our sympathy for a natural imperfection Prosperorsquos Previous HistoryIn his retrospective narration of his previous history to Miranda we get a glimpse into Prosperorsquos past life As the Duke of Milan Prospero buried himself in his magic books which he prized above his dukedom He was essentially a scholar with no practical wisdom He failed to perform his first duty by neglecting the governance of his state and gave an opportunity to his wicked brother to undermine his throne He was thus driven from his home and thrown in a leaky boat with his weeping daughter to drift in the perilous seas It is only the thought of his little child that kept him aliveThe Development of Prosperorsquos CharacterThe development of his character is evident from the contrast between what he was before his banishment and what he is now in the island Formerly when his ldquolibrary was dukedom enoughrdquo he was altogether too unsuspecting Now he is watchful as providence and takes care to guard himself against the possibility of evil He has learnt to know human nature in its worst forms even Caliban has taught him something He will no longer put his trust in appearance except as ldquostale to catch thievesrdquo nor in oaths of which the strongest he says ldquoare straw to the fire irsquo the bloodrdquo He who once neglected worldly ends now consistently asserts his dignity enforces obedience and deals out justice with impartial hand He who without a thought of evil gave his power and his revenues into his brotherrsquos hands now puts Ferdinand to the severest test as a trial of his love before entrusting his daughter to him He makes the most practical use imaginable of his magic art exacts prompt servitudefrom his attendants does not hesitate to punish them is resolved and firm and knows how to seize the proper moment for action He is a most careful father to his daughter a considerate master of Ariel severe against the brutal Caliban humane towards the repentant enemies full of experience and wisdomThe Exercise of his Power ndash his SternnessWhat appears to us at the first sight one of the least pleasing features of Prosperorsquos character is the sternness which he frequently displays more particularly in his dealings with Caliban His harshness towards Caliban resulted from the failure of gentler methods his severity towards Ferdinand was exercised in the interest of his daughter ldquolest too light winning make the prize lightrdquo and his punishment of Alonso Sebastian and Antonio is justified by the attainment of his objectiveProsperorsquos TendernessThe tender side of Prosperorsquos character is exhibited in his relation to Miranda Ariel Gonzalo and the repentant sinners His love for Miranda is unbounded She was almost life to him In his darkest hours of trial this love sustained him and gave him strength to put a bold front to suffering He addresses her always with tenderness She is to him a lsquoloved darlingrsquo lsquodear heartrsquo lsquoa rich giftrsquo lsquoa third of his own lifersquo The same affectionate nature is shown in his dealing with his brother Antonio He loved his brother Antonio only next to Miranda before Antonio conspired against him In the island when Antonio is brought before him he forgives him
readily To Gonzalo the good old councilor he is all affection He sheds tears of joy and gratitude when he meets him in the island To Ariel he is a loving and considerable master Ariel is always to him ldquomy brave spiritrdquo ldquofine spiritrdquo ldquodelicate Arielrdquo ldquomy Arielrdquo etc When he promises Ariel his freedom he says with real emotion ndash ldquoI shall miss theerdquoProsperorsquos Power as a MagicianThe practice of magic has placed wonderful powers in the hands of Prospero He uses his supernatural powers like a god only to bring about the happiest results He causes The Tempest and the shipwreck only to bring his enemies within his power and not to destroy them Not a soul perished in the storm He leads Ferdinand to Miranda his high charms work and as he wishes the two falls in love He frustrates the plots of the conspirators and makes them know that he was conscious of it He drives Sebastian and Alonso to sincere repentance and readily forgives them The drunken associates of Caliban are no doubt sternly treated but even then they are promised conditional pardon The whole play at last ends in reconciliation joy and peace The wrongs are set right the lovers are made happy Ariel is set free and thus the powerful magician retires into the solitude of his study at MilanProsperorsquos ForgivenessAllied to his wisdom is his forgiving nature Though deeply wronged he bears no spite against the wrong-doers Though his power is unlimited he uses it to noble purposes The lesson of adversity has taught him that ldquoThe rarer action is in virtue than in vengeancerdquoProspero does not debase his noble nature by revenge but forgives his enemies absolutely He drives his erstwhile enemies to a sincere penitence for their past misdeeds and when repentance has wrought its full effect on them he receives them into his arms and is reconciled to them Is Prospero perfectProspero creates a great impression upon our minds by his dignity his nobility the divine spirit of forgiveness in him his generous and sympathetic nature etc Even with all these virtues we cannot call him perfect We perceive certain faults in him He displays an occasional impatience irritability and even a certain harshness of feeling His severe treatment of Caliban might have been justified but the language in which he addresses the monster and the threats that he uses show him to be a kind of tyrant On learning of Calibanrsquos plot against his life he is as violently disturbed and agitated as any ordinary human being would be His manner towards Ariel when the latter demands his liberty also seems somewhat arbitrary and tyrannicalSubject ndashBiology Topic ndashChapter -5 Inheritance amp Variations Summary ExecutionToday we will discuss about NON-Mendelian Inheritance
NON_MENDELIAN INHERITANCE Incomplete Dominance It is an inheritance in which heterozygous offspring shows
intermediate character between two parental characteristics Eg Flower colour in snapdragon (dog flower or Antirrhinum sp) and
Mirabilis jalapa ( 4rsquoO clock plant) Here phenotypic and genotypic ratios are same Phenotypic Ratio 1Red 2 Pink 1 White Genotypic Ratio 1(RR) 2 (Rr) 1(rr) This means that R was not completely dominant over r Pea plants also show incomplete dominance in other traits
Co- dominance It is the inheritance in which both alleles of a gene are expressed in a
hybrid Eg ABO blood grouping in human ABO Blood groups are controlled by the gene I The plasma membrane of the RBC has sugar polymer that protrude
from its surface and is controlled By the gene The gene I has three alleles IA IB i The alleles IA and IB produce a slightly different form of the sugar
while allele i does not produce any sugar In AB blood group both IA and IB are present together This is co ndash
dominanceMultiple Alleles
Multiple alternatives of the same gene which influence the same character and produce different expressions in different individuals of a species or population same genes have more than two allelic
forms These different forms of a single gene are referred as multiple alleles Eg human Blood group
Ac-12 250620 Topic- retirement
Illustration Om Jai and Jagdish are partners sharing profit in the ratio of 3 2 l Their balance sheet as at December 31st 2014 is as under
Balance sheet as at December 31 2014
Liabilities Amount Assets Amount
(Rs`) (Rs`)
Creditors 80000 Building 180000 Bills Payable 26000 Plant 140000 General reserve 24000 Motor Car 40000 Capital Stock 100000 Om 160000 Debtors 63000 Jai 120000 Less Provision Jagdish 120000
400000 for Bad debts 3000
60000 Cash at Bank 10000
530000 530000
Jai retires on that date on the following terms(a) The Goodwill of the firm is valued at Rs 60000(b) Stock and Building to be appreciated by 10(c) Plant is depreciated by 10(d) Provision for Bad debts is increased upto Rs 5000(e) Jairsquos share of goodwill was adjusted through remaining partners capital accountThe amount due to Jai is paid out of the fund brought in by Om and Jagdish in theirnew profit sharing ratio Jai is paid full amountPrepare Revaluation Account and Partnerrsquos Capital account
Solution WorkingsIt is assumed that Om and Jagdish gaining ratio remains 3 lJairsquo Share of goodwill = Rs 60000 times 26 = Rs20000Adjusted through the remaining partners capital account in 3 1 ratio
Revaluation Account
Dr Cr
Particulars Amount Particulars Amount
(Rs`) (`Rs)
To Provision for Bad debts 2000 By Stock 10000TO Plant 14000 By Building 18000To Profit transferred toCapital Accounts Om 6000 Jai 4000 Jagdish 2000
12000
28000 28000
Capital AccountDr Cr Particulars Om Jai Jagdish Particulars Om Jai Jagdish
(Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (rs`) (`Rs)
To Capital 15000 mdash 5000 By Balance bd 160000 120000 120000 ToBank 152000 By General Reserve 12000 8000 4000To Balance cd 277000 mdash 159000 By Revaluation (Profit) 6000 4000 2000 By Om Capital mdash 15000 mdash ByJagdish Capital mdash 5000 By Bank 114000 38000
292000 152000 164000 292000 152000 164000
tranquility and the beautiful night suit the sweet music Praising the ennobling (M lend greater dignity) effect of music Lorenzo tells Jessica that the person who has no music in him and does not appreciate the sweet harmony of sounds is a dangerous person and so should be watched very carefully(iv) Who are returning to Belmont What does Nerissa remark on seeing the light of the house
Portia and Nerissa are returning to Belmont after successfully conducting Antoniorsquos trial in Venice as the lawyer and the clerk respectively When they are near their home Nerissa seeing the light of the house remarks that they did not see this light of this candle when the moon was shining(v) What does Portia comment on Nerissarsquos observation Commenting on Nerissarsquos observation Portia says that the lesser glory becomes insignificant before the greater glory She adds that the kingrsquos representative assumes great splendor and authority when the king himself is not near But before the real king the substitute becomes devoid of all splendor and
authority as the big rivers lose their identity after emptying into the vast sea
SUBJECT PHYSICS [TOPIC FORCE]Answer the following questions ( ICSE questions of previous years from chapter FORCE)
1 Write the position of centre of mass for the following bodies(i) A circular ring (ii) A cylinder(iii) A hollow sphere (iv) A triangular lamina
2 Explain why screw drivers are provided with longer handles3 Compare the magnitude and direction of centripetal force and centrifugal force4 How does uniform circular motion differ from uniform linear motion5 Why is the motion of a body moving with a constant speed around a circular path is said to be
accelerated6 A brass ball is hanging from a cotton thread Draw a neat labeled diagram showing the force acting
on the brass ball and the cotton thread 7 Define moment of force Write the relationship between the SI and CGS unit of moment of force8 Define couple State the SI unit of moment of couple9 A uniform half meter scale balanced horizontally on a knife edge at 29 cm mark when a weight of 20
gmf is suspended from one end(i) Draw the diagram of the arrangementWhat is the weight of the half meter rule
ECO-10 250620 Topic-Supply Analysis
MEANING OF SUPPLYSupply a commodity by a firm or seller may be defined as the quantity of a commodity that a firm or seller offers for sale at a given price during a given time period But the actual sale of the commodity may be different from its supply For example a farmer (produced of wheat) is willing to sell 50 quintals of wheat at a price of ` 15 per kg but he is able to sell only 30 quintals at this price So this case the supply of wheat is 50 quintals but the actual sale is 30 quintals So these two concepts should not be confused with each other Like demand supply also has three elements The definition of supply include (i) the quantity of the commodity that a firm is willing to supply (ii) the price at which it is willing to supply that quantity and (iii) the time period during which it is willing to supply that quantity
FACTORS DETERMINING SUPPLY OR DETERMINANTS OF SUPPLY OF A GOOD
The main determinant of supply is the price of the commodity But the cost of production of a commodity is an important factor in determining profit maximized on output of a firm The cost of production depends on the prices of various inputs like raw material wages of workers interest of capital rent of building etc The supply of a commodity also depends on the technology used in the production of the commodity and many other factors The main factors determining supply of a commodity are(i) Price of the commodity(ii) Price of other related good(iii) Price of inputsfactors(iv) Taxation policy of government(v) Objective of the firm(i) Price of the commodity Other factors determining supply remaining constant there is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity It means the quantity supplied of a commodity increases with rise in price and decreases with fall in price of the commodity More quantity of a commodity is supplied at a higher price and less quantity is supplied at a lower price For example a seller of tomatoes is willing to sell 100 kgs of tomatoes at a price of ` 40 per keg and only 50 kgs at a price of ` 20 per kg Due to this direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity the supply curve has a positive slope Supply curve is upward sloping to the right(ii) Price of other related goods Supply of a commodity is also influenced by the change in the price of other related goods With the help of given resources we can produce several goods by using the same technology This helps the firm to diversify and tide over fluctuations in demand For example a farmer can produce either pulses or food grains by using the resources If the price of pulses increases it becomes more profitable for him to make more production of pulses So he will divert some resources from the production of food grains to the production of pulses The production of pulses will increase and that of food grains will decrease So the supply of pulses will increase if the price of pulses increases and the supply of food grain will decrease at the same price reverse will happen if the price of food grains increases(iii) Price of inputsfactors Change in the price of inputs like raw material wage rent or interest also influences the supply of a commodity For example in the production of cloth cotton is the main raw material If the price of cotton increases the cost of production of cloth will increase At the same price the margin of profit will decrease So the producer will decrease the supply of cloth at the same price On the other hand if the price of cotton falls the cost of production per unit of cloth will decrease and hence the supply of cloth will increase The price of other inputs will also influence the supply of a good in the same manner(iv) Technology of production an improvement in the technology of production of a commodity decreases the per unit cost of the commodity The margin of profit will increase at the same price So the supply of a commodity will increase with improvement in technology of production at the same price On the other hand if a firm uses absolute technology of production the cost of production per unit of the commodity will increase The margin of profit will decrease so the firm will decrease its supply at the same price This is the main reason that the firms are trying to use better technology of production because it not only reduces the cost of production per unit but also improves the quality of the product(v) Taxation policy of government If the government reduces the excise duty or the production of a commodity the cost of production per unit of the commodity will decrease the margin of profit will increase at the same price so the producer of the commodity will increase its supply It happens when the government wants to increase the production of the commodity On the other hand to discourage the production of some harmful goods like cigarettes liquor etc the government increases the rate of excise duty on the production of such goods So the cost of production per unit of the commodity increases and the supply of such commodities decreases(vi) Objective of the firm The objective of the producer also influences the supply of a commodity Generally the objective of a producer is get maximize his profits Profits are maximized at a higher price So he increases the supply of a commodity at a higher price and decreases its supply at a lower price But sometimes the producer may be in maximizing his sales and not in maximizing his profits as he wants to capture the market In that case he goes on increasing the supply so long his target is not achieved can profit is not adversely affected He may increase the supply at the same price to any extent
SUPPLY FUNCTION
When the relationship between quantity supplied and the determinants of supplied is expressed mathematically in an equation it is called a supply function So a supply function can be expressed asSn = f(Pn Pr Pf T Tr G)where Sn = Supply of commodity nPn = Price of the commodity nPr = Price of other related goodsPf = Price of inputsfactors
T = Technology of productionTr = Government policy or tax rateG = Goal or objective of the producer
Typically supply function shows the relationship between price and quantity supplied keeping all other determinants of supply as constant It shows the amount of a good that a seller supplies at different levels of price
LAW OF SUPPLYThe law of supply depicts the relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity when all other determinants of supply remain constant This law states that there is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity other factors determining supply remaining constant It means quantity supplied of a commodity increases with increase in price and decreases with decrease in price
Assumptions of the law of supplyThe phrase other determinants of supply remaining constant in the law of supply shows the assumptions of the law of supply The mains factors which influence the supply of a commodity one price of the commodity price of other related goods price of inputs technology of production taxation policy of the government and objective of the firm etc The law of supply is based on the assumptions that all these factors determining supply except price of the commodity should remain constant The following are the main assumptions of the law of supply(i) Price of other related goods should remain the same(ii) There should be no change in the price of inputs (factors)(iii) Technology of production should not change(iv) There is no change in the taxation policy of the government(v) Objective of the firm should not changeThe law of supply is based on the assumptions that the supply of commodity changes only due to change in price when all other determinant of supply remain constantClass XISubject Topic Summary Execution EVS Chapter-2
Ecology Answer the following questions briefly Q Draw a neat labeled diagram of carbon cycleAnsndash
Mathematics Principle of Mathematical Induction
1) What is statement Ans A sentence which may be true or false is called statement eg i) 5 is greater than 3 ii) New Delhi is the capital of India iii) 5 divides 7 These all are statements We see that statement (i) amp (ii) are true but (iii) is false 2 What is Mathematical StatementAns Statement involving mathematical relations are called mathematical statement We shall use mathematical statement in principle of
Example If n be a positive integer show that n(n+1) is an even positive integer Solution Let P(n) be the statement n(n+1) is an even positive integer Then (i) P(1) is the statement 1(1+1) ie 2 is an even positive integer Therefore P(1) is true (ii) If P(m) is true for some positive integer m then m(m+1) is an even integer Now (m+1) [(m+1)+1]=(m+1)sup2+ (m+1) =msup2+2m+1+m+1=msup2+m+2m+2=m(m+1) +2(m+1) = an even integer + an even positive integer [Since P(m) is true and 2(m+1) is an even
mathematical induction 3 What is the use of Principle of mathematical inductionAns Sometimes it is difficult to prove a statement theorem or a formula by direct method In this case we use an indirect method known as the Principle of mathematical induction There are two steps in this processSTEP 1 Varify that the statement or formula is true for one or two particular values of n say for n=1 2STEP 2 Assuming that the statement or formula is true for n=m where m is any positive integer show that it is true for n=m+1Conclusion Since the statement is true for n=2 it is true for n=2+1 that is 3 and since it is true for n=3 it is true for n=3 + 1 that is 4 and so on Hence the statement or formula is true for all positive integral values of n
positive integer]= an even positive integer Therefore P(m+1) is true when P(m) is true Therefore By the principle of Mathematical Induction P(n) is true for all positive integral values of n Hence n(n+1) is an even positive integer
Hindi 2ndlang एक फल की चाह 5 दख रहा था जस सो सथिर हो नही बठती थी कषण भर हाय ही चपचाप पडी थी अटल शागित शी धारण कर सनना यही चाहता था म उस सय ही
उकसा करमझको दी क परसाद का एक फल ही दो लाकर
शबदाथ ससथिर - परी तरह ठहरी हई अटल- पकका
उकसाकर - पररणा दकर
वयाखयाndash उपय[ पलि[यो म कगि सखिखया की ददशा का णन कर रहा ह जो उनक गिपता दवारा वय[ गिकया या ह अपनी बटी सखिखया कीददशा का
गितरण करत हए गिपता कहता ह गिक म अपनी आखो क सामन दख रहा था गिक मरी बटी जो पल भर क लिलए दिटककर नही बठती थी ह अब सथिर शात मरतित की तरह पढी थी अब म ह बार- बार इस बात क लिलए पररिरत कर रहा
था गिक ह मझ गिफर स ही शबद कह गिपताजी मझ दी क परसाद का एक फल लाकर दो
6 ऊच शल लिशखर क ऊपर मदिदर था गिसतीणर गिशाल सण कलशसरलिसज गिहलिसत थ पाकरसमदिदत रगि कर जाल दीप धल स अचछदिदत था मदिदर का
आन सारा ज रही थी भीतर बाहर मखरिरत उतस की धारा
शबदाथ - शल लिशखर- पहाड की ऊची चोटी
सतीणर - फला हआ
सण कलश - कमल क समान सदर सोन का कलश मखरिरत - परकट समदिदत - अचछी परकार खिखला हआ रगि कर जाल - सय की गिकरणो का समह
वयाखया- परसतत पलि[या म कगि न मदिदर की सदरता का णन गिकया ह कहत ह गिक मझ पहाड की चोटी पर एक गिलिशषट और गिशालमश था उसक
सोन क कलश सय की गिकरणो म चमकत हए ऐस परतीत हो रह थ जस सय की खिखली हईगिकरणो क ाा सपशपाकर सनहर कमल खिखल उठ हो मदिदर का
आन धप दीप की सध स भरा हआ था मदिदर क अदर और बाहर मनाए जा रह उसकी परसननता की ज सनाई द रही थी
Bengali (2nd language)
কোনি মনি নদী পরথম অধযোয়
হি_তীয় হিদরণে3র পাঠ-
হিবষটবাব গলাকটির কায় গররণে কা বলরণেত পাররণে0 3া শধ গচাখ হিদরণেয় রা পরকাশ করহি0ল কা বলরণেত বলরণেত গলাকটি পাঞজাহিব লহিn খরণেল জ কররণেত শর করল তাই গদরণেখ হিবষটবাব ত2মভ রণেয় গল চাটি ারার 2হিnরণেত গলাকটি হিবষটবাবর হিদরণেক এরণোরণেল হিতহি3 াা 3ীচ করণের 3াহিরণেয় গ33 হিদ গলাকটি হিবষটবাবরণেক চাটিরণেয় ায় তারণেল হিতহি3 তাাতাহিউরণেঠ গলাকটিরণেক ধররণেত পাররণেব3 3া কার তার শরীরণেরর ওজরণে3র জ3য এই শরণে3 হিবষটবাব বরণে3া গারণেষর ত গতরণেZরণে উরণেঠ দাাল তারণেত গলাকটি দাহিরণেয় শরীরটারণেক একট দহিলরণেয় হি3ল এই সব শরণে3 হিবষট ধর চপ করণের রইল শধ lsquoগঘাৎrsquo করণের একটা শবদ করল গলাকটি হিসহি হিদরণেয় ওঠা3াা কররণে0 গদরণেখ হিবষটবাব খাহি3কটা হিদরণেশারা রণেয় গলহিবষটবাবর গচারণেখ রারণের বদরণেল এখ3 গকৌতল হিতহি3 বরণেল3 ldquoখাওায় আার গলা2 গ3ই Uায়টিং কহিরrdquo হিকনত হিতহি3 কতটা Uায়টিং করণের তা তার শরীর আর খাবারণেরর তাহিলকা গদরণেখ গলাকটি বরণে= গল গলাকটি এহিরণেয় হিরণেয় হিবষটবাবর 2হিরণেত াত বহিলরণেয় হিদরণেল গস আরা অ32ব করণের3 এবং হিপহি0রণেয় া3 গলাকটি হিবষটবাবর সারণে3 তার শরীরণেরর কসরত পরদশ3 কররণেল হিবষটবাব রণে3 রণে3 হিব হিব করণের বরণেল3 হিতহি3ও গরাা রণেত চা3 গসই হরণেত nা গরণেক আবার হিচৎকার গ2রণেস আরণেস lsquoগকা হি3 গকা হি3rsquo
ldquoকী রক Uায়টিংrdquo-ক)বকতা গককারণেক বলরণে0খ)Uায়টিং কার অ কী ) Uায়টিং করা বযহিকতর গচারার ব3া দাও ঘ) তার Uায়টিং এর ব3া দাও
উঃ- ক) আরণেলাচয অংশটি হিত3ltীর গলখা lsquoগকাহি3rsquo উপ3যাস গরণেক গ3ওয়া রণেয়রণে0 আরণেলাচয কাটি বকতা রণেল3 সাদা লহিnপরা ারণেয় গরয়া পাঞজাহিব ও কারণেধ রহিn3 বযা ওয়ালা হিiহিতশ হিসং হিতহি3 কাটি বরণেলরণে03 হিবষট ধররণেকখ) Uারণেয়টিং কার অ ল পহিরহিত খাদয গর অাৎ খাদয তাহিলকায় সসত খারণেদযর গ3াগ3 বজায় গররণেখ খাদয গর) হিবষট ধরণেরর গচারা হিবশাল ওজ3 পরায় হিত3 গদখরণেত জলহিসতর রণেতা সারা শরীরণের চহিব ল ল কররণে0 বয়স পরায় চহিশ হিবশাল 2হি উপ রণেয় শরণেল হিচৎ রণেত পারণের3া গকউ গঠরণেল হিদরণেল হিচৎ রণেত পারণের তারণেক কায় নধ াদ3 পবরণেতর সরণেn তল3া করা য়ঘ) হিবষট ধর গকৌতলী রণেয় বরণেল তার খাওয়ার গকা3 গলা2 গ3ই গস Uায়টিং করণের আরণে গস আধ হিকরণেলা হিiর গখত এখ3 গস হিত3রণেশা গরা হিiর খায় জল খাবারণের কহিটা লহিচ গখত এখ3 পরণে3রণেরাটা লহিচ খায় আাইরণেশা গরা চারণেলর 2াত খায় হিঘ খাওয়া গ0রণে হিদরণেয়রণে0 রারণেত াতর বারণেরাটা রটি খায় হিবরণেকরণেল দ-গলাস হি0হিরর জল সরণেn চাররণেট কা পারণেকর সরণেltশ বাহিরণেত রাধাকষণ আরণে0 বরণেল হিবষট ধর া0 াংস খায়3া আর তারণেত তার গকা3 গলা2 লালসা গ3ই
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 276 to 313 (Sebastian helliphellipIt struck mine ear most terribly)[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]
Summary Questions amp AnswersConspiracy of Antonio and Sebastian
o Antonio further suggests murder of Alonso and eventually Sebastian agrees
o They draw their swords and proceed to murder Alonso and Gonzalo who are sleeping
(1) (Act II Sc 2 L 277-291)ANTONIO Ay sir where lies that If rsquotwere a kibe
rsquoTwould put me to my slipper but I feel notThis deity in my bosom Twenty consciencesThat stand rsquotwixt me and Milan candied be they And melt ere they molest Here lies your brotherNo better than the earth he lies uponIf he were that which now hes likemdashthats deadWhom I with this obedient steel three inches of itCan lay to bed for ever (whiles you doing thus
o As they approach Ariel appears again and wakes up Gonzalo by singing a tune in his ear Alonso also wakes up and they see both Sebastian and Antonio with drawn swords On being caught off guard they make up a story saying that they had heard a bellowing of bulls or lions
IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED
(Act II Sc 1 L 277-281)ANTONIOAy sir where lies that If rsquotwere a kibersquoTwould put me to my slipper but I feel notThis deity in my bosom Twenty consciencesThat stand rsquotwixt me and Milan candied be they And melt ere they molest
In these lines Antonio speaks how he is a conscienceless villain In inciting Sebastian to the kingship of Naples by murdering his brother he quotes his own example He too had banished his brother and made himself the Duke of Milan This kingship now sits upon him like a well fittinggarment So will be the case of Sebastian Sebastian then questions Antonio if this foul deed did not prick his conscience To this Antonio replies like a hardened villain He laughs at the word lsquoconsciencersquo and says that he has never heard of anything like conscience A guilty conscience gave him no more pain that is chilblain (M a painful itching and swelling on hand and foot caused by exposure to extreme cold) A man can get rid of the pain of chilblain by wearing slippers instead of shoes so does Antonio get rid of the qualms (M an uneasy feeling of doubt worry or fear especially about onersquos conduct) of conscience very easily Even if he were troubled by twenty consciences that barred his way to the throne of Milan however frozen they might be he would melt them into insensibility before they could cause him to twinge
To the perpetual wink of aye might putThis ancient morsel this Sir Prudence whoShould not upbraid our course) - for all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour
(i) To whom does Antonio speak these lines Who is referred to as lsquoyour brotherrsquo What does Antonio mean by saying lsquoNo better than the earth he lies uponrsquo
These lines are spoken by Antonio to Sebastian King Alonso is referred to as Sebastianrsquos brother Indicating towards Alonso who is lying asleep on the ground Antonio tells Sebastian that here sleeps his brother and at this time he is no better than a clod of the earth on which he lies asleep Antonio means to say that if he were actually to become what he looks like he would be a dead body(ii) According to Antonio what would he do if he were at the place of Sebastian
Antonio says that if he were in the position of Sebastian he would not care even for twenty consciences in order to win the kingship of Naples He would rather forget all his consciences if they happen to trouble him at all (iii) What does Antonio suggest to Sebastian What does Antonio assure him
Antonio suggests to Sebastian that in a moment Sebastian can put to death Gonzalo who pretends to be a very wise man and who on that account rebukes others (particularly Antonio and Sebastian) whereas he (Antonio) himself can put Alonso to death with only three inches of his willing sword Antonio further assures Sebastian that by killing both of them there will be none left to oppose him and in this way every obstacle in his way will be removed
(iv) Explain the lines lsquofor all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hourrsquo
In other words Antonio says that even if he were endowed with a stiff conscience he could easily relax or soften it for the execution of his purpose Then Antonio suggests that conscience should be no hindrance to a manrsquos future greatness
Comments These are terrible words coming from the mouth of a villain of the worst type He is utterly devoid of conscience or remorse He is an utter atheist of human virtue He speaks of conscience as a deity that he does not feel in his bosom
According to Antonio so far as the other lords (Adrian Francisco and others) are concerned they need not be murdered because they would obey the orders of Antonio and Sebastian as willingly and readily as cat licks milk These other lords would endorse and support everything that Sebastian and Antonio may say or suggest These other lords would adjust their views in accordance with the wishes of Antonio and Sebastian and they would regard all proposals made by Antonio and Sebastian as being opportune and also as being acceptable(v) What opinion do you form of Antonio from the above speech
The speech given above shows Antonio to be an absolutely unscrupulous man After saying that he does not believe in any such faculty as the conscience he suggests to Sebastian to
(Act II Sc 1 L 285-291)ANTONIOhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (whiles you doing thus To the perpetual wink of aye might putThis ancient morsel this Sir Prudence whoShould not upbraid our course) - for all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour
Antonio has convinced Sebastian that he has made himself Duke of Milan by a crime for which he has felt no pricks of conscience In these lines Antonio tells Sebastian that now that the chance has presented itself to him he should take it and be King of Naples So far as Alonso is concerned Antonio agrees to undertake the task of killing him by sticking only three inches of his sharp dagger Making a thrust in the air with his sword he tells Sebastian that by a similar method he can put to sleep forever Gonzalo ndash the old piece of flesh already rotten ndash this piece of antiquity ndash this ldquoSir Prudencerdquo who is never tired of reading his moral lectures to them If ldquoProfessor Wisdomrdquo is got rid of he will not be able to denounce their action as he would surely do if they did not dispatch him as well As for the rest of the kingrsquos counselors (Adrian and Francisco) it is their nature to adopt any statements and views which are placed before them just as it is the nature of a cat to lap milk Antonio assures Sebastian that ldquothese othersrdquo will back them up in whatever they say or do that they will count the strokes of the clock exactly as they bid them not according to the real time but according to the time that is right for their business Hence only two persons Alonso and Gonzalo are required to be removed to fulfill their ambition
murder Gonzalo at the very time when he (Antonio) stabs Alonso to death And yet this brutal man has a fertile wit also He can talk in a persuasive manner and also in a sarcastic and satirical manner He knows human nature thoroughly and he understands that Gonzalo is loyal to Alonso while the other lords are only sycophants who can easily be won over to Sebastianrsquos side after Alonso has been assassinated
(2) (Act II Sc 1 291-296)SEBASTIAN Thy case dear friend
Shall be my precedent as thou gotst MilanIll come by Naples Draw thy swordmdashone strokeShall free thee from the tribute which thou payest And I the King shall love thee
ANTONIO Draw together And when I rear my hand do you the likeTo fall it on Gonzalo
(i) Explain the situation and introduce the persons engaged in conversation
After the supposed shipwreck King Alonso with his lords his brother Sebastian and Antonio the Duke of Milan land on a strange island Prince Ferdinand is feared to be drowned While the King and others have fallen asleep after exertions of the day and Ariel with his sweet music acting as a catalyst Antonio and Sebastian are awake They have hatched a conspiracy to kill King Alonso and his loyal lord Gonzalo Then Sebastian will become King of NaplesIn these lines Antonio and Sebastian are engaged in conversation They are just ready to execute their plan to attack King Alonso and Gonzalo simultaneously(ii) Antoniorsquos case shall become Sebastianrsquos precedent What has been Antoniorsquos case
Antonio proved treacherous towards his brother Prospero who was the Duke of Milan Since Prospero spent his time in his scholarly pursuits he had delegated his powers to his younger brother Antonio to administer the dukedom Antonio grew ambitious He overthrew his brother and expelled him from his own dukedom In his place Antonio became the Duke of Milan which he continues to be now His case urges Sebastian to do the same(iii) How is Sebastian going to follow Antonio
Sebastian is going to take Antoniorsquos case as his precedent He is convinced that if Antonio could usurp the dukedom from his living brother Sebastian could become the King of Naples by killing his sleeping brother(iv) What will one stroke of Antoniorsquos sword do What will Sebastian do to reward Antonio
Sebastian asks Antonio to put an end to Alonsorsquos life with one stroke of his sword The same stroke will earn for him a reward Sebastian will become the King of Naples and he will exempt Antonio from paying the annual tribute to Naples The dukedom of Milan is a tributary to the kingdom of Naples Its Duke has to pay tribute to the King every year When Sebastian takes over as the King he will give a benefit to his friend who is helping him to realize his ambition
(v) What is Antoniorsquos suggestion
Antonio suggests that they may draw their swords together When he raises his hand to attack Alonso Sebastian should raise his sword to bring it down on Gonzalo
ACCOUNTS-11 25062020 Topic- depreciation ndashSTRAIGHT LINE METHOD
Illustration Salman and Usman Bros acquired a machine on July 1 2014 at a cost of Rs 70000 and spent Rs5000 on its installation The firm writes off depreciation 10 on straight line method The books are closed on December 31 every year Show the machinery and depreciation account for three years
Solution Machinery Account
Date Particulars LF amount Date Particulars LF` Amount ( Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014July 01 To Bank Ac 70000 Dec 31 Dec By Depreciation Ac 3750
(70000 x10x612)
July 01 To Bank Ac 5000 Dec31 By Balance cd 71250
75000 75000
2015 2015Jan 01 To Balance bd 71250 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 x10 ) Dec31 By Balance cd 63750
71250 71250
2016 2016Jan 01 To Balance bd 63750 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 (75000 x10 ) Dec 31 By Balance cd 56250
63750 63750
Depreciation Account
Date Particulars LF Amount Date Particulars LF Amount (Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 3750 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 3750
2015 2015
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
2016 2016
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
WORKING
Cost of Machine RS70000Cost of Installation Rs 5000
Total 75000
Rate of Depreciation 10
Then annual depreciation will be 10 of Rs 75000 = Rs 7500
Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution Geography DRIANAGE THE PENINSULAR RIVERS
1 The Mahanadi2 The Godavari3 The Krishna4 The Kaveri5 The Subarnarekha6 The Narmada7 The Tapi8 The Sabarmati and the Mahi9 The Chambal
The Mahanadi Basin The Mahanadi rises from Dandakaranya
Q1 Which is the largest river of peninsular plateau Write a brief note about its courseA1 The largest river of peninsular plateau is Godavari The river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has
near Sihawa in Raipur district in the highlands of Chhattisgarhand flows through Odisha to reach the Bay of BengalThe length of the river is about 857 kmIts drainagebasin is shared by Maharashtra Chhattisgarh Jharkhandand Odisha
THE MAHANADI RIVER SYSTEM
The GodavariThe river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
THE GODAVARI RIVER SYSTEM
many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
Q2 Which river is known as Dakshin GangaA2 The Godavari river is known as lsquoDakshin Gangarsquo It is also known as Vridha Ganga
Q3 Differentiate between east-flowing rivers and west-flowing riversA3
East-flowing rivers
West-flowing rivers
Godavari Krishna Kaveri Mahanadi are the east-flowing rivers
Narmada Tapiwest-flowing rivers
They fall into the Bay of Bengal
They fall into Arabian Sea
These rivers form big deltas
These rivers form comparativelysmall deltas
Catchment area of these river are larger
Catchment area of these river are smaller
The KrishnaThe Krishna river rises from the Western Ghatsnear Mahabaleshwar It flows into the Bay of Bengalbefore forming a large delta Its length is about1400 km The Tungabhadra Koyana Ghatprabha Musi and Bhima are some of its tributariesIt has covers parts of Maharashtra Karnataka and AndhraPradesh
THE KRISHNA RIVER SYSTEM
The KaveriIt rises in the Brahmagiri range of the Western Ghats and flows into the Bay ofBengal Southof Cuddalore in Tamil Nadu The length of the river is about 760 km Its main tributaries are the Amravati Bhavani Hemavati and Kabini The Kaveri drains inthe parts of Karnataka Kerala and drains in Tamil Nadu The river Kaveri makes the second biggest waterfall in India known as Sivasamudram
POLITICAL SCIENCE
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
MEANING OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS-Fundamental rights are those rights which are essential for intellectual moral and spiritual development of citizens of India As these rights are fundamental or essential for existence and all-round development of individuals hence they are called Fundamental rights These are enshrined in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India These include individual rights common to most such as equality before the law freedom of speech and freedom of expression religious and cultural freedom Freedom of assembly (peaceful assembly) freedom of religion (freedom to practice religion) right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writsThere are six fundamental rights recognized by the Indian constitution
1 Right to equality (Articles 14-18)2 Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22)3 Right Against exploitation (Articles 23-24)4 Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25- 28)5 Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29-30) and6 Right to Constitutional remedies (Articles 32-35)
1 The right to equality includes equality before the law the prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion race caste gender or place of birth equality of opportunity in matters of employment the abolition of untouchability and abolition of titles
2 The right to freedom includes freedom of speech and expression association or union or cooperatives movement residence and right to practice any profession or occupation
3 The right against exploitation prohibits all forms of forced labour child labour and trafficking of human beings
4 The right to freedom of religion includes freedom of conscience and free profession practice and propagation of religion freedom to manage religious affairs freedom from certain taxes and freedom from religious instructions in certain educational institutes
5 The Cultural and educational Rights preserve the right of any section of citizens to conserve their culture language or script and right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice
6 The right to constitutional remedies is present for enforcement of fundamental rightsThe right to privacy is an intrinsic part of Article 21 (the Right to Freedom) that protects the life and liberty of the citizens The right to privacy is the newest right assured by the Supreme court of India It assures the peoples data and personal security
Fundamental rights for Indians have also been aimed at overturning the inequalities of pre-independence social practices Specifically they have also been used to abolish untouchability and thus prohibit discrimination on the grounds of religion race caste sex or place of birth They also forbid trafficking of human beings and forced labour (a crime) They also protect cultural and educational rights of religious and linguistic minorities by allowing them to preserve their languages and also establish and administer their own education institutions They are covered in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India
Mathematics
Relation Study Item Types of RelationToday class xii students we will discuss about the types of RelationsFirst we discuss Void RelationWhat is Void RelationAns Let A be a non-empty set Then φ A A and so it is a relation R on set A Thissube ⨯ relation is called the void or empty relation on set ANow from the above definition we came to know that no element of A is related to any element of AHere A A is called Cartesian product⨯
is the symbol of subsetsubeAnd φ is called phi and refer to void or empty relationNow I give an example to understand the above said relationLet A = 1 2 3 4Here A A =(11)(12)(13)(14)(21)(22)(23)(24)(31)(32)(33)(34)(41)⨯(42)(43)(44)Now we consider R is a relation which is defined by R=(ab) a+b= 50We notice that a+b 50 for any two elements of AnotinTherefore (ab) R for any ab A is called belong to and is not belong tonotin isin isin notinTherefore we can say R does not contain any element of A A⨯Therefore R is empty set Therefore we can say that R is the void or empty relation on AWhat is universal RelationAns Let A is a set Then A A A A and so it is a relation on A This relation is called⨯ sube ⨯ the universal relation on ANow from the above definition we can say that each element of A is related to every element of ANow we consider the relation R on the set A =1 234 defined by R = (ab) R |a -b|isin
0≽We observe that|a - b | 0 for all ab A≽ isin
(ab) R for all (ab) A ArArr isin isin ⨯ Each element of set A is related to set A every element of set ArArr
Therefore we write R= AxATherefore we can say R is universal relation on set ANote we can say that void relation is smallest relation and the universal relation is largest relationSometime both void relation and universal relation is called trivial relationWhat is identity relationAns Let A is a non-empty set Then the relation R or IA = (aa) a A on A is called theisin identity relation on A Therefore from the above definition we can say that every element of A is related to itself only
Example Let A = 1234 then Ror IA = (11)(22)(33)(44) is the identity relation on set ANow I give you another example R1 = (11)(22)(33) and R2 = (11)(22)(33)(44)(24)From the above example we can say that R1 and R2 are not identify relation Because in the case of R1 (44)R1 and on the other hand R2 where element 2 is related to elements 2 and 4
Hindi 2ndlang
भलि[ (महादी मा)
भलि[ कहानी की लखिखका महादी मा न इस कहानी म यह दशान का परयास गिकया ह गिक आजकल क जमान म भी लो सक बन कर गिनसाथ सा करत ह ह
गिबना तन लिसा करत ह और उसक बदल ना कछ मात ह और ना ही कोई आशा करत ह नौकर सा करक तन चाहता ह और ह भी कई सगिधाओ की आशा करता ह पर सक सदा गिनजी साथ भा स सा म सलगन रह कर काम करता ह भलि[ कहानी की मखय पातर लकषमी ह जिजस भलि[ नाम लखिखका न दिदया ह ह गिकसी
ोपाल काकी कनया ह पाच रष की आय म उसकी गि माता न ौना ही कर दिदया कहानी म भलि[ क दखो का अत नही ह गिफर भी ह बडी साहसी धयान और परिरशरमी ह कदिठनाइयो स जझ ती ह पहल गिपता की मतय गिफर पगित की मतय और
गिफर घर जमाई की मतय होती ह उस साहसी मगिहला न साहस नही छोडा और तीनो पतरी ओक हाथ पील गिकए लाना द पान क कारण उसका जमीदार न अपमान गिकया गिफरकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहचीकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहची शहर पहच करा लखिखका की सगिका बनी ही पर उसका नाम भलि[ पडा ह एक भ[ की तरह अपन सामिमनी की इमानदारी स सा करती और तन का जिजकर भी नही करती ह लखिखका क घर पाठशाला आदिद को अचछी तरह स सभालती पढी-
लिलखी ना होकर भी ह लखिखका की बहत सा ए सहायता करती ह लखिखका का साया बनकर चलती लखिखका की सा करना उसक जीन का उददशय ह ह
लखिखका की खशी क लिलए ही काय करती ह ह लखिखका को दखी नही दख सकती लखिखका पर भलि[ का इतना परभा पडा गिक ह सय दहाती बन ई
यदध क दिदनो म ह अपन परिरार क साथ रहन की अपकषा लखिखका क साथ रहना पसद करती थी यदध क भत न जब ीटा क ान पर पलायन गित जा दी तो
भलि[ न न लखिखका को अपन ा ल जान का अनरोध करन ली लखिखका को डर ह गिक यदिद उसक गिदा होन क अगितम छठा ए तो ह दहातीन दधा कया कर ी
इस परकार हम दखत ह गिक लखिखका न सामिमनी और सगिका क ण बरसात हए सक धम पर परकाश डाला ह और लखिखका न एक आदश सगिका क रप को सदर
रप स परसतत गिकया हBengali আদাব পরশন) ldquoশরণের ১৪৪ ধারা আর কারহিZউ অU ার জারী রণেয়রণে0ldquo
ক) কার গলখা গকা3 রচ3ার অংশ খ)গকাায় গক3 ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়রণে0 )১৪৪ ধারা কী এর Zরণেল কী য়
উততর) ক)আরণেলাচ য অংশটি সরণেরশ বসর রহিচত lsquoআদাবlsquo গ0াট রণেলপর অংশ
খ) বাংলারণেদরণেশর ঢাকা শরণের ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়হি0ল সামপরদাহিয়ক াnাা ও দাnা পরহিতরণেরারণেধর জ3 য হিlt সলা3রণেদর গ3তারণেদর সামপরদাহিয়ক উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা বারণেধ উ2য় সমপরদায় 2ীত রণেয় ঘর বহিlt রণেয় পরণে পরসপর পরসপররণেক সরণেltরণের গচারণেখ গদরণেখ গকউ কাউরণেক আরণের রণেতা হিবশবাস কররণেত পারণের3া হিক0 া3রণেষর উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা য় ার পহির3া অরণেতক রকত iয় ও ত য
) ১৪৪ ধারা আইরণে3র এ3 একটা ধারা ার _ারা এলাকা হি3হিদ ষট করণের গদওয়া য় গসই এলাকার রণেধ য গবহিশ া3রণেষর জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় হিহি0ল জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় আই3 2nকারীরণেক গহিলর হি3রণেদশ জাহির করা য় তাই সাধার3 া3ষ আর বাইরণের গবর রণেত পারণের3া পরারণে3র 2রণেয় বহিlt রণেয় ারণেক এর Zল য় সাংঘাহিতক গদাকা3 পাট বনধ ারণেক
হিজহি3স পতর অহিল য় রাসতা ঘাট জ3 শ3 য রণেয় ায় লরণেঠরা তারণেদর লঠত রাজ চাহিলরণেয় হি3রণেজরণেদর আরণেখর গহি0রণেয় গ3য় া3ষরণেক 2ীহিতর হিব2ীহিষহিক গরাস করণের ঘরণেরর া3রণেষর ইkা াকরণেলও ঘরণের হিZররণেত পারণের3া হিZররণেত হিরণেয় বltরণেকর গহিলরণেত পরা3 ারায়
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today we will discuss about Types of Leaves
An organization provides several kinds of leaves to the employees These days employees working both in government and private sector are allowed several types of leaves Following are the leaves achieved by the employees from their organization
Casual LeaveChild care leave -HospitalLeaveSpecial disability leaveChild Adoption leaveEarned LeavesHalf pay leaveMaternity leavePaternityleaveStudy leave
1 Casual Leave- Casual leave is not a recognised form of leaves and is not subject to any rules made by the government of India And official on casual leave is not treated as Absent from duty and pay is not intimated Normally 8 days of casual leave is permissible in a calendar year
2 Child care leave - Women employees having minor children may be granted child care leave by an authority competent to grant leave for a maximum period of 730 days means two years during their entire service for taking care of up to two children weather for sharing or to look after any of their names like examination sickness it is a
3HospitalLeave - Hospital leave is admissible to group C employees whose duties involved handling of dangerous machinery explosive materials poisonous drugs and performance of hazardous task and to group D employees Medical certificate from an authorised medical attendant is necessary for the grant of these leave However total period of
leave does not exceed 28 months4Special disability leave- Special
disability leave admissible to all employees when disabled by injury intentionally or accidentally inflicted are caused in law in consequence of the due performance of official duties or in consequence of official position It also it is also add miscible when disabled by illness incurred in the performance of any particular duty which has the effect of increasing laboratory to illness or injury beyond the ordinary least attaching to the Civil post held and the same condition
5Child Adoption leave- This leave is granted to female Employees with fewer than two surviving children on valid adoption of a child below the age of one year for a period of 135 days immediately after the date of valid adoption Leave salary will be equal to the pain immediately before processing on leave
6Earned Leaves- This leave is earned by duty The credit for earned leave will be awarded at a rate of 15 days on the 1st of January and 1st of July every year It can be accumulated up to 300 days in addition to the number of days for which encashment has been allowed along with LTC
7 Half pay leave -All government servant are entitled to 20 days of HPL half pay leave for every completed year of service Half pay leave is calculated at 20 days for each completed year of service The service includes periods of duty and leave including extra ordinary leave with or without MC (medical certificate)
8 Maternity leave -Maternity leave is granted to women Government employees full stop it is as possible only to Employees with less than 2 surviving children The maternity leave is not debited to leave account and full pay is granted It cannot be combined with any other the leaves and count as service for increment and pension
9 PaternityleaveA male employee with less than 2 surviving children may be granted paternity leave for a period of 15 days during the confinement of
his wife During the period of such leaves he shall be paid leave salary equal to the pay drawn immediately before proceeding on leave
10 Study leave-Study leave may be granted to all Government Employees with not less than 5 years service for undergoing a special course consisting of higher studies are specialised training in a professional or technical subject having a direct and close connection with the sphere of his duties as a Civil Servant
Commerce
Chapter-5Management
Let us today discuss about the nature of Management
Nature of management Management is defined as
An art A science A profession
Management is defined as an art because of the following reasons
1 In art there is an existence of theoretical knowledge Similarly in management various theories are propounded by management thinkers in various areas of management like finance marketing human resources etc
2 Every manager apply his or her personal skills and knowledge in the day to day functioning of an enterprise
3 Like an art management is creative as it provides solutions to Complex problems making resources productive and profitable moulding the attitudes of people for the betterment of an organisation
Management is is considered as science because of the following reasons
1 Like science there is a systemised body of knowledge in management consisting of theories principles vocabulary and concept
2 Principles of management are evolved after continuous observations and experimentation
Management both as Science and ArtManagement is both a science and an art It is a science because it uses certain principles and is an art because it requires continuous practice and application of personal skillsManagement as a profession Following points highlight whether management is a profession or not1 Like profession management has well
defined body of knowledge It has its own principles which are based on experiments One can acquire such
knowledge by pursuing courses like MBA BBA etc and acquire managerial skills through instruction and training
2 In management no such restriction is there for managers to clear an examination for hold a degree However these days more and more people are appointed for managerial post who opposes management degrees
3 Membership to a professional Association like AIMA is not mandatory for managers All managers directly or indirectly work for the development of society
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Essay Questions (EQ-2)
Question No 2Sketch the character of Prospero Would you call him perfect
AnswerProspero in The Tempest appears to be an intensely human being with human failings and weaknesses With all his excellence Prospero is made to awaken our sympathy for a natural imperfection Prosperorsquos Previous HistoryIn his retrospective narration of his previous history to Miranda we get a glimpse into Prosperorsquos past life As the Duke of Milan Prospero buried himself in his magic books which he prized above his dukedom He was essentially a scholar with no practical wisdom He failed to perform his first duty by neglecting the governance of his state and gave an opportunity to his wicked brother to undermine his throne He was thus driven from his home and thrown in a leaky boat with his weeping daughter to drift in the perilous seas It is only the thought of his little child that kept him aliveThe Development of Prosperorsquos CharacterThe development of his character is evident from the contrast between what he was before his banishment and what he is now in the island Formerly when his ldquolibrary was dukedom enoughrdquo he was altogether too unsuspecting Now he is watchful as providence and takes care to guard himself against the possibility of evil He has learnt to know human nature in its worst forms even Caliban has taught him something He will no longer put his trust in appearance except as ldquostale to catch thievesrdquo nor in oaths of which the strongest he says ldquoare straw to the fire irsquo the bloodrdquo He who once neglected worldly ends now consistently asserts his dignity enforces obedience and deals out justice with impartial hand He who without a thought of evil gave his power and his revenues into his brotherrsquos hands now puts Ferdinand to the severest test as a trial of his love before entrusting his daughter to him He makes the most practical use imaginable of his magic art exacts prompt servitudefrom his attendants does not hesitate to punish them is resolved and firm and knows how to seize the proper moment for action He is a most careful father to his daughter a considerate master of Ariel severe against the brutal Caliban humane towards the repentant enemies full of experience and wisdomThe Exercise of his Power ndash his SternnessWhat appears to us at the first sight one of the least pleasing features of Prosperorsquos character is the sternness which he frequently displays more particularly in his dealings with Caliban His harshness towards Caliban resulted from the failure of gentler methods his severity towards Ferdinand was exercised in the interest of his daughter ldquolest too light winning make the prize lightrdquo and his punishment of Alonso Sebastian and Antonio is justified by the attainment of his objectiveProsperorsquos TendernessThe tender side of Prosperorsquos character is exhibited in his relation to Miranda Ariel Gonzalo and the repentant sinners His love for Miranda is unbounded She was almost life to him In his darkest hours of trial this love sustained him and gave him strength to put a bold front to suffering He addresses her always with tenderness She is to him a lsquoloved darlingrsquo lsquodear heartrsquo lsquoa rich giftrsquo lsquoa third of his own lifersquo The same affectionate nature is shown in his dealing with his brother Antonio He loved his brother Antonio only next to Miranda before Antonio conspired against him In the island when Antonio is brought before him he forgives him
readily To Gonzalo the good old councilor he is all affection He sheds tears of joy and gratitude when he meets him in the island To Ariel he is a loving and considerable master Ariel is always to him ldquomy brave spiritrdquo ldquofine spiritrdquo ldquodelicate Arielrdquo ldquomy Arielrdquo etc When he promises Ariel his freedom he says with real emotion ndash ldquoI shall miss theerdquoProsperorsquos Power as a MagicianThe practice of magic has placed wonderful powers in the hands of Prospero He uses his supernatural powers like a god only to bring about the happiest results He causes The Tempest and the shipwreck only to bring his enemies within his power and not to destroy them Not a soul perished in the storm He leads Ferdinand to Miranda his high charms work and as he wishes the two falls in love He frustrates the plots of the conspirators and makes them know that he was conscious of it He drives Sebastian and Alonso to sincere repentance and readily forgives them The drunken associates of Caliban are no doubt sternly treated but even then they are promised conditional pardon The whole play at last ends in reconciliation joy and peace The wrongs are set right the lovers are made happy Ariel is set free and thus the powerful magician retires into the solitude of his study at MilanProsperorsquos ForgivenessAllied to his wisdom is his forgiving nature Though deeply wronged he bears no spite against the wrong-doers Though his power is unlimited he uses it to noble purposes The lesson of adversity has taught him that ldquoThe rarer action is in virtue than in vengeancerdquoProspero does not debase his noble nature by revenge but forgives his enemies absolutely He drives his erstwhile enemies to a sincere penitence for their past misdeeds and when repentance has wrought its full effect on them he receives them into his arms and is reconciled to them Is Prospero perfectProspero creates a great impression upon our minds by his dignity his nobility the divine spirit of forgiveness in him his generous and sympathetic nature etc Even with all these virtues we cannot call him perfect We perceive certain faults in him He displays an occasional impatience irritability and even a certain harshness of feeling His severe treatment of Caliban might have been justified but the language in which he addresses the monster and the threats that he uses show him to be a kind of tyrant On learning of Calibanrsquos plot against his life he is as violently disturbed and agitated as any ordinary human being would be His manner towards Ariel when the latter demands his liberty also seems somewhat arbitrary and tyrannicalSubject ndashBiology Topic ndashChapter -5 Inheritance amp Variations Summary ExecutionToday we will discuss about NON-Mendelian Inheritance
NON_MENDELIAN INHERITANCE Incomplete Dominance It is an inheritance in which heterozygous offspring shows
intermediate character between two parental characteristics Eg Flower colour in snapdragon (dog flower or Antirrhinum sp) and
Mirabilis jalapa ( 4rsquoO clock plant) Here phenotypic and genotypic ratios are same Phenotypic Ratio 1Red 2 Pink 1 White Genotypic Ratio 1(RR) 2 (Rr) 1(rr) This means that R was not completely dominant over r Pea plants also show incomplete dominance in other traits
Co- dominance It is the inheritance in which both alleles of a gene are expressed in a
hybrid Eg ABO blood grouping in human ABO Blood groups are controlled by the gene I The plasma membrane of the RBC has sugar polymer that protrude
from its surface and is controlled By the gene The gene I has three alleles IA IB i The alleles IA and IB produce a slightly different form of the sugar
while allele i does not produce any sugar In AB blood group both IA and IB are present together This is co ndash
dominanceMultiple Alleles
Multiple alternatives of the same gene which influence the same character and produce different expressions in different individuals of a species or population same genes have more than two allelic
forms These different forms of a single gene are referred as multiple alleles Eg human Blood group
Ac-12 250620 Topic- retirement
Illustration Om Jai and Jagdish are partners sharing profit in the ratio of 3 2 l Their balance sheet as at December 31st 2014 is as under
Balance sheet as at December 31 2014
Liabilities Amount Assets Amount
(Rs`) (Rs`)
Creditors 80000 Building 180000 Bills Payable 26000 Plant 140000 General reserve 24000 Motor Car 40000 Capital Stock 100000 Om 160000 Debtors 63000 Jai 120000 Less Provision Jagdish 120000
400000 for Bad debts 3000
60000 Cash at Bank 10000
530000 530000
Jai retires on that date on the following terms(a) The Goodwill of the firm is valued at Rs 60000(b) Stock and Building to be appreciated by 10(c) Plant is depreciated by 10(d) Provision for Bad debts is increased upto Rs 5000(e) Jairsquos share of goodwill was adjusted through remaining partners capital accountThe amount due to Jai is paid out of the fund brought in by Om and Jagdish in theirnew profit sharing ratio Jai is paid full amountPrepare Revaluation Account and Partnerrsquos Capital account
Solution WorkingsIt is assumed that Om and Jagdish gaining ratio remains 3 lJairsquo Share of goodwill = Rs 60000 times 26 = Rs20000Adjusted through the remaining partners capital account in 3 1 ratio
Revaluation Account
Dr Cr
Particulars Amount Particulars Amount
(Rs`) (`Rs)
To Provision for Bad debts 2000 By Stock 10000TO Plant 14000 By Building 18000To Profit transferred toCapital Accounts Om 6000 Jai 4000 Jagdish 2000
12000
28000 28000
Capital AccountDr Cr Particulars Om Jai Jagdish Particulars Om Jai Jagdish
(Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (rs`) (`Rs)
To Capital 15000 mdash 5000 By Balance bd 160000 120000 120000 ToBank 152000 By General Reserve 12000 8000 4000To Balance cd 277000 mdash 159000 By Revaluation (Profit) 6000 4000 2000 By Om Capital mdash 15000 mdash ByJagdish Capital mdash 5000 By Bank 114000 38000
292000 152000 164000 292000 152000 164000
The main determinant of supply is the price of the commodity But the cost of production of a commodity is an important factor in determining profit maximized on output of a firm The cost of production depends on the prices of various inputs like raw material wages of workers interest of capital rent of building etc The supply of a commodity also depends on the technology used in the production of the commodity and many other factors The main factors determining supply of a commodity are(i) Price of the commodity(ii) Price of other related good(iii) Price of inputsfactors(iv) Taxation policy of government(v) Objective of the firm(i) Price of the commodity Other factors determining supply remaining constant there is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity It means the quantity supplied of a commodity increases with rise in price and decreases with fall in price of the commodity More quantity of a commodity is supplied at a higher price and less quantity is supplied at a lower price For example a seller of tomatoes is willing to sell 100 kgs of tomatoes at a price of ` 40 per keg and only 50 kgs at a price of ` 20 per kg Due to this direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity the supply curve has a positive slope Supply curve is upward sloping to the right(ii) Price of other related goods Supply of a commodity is also influenced by the change in the price of other related goods With the help of given resources we can produce several goods by using the same technology This helps the firm to diversify and tide over fluctuations in demand For example a farmer can produce either pulses or food grains by using the resources If the price of pulses increases it becomes more profitable for him to make more production of pulses So he will divert some resources from the production of food grains to the production of pulses The production of pulses will increase and that of food grains will decrease So the supply of pulses will increase if the price of pulses increases and the supply of food grain will decrease at the same price reverse will happen if the price of food grains increases(iii) Price of inputsfactors Change in the price of inputs like raw material wage rent or interest also influences the supply of a commodity For example in the production of cloth cotton is the main raw material If the price of cotton increases the cost of production of cloth will increase At the same price the margin of profit will decrease So the producer will decrease the supply of cloth at the same price On the other hand if the price of cotton falls the cost of production per unit of cloth will decrease and hence the supply of cloth will increase The price of other inputs will also influence the supply of a good in the same manner(iv) Technology of production an improvement in the technology of production of a commodity decreases the per unit cost of the commodity The margin of profit will increase at the same price So the supply of a commodity will increase with improvement in technology of production at the same price On the other hand if a firm uses absolute technology of production the cost of production per unit of the commodity will increase The margin of profit will decrease so the firm will decrease its supply at the same price This is the main reason that the firms are trying to use better technology of production because it not only reduces the cost of production per unit but also improves the quality of the product(v) Taxation policy of government If the government reduces the excise duty or the production of a commodity the cost of production per unit of the commodity will decrease the margin of profit will increase at the same price so the producer of the commodity will increase its supply It happens when the government wants to increase the production of the commodity On the other hand to discourage the production of some harmful goods like cigarettes liquor etc the government increases the rate of excise duty on the production of such goods So the cost of production per unit of the commodity increases and the supply of such commodities decreases(vi) Objective of the firm The objective of the producer also influences the supply of a commodity Generally the objective of a producer is get maximize his profits Profits are maximized at a higher price So he increases the supply of a commodity at a higher price and decreases its supply at a lower price But sometimes the producer may be in maximizing his sales and not in maximizing his profits as he wants to capture the market In that case he goes on increasing the supply so long his target is not achieved can profit is not adversely affected He may increase the supply at the same price to any extent
SUPPLY FUNCTION
When the relationship between quantity supplied and the determinants of supplied is expressed mathematically in an equation it is called a supply function So a supply function can be expressed asSn = f(Pn Pr Pf T Tr G)where Sn = Supply of commodity nPn = Price of the commodity nPr = Price of other related goodsPf = Price of inputsfactors
T = Technology of productionTr = Government policy or tax rateG = Goal or objective of the producer
Typically supply function shows the relationship between price and quantity supplied keeping all other determinants of supply as constant It shows the amount of a good that a seller supplies at different levels of price
LAW OF SUPPLYThe law of supply depicts the relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity when all other determinants of supply remain constant This law states that there is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity other factors determining supply remaining constant It means quantity supplied of a commodity increases with increase in price and decreases with decrease in price
Assumptions of the law of supplyThe phrase other determinants of supply remaining constant in the law of supply shows the assumptions of the law of supply The mains factors which influence the supply of a commodity one price of the commodity price of other related goods price of inputs technology of production taxation policy of the government and objective of the firm etc The law of supply is based on the assumptions that all these factors determining supply except price of the commodity should remain constant The following are the main assumptions of the law of supply(i) Price of other related goods should remain the same(ii) There should be no change in the price of inputs (factors)(iii) Technology of production should not change(iv) There is no change in the taxation policy of the government(v) Objective of the firm should not changeThe law of supply is based on the assumptions that the supply of commodity changes only due to change in price when all other determinant of supply remain constantClass XISubject Topic Summary Execution EVS Chapter-2
Ecology Answer the following questions briefly Q Draw a neat labeled diagram of carbon cycleAnsndash
Mathematics Principle of Mathematical Induction
1) What is statement Ans A sentence which may be true or false is called statement eg i) 5 is greater than 3 ii) New Delhi is the capital of India iii) 5 divides 7 These all are statements We see that statement (i) amp (ii) are true but (iii) is false 2 What is Mathematical StatementAns Statement involving mathematical relations are called mathematical statement We shall use mathematical statement in principle of
Example If n be a positive integer show that n(n+1) is an even positive integer Solution Let P(n) be the statement n(n+1) is an even positive integer Then (i) P(1) is the statement 1(1+1) ie 2 is an even positive integer Therefore P(1) is true (ii) If P(m) is true for some positive integer m then m(m+1) is an even integer Now (m+1) [(m+1)+1]=(m+1)sup2+ (m+1) =msup2+2m+1+m+1=msup2+m+2m+2=m(m+1) +2(m+1) = an even integer + an even positive integer [Since P(m) is true and 2(m+1) is an even
mathematical induction 3 What is the use of Principle of mathematical inductionAns Sometimes it is difficult to prove a statement theorem or a formula by direct method In this case we use an indirect method known as the Principle of mathematical induction There are two steps in this processSTEP 1 Varify that the statement or formula is true for one or two particular values of n say for n=1 2STEP 2 Assuming that the statement or formula is true for n=m where m is any positive integer show that it is true for n=m+1Conclusion Since the statement is true for n=2 it is true for n=2+1 that is 3 and since it is true for n=3 it is true for n=3 + 1 that is 4 and so on Hence the statement or formula is true for all positive integral values of n
positive integer]= an even positive integer Therefore P(m+1) is true when P(m) is true Therefore By the principle of Mathematical Induction P(n) is true for all positive integral values of n Hence n(n+1) is an even positive integer
Hindi 2ndlang एक फल की चाह 5 दख रहा था जस सो सथिर हो नही बठती थी कषण भर हाय ही चपचाप पडी थी अटल शागित शी धारण कर सनना यही चाहता था म उस सय ही
उकसा करमझको दी क परसाद का एक फल ही दो लाकर
शबदाथ ससथिर - परी तरह ठहरी हई अटल- पकका
उकसाकर - पररणा दकर
वयाखयाndash उपय[ पलि[यो म कगि सखिखया की ददशा का णन कर रहा ह जो उनक गिपता दवारा वय[ गिकया या ह अपनी बटी सखिखया कीददशा का
गितरण करत हए गिपता कहता ह गिक म अपनी आखो क सामन दख रहा था गिक मरी बटी जो पल भर क लिलए दिटककर नही बठती थी ह अब सथिर शात मरतित की तरह पढी थी अब म ह बार- बार इस बात क लिलए पररिरत कर रहा
था गिक ह मझ गिफर स ही शबद कह गिपताजी मझ दी क परसाद का एक फल लाकर दो
6 ऊच शल लिशखर क ऊपर मदिदर था गिसतीणर गिशाल सण कलशसरलिसज गिहलिसत थ पाकरसमदिदत रगि कर जाल दीप धल स अचछदिदत था मदिदर का
आन सारा ज रही थी भीतर बाहर मखरिरत उतस की धारा
शबदाथ - शल लिशखर- पहाड की ऊची चोटी
सतीणर - फला हआ
सण कलश - कमल क समान सदर सोन का कलश मखरिरत - परकट समदिदत - अचछी परकार खिखला हआ रगि कर जाल - सय की गिकरणो का समह
वयाखया- परसतत पलि[या म कगि न मदिदर की सदरता का णन गिकया ह कहत ह गिक मझ पहाड की चोटी पर एक गिलिशषट और गिशालमश था उसक
सोन क कलश सय की गिकरणो म चमकत हए ऐस परतीत हो रह थ जस सय की खिखली हईगिकरणो क ाा सपशपाकर सनहर कमल खिखल उठ हो मदिदर का
आन धप दीप की सध स भरा हआ था मदिदर क अदर और बाहर मनाए जा रह उसकी परसननता की ज सनाई द रही थी
Bengali (2nd language)
কোনি মনি নদী পরথম অধযোয়
হি_তীয় হিদরণে3র পাঠ-
হিবষটবাব গলাকটির কায় গররণে কা বলরণেত পাররণে0 3া শধ গচাখ হিদরণেয় রা পরকাশ করহি0ল কা বলরণেত বলরণেত গলাকটি পাঞজাহিব লহিn খরণেল জ কররণেত শর করল তাই গদরণেখ হিবষটবাব ত2মভ রণেয় গল চাটি ারার 2হিnরণেত গলাকটি হিবষটবাবর হিদরণেক এরণোরণেল হিতহি3 াা 3ীচ করণের 3াহিরণেয় গ33 হিদ গলাকটি হিবষটবাবরণেক চাটিরণেয় ায় তারণেল হিতহি3 তাাতাহিউরণেঠ গলাকটিরণেক ধররণেত পাররণেব3 3া কার তার শরীরণেরর ওজরণে3র জ3য এই শরণে3 হিবষটবাব বরণে3া গারণেষর ত গতরণেZরণে উরণেঠ দাাল তারণেত গলাকটি দাহিরণেয় শরীরটারণেক একট দহিলরণেয় হি3ল এই সব শরণে3 হিবষট ধর চপ করণের রইল শধ lsquoগঘাৎrsquo করণের একটা শবদ করল গলাকটি হিসহি হিদরণেয় ওঠা3াা কররণে0 গদরণেখ হিবষটবাব খাহি3কটা হিদরণেশারা রণেয় গলহিবষটবাবর গচারণেখ রারণের বদরণেল এখ3 গকৌতল হিতহি3 বরণেল3 ldquoখাওায় আার গলা2 গ3ই Uায়টিং কহিরrdquo হিকনত হিতহি3 কতটা Uায়টিং করণের তা তার শরীর আর খাবারণেরর তাহিলকা গদরণেখ গলাকটি বরণে= গল গলাকটি এহিরণেয় হিরণেয় হিবষটবাবর 2হিরণেত াত বহিলরণেয় হিদরণেল গস আরা অ32ব করণের3 এবং হিপহি0রণেয় া3 গলাকটি হিবষটবাবর সারণে3 তার শরীরণেরর কসরত পরদশ3 কররণেল হিবষটবাব রণে3 রণে3 হিব হিব করণের বরণেল3 হিতহি3ও গরাা রণেত চা3 গসই হরণেত nা গরণেক আবার হিচৎকার গ2রণেস আরণেস lsquoগকা হি3 গকা হি3rsquo
ldquoকী রক Uায়টিংrdquo-ক)বকতা গককারণেক বলরণে0খ)Uায়টিং কার অ কী ) Uায়টিং করা বযহিকতর গচারার ব3া দাও ঘ) তার Uায়টিং এর ব3া দাও
উঃ- ক) আরণেলাচয অংশটি হিত3ltীর গলখা lsquoগকাহি3rsquo উপ3যাস গরণেক গ3ওয়া রণেয়রণে0 আরণেলাচয কাটি বকতা রণেল3 সাদা লহিnপরা ারণেয় গরয়া পাঞজাহিব ও কারণেধ রহিn3 বযা ওয়ালা হিiহিতশ হিসং হিতহি3 কাটি বরণেলরণে03 হিবষট ধররণেকখ) Uারণেয়টিং কার অ ল পহিরহিত খাদয গর অাৎ খাদয তাহিলকায় সসত খারণেদযর গ3াগ3 বজায় গররণেখ খাদয গর) হিবষট ধরণেরর গচারা হিবশাল ওজ3 পরায় হিত3 গদখরণেত জলহিসতর রণেতা সারা শরীরণের চহিব ল ল কররণে0 বয়স পরায় চহিশ হিবশাল 2হি উপ রণেয় শরণেল হিচৎ রণেত পারণের3া গকউ গঠরণেল হিদরণেল হিচৎ রণেত পারণের তারণেক কায় নধ াদ3 পবরণেতর সরণেn তল3া করা য়ঘ) হিবষট ধর গকৌতলী রণেয় বরণেল তার খাওয়ার গকা3 গলা2 গ3ই গস Uায়টিং করণের আরণে গস আধ হিকরণেলা হিiর গখত এখ3 গস হিত3রণেশা গরা হিiর খায় জল খাবারণের কহিটা লহিচ গখত এখ3 পরণে3রণেরাটা লহিচ খায় আাইরণেশা গরা চারণেলর 2াত খায় হিঘ খাওয়া গ0রণে হিদরণেয়রণে0 রারণেত াতর বারণেরাটা রটি খায় হিবরণেকরণেল দ-গলাস হি0হিরর জল সরণেn চাররণেট কা পারণেকর সরণেltশ বাহিরণেত রাধাকষণ আরণে0 বরণেল হিবষট ধর া0 াংস খায়3া আর তারণেত তার গকা3 গলা2 লালসা গ3ই
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 276 to 313 (Sebastian helliphellipIt struck mine ear most terribly)[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]
Summary Questions amp AnswersConspiracy of Antonio and Sebastian
o Antonio further suggests murder of Alonso and eventually Sebastian agrees
o They draw their swords and proceed to murder Alonso and Gonzalo who are sleeping
(1) (Act II Sc 2 L 277-291)ANTONIO Ay sir where lies that If rsquotwere a kibe
rsquoTwould put me to my slipper but I feel notThis deity in my bosom Twenty consciencesThat stand rsquotwixt me and Milan candied be they And melt ere they molest Here lies your brotherNo better than the earth he lies uponIf he were that which now hes likemdashthats deadWhom I with this obedient steel three inches of itCan lay to bed for ever (whiles you doing thus
o As they approach Ariel appears again and wakes up Gonzalo by singing a tune in his ear Alonso also wakes up and they see both Sebastian and Antonio with drawn swords On being caught off guard they make up a story saying that they had heard a bellowing of bulls or lions
IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED
(Act II Sc 1 L 277-281)ANTONIOAy sir where lies that If rsquotwere a kibersquoTwould put me to my slipper but I feel notThis deity in my bosom Twenty consciencesThat stand rsquotwixt me and Milan candied be they And melt ere they molest
In these lines Antonio speaks how he is a conscienceless villain In inciting Sebastian to the kingship of Naples by murdering his brother he quotes his own example He too had banished his brother and made himself the Duke of Milan This kingship now sits upon him like a well fittinggarment So will be the case of Sebastian Sebastian then questions Antonio if this foul deed did not prick his conscience To this Antonio replies like a hardened villain He laughs at the word lsquoconsciencersquo and says that he has never heard of anything like conscience A guilty conscience gave him no more pain that is chilblain (M a painful itching and swelling on hand and foot caused by exposure to extreme cold) A man can get rid of the pain of chilblain by wearing slippers instead of shoes so does Antonio get rid of the qualms (M an uneasy feeling of doubt worry or fear especially about onersquos conduct) of conscience very easily Even if he were troubled by twenty consciences that barred his way to the throne of Milan however frozen they might be he would melt them into insensibility before they could cause him to twinge
To the perpetual wink of aye might putThis ancient morsel this Sir Prudence whoShould not upbraid our course) - for all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour
(i) To whom does Antonio speak these lines Who is referred to as lsquoyour brotherrsquo What does Antonio mean by saying lsquoNo better than the earth he lies uponrsquo
These lines are spoken by Antonio to Sebastian King Alonso is referred to as Sebastianrsquos brother Indicating towards Alonso who is lying asleep on the ground Antonio tells Sebastian that here sleeps his brother and at this time he is no better than a clod of the earth on which he lies asleep Antonio means to say that if he were actually to become what he looks like he would be a dead body(ii) According to Antonio what would he do if he were at the place of Sebastian
Antonio says that if he were in the position of Sebastian he would not care even for twenty consciences in order to win the kingship of Naples He would rather forget all his consciences if they happen to trouble him at all (iii) What does Antonio suggest to Sebastian What does Antonio assure him
Antonio suggests to Sebastian that in a moment Sebastian can put to death Gonzalo who pretends to be a very wise man and who on that account rebukes others (particularly Antonio and Sebastian) whereas he (Antonio) himself can put Alonso to death with only three inches of his willing sword Antonio further assures Sebastian that by killing both of them there will be none left to oppose him and in this way every obstacle in his way will be removed
(iv) Explain the lines lsquofor all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hourrsquo
In other words Antonio says that even if he were endowed with a stiff conscience he could easily relax or soften it for the execution of his purpose Then Antonio suggests that conscience should be no hindrance to a manrsquos future greatness
Comments These are terrible words coming from the mouth of a villain of the worst type He is utterly devoid of conscience or remorse He is an utter atheist of human virtue He speaks of conscience as a deity that he does not feel in his bosom
According to Antonio so far as the other lords (Adrian Francisco and others) are concerned they need not be murdered because they would obey the orders of Antonio and Sebastian as willingly and readily as cat licks milk These other lords would endorse and support everything that Sebastian and Antonio may say or suggest These other lords would adjust their views in accordance with the wishes of Antonio and Sebastian and they would regard all proposals made by Antonio and Sebastian as being opportune and also as being acceptable(v) What opinion do you form of Antonio from the above speech
The speech given above shows Antonio to be an absolutely unscrupulous man After saying that he does not believe in any such faculty as the conscience he suggests to Sebastian to
(Act II Sc 1 L 285-291)ANTONIOhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (whiles you doing thus To the perpetual wink of aye might putThis ancient morsel this Sir Prudence whoShould not upbraid our course) - for all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour
Antonio has convinced Sebastian that he has made himself Duke of Milan by a crime for which he has felt no pricks of conscience In these lines Antonio tells Sebastian that now that the chance has presented itself to him he should take it and be King of Naples So far as Alonso is concerned Antonio agrees to undertake the task of killing him by sticking only three inches of his sharp dagger Making a thrust in the air with his sword he tells Sebastian that by a similar method he can put to sleep forever Gonzalo ndash the old piece of flesh already rotten ndash this piece of antiquity ndash this ldquoSir Prudencerdquo who is never tired of reading his moral lectures to them If ldquoProfessor Wisdomrdquo is got rid of he will not be able to denounce their action as he would surely do if they did not dispatch him as well As for the rest of the kingrsquos counselors (Adrian and Francisco) it is their nature to adopt any statements and views which are placed before them just as it is the nature of a cat to lap milk Antonio assures Sebastian that ldquothese othersrdquo will back them up in whatever they say or do that they will count the strokes of the clock exactly as they bid them not according to the real time but according to the time that is right for their business Hence only two persons Alonso and Gonzalo are required to be removed to fulfill their ambition
murder Gonzalo at the very time when he (Antonio) stabs Alonso to death And yet this brutal man has a fertile wit also He can talk in a persuasive manner and also in a sarcastic and satirical manner He knows human nature thoroughly and he understands that Gonzalo is loyal to Alonso while the other lords are only sycophants who can easily be won over to Sebastianrsquos side after Alonso has been assassinated
(2) (Act II Sc 1 291-296)SEBASTIAN Thy case dear friend
Shall be my precedent as thou gotst MilanIll come by Naples Draw thy swordmdashone strokeShall free thee from the tribute which thou payest And I the King shall love thee
ANTONIO Draw together And when I rear my hand do you the likeTo fall it on Gonzalo
(i) Explain the situation and introduce the persons engaged in conversation
After the supposed shipwreck King Alonso with his lords his brother Sebastian and Antonio the Duke of Milan land on a strange island Prince Ferdinand is feared to be drowned While the King and others have fallen asleep after exertions of the day and Ariel with his sweet music acting as a catalyst Antonio and Sebastian are awake They have hatched a conspiracy to kill King Alonso and his loyal lord Gonzalo Then Sebastian will become King of NaplesIn these lines Antonio and Sebastian are engaged in conversation They are just ready to execute their plan to attack King Alonso and Gonzalo simultaneously(ii) Antoniorsquos case shall become Sebastianrsquos precedent What has been Antoniorsquos case
Antonio proved treacherous towards his brother Prospero who was the Duke of Milan Since Prospero spent his time in his scholarly pursuits he had delegated his powers to his younger brother Antonio to administer the dukedom Antonio grew ambitious He overthrew his brother and expelled him from his own dukedom In his place Antonio became the Duke of Milan which he continues to be now His case urges Sebastian to do the same(iii) How is Sebastian going to follow Antonio
Sebastian is going to take Antoniorsquos case as his precedent He is convinced that if Antonio could usurp the dukedom from his living brother Sebastian could become the King of Naples by killing his sleeping brother(iv) What will one stroke of Antoniorsquos sword do What will Sebastian do to reward Antonio
Sebastian asks Antonio to put an end to Alonsorsquos life with one stroke of his sword The same stroke will earn for him a reward Sebastian will become the King of Naples and he will exempt Antonio from paying the annual tribute to Naples The dukedom of Milan is a tributary to the kingdom of Naples Its Duke has to pay tribute to the King every year When Sebastian takes over as the King he will give a benefit to his friend who is helping him to realize his ambition
(v) What is Antoniorsquos suggestion
Antonio suggests that they may draw their swords together When he raises his hand to attack Alonso Sebastian should raise his sword to bring it down on Gonzalo
ACCOUNTS-11 25062020 Topic- depreciation ndashSTRAIGHT LINE METHOD
Illustration Salman and Usman Bros acquired a machine on July 1 2014 at a cost of Rs 70000 and spent Rs5000 on its installation The firm writes off depreciation 10 on straight line method The books are closed on December 31 every year Show the machinery and depreciation account for three years
Solution Machinery Account
Date Particulars LF amount Date Particulars LF` Amount ( Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014July 01 To Bank Ac 70000 Dec 31 Dec By Depreciation Ac 3750
(70000 x10x612)
July 01 To Bank Ac 5000 Dec31 By Balance cd 71250
75000 75000
2015 2015Jan 01 To Balance bd 71250 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 x10 ) Dec31 By Balance cd 63750
71250 71250
2016 2016Jan 01 To Balance bd 63750 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 (75000 x10 ) Dec 31 By Balance cd 56250
63750 63750
Depreciation Account
Date Particulars LF Amount Date Particulars LF Amount (Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 3750 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 3750
2015 2015
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
2016 2016
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
WORKING
Cost of Machine RS70000Cost of Installation Rs 5000
Total 75000
Rate of Depreciation 10
Then annual depreciation will be 10 of Rs 75000 = Rs 7500
Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution Geography DRIANAGE THE PENINSULAR RIVERS
1 The Mahanadi2 The Godavari3 The Krishna4 The Kaveri5 The Subarnarekha6 The Narmada7 The Tapi8 The Sabarmati and the Mahi9 The Chambal
The Mahanadi Basin The Mahanadi rises from Dandakaranya
Q1 Which is the largest river of peninsular plateau Write a brief note about its courseA1 The largest river of peninsular plateau is Godavari The river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has
near Sihawa in Raipur district in the highlands of Chhattisgarhand flows through Odisha to reach the Bay of BengalThe length of the river is about 857 kmIts drainagebasin is shared by Maharashtra Chhattisgarh Jharkhandand Odisha
THE MAHANADI RIVER SYSTEM
The GodavariThe river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
THE GODAVARI RIVER SYSTEM
many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
Q2 Which river is known as Dakshin GangaA2 The Godavari river is known as lsquoDakshin Gangarsquo It is also known as Vridha Ganga
Q3 Differentiate between east-flowing rivers and west-flowing riversA3
East-flowing rivers
West-flowing rivers
Godavari Krishna Kaveri Mahanadi are the east-flowing rivers
Narmada Tapiwest-flowing rivers
They fall into the Bay of Bengal
They fall into Arabian Sea
These rivers form big deltas
These rivers form comparativelysmall deltas
Catchment area of these river are larger
Catchment area of these river are smaller
The KrishnaThe Krishna river rises from the Western Ghatsnear Mahabaleshwar It flows into the Bay of Bengalbefore forming a large delta Its length is about1400 km The Tungabhadra Koyana Ghatprabha Musi and Bhima are some of its tributariesIt has covers parts of Maharashtra Karnataka and AndhraPradesh
THE KRISHNA RIVER SYSTEM
The KaveriIt rises in the Brahmagiri range of the Western Ghats and flows into the Bay ofBengal Southof Cuddalore in Tamil Nadu The length of the river is about 760 km Its main tributaries are the Amravati Bhavani Hemavati and Kabini The Kaveri drains inthe parts of Karnataka Kerala and drains in Tamil Nadu The river Kaveri makes the second biggest waterfall in India known as Sivasamudram
POLITICAL SCIENCE
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
MEANING OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS-Fundamental rights are those rights which are essential for intellectual moral and spiritual development of citizens of India As these rights are fundamental or essential for existence and all-round development of individuals hence they are called Fundamental rights These are enshrined in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India These include individual rights common to most such as equality before the law freedom of speech and freedom of expression religious and cultural freedom Freedom of assembly (peaceful assembly) freedom of religion (freedom to practice religion) right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writsThere are six fundamental rights recognized by the Indian constitution
1 Right to equality (Articles 14-18)2 Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22)3 Right Against exploitation (Articles 23-24)4 Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25- 28)5 Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29-30) and6 Right to Constitutional remedies (Articles 32-35)
1 The right to equality includes equality before the law the prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion race caste gender or place of birth equality of opportunity in matters of employment the abolition of untouchability and abolition of titles
2 The right to freedom includes freedom of speech and expression association or union or cooperatives movement residence and right to practice any profession or occupation
3 The right against exploitation prohibits all forms of forced labour child labour and trafficking of human beings
4 The right to freedom of religion includes freedom of conscience and free profession practice and propagation of religion freedom to manage religious affairs freedom from certain taxes and freedom from religious instructions in certain educational institutes
5 The Cultural and educational Rights preserve the right of any section of citizens to conserve their culture language or script and right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice
6 The right to constitutional remedies is present for enforcement of fundamental rightsThe right to privacy is an intrinsic part of Article 21 (the Right to Freedom) that protects the life and liberty of the citizens The right to privacy is the newest right assured by the Supreme court of India It assures the peoples data and personal security
Fundamental rights for Indians have also been aimed at overturning the inequalities of pre-independence social practices Specifically they have also been used to abolish untouchability and thus prohibit discrimination on the grounds of religion race caste sex or place of birth They also forbid trafficking of human beings and forced labour (a crime) They also protect cultural and educational rights of religious and linguistic minorities by allowing them to preserve their languages and also establish and administer their own education institutions They are covered in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India
Mathematics
Relation Study Item Types of RelationToday class xii students we will discuss about the types of RelationsFirst we discuss Void RelationWhat is Void RelationAns Let A be a non-empty set Then φ A A and so it is a relation R on set A Thissube ⨯ relation is called the void or empty relation on set ANow from the above definition we came to know that no element of A is related to any element of AHere A A is called Cartesian product⨯
is the symbol of subsetsubeAnd φ is called phi and refer to void or empty relationNow I give an example to understand the above said relationLet A = 1 2 3 4Here A A =(11)(12)(13)(14)(21)(22)(23)(24)(31)(32)(33)(34)(41)⨯(42)(43)(44)Now we consider R is a relation which is defined by R=(ab) a+b= 50We notice that a+b 50 for any two elements of AnotinTherefore (ab) R for any ab A is called belong to and is not belong tonotin isin isin notinTherefore we can say R does not contain any element of A A⨯Therefore R is empty set Therefore we can say that R is the void or empty relation on AWhat is universal RelationAns Let A is a set Then A A A A and so it is a relation on A This relation is called⨯ sube ⨯ the universal relation on ANow from the above definition we can say that each element of A is related to every element of ANow we consider the relation R on the set A =1 234 defined by R = (ab) R |a -b|isin
0≽We observe that|a - b | 0 for all ab A≽ isin
(ab) R for all (ab) A ArArr isin isin ⨯ Each element of set A is related to set A every element of set ArArr
Therefore we write R= AxATherefore we can say R is universal relation on set ANote we can say that void relation is smallest relation and the universal relation is largest relationSometime both void relation and universal relation is called trivial relationWhat is identity relationAns Let A is a non-empty set Then the relation R or IA = (aa) a A on A is called theisin identity relation on A Therefore from the above definition we can say that every element of A is related to itself only
Example Let A = 1234 then Ror IA = (11)(22)(33)(44) is the identity relation on set ANow I give you another example R1 = (11)(22)(33) and R2 = (11)(22)(33)(44)(24)From the above example we can say that R1 and R2 are not identify relation Because in the case of R1 (44)R1 and on the other hand R2 where element 2 is related to elements 2 and 4
Hindi 2ndlang
भलि[ (महादी मा)
भलि[ कहानी की लखिखका महादी मा न इस कहानी म यह दशान का परयास गिकया ह गिक आजकल क जमान म भी लो सक बन कर गिनसाथ सा करत ह ह
गिबना तन लिसा करत ह और उसक बदल ना कछ मात ह और ना ही कोई आशा करत ह नौकर सा करक तन चाहता ह और ह भी कई सगिधाओ की आशा करता ह पर सक सदा गिनजी साथ भा स सा म सलगन रह कर काम करता ह भलि[ कहानी की मखय पातर लकषमी ह जिजस भलि[ नाम लखिखका न दिदया ह ह गिकसी
ोपाल काकी कनया ह पाच रष की आय म उसकी गि माता न ौना ही कर दिदया कहानी म भलि[ क दखो का अत नही ह गिफर भी ह बडी साहसी धयान और परिरशरमी ह कदिठनाइयो स जझ ती ह पहल गिपता की मतय गिफर पगित की मतय और
गिफर घर जमाई की मतय होती ह उस साहसी मगिहला न साहस नही छोडा और तीनो पतरी ओक हाथ पील गिकए लाना द पान क कारण उसका जमीदार न अपमान गिकया गिफरकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहचीकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहची शहर पहच करा लखिखका की सगिका बनी ही पर उसका नाम भलि[ पडा ह एक भ[ की तरह अपन सामिमनी की इमानदारी स सा करती और तन का जिजकर भी नही करती ह लखिखका क घर पाठशाला आदिद को अचछी तरह स सभालती पढी-
लिलखी ना होकर भी ह लखिखका की बहत सा ए सहायता करती ह लखिखका का साया बनकर चलती लखिखका की सा करना उसक जीन का उददशय ह ह
लखिखका की खशी क लिलए ही काय करती ह ह लखिखका को दखी नही दख सकती लखिखका पर भलि[ का इतना परभा पडा गिक ह सय दहाती बन ई
यदध क दिदनो म ह अपन परिरार क साथ रहन की अपकषा लखिखका क साथ रहना पसद करती थी यदध क भत न जब ीटा क ान पर पलायन गित जा दी तो
भलि[ न न लखिखका को अपन ा ल जान का अनरोध करन ली लखिखका को डर ह गिक यदिद उसक गिदा होन क अगितम छठा ए तो ह दहातीन दधा कया कर ी
इस परकार हम दखत ह गिक लखिखका न सामिमनी और सगिका क ण बरसात हए सक धम पर परकाश डाला ह और लखिखका न एक आदश सगिका क रप को सदर
रप स परसतत गिकया हBengali আদাব পরশন) ldquoশরণের ১৪৪ ধারা আর কারহিZউ অU ার জারী রণেয়রণে0ldquo
ক) কার গলখা গকা3 রচ3ার অংশ খ)গকাায় গক3 ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়রণে0 )১৪৪ ধারা কী এর Zরণেল কী য়
উততর) ক)আরণেলাচ য অংশটি সরণেরশ বসর রহিচত lsquoআদাবlsquo গ0াট রণেলপর অংশ
খ) বাংলারণেদরণেশর ঢাকা শরণের ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়হি0ল সামপরদাহিয়ক াnাা ও দাnা পরহিতরণেরারণেধর জ3 য হিlt সলা3রণেদর গ3তারণেদর সামপরদাহিয়ক উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা বারণেধ উ2য় সমপরদায় 2ীত রণেয় ঘর বহিlt রণেয় পরণে পরসপর পরসপররণেক সরণেltরণের গচারণেখ গদরণেখ গকউ কাউরণেক আরণের রণেতা হিবশবাস কররণেত পারণের3া হিক0 া3রণেষর উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা য় ার পহির3া অরণেতক রকত iয় ও ত য
) ১৪৪ ধারা আইরণে3র এ3 একটা ধারা ার _ারা এলাকা হি3হিদ ষট করণের গদওয়া য় গসই এলাকার রণেধ য গবহিশ া3রণেষর জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় হিহি0ল জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় আই3 2nকারীরণেক গহিলর হি3রণেদশ জাহির করা য় তাই সাধার3 া3ষ আর বাইরণের গবর রণেত পারণের3া পরারণে3র 2রণেয় বহিlt রণেয় ারণেক এর Zল য় সাংঘাহিতক গদাকা3 পাট বনধ ারণেক
হিজহি3স পতর অহিল য় রাসতা ঘাট জ3 শ3 য রণেয় ায় লরণেঠরা তারণেদর লঠত রাজ চাহিলরণেয় হি3রণেজরণেদর আরণেখর গহি0রণেয় গ3য় া3ষরণেক 2ীহিতর হিব2ীহিষহিক গরাস করণের ঘরণেরর া3রণেষর ইkা াকরণেলও ঘরণের হিZররণেত পারণের3া হিZররণেত হিরণেয় বltরণেকর গহিলরণেত পরা3 ারায়
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today we will discuss about Types of Leaves
An organization provides several kinds of leaves to the employees These days employees working both in government and private sector are allowed several types of leaves Following are the leaves achieved by the employees from their organization
Casual LeaveChild care leave -HospitalLeaveSpecial disability leaveChild Adoption leaveEarned LeavesHalf pay leaveMaternity leavePaternityleaveStudy leave
1 Casual Leave- Casual leave is not a recognised form of leaves and is not subject to any rules made by the government of India And official on casual leave is not treated as Absent from duty and pay is not intimated Normally 8 days of casual leave is permissible in a calendar year
2 Child care leave - Women employees having minor children may be granted child care leave by an authority competent to grant leave for a maximum period of 730 days means two years during their entire service for taking care of up to two children weather for sharing or to look after any of their names like examination sickness it is a
3HospitalLeave - Hospital leave is admissible to group C employees whose duties involved handling of dangerous machinery explosive materials poisonous drugs and performance of hazardous task and to group D employees Medical certificate from an authorised medical attendant is necessary for the grant of these leave However total period of
leave does not exceed 28 months4Special disability leave- Special
disability leave admissible to all employees when disabled by injury intentionally or accidentally inflicted are caused in law in consequence of the due performance of official duties or in consequence of official position It also it is also add miscible when disabled by illness incurred in the performance of any particular duty which has the effect of increasing laboratory to illness or injury beyond the ordinary least attaching to the Civil post held and the same condition
5Child Adoption leave- This leave is granted to female Employees with fewer than two surviving children on valid adoption of a child below the age of one year for a period of 135 days immediately after the date of valid adoption Leave salary will be equal to the pain immediately before processing on leave
6Earned Leaves- This leave is earned by duty The credit for earned leave will be awarded at a rate of 15 days on the 1st of January and 1st of July every year It can be accumulated up to 300 days in addition to the number of days for which encashment has been allowed along with LTC
7 Half pay leave -All government servant are entitled to 20 days of HPL half pay leave for every completed year of service Half pay leave is calculated at 20 days for each completed year of service The service includes periods of duty and leave including extra ordinary leave with or without MC (medical certificate)
8 Maternity leave -Maternity leave is granted to women Government employees full stop it is as possible only to Employees with less than 2 surviving children The maternity leave is not debited to leave account and full pay is granted It cannot be combined with any other the leaves and count as service for increment and pension
9 PaternityleaveA male employee with less than 2 surviving children may be granted paternity leave for a period of 15 days during the confinement of
his wife During the period of such leaves he shall be paid leave salary equal to the pay drawn immediately before proceeding on leave
10 Study leave-Study leave may be granted to all Government Employees with not less than 5 years service for undergoing a special course consisting of higher studies are specialised training in a professional or technical subject having a direct and close connection with the sphere of his duties as a Civil Servant
Commerce
Chapter-5Management
Let us today discuss about the nature of Management
Nature of management Management is defined as
An art A science A profession
Management is defined as an art because of the following reasons
1 In art there is an existence of theoretical knowledge Similarly in management various theories are propounded by management thinkers in various areas of management like finance marketing human resources etc
2 Every manager apply his or her personal skills and knowledge in the day to day functioning of an enterprise
3 Like an art management is creative as it provides solutions to Complex problems making resources productive and profitable moulding the attitudes of people for the betterment of an organisation
Management is is considered as science because of the following reasons
1 Like science there is a systemised body of knowledge in management consisting of theories principles vocabulary and concept
2 Principles of management are evolved after continuous observations and experimentation
Management both as Science and ArtManagement is both a science and an art It is a science because it uses certain principles and is an art because it requires continuous practice and application of personal skillsManagement as a profession Following points highlight whether management is a profession or not1 Like profession management has well
defined body of knowledge It has its own principles which are based on experiments One can acquire such
knowledge by pursuing courses like MBA BBA etc and acquire managerial skills through instruction and training
2 In management no such restriction is there for managers to clear an examination for hold a degree However these days more and more people are appointed for managerial post who opposes management degrees
3 Membership to a professional Association like AIMA is not mandatory for managers All managers directly or indirectly work for the development of society
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Essay Questions (EQ-2)
Question No 2Sketch the character of Prospero Would you call him perfect
AnswerProspero in The Tempest appears to be an intensely human being with human failings and weaknesses With all his excellence Prospero is made to awaken our sympathy for a natural imperfection Prosperorsquos Previous HistoryIn his retrospective narration of his previous history to Miranda we get a glimpse into Prosperorsquos past life As the Duke of Milan Prospero buried himself in his magic books which he prized above his dukedom He was essentially a scholar with no practical wisdom He failed to perform his first duty by neglecting the governance of his state and gave an opportunity to his wicked brother to undermine his throne He was thus driven from his home and thrown in a leaky boat with his weeping daughter to drift in the perilous seas It is only the thought of his little child that kept him aliveThe Development of Prosperorsquos CharacterThe development of his character is evident from the contrast between what he was before his banishment and what he is now in the island Formerly when his ldquolibrary was dukedom enoughrdquo he was altogether too unsuspecting Now he is watchful as providence and takes care to guard himself against the possibility of evil He has learnt to know human nature in its worst forms even Caliban has taught him something He will no longer put his trust in appearance except as ldquostale to catch thievesrdquo nor in oaths of which the strongest he says ldquoare straw to the fire irsquo the bloodrdquo He who once neglected worldly ends now consistently asserts his dignity enforces obedience and deals out justice with impartial hand He who without a thought of evil gave his power and his revenues into his brotherrsquos hands now puts Ferdinand to the severest test as a trial of his love before entrusting his daughter to him He makes the most practical use imaginable of his magic art exacts prompt servitudefrom his attendants does not hesitate to punish them is resolved and firm and knows how to seize the proper moment for action He is a most careful father to his daughter a considerate master of Ariel severe against the brutal Caliban humane towards the repentant enemies full of experience and wisdomThe Exercise of his Power ndash his SternnessWhat appears to us at the first sight one of the least pleasing features of Prosperorsquos character is the sternness which he frequently displays more particularly in his dealings with Caliban His harshness towards Caliban resulted from the failure of gentler methods his severity towards Ferdinand was exercised in the interest of his daughter ldquolest too light winning make the prize lightrdquo and his punishment of Alonso Sebastian and Antonio is justified by the attainment of his objectiveProsperorsquos TendernessThe tender side of Prosperorsquos character is exhibited in his relation to Miranda Ariel Gonzalo and the repentant sinners His love for Miranda is unbounded She was almost life to him In his darkest hours of trial this love sustained him and gave him strength to put a bold front to suffering He addresses her always with tenderness She is to him a lsquoloved darlingrsquo lsquodear heartrsquo lsquoa rich giftrsquo lsquoa third of his own lifersquo The same affectionate nature is shown in his dealing with his brother Antonio He loved his brother Antonio only next to Miranda before Antonio conspired against him In the island when Antonio is brought before him he forgives him
readily To Gonzalo the good old councilor he is all affection He sheds tears of joy and gratitude when he meets him in the island To Ariel he is a loving and considerable master Ariel is always to him ldquomy brave spiritrdquo ldquofine spiritrdquo ldquodelicate Arielrdquo ldquomy Arielrdquo etc When he promises Ariel his freedom he says with real emotion ndash ldquoI shall miss theerdquoProsperorsquos Power as a MagicianThe practice of magic has placed wonderful powers in the hands of Prospero He uses his supernatural powers like a god only to bring about the happiest results He causes The Tempest and the shipwreck only to bring his enemies within his power and not to destroy them Not a soul perished in the storm He leads Ferdinand to Miranda his high charms work and as he wishes the two falls in love He frustrates the plots of the conspirators and makes them know that he was conscious of it He drives Sebastian and Alonso to sincere repentance and readily forgives them The drunken associates of Caliban are no doubt sternly treated but even then they are promised conditional pardon The whole play at last ends in reconciliation joy and peace The wrongs are set right the lovers are made happy Ariel is set free and thus the powerful magician retires into the solitude of his study at MilanProsperorsquos ForgivenessAllied to his wisdom is his forgiving nature Though deeply wronged he bears no spite against the wrong-doers Though his power is unlimited he uses it to noble purposes The lesson of adversity has taught him that ldquoThe rarer action is in virtue than in vengeancerdquoProspero does not debase his noble nature by revenge but forgives his enemies absolutely He drives his erstwhile enemies to a sincere penitence for their past misdeeds and when repentance has wrought its full effect on them he receives them into his arms and is reconciled to them Is Prospero perfectProspero creates a great impression upon our minds by his dignity his nobility the divine spirit of forgiveness in him his generous and sympathetic nature etc Even with all these virtues we cannot call him perfect We perceive certain faults in him He displays an occasional impatience irritability and even a certain harshness of feeling His severe treatment of Caliban might have been justified but the language in which he addresses the monster and the threats that he uses show him to be a kind of tyrant On learning of Calibanrsquos plot against his life he is as violently disturbed and agitated as any ordinary human being would be His manner towards Ariel when the latter demands his liberty also seems somewhat arbitrary and tyrannicalSubject ndashBiology Topic ndashChapter -5 Inheritance amp Variations Summary ExecutionToday we will discuss about NON-Mendelian Inheritance
NON_MENDELIAN INHERITANCE Incomplete Dominance It is an inheritance in which heterozygous offspring shows
intermediate character between two parental characteristics Eg Flower colour in snapdragon (dog flower or Antirrhinum sp) and
Mirabilis jalapa ( 4rsquoO clock plant) Here phenotypic and genotypic ratios are same Phenotypic Ratio 1Red 2 Pink 1 White Genotypic Ratio 1(RR) 2 (Rr) 1(rr) This means that R was not completely dominant over r Pea plants also show incomplete dominance in other traits
Co- dominance It is the inheritance in which both alleles of a gene are expressed in a
hybrid Eg ABO blood grouping in human ABO Blood groups are controlled by the gene I The plasma membrane of the RBC has sugar polymer that protrude
from its surface and is controlled By the gene The gene I has three alleles IA IB i The alleles IA and IB produce a slightly different form of the sugar
while allele i does not produce any sugar In AB blood group both IA and IB are present together This is co ndash
dominanceMultiple Alleles
Multiple alternatives of the same gene which influence the same character and produce different expressions in different individuals of a species or population same genes have more than two allelic
forms These different forms of a single gene are referred as multiple alleles Eg human Blood group
Ac-12 250620 Topic- retirement
Illustration Om Jai and Jagdish are partners sharing profit in the ratio of 3 2 l Their balance sheet as at December 31st 2014 is as under
Balance sheet as at December 31 2014
Liabilities Amount Assets Amount
(Rs`) (Rs`)
Creditors 80000 Building 180000 Bills Payable 26000 Plant 140000 General reserve 24000 Motor Car 40000 Capital Stock 100000 Om 160000 Debtors 63000 Jai 120000 Less Provision Jagdish 120000
400000 for Bad debts 3000
60000 Cash at Bank 10000
530000 530000
Jai retires on that date on the following terms(a) The Goodwill of the firm is valued at Rs 60000(b) Stock and Building to be appreciated by 10(c) Plant is depreciated by 10(d) Provision for Bad debts is increased upto Rs 5000(e) Jairsquos share of goodwill was adjusted through remaining partners capital accountThe amount due to Jai is paid out of the fund brought in by Om and Jagdish in theirnew profit sharing ratio Jai is paid full amountPrepare Revaluation Account and Partnerrsquos Capital account
Solution WorkingsIt is assumed that Om and Jagdish gaining ratio remains 3 lJairsquo Share of goodwill = Rs 60000 times 26 = Rs20000Adjusted through the remaining partners capital account in 3 1 ratio
Revaluation Account
Dr Cr
Particulars Amount Particulars Amount
(Rs`) (`Rs)
To Provision for Bad debts 2000 By Stock 10000TO Plant 14000 By Building 18000To Profit transferred toCapital Accounts Om 6000 Jai 4000 Jagdish 2000
12000
28000 28000
Capital AccountDr Cr Particulars Om Jai Jagdish Particulars Om Jai Jagdish
(Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (rs`) (`Rs)
To Capital 15000 mdash 5000 By Balance bd 160000 120000 120000 ToBank 152000 By General Reserve 12000 8000 4000To Balance cd 277000 mdash 159000 By Revaluation (Profit) 6000 4000 2000 By Om Capital mdash 15000 mdash ByJagdish Capital mdash 5000 By Bank 114000 38000
292000 152000 164000 292000 152000 164000
T = Technology of productionTr = Government policy or tax rateG = Goal or objective of the producer
Typically supply function shows the relationship between price and quantity supplied keeping all other determinants of supply as constant It shows the amount of a good that a seller supplies at different levels of price
LAW OF SUPPLYThe law of supply depicts the relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity when all other determinants of supply remain constant This law states that there is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity other factors determining supply remaining constant It means quantity supplied of a commodity increases with increase in price and decreases with decrease in price
Assumptions of the law of supplyThe phrase other determinants of supply remaining constant in the law of supply shows the assumptions of the law of supply The mains factors which influence the supply of a commodity one price of the commodity price of other related goods price of inputs technology of production taxation policy of the government and objective of the firm etc The law of supply is based on the assumptions that all these factors determining supply except price of the commodity should remain constant The following are the main assumptions of the law of supply(i) Price of other related goods should remain the same(ii) There should be no change in the price of inputs (factors)(iii) Technology of production should not change(iv) There is no change in the taxation policy of the government(v) Objective of the firm should not changeThe law of supply is based on the assumptions that the supply of commodity changes only due to change in price when all other determinant of supply remain constantClass XISubject Topic Summary Execution EVS Chapter-2
Ecology Answer the following questions briefly Q Draw a neat labeled diagram of carbon cycleAnsndash
Mathematics Principle of Mathematical Induction
1) What is statement Ans A sentence which may be true or false is called statement eg i) 5 is greater than 3 ii) New Delhi is the capital of India iii) 5 divides 7 These all are statements We see that statement (i) amp (ii) are true but (iii) is false 2 What is Mathematical StatementAns Statement involving mathematical relations are called mathematical statement We shall use mathematical statement in principle of
Example If n be a positive integer show that n(n+1) is an even positive integer Solution Let P(n) be the statement n(n+1) is an even positive integer Then (i) P(1) is the statement 1(1+1) ie 2 is an even positive integer Therefore P(1) is true (ii) If P(m) is true for some positive integer m then m(m+1) is an even integer Now (m+1) [(m+1)+1]=(m+1)sup2+ (m+1) =msup2+2m+1+m+1=msup2+m+2m+2=m(m+1) +2(m+1) = an even integer + an even positive integer [Since P(m) is true and 2(m+1) is an even
mathematical induction 3 What is the use of Principle of mathematical inductionAns Sometimes it is difficult to prove a statement theorem or a formula by direct method In this case we use an indirect method known as the Principle of mathematical induction There are two steps in this processSTEP 1 Varify that the statement or formula is true for one or two particular values of n say for n=1 2STEP 2 Assuming that the statement or formula is true for n=m where m is any positive integer show that it is true for n=m+1Conclusion Since the statement is true for n=2 it is true for n=2+1 that is 3 and since it is true for n=3 it is true for n=3 + 1 that is 4 and so on Hence the statement or formula is true for all positive integral values of n
positive integer]= an even positive integer Therefore P(m+1) is true when P(m) is true Therefore By the principle of Mathematical Induction P(n) is true for all positive integral values of n Hence n(n+1) is an even positive integer
Hindi 2ndlang एक फल की चाह 5 दख रहा था जस सो सथिर हो नही बठती थी कषण भर हाय ही चपचाप पडी थी अटल शागित शी धारण कर सनना यही चाहता था म उस सय ही
उकसा करमझको दी क परसाद का एक फल ही दो लाकर
शबदाथ ससथिर - परी तरह ठहरी हई अटल- पकका
उकसाकर - पररणा दकर
वयाखयाndash उपय[ पलि[यो म कगि सखिखया की ददशा का णन कर रहा ह जो उनक गिपता दवारा वय[ गिकया या ह अपनी बटी सखिखया कीददशा का
गितरण करत हए गिपता कहता ह गिक म अपनी आखो क सामन दख रहा था गिक मरी बटी जो पल भर क लिलए दिटककर नही बठती थी ह अब सथिर शात मरतित की तरह पढी थी अब म ह बार- बार इस बात क लिलए पररिरत कर रहा
था गिक ह मझ गिफर स ही शबद कह गिपताजी मझ दी क परसाद का एक फल लाकर दो
6 ऊच शल लिशखर क ऊपर मदिदर था गिसतीणर गिशाल सण कलशसरलिसज गिहलिसत थ पाकरसमदिदत रगि कर जाल दीप धल स अचछदिदत था मदिदर का
आन सारा ज रही थी भीतर बाहर मखरिरत उतस की धारा
शबदाथ - शल लिशखर- पहाड की ऊची चोटी
सतीणर - फला हआ
सण कलश - कमल क समान सदर सोन का कलश मखरिरत - परकट समदिदत - अचछी परकार खिखला हआ रगि कर जाल - सय की गिकरणो का समह
वयाखया- परसतत पलि[या म कगि न मदिदर की सदरता का णन गिकया ह कहत ह गिक मझ पहाड की चोटी पर एक गिलिशषट और गिशालमश था उसक
सोन क कलश सय की गिकरणो म चमकत हए ऐस परतीत हो रह थ जस सय की खिखली हईगिकरणो क ाा सपशपाकर सनहर कमल खिखल उठ हो मदिदर का
आन धप दीप की सध स भरा हआ था मदिदर क अदर और बाहर मनाए जा रह उसकी परसननता की ज सनाई द रही थी
Bengali (2nd language)
কোনি মনি নদী পরথম অধযোয়
হি_তীয় হিদরণে3র পাঠ-
হিবষটবাব গলাকটির কায় গররণে কা বলরণেত পাররণে0 3া শধ গচাখ হিদরণেয় রা পরকাশ করহি0ল কা বলরণেত বলরণেত গলাকটি পাঞজাহিব লহিn খরণেল জ কররণেত শর করল তাই গদরণেখ হিবষটবাব ত2মভ রণেয় গল চাটি ারার 2হিnরণেত গলাকটি হিবষটবাবর হিদরণেক এরণোরণেল হিতহি3 াা 3ীচ করণের 3াহিরণেয় গ33 হিদ গলাকটি হিবষটবাবরণেক চাটিরণেয় ায় তারণেল হিতহি3 তাাতাহিউরণেঠ গলাকটিরণেক ধররণেত পাররণেব3 3া কার তার শরীরণেরর ওজরণে3র জ3য এই শরণে3 হিবষটবাব বরণে3া গারণেষর ত গতরণেZরণে উরণেঠ দাাল তারণেত গলাকটি দাহিরণেয় শরীরটারণেক একট দহিলরণেয় হি3ল এই সব শরণে3 হিবষট ধর চপ করণের রইল শধ lsquoগঘাৎrsquo করণের একটা শবদ করল গলাকটি হিসহি হিদরণেয় ওঠা3াা কররণে0 গদরণেখ হিবষটবাব খাহি3কটা হিদরণেশারা রণেয় গলহিবষটবাবর গচারণেখ রারণের বদরণেল এখ3 গকৌতল হিতহি3 বরণেল3 ldquoখাওায় আার গলা2 গ3ই Uায়টিং কহিরrdquo হিকনত হিতহি3 কতটা Uায়টিং করণের তা তার শরীর আর খাবারণেরর তাহিলকা গদরণেখ গলাকটি বরণে= গল গলাকটি এহিরণেয় হিরণেয় হিবষটবাবর 2হিরণেত াত বহিলরণেয় হিদরণেল গস আরা অ32ব করণের3 এবং হিপহি0রণেয় া3 গলাকটি হিবষটবাবর সারণে3 তার শরীরণেরর কসরত পরদশ3 কররণেল হিবষটবাব রণে3 রণে3 হিব হিব করণের বরণেল3 হিতহি3ও গরাা রণেত চা3 গসই হরণেত nা গরণেক আবার হিচৎকার গ2রণেস আরণেস lsquoগকা হি3 গকা হি3rsquo
ldquoকী রক Uায়টিংrdquo-ক)বকতা গককারণেক বলরণে0খ)Uায়টিং কার অ কী ) Uায়টিং করা বযহিকতর গচারার ব3া দাও ঘ) তার Uায়টিং এর ব3া দাও
উঃ- ক) আরণেলাচয অংশটি হিত3ltীর গলখা lsquoগকাহি3rsquo উপ3যাস গরণেক গ3ওয়া রণেয়রণে0 আরণেলাচয কাটি বকতা রণেল3 সাদা লহিnপরা ারণেয় গরয়া পাঞজাহিব ও কারণেধ রহিn3 বযা ওয়ালা হিiহিতশ হিসং হিতহি3 কাটি বরণেলরণে03 হিবষট ধররণেকখ) Uারণেয়টিং কার অ ল পহিরহিত খাদয গর অাৎ খাদয তাহিলকায় সসত খারণেদযর গ3াগ3 বজায় গররণেখ খাদয গর) হিবষট ধরণেরর গচারা হিবশাল ওজ3 পরায় হিত3 গদখরণেত জলহিসতর রণেতা সারা শরীরণের চহিব ল ল কররণে0 বয়স পরায় চহিশ হিবশাল 2হি উপ রণেয় শরণেল হিচৎ রণেত পারণের3া গকউ গঠরণেল হিদরণেল হিচৎ রণেত পারণের তারণেক কায় নধ াদ3 পবরণেতর সরণেn তল3া করা য়ঘ) হিবষট ধর গকৌতলী রণেয় বরণেল তার খাওয়ার গকা3 গলা2 গ3ই গস Uায়টিং করণের আরণে গস আধ হিকরণেলা হিiর গখত এখ3 গস হিত3রণেশা গরা হিiর খায় জল খাবারণের কহিটা লহিচ গখত এখ3 পরণে3রণেরাটা লহিচ খায় আাইরণেশা গরা চারণেলর 2াত খায় হিঘ খাওয়া গ0রণে হিদরণেয়রণে0 রারণেত াতর বারণেরাটা রটি খায় হিবরণেকরণেল দ-গলাস হি0হিরর জল সরণেn চাররণেট কা পারণেকর সরণেltশ বাহিরণেত রাধাকষণ আরণে0 বরণেল হিবষট ধর া0 াংস খায়3া আর তারণেত তার গকা3 গলা2 লালসা গ3ই
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 276 to 313 (Sebastian helliphellipIt struck mine ear most terribly)[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]
Summary Questions amp AnswersConspiracy of Antonio and Sebastian
o Antonio further suggests murder of Alonso and eventually Sebastian agrees
o They draw their swords and proceed to murder Alonso and Gonzalo who are sleeping
(1) (Act II Sc 2 L 277-291)ANTONIO Ay sir where lies that If rsquotwere a kibe
rsquoTwould put me to my slipper but I feel notThis deity in my bosom Twenty consciencesThat stand rsquotwixt me and Milan candied be they And melt ere they molest Here lies your brotherNo better than the earth he lies uponIf he were that which now hes likemdashthats deadWhom I with this obedient steel three inches of itCan lay to bed for ever (whiles you doing thus
o As they approach Ariel appears again and wakes up Gonzalo by singing a tune in his ear Alonso also wakes up and they see both Sebastian and Antonio with drawn swords On being caught off guard they make up a story saying that they had heard a bellowing of bulls or lions
IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED
(Act II Sc 1 L 277-281)ANTONIOAy sir where lies that If rsquotwere a kibersquoTwould put me to my slipper but I feel notThis deity in my bosom Twenty consciencesThat stand rsquotwixt me and Milan candied be they And melt ere they molest
In these lines Antonio speaks how he is a conscienceless villain In inciting Sebastian to the kingship of Naples by murdering his brother he quotes his own example He too had banished his brother and made himself the Duke of Milan This kingship now sits upon him like a well fittinggarment So will be the case of Sebastian Sebastian then questions Antonio if this foul deed did not prick his conscience To this Antonio replies like a hardened villain He laughs at the word lsquoconsciencersquo and says that he has never heard of anything like conscience A guilty conscience gave him no more pain that is chilblain (M a painful itching and swelling on hand and foot caused by exposure to extreme cold) A man can get rid of the pain of chilblain by wearing slippers instead of shoes so does Antonio get rid of the qualms (M an uneasy feeling of doubt worry or fear especially about onersquos conduct) of conscience very easily Even if he were troubled by twenty consciences that barred his way to the throne of Milan however frozen they might be he would melt them into insensibility before they could cause him to twinge
To the perpetual wink of aye might putThis ancient morsel this Sir Prudence whoShould not upbraid our course) - for all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour
(i) To whom does Antonio speak these lines Who is referred to as lsquoyour brotherrsquo What does Antonio mean by saying lsquoNo better than the earth he lies uponrsquo
These lines are spoken by Antonio to Sebastian King Alonso is referred to as Sebastianrsquos brother Indicating towards Alonso who is lying asleep on the ground Antonio tells Sebastian that here sleeps his brother and at this time he is no better than a clod of the earth on which he lies asleep Antonio means to say that if he were actually to become what he looks like he would be a dead body(ii) According to Antonio what would he do if he were at the place of Sebastian
Antonio says that if he were in the position of Sebastian he would not care even for twenty consciences in order to win the kingship of Naples He would rather forget all his consciences if they happen to trouble him at all (iii) What does Antonio suggest to Sebastian What does Antonio assure him
Antonio suggests to Sebastian that in a moment Sebastian can put to death Gonzalo who pretends to be a very wise man and who on that account rebukes others (particularly Antonio and Sebastian) whereas he (Antonio) himself can put Alonso to death with only three inches of his willing sword Antonio further assures Sebastian that by killing both of them there will be none left to oppose him and in this way every obstacle in his way will be removed
(iv) Explain the lines lsquofor all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hourrsquo
In other words Antonio says that even if he were endowed with a stiff conscience he could easily relax or soften it for the execution of his purpose Then Antonio suggests that conscience should be no hindrance to a manrsquos future greatness
Comments These are terrible words coming from the mouth of a villain of the worst type He is utterly devoid of conscience or remorse He is an utter atheist of human virtue He speaks of conscience as a deity that he does not feel in his bosom
According to Antonio so far as the other lords (Adrian Francisco and others) are concerned they need not be murdered because they would obey the orders of Antonio and Sebastian as willingly and readily as cat licks milk These other lords would endorse and support everything that Sebastian and Antonio may say or suggest These other lords would adjust their views in accordance with the wishes of Antonio and Sebastian and they would regard all proposals made by Antonio and Sebastian as being opportune and also as being acceptable(v) What opinion do you form of Antonio from the above speech
The speech given above shows Antonio to be an absolutely unscrupulous man After saying that he does not believe in any such faculty as the conscience he suggests to Sebastian to
(Act II Sc 1 L 285-291)ANTONIOhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (whiles you doing thus To the perpetual wink of aye might putThis ancient morsel this Sir Prudence whoShould not upbraid our course) - for all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour
Antonio has convinced Sebastian that he has made himself Duke of Milan by a crime for which he has felt no pricks of conscience In these lines Antonio tells Sebastian that now that the chance has presented itself to him he should take it and be King of Naples So far as Alonso is concerned Antonio agrees to undertake the task of killing him by sticking only three inches of his sharp dagger Making a thrust in the air with his sword he tells Sebastian that by a similar method he can put to sleep forever Gonzalo ndash the old piece of flesh already rotten ndash this piece of antiquity ndash this ldquoSir Prudencerdquo who is never tired of reading his moral lectures to them If ldquoProfessor Wisdomrdquo is got rid of he will not be able to denounce their action as he would surely do if they did not dispatch him as well As for the rest of the kingrsquos counselors (Adrian and Francisco) it is their nature to adopt any statements and views which are placed before them just as it is the nature of a cat to lap milk Antonio assures Sebastian that ldquothese othersrdquo will back them up in whatever they say or do that they will count the strokes of the clock exactly as they bid them not according to the real time but according to the time that is right for their business Hence only two persons Alonso and Gonzalo are required to be removed to fulfill their ambition
murder Gonzalo at the very time when he (Antonio) stabs Alonso to death And yet this brutal man has a fertile wit also He can talk in a persuasive manner and also in a sarcastic and satirical manner He knows human nature thoroughly and he understands that Gonzalo is loyal to Alonso while the other lords are only sycophants who can easily be won over to Sebastianrsquos side after Alonso has been assassinated
(2) (Act II Sc 1 291-296)SEBASTIAN Thy case dear friend
Shall be my precedent as thou gotst MilanIll come by Naples Draw thy swordmdashone strokeShall free thee from the tribute which thou payest And I the King shall love thee
ANTONIO Draw together And when I rear my hand do you the likeTo fall it on Gonzalo
(i) Explain the situation and introduce the persons engaged in conversation
After the supposed shipwreck King Alonso with his lords his brother Sebastian and Antonio the Duke of Milan land on a strange island Prince Ferdinand is feared to be drowned While the King and others have fallen asleep after exertions of the day and Ariel with his sweet music acting as a catalyst Antonio and Sebastian are awake They have hatched a conspiracy to kill King Alonso and his loyal lord Gonzalo Then Sebastian will become King of NaplesIn these lines Antonio and Sebastian are engaged in conversation They are just ready to execute their plan to attack King Alonso and Gonzalo simultaneously(ii) Antoniorsquos case shall become Sebastianrsquos precedent What has been Antoniorsquos case
Antonio proved treacherous towards his brother Prospero who was the Duke of Milan Since Prospero spent his time in his scholarly pursuits he had delegated his powers to his younger brother Antonio to administer the dukedom Antonio grew ambitious He overthrew his brother and expelled him from his own dukedom In his place Antonio became the Duke of Milan which he continues to be now His case urges Sebastian to do the same(iii) How is Sebastian going to follow Antonio
Sebastian is going to take Antoniorsquos case as his precedent He is convinced that if Antonio could usurp the dukedom from his living brother Sebastian could become the King of Naples by killing his sleeping brother(iv) What will one stroke of Antoniorsquos sword do What will Sebastian do to reward Antonio
Sebastian asks Antonio to put an end to Alonsorsquos life with one stroke of his sword The same stroke will earn for him a reward Sebastian will become the King of Naples and he will exempt Antonio from paying the annual tribute to Naples The dukedom of Milan is a tributary to the kingdom of Naples Its Duke has to pay tribute to the King every year When Sebastian takes over as the King he will give a benefit to his friend who is helping him to realize his ambition
(v) What is Antoniorsquos suggestion
Antonio suggests that they may draw their swords together When he raises his hand to attack Alonso Sebastian should raise his sword to bring it down on Gonzalo
ACCOUNTS-11 25062020 Topic- depreciation ndashSTRAIGHT LINE METHOD
Illustration Salman and Usman Bros acquired a machine on July 1 2014 at a cost of Rs 70000 and spent Rs5000 on its installation The firm writes off depreciation 10 on straight line method The books are closed on December 31 every year Show the machinery and depreciation account for three years
Solution Machinery Account
Date Particulars LF amount Date Particulars LF` Amount ( Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014July 01 To Bank Ac 70000 Dec 31 Dec By Depreciation Ac 3750
(70000 x10x612)
July 01 To Bank Ac 5000 Dec31 By Balance cd 71250
75000 75000
2015 2015Jan 01 To Balance bd 71250 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 x10 ) Dec31 By Balance cd 63750
71250 71250
2016 2016Jan 01 To Balance bd 63750 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 (75000 x10 ) Dec 31 By Balance cd 56250
63750 63750
Depreciation Account
Date Particulars LF Amount Date Particulars LF Amount (Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 3750 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 3750
2015 2015
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
2016 2016
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
WORKING
Cost of Machine RS70000Cost of Installation Rs 5000
Total 75000
Rate of Depreciation 10
Then annual depreciation will be 10 of Rs 75000 = Rs 7500
Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution Geography DRIANAGE THE PENINSULAR RIVERS
1 The Mahanadi2 The Godavari3 The Krishna4 The Kaveri5 The Subarnarekha6 The Narmada7 The Tapi8 The Sabarmati and the Mahi9 The Chambal
The Mahanadi Basin The Mahanadi rises from Dandakaranya
Q1 Which is the largest river of peninsular plateau Write a brief note about its courseA1 The largest river of peninsular plateau is Godavari The river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has
near Sihawa in Raipur district in the highlands of Chhattisgarhand flows through Odisha to reach the Bay of BengalThe length of the river is about 857 kmIts drainagebasin is shared by Maharashtra Chhattisgarh Jharkhandand Odisha
THE MAHANADI RIVER SYSTEM
The GodavariThe river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
THE GODAVARI RIVER SYSTEM
many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
Q2 Which river is known as Dakshin GangaA2 The Godavari river is known as lsquoDakshin Gangarsquo It is also known as Vridha Ganga
Q3 Differentiate between east-flowing rivers and west-flowing riversA3
East-flowing rivers
West-flowing rivers
Godavari Krishna Kaveri Mahanadi are the east-flowing rivers
Narmada Tapiwest-flowing rivers
They fall into the Bay of Bengal
They fall into Arabian Sea
These rivers form big deltas
These rivers form comparativelysmall deltas
Catchment area of these river are larger
Catchment area of these river are smaller
The KrishnaThe Krishna river rises from the Western Ghatsnear Mahabaleshwar It flows into the Bay of Bengalbefore forming a large delta Its length is about1400 km The Tungabhadra Koyana Ghatprabha Musi and Bhima are some of its tributariesIt has covers parts of Maharashtra Karnataka and AndhraPradesh
THE KRISHNA RIVER SYSTEM
The KaveriIt rises in the Brahmagiri range of the Western Ghats and flows into the Bay ofBengal Southof Cuddalore in Tamil Nadu The length of the river is about 760 km Its main tributaries are the Amravati Bhavani Hemavati and Kabini The Kaveri drains inthe parts of Karnataka Kerala and drains in Tamil Nadu The river Kaveri makes the second biggest waterfall in India known as Sivasamudram
POLITICAL SCIENCE
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
MEANING OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS-Fundamental rights are those rights which are essential for intellectual moral and spiritual development of citizens of India As these rights are fundamental or essential for existence and all-round development of individuals hence they are called Fundamental rights These are enshrined in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India These include individual rights common to most such as equality before the law freedom of speech and freedom of expression religious and cultural freedom Freedom of assembly (peaceful assembly) freedom of religion (freedom to practice religion) right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writsThere are six fundamental rights recognized by the Indian constitution
1 Right to equality (Articles 14-18)2 Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22)3 Right Against exploitation (Articles 23-24)4 Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25- 28)5 Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29-30) and6 Right to Constitutional remedies (Articles 32-35)
1 The right to equality includes equality before the law the prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion race caste gender or place of birth equality of opportunity in matters of employment the abolition of untouchability and abolition of titles
2 The right to freedom includes freedom of speech and expression association or union or cooperatives movement residence and right to practice any profession or occupation
3 The right against exploitation prohibits all forms of forced labour child labour and trafficking of human beings
4 The right to freedom of religion includes freedom of conscience and free profession practice and propagation of religion freedom to manage religious affairs freedom from certain taxes and freedom from religious instructions in certain educational institutes
5 The Cultural and educational Rights preserve the right of any section of citizens to conserve their culture language or script and right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice
6 The right to constitutional remedies is present for enforcement of fundamental rightsThe right to privacy is an intrinsic part of Article 21 (the Right to Freedom) that protects the life and liberty of the citizens The right to privacy is the newest right assured by the Supreme court of India It assures the peoples data and personal security
Fundamental rights for Indians have also been aimed at overturning the inequalities of pre-independence social practices Specifically they have also been used to abolish untouchability and thus prohibit discrimination on the grounds of religion race caste sex or place of birth They also forbid trafficking of human beings and forced labour (a crime) They also protect cultural and educational rights of religious and linguistic minorities by allowing them to preserve their languages and also establish and administer their own education institutions They are covered in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India
Mathematics
Relation Study Item Types of RelationToday class xii students we will discuss about the types of RelationsFirst we discuss Void RelationWhat is Void RelationAns Let A be a non-empty set Then φ A A and so it is a relation R on set A Thissube ⨯ relation is called the void or empty relation on set ANow from the above definition we came to know that no element of A is related to any element of AHere A A is called Cartesian product⨯
is the symbol of subsetsubeAnd φ is called phi and refer to void or empty relationNow I give an example to understand the above said relationLet A = 1 2 3 4Here A A =(11)(12)(13)(14)(21)(22)(23)(24)(31)(32)(33)(34)(41)⨯(42)(43)(44)Now we consider R is a relation which is defined by R=(ab) a+b= 50We notice that a+b 50 for any two elements of AnotinTherefore (ab) R for any ab A is called belong to and is not belong tonotin isin isin notinTherefore we can say R does not contain any element of A A⨯Therefore R is empty set Therefore we can say that R is the void or empty relation on AWhat is universal RelationAns Let A is a set Then A A A A and so it is a relation on A This relation is called⨯ sube ⨯ the universal relation on ANow from the above definition we can say that each element of A is related to every element of ANow we consider the relation R on the set A =1 234 defined by R = (ab) R |a -b|isin
0≽We observe that|a - b | 0 for all ab A≽ isin
(ab) R for all (ab) A ArArr isin isin ⨯ Each element of set A is related to set A every element of set ArArr
Therefore we write R= AxATherefore we can say R is universal relation on set ANote we can say that void relation is smallest relation and the universal relation is largest relationSometime both void relation and universal relation is called trivial relationWhat is identity relationAns Let A is a non-empty set Then the relation R or IA = (aa) a A on A is called theisin identity relation on A Therefore from the above definition we can say that every element of A is related to itself only
Example Let A = 1234 then Ror IA = (11)(22)(33)(44) is the identity relation on set ANow I give you another example R1 = (11)(22)(33) and R2 = (11)(22)(33)(44)(24)From the above example we can say that R1 and R2 are not identify relation Because in the case of R1 (44)R1 and on the other hand R2 where element 2 is related to elements 2 and 4
Hindi 2ndlang
भलि[ (महादी मा)
भलि[ कहानी की लखिखका महादी मा न इस कहानी म यह दशान का परयास गिकया ह गिक आजकल क जमान म भी लो सक बन कर गिनसाथ सा करत ह ह
गिबना तन लिसा करत ह और उसक बदल ना कछ मात ह और ना ही कोई आशा करत ह नौकर सा करक तन चाहता ह और ह भी कई सगिधाओ की आशा करता ह पर सक सदा गिनजी साथ भा स सा म सलगन रह कर काम करता ह भलि[ कहानी की मखय पातर लकषमी ह जिजस भलि[ नाम लखिखका न दिदया ह ह गिकसी
ोपाल काकी कनया ह पाच रष की आय म उसकी गि माता न ौना ही कर दिदया कहानी म भलि[ क दखो का अत नही ह गिफर भी ह बडी साहसी धयान और परिरशरमी ह कदिठनाइयो स जझ ती ह पहल गिपता की मतय गिफर पगित की मतय और
गिफर घर जमाई की मतय होती ह उस साहसी मगिहला न साहस नही छोडा और तीनो पतरी ओक हाथ पील गिकए लाना द पान क कारण उसका जमीदार न अपमान गिकया गिफरकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहचीकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहची शहर पहच करा लखिखका की सगिका बनी ही पर उसका नाम भलि[ पडा ह एक भ[ की तरह अपन सामिमनी की इमानदारी स सा करती और तन का जिजकर भी नही करती ह लखिखका क घर पाठशाला आदिद को अचछी तरह स सभालती पढी-
लिलखी ना होकर भी ह लखिखका की बहत सा ए सहायता करती ह लखिखका का साया बनकर चलती लखिखका की सा करना उसक जीन का उददशय ह ह
लखिखका की खशी क लिलए ही काय करती ह ह लखिखका को दखी नही दख सकती लखिखका पर भलि[ का इतना परभा पडा गिक ह सय दहाती बन ई
यदध क दिदनो म ह अपन परिरार क साथ रहन की अपकषा लखिखका क साथ रहना पसद करती थी यदध क भत न जब ीटा क ान पर पलायन गित जा दी तो
भलि[ न न लखिखका को अपन ा ल जान का अनरोध करन ली लखिखका को डर ह गिक यदिद उसक गिदा होन क अगितम छठा ए तो ह दहातीन दधा कया कर ी
इस परकार हम दखत ह गिक लखिखका न सामिमनी और सगिका क ण बरसात हए सक धम पर परकाश डाला ह और लखिखका न एक आदश सगिका क रप को सदर
रप स परसतत गिकया हBengali আদাব পরশন) ldquoশরণের ১৪৪ ধারা আর কারহিZউ অU ার জারী রণেয়রণে0ldquo
ক) কার গলখা গকা3 রচ3ার অংশ খ)গকাায় গক3 ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়রণে0 )১৪৪ ধারা কী এর Zরণেল কী য়
উততর) ক)আরণেলাচ য অংশটি সরণেরশ বসর রহিচত lsquoআদাবlsquo গ0াট রণেলপর অংশ
খ) বাংলারণেদরণেশর ঢাকা শরণের ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়হি0ল সামপরদাহিয়ক াnাা ও দাnা পরহিতরণেরারণেধর জ3 য হিlt সলা3রণেদর গ3তারণেদর সামপরদাহিয়ক উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা বারণেধ উ2য় সমপরদায় 2ীত রণেয় ঘর বহিlt রণেয় পরণে পরসপর পরসপররণেক সরণেltরণের গচারণেখ গদরণেখ গকউ কাউরণেক আরণের রণেতা হিবশবাস কররণেত পারণের3া হিক0 া3রণেষর উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা য় ার পহির3া অরণেতক রকত iয় ও ত য
) ১৪৪ ধারা আইরণে3র এ3 একটা ধারা ার _ারা এলাকা হি3হিদ ষট করণের গদওয়া য় গসই এলাকার রণেধ য গবহিশ া3রণেষর জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় হিহি0ল জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় আই3 2nকারীরণেক গহিলর হি3রণেদশ জাহির করা য় তাই সাধার3 া3ষ আর বাইরণের গবর রণেত পারণের3া পরারণে3র 2রণেয় বহিlt রণেয় ারণেক এর Zল য় সাংঘাহিতক গদাকা3 পাট বনধ ারণেক
হিজহি3স পতর অহিল য় রাসতা ঘাট জ3 শ3 য রণেয় ায় লরণেঠরা তারণেদর লঠত রাজ চাহিলরণেয় হি3রণেজরণেদর আরণেখর গহি0রণেয় গ3য় া3ষরণেক 2ীহিতর হিব2ীহিষহিক গরাস করণের ঘরণেরর া3রণেষর ইkা াকরণেলও ঘরণের হিZররণেত পারণের3া হিZররণেত হিরণেয় বltরণেকর গহিলরণেত পরা3 ারায়
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today we will discuss about Types of Leaves
An organization provides several kinds of leaves to the employees These days employees working both in government and private sector are allowed several types of leaves Following are the leaves achieved by the employees from their organization
Casual LeaveChild care leave -HospitalLeaveSpecial disability leaveChild Adoption leaveEarned LeavesHalf pay leaveMaternity leavePaternityleaveStudy leave
1 Casual Leave- Casual leave is not a recognised form of leaves and is not subject to any rules made by the government of India And official on casual leave is not treated as Absent from duty and pay is not intimated Normally 8 days of casual leave is permissible in a calendar year
2 Child care leave - Women employees having minor children may be granted child care leave by an authority competent to grant leave for a maximum period of 730 days means two years during their entire service for taking care of up to two children weather for sharing or to look after any of their names like examination sickness it is a
3HospitalLeave - Hospital leave is admissible to group C employees whose duties involved handling of dangerous machinery explosive materials poisonous drugs and performance of hazardous task and to group D employees Medical certificate from an authorised medical attendant is necessary for the grant of these leave However total period of
leave does not exceed 28 months4Special disability leave- Special
disability leave admissible to all employees when disabled by injury intentionally or accidentally inflicted are caused in law in consequence of the due performance of official duties or in consequence of official position It also it is also add miscible when disabled by illness incurred in the performance of any particular duty which has the effect of increasing laboratory to illness or injury beyond the ordinary least attaching to the Civil post held and the same condition
5Child Adoption leave- This leave is granted to female Employees with fewer than two surviving children on valid adoption of a child below the age of one year for a period of 135 days immediately after the date of valid adoption Leave salary will be equal to the pain immediately before processing on leave
6Earned Leaves- This leave is earned by duty The credit for earned leave will be awarded at a rate of 15 days on the 1st of January and 1st of July every year It can be accumulated up to 300 days in addition to the number of days for which encashment has been allowed along with LTC
7 Half pay leave -All government servant are entitled to 20 days of HPL half pay leave for every completed year of service Half pay leave is calculated at 20 days for each completed year of service The service includes periods of duty and leave including extra ordinary leave with or without MC (medical certificate)
8 Maternity leave -Maternity leave is granted to women Government employees full stop it is as possible only to Employees with less than 2 surviving children The maternity leave is not debited to leave account and full pay is granted It cannot be combined with any other the leaves and count as service for increment and pension
9 PaternityleaveA male employee with less than 2 surviving children may be granted paternity leave for a period of 15 days during the confinement of
his wife During the period of such leaves he shall be paid leave salary equal to the pay drawn immediately before proceeding on leave
10 Study leave-Study leave may be granted to all Government Employees with not less than 5 years service for undergoing a special course consisting of higher studies are specialised training in a professional or technical subject having a direct and close connection with the sphere of his duties as a Civil Servant
Commerce
Chapter-5Management
Let us today discuss about the nature of Management
Nature of management Management is defined as
An art A science A profession
Management is defined as an art because of the following reasons
1 In art there is an existence of theoretical knowledge Similarly in management various theories are propounded by management thinkers in various areas of management like finance marketing human resources etc
2 Every manager apply his or her personal skills and knowledge in the day to day functioning of an enterprise
3 Like an art management is creative as it provides solutions to Complex problems making resources productive and profitable moulding the attitudes of people for the betterment of an organisation
Management is is considered as science because of the following reasons
1 Like science there is a systemised body of knowledge in management consisting of theories principles vocabulary and concept
2 Principles of management are evolved after continuous observations and experimentation
Management both as Science and ArtManagement is both a science and an art It is a science because it uses certain principles and is an art because it requires continuous practice and application of personal skillsManagement as a profession Following points highlight whether management is a profession or not1 Like profession management has well
defined body of knowledge It has its own principles which are based on experiments One can acquire such
knowledge by pursuing courses like MBA BBA etc and acquire managerial skills through instruction and training
2 In management no such restriction is there for managers to clear an examination for hold a degree However these days more and more people are appointed for managerial post who opposes management degrees
3 Membership to a professional Association like AIMA is not mandatory for managers All managers directly or indirectly work for the development of society
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Essay Questions (EQ-2)
Question No 2Sketch the character of Prospero Would you call him perfect
AnswerProspero in The Tempest appears to be an intensely human being with human failings and weaknesses With all his excellence Prospero is made to awaken our sympathy for a natural imperfection Prosperorsquos Previous HistoryIn his retrospective narration of his previous history to Miranda we get a glimpse into Prosperorsquos past life As the Duke of Milan Prospero buried himself in his magic books which he prized above his dukedom He was essentially a scholar with no practical wisdom He failed to perform his first duty by neglecting the governance of his state and gave an opportunity to his wicked brother to undermine his throne He was thus driven from his home and thrown in a leaky boat with his weeping daughter to drift in the perilous seas It is only the thought of his little child that kept him aliveThe Development of Prosperorsquos CharacterThe development of his character is evident from the contrast between what he was before his banishment and what he is now in the island Formerly when his ldquolibrary was dukedom enoughrdquo he was altogether too unsuspecting Now he is watchful as providence and takes care to guard himself against the possibility of evil He has learnt to know human nature in its worst forms even Caliban has taught him something He will no longer put his trust in appearance except as ldquostale to catch thievesrdquo nor in oaths of which the strongest he says ldquoare straw to the fire irsquo the bloodrdquo He who once neglected worldly ends now consistently asserts his dignity enforces obedience and deals out justice with impartial hand He who without a thought of evil gave his power and his revenues into his brotherrsquos hands now puts Ferdinand to the severest test as a trial of his love before entrusting his daughter to him He makes the most practical use imaginable of his magic art exacts prompt servitudefrom his attendants does not hesitate to punish them is resolved and firm and knows how to seize the proper moment for action He is a most careful father to his daughter a considerate master of Ariel severe against the brutal Caliban humane towards the repentant enemies full of experience and wisdomThe Exercise of his Power ndash his SternnessWhat appears to us at the first sight one of the least pleasing features of Prosperorsquos character is the sternness which he frequently displays more particularly in his dealings with Caliban His harshness towards Caliban resulted from the failure of gentler methods his severity towards Ferdinand was exercised in the interest of his daughter ldquolest too light winning make the prize lightrdquo and his punishment of Alonso Sebastian and Antonio is justified by the attainment of his objectiveProsperorsquos TendernessThe tender side of Prosperorsquos character is exhibited in his relation to Miranda Ariel Gonzalo and the repentant sinners His love for Miranda is unbounded She was almost life to him In his darkest hours of trial this love sustained him and gave him strength to put a bold front to suffering He addresses her always with tenderness She is to him a lsquoloved darlingrsquo lsquodear heartrsquo lsquoa rich giftrsquo lsquoa third of his own lifersquo The same affectionate nature is shown in his dealing with his brother Antonio He loved his brother Antonio only next to Miranda before Antonio conspired against him In the island when Antonio is brought before him he forgives him
readily To Gonzalo the good old councilor he is all affection He sheds tears of joy and gratitude when he meets him in the island To Ariel he is a loving and considerable master Ariel is always to him ldquomy brave spiritrdquo ldquofine spiritrdquo ldquodelicate Arielrdquo ldquomy Arielrdquo etc When he promises Ariel his freedom he says with real emotion ndash ldquoI shall miss theerdquoProsperorsquos Power as a MagicianThe practice of magic has placed wonderful powers in the hands of Prospero He uses his supernatural powers like a god only to bring about the happiest results He causes The Tempest and the shipwreck only to bring his enemies within his power and not to destroy them Not a soul perished in the storm He leads Ferdinand to Miranda his high charms work and as he wishes the two falls in love He frustrates the plots of the conspirators and makes them know that he was conscious of it He drives Sebastian and Alonso to sincere repentance and readily forgives them The drunken associates of Caliban are no doubt sternly treated but even then they are promised conditional pardon The whole play at last ends in reconciliation joy and peace The wrongs are set right the lovers are made happy Ariel is set free and thus the powerful magician retires into the solitude of his study at MilanProsperorsquos ForgivenessAllied to his wisdom is his forgiving nature Though deeply wronged he bears no spite against the wrong-doers Though his power is unlimited he uses it to noble purposes The lesson of adversity has taught him that ldquoThe rarer action is in virtue than in vengeancerdquoProspero does not debase his noble nature by revenge but forgives his enemies absolutely He drives his erstwhile enemies to a sincere penitence for their past misdeeds and when repentance has wrought its full effect on them he receives them into his arms and is reconciled to them Is Prospero perfectProspero creates a great impression upon our minds by his dignity his nobility the divine spirit of forgiveness in him his generous and sympathetic nature etc Even with all these virtues we cannot call him perfect We perceive certain faults in him He displays an occasional impatience irritability and even a certain harshness of feeling His severe treatment of Caliban might have been justified but the language in which he addresses the monster and the threats that he uses show him to be a kind of tyrant On learning of Calibanrsquos plot against his life he is as violently disturbed and agitated as any ordinary human being would be His manner towards Ariel when the latter demands his liberty also seems somewhat arbitrary and tyrannicalSubject ndashBiology Topic ndashChapter -5 Inheritance amp Variations Summary ExecutionToday we will discuss about NON-Mendelian Inheritance
NON_MENDELIAN INHERITANCE Incomplete Dominance It is an inheritance in which heterozygous offspring shows
intermediate character between two parental characteristics Eg Flower colour in snapdragon (dog flower or Antirrhinum sp) and
Mirabilis jalapa ( 4rsquoO clock plant) Here phenotypic and genotypic ratios are same Phenotypic Ratio 1Red 2 Pink 1 White Genotypic Ratio 1(RR) 2 (Rr) 1(rr) This means that R was not completely dominant over r Pea plants also show incomplete dominance in other traits
Co- dominance It is the inheritance in which both alleles of a gene are expressed in a
hybrid Eg ABO blood grouping in human ABO Blood groups are controlled by the gene I The plasma membrane of the RBC has sugar polymer that protrude
from its surface and is controlled By the gene The gene I has three alleles IA IB i The alleles IA and IB produce a slightly different form of the sugar
while allele i does not produce any sugar In AB blood group both IA and IB are present together This is co ndash
dominanceMultiple Alleles
Multiple alternatives of the same gene which influence the same character and produce different expressions in different individuals of a species or population same genes have more than two allelic
forms These different forms of a single gene are referred as multiple alleles Eg human Blood group
Ac-12 250620 Topic- retirement
Illustration Om Jai and Jagdish are partners sharing profit in the ratio of 3 2 l Their balance sheet as at December 31st 2014 is as under
Balance sheet as at December 31 2014
Liabilities Amount Assets Amount
(Rs`) (Rs`)
Creditors 80000 Building 180000 Bills Payable 26000 Plant 140000 General reserve 24000 Motor Car 40000 Capital Stock 100000 Om 160000 Debtors 63000 Jai 120000 Less Provision Jagdish 120000
400000 for Bad debts 3000
60000 Cash at Bank 10000
530000 530000
Jai retires on that date on the following terms(a) The Goodwill of the firm is valued at Rs 60000(b) Stock and Building to be appreciated by 10(c) Plant is depreciated by 10(d) Provision for Bad debts is increased upto Rs 5000(e) Jairsquos share of goodwill was adjusted through remaining partners capital accountThe amount due to Jai is paid out of the fund brought in by Om and Jagdish in theirnew profit sharing ratio Jai is paid full amountPrepare Revaluation Account and Partnerrsquos Capital account
Solution WorkingsIt is assumed that Om and Jagdish gaining ratio remains 3 lJairsquo Share of goodwill = Rs 60000 times 26 = Rs20000Adjusted through the remaining partners capital account in 3 1 ratio
Revaluation Account
Dr Cr
Particulars Amount Particulars Amount
(Rs`) (`Rs)
To Provision for Bad debts 2000 By Stock 10000TO Plant 14000 By Building 18000To Profit transferred toCapital Accounts Om 6000 Jai 4000 Jagdish 2000
12000
28000 28000
Capital AccountDr Cr Particulars Om Jai Jagdish Particulars Om Jai Jagdish
(Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (rs`) (`Rs)
To Capital 15000 mdash 5000 By Balance bd 160000 120000 120000 ToBank 152000 By General Reserve 12000 8000 4000To Balance cd 277000 mdash 159000 By Revaluation (Profit) 6000 4000 2000 By Om Capital mdash 15000 mdash ByJagdish Capital mdash 5000 By Bank 114000 38000
292000 152000 164000 292000 152000 164000
mathematical induction 3 What is the use of Principle of mathematical inductionAns Sometimes it is difficult to prove a statement theorem or a formula by direct method In this case we use an indirect method known as the Principle of mathematical induction There are two steps in this processSTEP 1 Varify that the statement or formula is true for one or two particular values of n say for n=1 2STEP 2 Assuming that the statement or formula is true for n=m where m is any positive integer show that it is true for n=m+1Conclusion Since the statement is true for n=2 it is true for n=2+1 that is 3 and since it is true for n=3 it is true for n=3 + 1 that is 4 and so on Hence the statement or formula is true for all positive integral values of n
positive integer]= an even positive integer Therefore P(m+1) is true when P(m) is true Therefore By the principle of Mathematical Induction P(n) is true for all positive integral values of n Hence n(n+1) is an even positive integer
Hindi 2ndlang एक फल की चाह 5 दख रहा था जस सो सथिर हो नही बठती थी कषण भर हाय ही चपचाप पडी थी अटल शागित शी धारण कर सनना यही चाहता था म उस सय ही
उकसा करमझको दी क परसाद का एक फल ही दो लाकर
शबदाथ ससथिर - परी तरह ठहरी हई अटल- पकका
उकसाकर - पररणा दकर
वयाखयाndash उपय[ पलि[यो म कगि सखिखया की ददशा का णन कर रहा ह जो उनक गिपता दवारा वय[ गिकया या ह अपनी बटी सखिखया कीददशा का
गितरण करत हए गिपता कहता ह गिक म अपनी आखो क सामन दख रहा था गिक मरी बटी जो पल भर क लिलए दिटककर नही बठती थी ह अब सथिर शात मरतित की तरह पढी थी अब म ह बार- बार इस बात क लिलए पररिरत कर रहा
था गिक ह मझ गिफर स ही शबद कह गिपताजी मझ दी क परसाद का एक फल लाकर दो
6 ऊच शल लिशखर क ऊपर मदिदर था गिसतीणर गिशाल सण कलशसरलिसज गिहलिसत थ पाकरसमदिदत रगि कर जाल दीप धल स अचछदिदत था मदिदर का
आन सारा ज रही थी भीतर बाहर मखरिरत उतस की धारा
शबदाथ - शल लिशखर- पहाड की ऊची चोटी
सतीणर - फला हआ
सण कलश - कमल क समान सदर सोन का कलश मखरिरत - परकट समदिदत - अचछी परकार खिखला हआ रगि कर जाल - सय की गिकरणो का समह
वयाखया- परसतत पलि[या म कगि न मदिदर की सदरता का णन गिकया ह कहत ह गिक मझ पहाड की चोटी पर एक गिलिशषट और गिशालमश था उसक
सोन क कलश सय की गिकरणो म चमकत हए ऐस परतीत हो रह थ जस सय की खिखली हईगिकरणो क ाा सपशपाकर सनहर कमल खिखल उठ हो मदिदर का
आन धप दीप की सध स भरा हआ था मदिदर क अदर और बाहर मनाए जा रह उसकी परसननता की ज सनाई द रही थी
Bengali (2nd language)
কোনি মনি নদী পরথম অধযোয়
হি_তীয় হিদরণে3র পাঠ-
হিবষটবাব গলাকটির কায় গররণে কা বলরণেত পাররণে0 3া শধ গচাখ হিদরণেয় রা পরকাশ করহি0ল কা বলরণেত বলরণেত গলাকটি পাঞজাহিব লহিn খরণেল জ কররণেত শর করল তাই গদরণেখ হিবষটবাব ত2মভ রণেয় গল চাটি ারার 2হিnরণেত গলাকটি হিবষটবাবর হিদরণেক এরণোরণেল হিতহি3 াা 3ীচ করণের 3াহিরণেয় গ33 হিদ গলাকটি হিবষটবাবরণেক চাটিরণেয় ায় তারণেল হিতহি3 তাাতাহিউরণেঠ গলাকটিরণেক ধররণেত পাররণেব3 3া কার তার শরীরণেরর ওজরণে3র জ3য এই শরণে3 হিবষটবাব বরণে3া গারণেষর ত গতরণেZরণে উরণেঠ দাাল তারণেত গলাকটি দাহিরণেয় শরীরটারণেক একট দহিলরণেয় হি3ল এই সব শরণে3 হিবষট ধর চপ করণের রইল শধ lsquoগঘাৎrsquo করণের একটা শবদ করল গলাকটি হিসহি হিদরণেয় ওঠা3াা কররণে0 গদরণেখ হিবষটবাব খাহি3কটা হিদরণেশারা রণেয় গলহিবষটবাবর গচারণেখ রারণের বদরণেল এখ3 গকৌতল হিতহি3 বরণেল3 ldquoখাওায় আার গলা2 গ3ই Uায়টিং কহিরrdquo হিকনত হিতহি3 কতটা Uায়টিং করণের তা তার শরীর আর খাবারণেরর তাহিলকা গদরণেখ গলাকটি বরণে= গল গলাকটি এহিরণেয় হিরণেয় হিবষটবাবর 2হিরণেত াত বহিলরণেয় হিদরণেল গস আরা অ32ব করণের3 এবং হিপহি0রণেয় া3 গলাকটি হিবষটবাবর সারণে3 তার শরীরণেরর কসরত পরদশ3 কররণেল হিবষটবাব রণে3 রণে3 হিব হিব করণের বরণেল3 হিতহি3ও গরাা রণেত চা3 গসই হরণেত nা গরণেক আবার হিচৎকার গ2রণেস আরণেস lsquoগকা হি3 গকা হি3rsquo
ldquoকী রক Uায়টিংrdquo-ক)বকতা গককারণেক বলরণে0খ)Uায়টিং কার অ কী ) Uায়টিং করা বযহিকতর গচারার ব3া দাও ঘ) তার Uায়টিং এর ব3া দাও
উঃ- ক) আরণেলাচয অংশটি হিত3ltীর গলখা lsquoগকাহি3rsquo উপ3যাস গরণেক গ3ওয়া রণেয়রণে0 আরণেলাচয কাটি বকতা রণেল3 সাদা লহিnপরা ারণেয় গরয়া পাঞজাহিব ও কারণেধ রহিn3 বযা ওয়ালা হিiহিতশ হিসং হিতহি3 কাটি বরণেলরণে03 হিবষট ধররণেকখ) Uারণেয়টিং কার অ ল পহিরহিত খাদয গর অাৎ খাদয তাহিলকায় সসত খারণেদযর গ3াগ3 বজায় গররণেখ খাদয গর) হিবষট ধরণেরর গচারা হিবশাল ওজ3 পরায় হিত3 গদখরণেত জলহিসতর রণেতা সারা শরীরণের চহিব ল ল কররণে0 বয়স পরায় চহিশ হিবশাল 2হি উপ রণেয় শরণেল হিচৎ রণেত পারণের3া গকউ গঠরণেল হিদরণেল হিচৎ রণেত পারণের তারণেক কায় নধ াদ3 পবরণেতর সরণেn তল3া করা য়ঘ) হিবষট ধর গকৌতলী রণেয় বরণেল তার খাওয়ার গকা3 গলা2 গ3ই গস Uায়টিং করণের আরণে গস আধ হিকরণেলা হিiর গখত এখ3 গস হিত3রণেশা গরা হিiর খায় জল খাবারণের কহিটা লহিচ গখত এখ3 পরণে3রণেরাটা লহিচ খায় আাইরণেশা গরা চারণেলর 2াত খায় হিঘ খাওয়া গ0রণে হিদরণেয়রণে0 রারণেত াতর বারণেরাটা রটি খায় হিবরণেকরণেল দ-গলাস হি0হিরর জল সরণেn চাররণেট কা পারণেকর সরণেltশ বাহিরণেত রাধাকষণ আরণে0 বরণেল হিবষট ধর া0 াংস খায়3া আর তারণেত তার গকা3 গলা2 লালসা গ3ই
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 276 to 313 (Sebastian helliphellipIt struck mine ear most terribly)[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]
Summary Questions amp AnswersConspiracy of Antonio and Sebastian
o Antonio further suggests murder of Alonso and eventually Sebastian agrees
o They draw their swords and proceed to murder Alonso and Gonzalo who are sleeping
(1) (Act II Sc 2 L 277-291)ANTONIO Ay sir where lies that If rsquotwere a kibe
rsquoTwould put me to my slipper but I feel notThis deity in my bosom Twenty consciencesThat stand rsquotwixt me and Milan candied be they And melt ere they molest Here lies your brotherNo better than the earth he lies uponIf he were that which now hes likemdashthats deadWhom I with this obedient steel three inches of itCan lay to bed for ever (whiles you doing thus
o As they approach Ariel appears again and wakes up Gonzalo by singing a tune in his ear Alonso also wakes up and they see both Sebastian and Antonio with drawn swords On being caught off guard they make up a story saying that they had heard a bellowing of bulls or lions
IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED
(Act II Sc 1 L 277-281)ANTONIOAy sir where lies that If rsquotwere a kibersquoTwould put me to my slipper but I feel notThis deity in my bosom Twenty consciencesThat stand rsquotwixt me and Milan candied be they And melt ere they molest
In these lines Antonio speaks how he is a conscienceless villain In inciting Sebastian to the kingship of Naples by murdering his brother he quotes his own example He too had banished his brother and made himself the Duke of Milan This kingship now sits upon him like a well fittinggarment So will be the case of Sebastian Sebastian then questions Antonio if this foul deed did not prick his conscience To this Antonio replies like a hardened villain He laughs at the word lsquoconsciencersquo and says that he has never heard of anything like conscience A guilty conscience gave him no more pain that is chilblain (M a painful itching and swelling on hand and foot caused by exposure to extreme cold) A man can get rid of the pain of chilblain by wearing slippers instead of shoes so does Antonio get rid of the qualms (M an uneasy feeling of doubt worry or fear especially about onersquos conduct) of conscience very easily Even if he were troubled by twenty consciences that barred his way to the throne of Milan however frozen they might be he would melt them into insensibility before they could cause him to twinge
To the perpetual wink of aye might putThis ancient morsel this Sir Prudence whoShould not upbraid our course) - for all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour
(i) To whom does Antonio speak these lines Who is referred to as lsquoyour brotherrsquo What does Antonio mean by saying lsquoNo better than the earth he lies uponrsquo
These lines are spoken by Antonio to Sebastian King Alonso is referred to as Sebastianrsquos brother Indicating towards Alonso who is lying asleep on the ground Antonio tells Sebastian that here sleeps his brother and at this time he is no better than a clod of the earth on which he lies asleep Antonio means to say that if he were actually to become what he looks like he would be a dead body(ii) According to Antonio what would he do if he were at the place of Sebastian
Antonio says that if he were in the position of Sebastian he would not care even for twenty consciences in order to win the kingship of Naples He would rather forget all his consciences if they happen to trouble him at all (iii) What does Antonio suggest to Sebastian What does Antonio assure him
Antonio suggests to Sebastian that in a moment Sebastian can put to death Gonzalo who pretends to be a very wise man and who on that account rebukes others (particularly Antonio and Sebastian) whereas he (Antonio) himself can put Alonso to death with only three inches of his willing sword Antonio further assures Sebastian that by killing both of them there will be none left to oppose him and in this way every obstacle in his way will be removed
(iv) Explain the lines lsquofor all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hourrsquo
In other words Antonio says that even if he were endowed with a stiff conscience he could easily relax or soften it for the execution of his purpose Then Antonio suggests that conscience should be no hindrance to a manrsquos future greatness
Comments These are terrible words coming from the mouth of a villain of the worst type He is utterly devoid of conscience or remorse He is an utter atheist of human virtue He speaks of conscience as a deity that he does not feel in his bosom
According to Antonio so far as the other lords (Adrian Francisco and others) are concerned they need not be murdered because they would obey the orders of Antonio and Sebastian as willingly and readily as cat licks milk These other lords would endorse and support everything that Sebastian and Antonio may say or suggest These other lords would adjust their views in accordance with the wishes of Antonio and Sebastian and they would regard all proposals made by Antonio and Sebastian as being opportune and also as being acceptable(v) What opinion do you form of Antonio from the above speech
The speech given above shows Antonio to be an absolutely unscrupulous man After saying that he does not believe in any such faculty as the conscience he suggests to Sebastian to
(Act II Sc 1 L 285-291)ANTONIOhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (whiles you doing thus To the perpetual wink of aye might putThis ancient morsel this Sir Prudence whoShould not upbraid our course) - for all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour
Antonio has convinced Sebastian that he has made himself Duke of Milan by a crime for which he has felt no pricks of conscience In these lines Antonio tells Sebastian that now that the chance has presented itself to him he should take it and be King of Naples So far as Alonso is concerned Antonio agrees to undertake the task of killing him by sticking only three inches of his sharp dagger Making a thrust in the air with his sword he tells Sebastian that by a similar method he can put to sleep forever Gonzalo ndash the old piece of flesh already rotten ndash this piece of antiquity ndash this ldquoSir Prudencerdquo who is never tired of reading his moral lectures to them If ldquoProfessor Wisdomrdquo is got rid of he will not be able to denounce their action as he would surely do if they did not dispatch him as well As for the rest of the kingrsquos counselors (Adrian and Francisco) it is their nature to adopt any statements and views which are placed before them just as it is the nature of a cat to lap milk Antonio assures Sebastian that ldquothese othersrdquo will back them up in whatever they say or do that they will count the strokes of the clock exactly as they bid them not according to the real time but according to the time that is right for their business Hence only two persons Alonso and Gonzalo are required to be removed to fulfill their ambition
murder Gonzalo at the very time when he (Antonio) stabs Alonso to death And yet this brutal man has a fertile wit also He can talk in a persuasive manner and also in a sarcastic and satirical manner He knows human nature thoroughly and he understands that Gonzalo is loyal to Alonso while the other lords are only sycophants who can easily be won over to Sebastianrsquos side after Alonso has been assassinated
(2) (Act II Sc 1 291-296)SEBASTIAN Thy case dear friend
Shall be my precedent as thou gotst MilanIll come by Naples Draw thy swordmdashone strokeShall free thee from the tribute which thou payest And I the King shall love thee
ANTONIO Draw together And when I rear my hand do you the likeTo fall it on Gonzalo
(i) Explain the situation and introduce the persons engaged in conversation
After the supposed shipwreck King Alonso with his lords his brother Sebastian and Antonio the Duke of Milan land on a strange island Prince Ferdinand is feared to be drowned While the King and others have fallen asleep after exertions of the day and Ariel with his sweet music acting as a catalyst Antonio and Sebastian are awake They have hatched a conspiracy to kill King Alonso and his loyal lord Gonzalo Then Sebastian will become King of NaplesIn these lines Antonio and Sebastian are engaged in conversation They are just ready to execute their plan to attack King Alonso and Gonzalo simultaneously(ii) Antoniorsquos case shall become Sebastianrsquos precedent What has been Antoniorsquos case
Antonio proved treacherous towards his brother Prospero who was the Duke of Milan Since Prospero spent his time in his scholarly pursuits he had delegated his powers to his younger brother Antonio to administer the dukedom Antonio grew ambitious He overthrew his brother and expelled him from his own dukedom In his place Antonio became the Duke of Milan which he continues to be now His case urges Sebastian to do the same(iii) How is Sebastian going to follow Antonio
Sebastian is going to take Antoniorsquos case as his precedent He is convinced that if Antonio could usurp the dukedom from his living brother Sebastian could become the King of Naples by killing his sleeping brother(iv) What will one stroke of Antoniorsquos sword do What will Sebastian do to reward Antonio
Sebastian asks Antonio to put an end to Alonsorsquos life with one stroke of his sword The same stroke will earn for him a reward Sebastian will become the King of Naples and he will exempt Antonio from paying the annual tribute to Naples The dukedom of Milan is a tributary to the kingdom of Naples Its Duke has to pay tribute to the King every year When Sebastian takes over as the King he will give a benefit to his friend who is helping him to realize his ambition
(v) What is Antoniorsquos suggestion
Antonio suggests that they may draw their swords together When he raises his hand to attack Alonso Sebastian should raise his sword to bring it down on Gonzalo
ACCOUNTS-11 25062020 Topic- depreciation ndashSTRAIGHT LINE METHOD
Illustration Salman and Usman Bros acquired a machine on July 1 2014 at a cost of Rs 70000 and spent Rs5000 on its installation The firm writes off depreciation 10 on straight line method The books are closed on December 31 every year Show the machinery and depreciation account for three years
Solution Machinery Account
Date Particulars LF amount Date Particulars LF` Amount ( Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014July 01 To Bank Ac 70000 Dec 31 Dec By Depreciation Ac 3750
(70000 x10x612)
July 01 To Bank Ac 5000 Dec31 By Balance cd 71250
75000 75000
2015 2015Jan 01 To Balance bd 71250 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 x10 ) Dec31 By Balance cd 63750
71250 71250
2016 2016Jan 01 To Balance bd 63750 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 (75000 x10 ) Dec 31 By Balance cd 56250
63750 63750
Depreciation Account
Date Particulars LF Amount Date Particulars LF Amount (Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 3750 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 3750
2015 2015
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
2016 2016
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
WORKING
Cost of Machine RS70000Cost of Installation Rs 5000
Total 75000
Rate of Depreciation 10
Then annual depreciation will be 10 of Rs 75000 = Rs 7500
Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution Geography DRIANAGE THE PENINSULAR RIVERS
1 The Mahanadi2 The Godavari3 The Krishna4 The Kaveri5 The Subarnarekha6 The Narmada7 The Tapi8 The Sabarmati and the Mahi9 The Chambal
The Mahanadi Basin The Mahanadi rises from Dandakaranya
Q1 Which is the largest river of peninsular plateau Write a brief note about its courseA1 The largest river of peninsular plateau is Godavari The river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has
near Sihawa in Raipur district in the highlands of Chhattisgarhand flows through Odisha to reach the Bay of BengalThe length of the river is about 857 kmIts drainagebasin is shared by Maharashtra Chhattisgarh Jharkhandand Odisha
THE MAHANADI RIVER SYSTEM
The GodavariThe river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
THE GODAVARI RIVER SYSTEM
many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
Q2 Which river is known as Dakshin GangaA2 The Godavari river is known as lsquoDakshin Gangarsquo It is also known as Vridha Ganga
Q3 Differentiate between east-flowing rivers and west-flowing riversA3
East-flowing rivers
West-flowing rivers
Godavari Krishna Kaveri Mahanadi are the east-flowing rivers
Narmada Tapiwest-flowing rivers
They fall into the Bay of Bengal
They fall into Arabian Sea
These rivers form big deltas
These rivers form comparativelysmall deltas
Catchment area of these river are larger
Catchment area of these river are smaller
The KrishnaThe Krishna river rises from the Western Ghatsnear Mahabaleshwar It flows into the Bay of Bengalbefore forming a large delta Its length is about1400 km The Tungabhadra Koyana Ghatprabha Musi and Bhima are some of its tributariesIt has covers parts of Maharashtra Karnataka and AndhraPradesh
THE KRISHNA RIVER SYSTEM
The KaveriIt rises in the Brahmagiri range of the Western Ghats and flows into the Bay ofBengal Southof Cuddalore in Tamil Nadu The length of the river is about 760 km Its main tributaries are the Amravati Bhavani Hemavati and Kabini The Kaveri drains inthe parts of Karnataka Kerala and drains in Tamil Nadu The river Kaveri makes the second biggest waterfall in India known as Sivasamudram
POLITICAL SCIENCE
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
MEANING OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS-Fundamental rights are those rights which are essential for intellectual moral and spiritual development of citizens of India As these rights are fundamental or essential for existence and all-round development of individuals hence they are called Fundamental rights These are enshrined in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India These include individual rights common to most such as equality before the law freedom of speech and freedom of expression religious and cultural freedom Freedom of assembly (peaceful assembly) freedom of religion (freedom to practice religion) right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writsThere are six fundamental rights recognized by the Indian constitution
1 Right to equality (Articles 14-18)2 Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22)3 Right Against exploitation (Articles 23-24)4 Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25- 28)5 Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29-30) and6 Right to Constitutional remedies (Articles 32-35)
1 The right to equality includes equality before the law the prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion race caste gender or place of birth equality of opportunity in matters of employment the abolition of untouchability and abolition of titles
2 The right to freedom includes freedom of speech and expression association or union or cooperatives movement residence and right to practice any profession or occupation
3 The right against exploitation prohibits all forms of forced labour child labour and trafficking of human beings
4 The right to freedom of religion includes freedom of conscience and free profession practice and propagation of religion freedom to manage religious affairs freedom from certain taxes and freedom from religious instructions in certain educational institutes
5 The Cultural and educational Rights preserve the right of any section of citizens to conserve their culture language or script and right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice
6 The right to constitutional remedies is present for enforcement of fundamental rightsThe right to privacy is an intrinsic part of Article 21 (the Right to Freedom) that protects the life and liberty of the citizens The right to privacy is the newest right assured by the Supreme court of India It assures the peoples data and personal security
Fundamental rights for Indians have also been aimed at overturning the inequalities of pre-independence social practices Specifically they have also been used to abolish untouchability and thus prohibit discrimination on the grounds of religion race caste sex or place of birth They also forbid trafficking of human beings and forced labour (a crime) They also protect cultural and educational rights of religious and linguistic minorities by allowing them to preserve their languages and also establish and administer their own education institutions They are covered in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India
Mathematics
Relation Study Item Types of RelationToday class xii students we will discuss about the types of RelationsFirst we discuss Void RelationWhat is Void RelationAns Let A be a non-empty set Then φ A A and so it is a relation R on set A Thissube ⨯ relation is called the void or empty relation on set ANow from the above definition we came to know that no element of A is related to any element of AHere A A is called Cartesian product⨯
is the symbol of subsetsubeAnd φ is called phi and refer to void or empty relationNow I give an example to understand the above said relationLet A = 1 2 3 4Here A A =(11)(12)(13)(14)(21)(22)(23)(24)(31)(32)(33)(34)(41)⨯(42)(43)(44)Now we consider R is a relation which is defined by R=(ab) a+b= 50We notice that a+b 50 for any two elements of AnotinTherefore (ab) R for any ab A is called belong to and is not belong tonotin isin isin notinTherefore we can say R does not contain any element of A A⨯Therefore R is empty set Therefore we can say that R is the void or empty relation on AWhat is universal RelationAns Let A is a set Then A A A A and so it is a relation on A This relation is called⨯ sube ⨯ the universal relation on ANow from the above definition we can say that each element of A is related to every element of ANow we consider the relation R on the set A =1 234 defined by R = (ab) R |a -b|isin
0≽We observe that|a - b | 0 for all ab A≽ isin
(ab) R for all (ab) A ArArr isin isin ⨯ Each element of set A is related to set A every element of set ArArr
Therefore we write R= AxATherefore we can say R is universal relation on set ANote we can say that void relation is smallest relation and the universal relation is largest relationSometime both void relation and universal relation is called trivial relationWhat is identity relationAns Let A is a non-empty set Then the relation R or IA = (aa) a A on A is called theisin identity relation on A Therefore from the above definition we can say that every element of A is related to itself only
Example Let A = 1234 then Ror IA = (11)(22)(33)(44) is the identity relation on set ANow I give you another example R1 = (11)(22)(33) and R2 = (11)(22)(33)(44)(24)From the above example we can say that R1 and R2 are not identify relation Because in the case of R1 (44)R1 and on the other hand R2 where element 2 is related to elements 2 and 4
Hindi 2ndlang
भलि[ (महादी मा)
भलि[ कहानी की लखिखका महादी मा न इस कहानी म यह दशान का परयास गिकया ह गिक आजकल क जमान म भी लो सक बन कर गिनसाथ सा करत ह ह
गिबना तन लिसा करत ह और उसक बदल ना कछ मात ह और ना ही कोई आशा करत ह नौकर सा करक तन चाहता ह और ह भी कई सगिधाओ की आशा करता ह पर सक सदा गिनजी साथ भा स सा म सलगन रह कर काम करता ह भलि[ कहानी की मखय पातर लकषमी ह जिजस भलि[ नाम लखिखका न दिदया ह ह गिकसी
ोपाल काकी कनया ह पाच रष की आय म उसकी गि माता न ौना ही कर दिदया कहानी म भलि[ क दखो का अत नही ह गिफर भी ह बडी साहसी धयान और परिरशरमी ह कदिठनाइयो स जझ ती ह पहल गिपता की मतय गिफर पगित की मतय और
गिफर घर जमाई की मतय होती ह उस साहसी मगिहला न साहस नही छोडा और तीनो पतरी ओक हाथ पील गिकए लाना द पान क कारण उसका जमीदार न अपमान गिकया गिफरकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहचीकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहची शहर पहच करा लखिखका की सगिका बनी ही पर उसका नाम भलि[ पडा ह एक भ[ की तरह अपन सामिमनी की इमानदारी स सा करती और तन का जिजकर भी नही करती ह लखिखका क घर पाठशाला आदिद को अचछी तरह स सभालती पढी-
लिलखी ना होकर भी ह लखिखका की बहत सा ए सहायता करती ह लखिखका का साया बनकर चलती लखिखका की सा करना उसक जीन का उददशय ह ह
लखिखका की खशी क लिलए ही काय करती ह ह लखिखका को दखी नही दख सकती लखिखका पर भलि[ का इतना परभा पडा गिक ह सय दहाती बन ई
यदध क दिदनो म ह अपन परिरार क साथ रहन की अपकषा लखिखका क साथ रहना पसद करती थी यदध क भत न जब ीटा क ान पर पलायन गित जा दी तो
भलि[ न न लखिखका को अपन ा ल जान का अनरोध करन ली लखिखका को डर ह गिक यदिद उसक गिदा होन क अगितम छठा ए तो ह दहातीन दधा कया कर ी
इस परकार हम दखत ह गिक लखिखका न सामिमनी और सगिका क ण बरसात हए सक धम पर परकाश डाला ह और लखिखका न एक आदश सगिका क रप को सदर
रप स परसतत गिकया हBengali আদাব পরশন) ldquoশরণের ১৪৪ ধারা আর কারহিZউ অU ার জারী রণেয়রণে0ldquo
ক) কার গলখা গকা3 রচ3ার অংশ খ)গকাায় গক3 ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়রণে0 )১৪৪ ধারা কী এর Zরণেল কী য়
উততর) ক)আরণেলাচ য অংশটি সরণেরশ বসর রহিচত lsquoআদাবlsquo গ0াট রণেলপর অংশ
খ) বাংলারণেদরণেশর ঢাকা শরণের ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়হি0ল সামপরদাহিয়ক াnাা ও দাnা পরহিতরণেরারণেধর জ3 য হিlt সলা3রণেদর গ3তারণেদর সামপরদাহিয়ক উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা বারণেধ উ2য় সমপরদায় 2ীত রণেয় ঘর বহিlt রণেয় পরণে পরসপর পরসপররণেক সরণেltরণের গচারণেখ গদরণেখ গকউ কাউরণেক আরণের রণেতা হিবশবাস কররণেত পারণের3া হিক0 া3রণেষর উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা য় ার পহির3া অরণেতক রকত iয় ও ত য
) ১৪৪ ধারা আইরণে3র এ3 একটা ধারা ার _ারা এলাকা হি3হিদ ষট করণের গদওয়া য় গসই এলাকার রণেধ য গবহিশ া3রণেষর জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় হিহি0ল জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় আই3 2nকারীরণেক গহিলর হি3রণেদশ জাহির করা য় তাই সাধার3 া3ষ আর বাইরণের গবর রণেত পারণের3া পরারণে3র 2রণেয় বহিlt রণেয় ারণেক এর Zল য় সাংঘাহিতক গদাকা3 পাট বনধ ারণেক
হিজহি3স পতর অহিল য় রাসতা ঘাট জ3 শ3 য রণেয় ায় লরণেঠরা তারণেদর লঠত রাজ চাহিলরণেয় হি3রণেজরণেদর আরণেখর গহি0রণেয় গ3য় া3ষরণেক 2ীহিতর হিব2ীহিষহিক গরাস করণের ঘরণেরর া3রণেষর ইkা াকরণেলও ঘরণের হিZররণেত পারণের3া হিZররণেত হিরণেয় বltরণেকর গহিলরণেত পরা3 ারায়
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today we will discuss about Types of Leaves
An organization provides several kinds of leaves to the employees These days employees working both in government and private sector are allowed several types of leaves Following are the leaves achieved by the employees from their organization
Casual LeaveChild care leave -HospitalLeaveSpecial disability leaveChild Adoption leaveEarned LeavesHalf pay leaveMaternity leavePaternityleaveStudy leave
1 Casual Leave- Casual leave is not a recognised form of leaves and is not subject to any rules made by the government of India And official on casual leave is not treated as Absent from duty and pay is not intimated Normally 8 days of casual leave is permissible in a calendar year
2 Child care leave - Women employees having minor children may be granted child care leave by an authority competent to grant leave for a maximum period of 730 days means two years during their entire service for taking care of up to two children weather for sharing or to look after any of their names like examination sickness it is a
3HospitalLeave - Hospital leave is admissible to group C employees whose duties involved handling of dangerous machinery explosive materials poisonous drugs and performance of hazardous task and to group D employees Medical certificate from an authorised medical attendant is necessary for the grant of these leave However total period of
leave does not exceed 28 months4Special disability leave- Special
disability leave admissible to all employees when disabled by injury intentionally or accidentally inflicted are caused in law in consequence of the due performance of official duties or in consequence of official position It also it is also add miscible when disabled by illness incurred in the performance of any particular duty which has the effect of increasing laboratory to illness or injury beyond the ordinary least attaching to the Civil post held and the same condition
5Child Adoption leave- This leave is granted to female Employees with fewer than two surviving children on valid adoption of a child below the age of one year for a period of 135 days immediately after the date of valid adoption Leave salary will be equal to the pain immediately before processing on leave
6Earned Leaves- This leave is earned by duty The credit for earned leave will be awarded at a rate of 15 days on the 1st of January and 1st of July every year It can be accumulated up to 300 days in addition to the number of days for which encashment has been allowed along with LTC
7 Half pay leave -All government servant are entitled to 20 days of HPL half pay leave for every completed year of service Half pay leave is calculated at 20 days for each completed year of service The service includes periods of duty and leave including extra ordinary leave with or without MC (medical certificate)
8 Maternity leave -Maternity leave is granted to women Government employees full stop it is as possible only to Employees with less than 2 surviving children The maternity leave is not debited to leave account and full pay is granted It cannot be combined with any other the leaves and count as service for increment and pension
9 PaternityleaveA male employee with less than 2 surviving children may be granted paternity leave for a period of 15 days during the confinement of
his wife During the period of such leaves he shall be paid leave salary equal to the pay drawn immediately before proceeding on leave
10 Study leave-Study leave may be granted to all Government Employees with not less than 5 years service for undergoing a special course consisting of higher studies are specialised training in a professional or technical subject having a direct and close connection with the sphere of his duties as a Civil Servant
Commerce
Chapter-5Management
Let us today discuss about the nature of Management
Nature of management Management is defined as
An art A science A profession
Management is defined as an art because of the following reasons
1 In art there is an existence of theoretical knowledge Similarly in management various theories are propounded by management thinkers in various areas of management like finance marketing human resources etc
2 Every manager apply his or her personal skills and knowledge in the day to day functioning of an enterprise
3 Like an art management is creative as it provides solutions to Complex problems making resources productive and profitable moulding the attitudes of people for the betterment of an organisation
Management is is considered as science because of the following reasons
1 Like science there is a systemised body of knowledge in management consisting of theories principles vocabulary and concept
2 Principles of management are evolved after continuous observations and experimentation
Management both as Science and ArtManagement is both a science and an art It is a science because it uses certain principles and is an art because it requires continuous practice and application of personal skillsManagement as a profession Following points highlight whether management is a profession or not1 Like profession management has well
defined body of knowledge It has its own principles which are based on experiments One can acquire such
knowledge by pursuing courses like MBA BBA etc and acquire managerial skills through instruction and training
2 In management no such restriction is there for managers to clear an examination for hold a degree However these days more and more people are appointed for managerial post who opposes management degrees
3 Membership to a professional Association like AIMA is not mandatory for managers All managers directly or indirectly work for the development of society
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Essay Questions (EQ-2)
Question No 2Sketch the character of Prospero Would you call him perfect
AnswerProspero in The Tempest appears to be an intensely human being with human failings and weaknesses With all his excellence Prospero is made to awaken our sympathy for a natural imperfection Prosperorsquos Previous HistoryIn his retrospective narration of his previous history to Miranda we get a glimpse into Prosperorsquos past life As the Duke of Milan Prospero buried himself in his magic books which he prized above his dukedom He was essentially a scholar with no practical wisdom He failed to perform his first duty by neglecting the governance of his state and gave an opportunity to his wicked brother to undermine his throne He was thus driven from his home and thrown in a leaky boat with his weeping daughter to drift in the perilous seas It is only the thought of his little child that kept him aliveThe Development of Prosperorsquos CharacterThe development of his character is evident from the contrast between what he was before his banishment and what he is now in the island Formerly when his ldquolibrary was dukedom enoughrdquo he was altogether too unsuspecting Now he is watchful as providence and takes care to guard himself against the possibility of evil He has learnt to know human nature in its worst forms even Caliban has taught him something He will no longer put his trust in appearance except as ldquostale to catch thievesrdquo nor in oaths of which the strongest he says ldquoare straw to the fire irsquo the bloodrdquo He who once neglected worldly ends now consistently asserts his dignity enforces obedience and deals out justice with impartial hand He who without a thought of evil gave his power and his revenues into his brotherrsquos hands now puts Ferdinand to the severest test as a trial of his love before entrusting his daughter to him He makes the most practical use imaginable of his magic art exacts prompt servitudefrom his attendants does not hesitate to punish them is resolved and firm and knows how to seize the proper moment for action He is a most careful father to his daughter a considerate master of Ariel severe against the brutal Caliban humane towards the repentant enemies full of experience and wisdomThe Exercise of his Power ndash his SternnessWhat appears to us at the first sight one of the least pleasing features of Prosperorsquos character is the sternness which he frequently displays more particularly in his dealings with Caliban His harshness towards Caliban resulted from the failure of gentler methods his severity towards Ferdinand was exercised in the interest of his daughter ldquolest too light winning make the prize lightrdquo and his punishment of Alonso Sebastian and Antonio is justified by the attainment of his objectiveProsperorsquos TendernessThe tender side of Prosperorsquos character is exhibited in his relation to Miranda Ariel Gonzalo and the repentant sinners His love for Miranda is unbounded She was almost life to him In his darkest hours of trial this love sustained him and gave him strength to put a bold front to suffering He addresses her always with tenderness She is to him a lsquoloved darlingrsquo lsquodear heartrsquo lsquoa rich giftrsquo lsquoa third of his own lifersquo The same affectionate nature is shown in his dealing with his brother Antonio He loved his brother Antonio only next to Miranda before Antonio conspired against him In the island when Antonio is brought before him he forgives him
readily To Gonzalo the good old councilor he is all affection He sheds tears of joy and gratitude when he meets him in the island To Ariel he is a loving and considerable master Ariel is always to him ldquomy brave spiritrdquo ldquofine spiritrdquo ldquodelicate Arielrdquo ldquomy Arielrdquo etc When he promises Ariel his freedom he says with real emotion ndash ldquoI shall miss theerdquoProsperorsquos Power as a MagicianThe practice of magic has placed wonderful powers in the hands of Prospero He uses his supernatural powers like a god only to bring about the happiest results He causes The Tempest and the shipwreck only to bring his enemies within his power and not to destroy them Not a soul perished in the storm He leads Ferdinand to Miranda his high charms work and as he wishes the two falls in love He frustrates the plots of the conspirators and makes them know that he was conscious of it He drives Sebastian and Alonso to sincere repentance and readily forgives them The drunken associates of Caliban are no doubt sternly treated but even then they are promised conditional pardon The whole play at last ends in reconciliation joy and peace The wrongs are set right the lovers are made happy Ariel is set free and thus the powerful magician retires into the solitude of his study at MilanProsperorsquos ForgivenessAllied to his wisdom is his forgiving nature Though deeply wronged he bears no spite against the wrong-doers Though his power is unlimited he uses it to noble purposes The lesson of adversity has taught him that ldquoThe rarer action is in virtue than in vengeancerdquoProspero does not debase his noble nature by revenge but forgives his enemies absolutely He drives his erstwhile enemies to a sincere penitence for their past misdeeds and when repentance has wrought its full effect on them he receives them into his arms and is reconciled to them Is Prospero perfectProspero creates a great impression upon our minds by his dignity his nobility the divine spirit of forgiveness in him his generous and sympathetic nature etc Even with all these virtues we cannot call him perfect We perceive certain faults in him He displays an occasional impatience irritability and even a certain harshness of feeling His severe treatment of Caliban might have been justified but the language in which he addresses the monster and the threats that he uses show him to be a kind of tyrant On learning of Calibanrsquos plot against his life he is as violently disturbed and agitated as any ordinary human being would be His manner towards Ariel when the latter demands his liberty also seems somewhat arbitrary and tyrannicalSubject ndashBiology Topic ndashChapter -5 Inheritance amp Variations Summary ExecutionToday we will discuss about NON-Mendelian Inheritance
NON_MENDELIAN INHERITANCE Incomplete Dominance It is an inheritance in which heterozygous offspring shows
intermediate character between two parental characteristics Eg Flower colour in snapdragon (dog flower or Antirrhinum sp) and
Mirabilis jalapa ( 4rsquoO clock plant) Here phenotypic and genotypic ratios are same Phenotypic Ratio 1Red 2 Pink 1 White Genotypic Ratio 1(RR) 2 (Rr) 1(rr) This means that R was not completely dominant over r Pea plants also show incomplete dominance in other traits
Co- dominance It is the inheritance in which both alleles of a gene are expressed in a
hybrid Eg ABO blood grouping in human ABO Blood groups are controlled by the gene I The plasma membrane of the RBC has sugar polymer that protrude
from its surface and is controlled By the gene The gene I has three alleles IA IB i The alleles IA and IB produce a slightly different form of the sugar
while allele i does not produce any sugar In AB blood group both IA and IB are present together This is co ndash
dominanceMultiple Alleles
Multiple alternatives of the same gene which influence the same character and produce different expressions in different individuals of a species or population same genes have more than two allelic
forms These different forms of a single gene are referred as multiple alleles Eg human Blood group
Ac-12 250620 Topic- retirement
Illustration Om Jai and Jagdish are partners sharing profit in the ratio of 3 2 l Their balance sheet as at December 31st 2014 is as under
Balance sheet as at December 31 2014
Liabilities Amount Assets Amount
(Rs`) (Rs`)
Creditors 80000 Building 180000 Bills Payable 26000 Plant 140000 General reserve 24000 Motor Car 40000 Capital Stock 100000 Om 160000 Debtors 63000 Jai 120000 Less Provision Jagdish 120000
400000 for Bad debts 3000
60000 Cash at Bank 10000
530000 530000
Jai retires on that date on the following terms(a) The Goodwill of the firm is valued at Rs 60000(b) Stock and Building to be appreciated by 10(c) Plant is depreciated by 10(d) Provision for Bad debts is increased upto Rs 5000(e) Jairsquos share of goodwill was adjusted through remaining partners capital accountThe amount due to Jai is paid out of the fund brought in by Om and Jagdish in theirnew profit sharing ratio Jai is paid full amountPrepare Revaluation Account and Partnerrsquos Capital account
Solution WorkingsIt is assumed that Om and Jagdish gaining ratio remains 3 lJairsquo Share of goodwill = Rs 60000 times 26 = Rs20000Adjusted through the remaining partners capital account in 3 1 ratio
Revaluation Account
Dr Cr
Particulars Amount Particulars Amount
(Rs`) (`Rs)
To Provision for Bad debts 2000 By Stock 10000TO Plant 14000 By Building 18000To Profit transferred toCapital Accounts Om 6000 Jai 4000 Jagdish 2000
12000
28000 28000
Capital AccountDr Cr Particulars Om Jai Jagdish Particulars Om Jai Jagdish
(Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (rs`) (`Rs)
To Capital 15000 mdash 5000 By Balance bd 160000 120000 120000 ToBank 152000 By General Reserve 12000 8000 4000To Balance cd 277000 mdash 159000 By Revaluation (Profit) 6000 4000 2000 By Om Capital mdash 15000 mdash ByJagdish Capital mdash 5000 By Bank 114000 38000
292000 152000 164000 292000 152000 164000
सण कलश - कमल क समान सदर सोन का कलश मखरिरत - परकट समदिदत - अचछी परकार खिखला हआ रगि कर जाल - सय की गिकरणो का समह
वयाखया- परसतत पलि[या म कगि न मदिदर की सदरता का णन गिकया ह कहत ह गिक मझ पहाड की चोटी पर एक गिलिशषट और गिशालमश था उसक
सोन क कलश सय की गिकरणो म चमकत हए ऐस परतीत हो रह थ जस सय की खिखली हईगिकरणो क ाा सपशपाकर सनहर कमल खिखल उठ हो मदिदर का
आन धप दीप की सध स भरा हआ था मदिदर क अदर और बाहर मनाए जा रह उसकी परसननता की ज सनाई द रही थी
Bengali (2nd language)
কোনি মনি নদী পরথম অধযোয়
হি_তীয় হিদরণে3র পাঠ-
হিবষটবাব গলাকটির কায় গররণে কা বলরণেত পাররণে0 3া শধ গচাখ হিদরণেয় রা পরকাশ করহি0ল কা বলরণেত বলরণেত গলাকটি পাঞজাহিব লহিn খরণেল জ কররণেত শর করল তাই গদরণেখ হিবষটবাব ত2মভ রণেয় গল চাটি ারার 2হিnরণেত গলাকটি হিবষটবাবর হিদরণেক এরণোরণেল হিতহি3 াা 3ীচ করণের 3াহিরণেয় গ33 হিদ গলাকটি হিবষটবাবরণেক চাটিরণেয় ায় তারণেল হিতহি3 তাাতাহিউরণেঠ গলাকটিরণেক ধররণেত পাররণেব3 3া কার তার শরীরণেরর ওজরণে3র জ3য এই শরণে3 হিবষটবাব বরণে3া গারণেষর ত গতরণেZরণে উরণেঠ দাাল তারণেত গলাকটি দাহিরণেয় শরীরটারণেক একট দহিলরণেয় হি3ল এই সব শরণে3 হিবষট ধর চপ করণের রইল শধ lsquoগঘাৎrsquo করণের একটা শবদ করল গলাকটি হিসহি হিদরণেয় ওঠা3াা কররণে0 গদরণেখ হিবষটবাব খাহি3কটা হিদরণেশারা রণেয় গলহিবষটবাবর গচারণেখ রারণের বদরণেল এখ3 গকৌতল হিতহি3 বরণেল3 ldquoখাওায় আার গলা2 গ3ই Uায়টিং কহিরrdquo হিকনত হিতহি3 কতটা Uায়টিং করণের তা তার শরীর আর খাবারণেরর তাহিলকা গদরণেখ গলাকটি বরণে= গল গলাকটি এহিরণেয় হিরণেয় হিবষটবাবর 2হিরণেত াত বহিলরণেয় হিদরণেল গস আরা অ32ব করণের3 এবং হিপহি0রণেয় া3 গলাকটি হিবষটবাবর সারণে3 তার শরীরণেরর কসরত পরদশ3 কররণেল হিবষটবাব রণে3 রণে3 হিব হিব করণের বরণেল3 হিতহি3ও গরাা রণেত চা3 গসই হরণেত nা গরণেক আবার হিচৎকার গ2রণেস আরণেস lsquoগকা হি3 গকা হি3rsquo
ldquoকী রক Uায়টিংrdquo-ক)বকতা গককারণেক বলরণে0খ)Uায়টিং কার অ কী ) Uায়টিং করা বযহিকতর গচারার ব3া দাও ঘ) তার Uায়টিং এর ব3া দাও
উঃ- ক) আরণেলাচয অংশটি হিত3ltীর গলখা lsquoগকাহি3rsquo উপ3যাস গরণেক গ3ওয়া রণেয়রণে0 আরণেলাচয কাটি বকতা রণেল3 সাদা লহিnপরা ারণেয় গরয়া পাঞজাহিব ও কারণেধ রহিn3 বযা ওয়ালা হিiহিতশ হিসং হিতহি3 কাটি বরণেলরণে03 হিবষট ধররণেকখ) Uারণেয়টিং কার অ ল পহিরহিত খাদয গর অাৎ খাদয তাহিলকায় সসত খারণেদযর গ3াগ3 বজায় গররণেখ খাদয গর) হিবষট ধরণেরর গচারা হিবশাল ওজ3 পরায় হিত3 গদখরণেত জলহিসতর রণেতা সারা শরীরণের চহিব ল ল কররণে0 বয়স পরায় চহিশ হিবশাল 2হি উপ রণেয় শরণেল হিচৎ রণেত পারণের3া গকউ গঠরণেল হিদরণেল হিচৎ রণেত পারণের তারণেক কায় নধ াদ3 পবরণেতর সরণেn তল3া করা য়ঘ) হিবষট ধর গকৌতলী রণেয় বরণেল তার খাওয়ার গকা3 গলা2 গ3ই গস Uায়টিং করণের আরণে গস আধ হিকরণেলা হিiর গখত এখ3 গস হিত3রণেশা গরা হিiর খায় জল খাবারণের কহিটা লহিচ গখত এখ3 পরণে3রণেরাটা লহিচ খায় আাইরণেশা গরা চারণেলর 2াত খায় হিঘ খাওয়া গ0রণে হিদরণেয়রণে0 রারণেত াতর বারণেরাটা রটি খায় হিবরণেকরণেল দ-গলাস হি0হিরর জল সরণেn চাররণেট কা পারণেকর সরণেltশ বাহিরণেত রাধাকষণ আরণে0 বরণেল হিবষট ধর া0 াংস খায়3া আর তারণেত তার গকা3 গলা2 লালসা গ3ই
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 276 to 313 (Sebastian helliphellipIt struck mine ear most terribly)[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]
Summary Questions amp AnswersConspiracy of Antonio and Sebastian
o Antonio further suggests murder of Alonso and eventually Sebastian agrees
o They draw their swords and proceed to murder Alonso and Gonzalo who are sleeping
(1) (Act II Sc 2 L 277-291)ANTONIO Ay sir where lies that If rsquotwere a kibe
rsquoTwould put me to my slipper but I feel notThis deity in my bosom Twenty consciencesThat stand rsquotwixt me and Milan candied be they And melt ere they molest Here lies your brotherNo better than the earth he lies uponIf he were that which now hes likemdashthats deadWhom I with this obedient steel three inches of itCan lay to bed for ever (whiles you doing thus
o As they approach Ariel appears again and wakes up Gonzalo by singing a tune in his ear Alonso also wakes up and they see both Sebastian and Antonio with drawn swords On being caught off guard they make up a story saying that they had heard a bellowing of bulls or lions
IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED
(Act II Sc 1 L 277-281)ANTONIOAy sir where lies that If rsquotwere a kibersquoTwould put me to my slipper but I feel notThis deity in my bosom Twenty consciencesThat stand rsquotwixt me and Milan candied be they And melt ere they molest
In these lines Antonio speaks how he is a conscienceless villain In inciting Sebastian to the kingship of Naples by murdering his brother he quotes his own example He too had banished his brother and made himself the Duke of Milan This kingship now sits upon him like a well fittinggarment So will be the case of Sebastian Sebastian then questions Antonio if this foul deed did not prick his conscience To this Antonio replies like a hardened villain He laughs at the word lsquoconsciencersquo and says that he has never heard of anything like conscience A guilty conscience gave him no more pain that is chilblain (M a painful itching and swelling on hand and foot caused by exposure to extreme cold) A man can get rid of the pain of chilblain by wearing slippers instead of shoes so does Antonio get rid of the qualms (M an uneasy feeling of doubt worry or fear especially about onersquos conduct) of conscience very easily Even if he were troubled by twenty consciences that barred his way to the throne of Milan however frozen they might be he would melt them into insensibility before they could cause him to twinge
To the perpetual wink of aye might putThis ancient morsel this Sir Prudence whoShould not upbraid our course) - for all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour
(i) To whom does Antonio speak these lines Who is referred to as lsquoyour brotherrsquo What does Antonio mean by saying lsquoNo better than the earth he lies uponrsquo
These lines are spoken by Antonio to Sebastian King Alonso is referred to as Sebastianrsquos brother Indicating towards Alonso who is lying asleep on the ground Antonio tells Sebastian that here sleeps his brother and at this time he is no better than a clod of the earth on which he lies asleep Antonio means to say that if he were actually to become what he looks like he would be a dead body(ii) According to Antonio what would he do if he were at the place of Sebastian
Antonio says that if he were in the position of Sebastian he would not care even for twenty consciences in order to win the kingship of Naples He would rather forget all his consciences if they happen to trouble him at all (iii) What does Antonio suggest to Sebastian What does Antonio assure him
Antonio suggests to Sebastian that in a moment Sebastian can put to death Gonzalo who pretends to be a very wise man and who on that account rebukes others (particularly Antonio and Sebastian) whereas he (Antonio) himself can put Alonso to death with only three inches of his willing sword Antonio further assures Sebastian that by killing both of them there will be none left to oppose him and in this way every obstacle in his way will be removed
(iv) Explain the lines lsquofor all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hourrsquo
In other words Antonio says that even if he were endowed with a stiff conscience he could easily relax or soften it for the execution of his purpose Then Antonio suggests that conscience should be no hindrance to a manrsquos future greatness
Comments These are terrible words coming from the mouth of a villain of the worst type He is utterly devoid of conscience or remorse He is an utter atheist of human virtue He speaks of conscience as a deity that he does not feel in his bosom
According to Antonio so far as the other lords (Adrian Francisco and others) are concerned they need not be murdered because they would obey the orders of Antonio and Sebastian as willingly and readily as cat licks milk These other lords would endorse and support everything that Sebastian and Antonio may say or suggest These other lords would adjust their views in accordance with the wishes of Antonio and Sebastian and they would regard all proposals made by Antonio and Sebastian as being opportune and also as being acceptable(v) What opinion do you form of Antonio from the above speech
The speech given above shows Antonio to be an absolutely unscrupulous man After saying that he does not believe in any such faculty as the conscience he suggests to Sebastian to
(Act II Sc 1 L 285-291)ANTONIOhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (whiles you doing thus To the perpetual wink of aye might putThis ancient morsel this Sir Prudence whoShould not upbraid our course) - for all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour
Antonio has convinced Sebastian that he has made himself Duke of Milan by a crime for which he has felt no pricks of conscience In these lines Antonio tells Sebastian that now that the chance has presented itself to him he should take it and be King of Naples So far as Alonso is concerned Antonio agrees to undertake the task of killing him by sticking only three inches of his sharp dagger Making a thrust in the air with his sword he tells Sebastian that by a similar method he can put to sleep forever Gonzalo ndash the old piece of flesh already rotten ndash this piece of antiquity ndash this ldquoSir Prudencerdquo who is never tired of reading his moral lectures to them If ldquoProfessor Wisdomrdquo is got rid of he will not be able to denounce their action as he would surely do if they did not dispatch him as well As for the rest of the kingrsquos counselors (Adrian and Francisco) it is their nature to adopt any statements and views which are placed before them just as it is the nature of a cat to lap milk Antonio assures Sebastian that ldquothese othersrdquo will back them up in whatever they say or do that they will count the strokes of the clock exactly as they bid them not according to the real time but according to the time that is right for their business Hence only two persons Alonso and Gonzalo are required to be removed to fulfill their ambition
murder Gonzalo at the very time when he (Antonio) stabs Alonso to death And yet this brutal man has a fertile wit also He can talk in a persuasive manner and also in a sarcastic and satirical manner He knows human nature thoroughly and he understands that Gonzalo is loyal to Alonso while the other lords are only sycophants who can easily be won over to Sebastianrsquos side after Alonso has been assassinated
(2) (Act II Sc 1 291-296)SEBASTIAN Thy case dear friend
Shall be my precedent as thou gotst MilanIll come by Naples Draw thy swordmdashone strokeShall free thee from the tribute which thou payest And I the King shall love thee
ANTONIO Draw together And when I rear my hand do you the likeTo fall it on Gonzalo
(i) Explain the situation and introduce the persons engaged in conversation
After the supposed shipwreck King Alonso with his lords his brother Sebastian and Antonio the Duke of Milan land on a strange island Prince Ferdinand is feared to be drowned While the King and others have fallen asleep after exertions of the day and Ariel with his sweet music acting as a catalyst Antonio and Sebastian are awake They have hatched a conspiracy to kill King Alonso and his loyal lord Gonzalo Then Sebastian will become King of NaplesIn these lines Antonio and Sebastian are engaged in conversation They are just ready to execute their plan to attack King Alonso and Gonzalo simultaneously(ii) Antoniorsquos case shall become Sebastianrsquos precedent What has been Antoniorsquos case
Antonio proved treacherous towards his brother Prospero who was the Duke of Milan Since Prospero spent his time in his scholarly pursuits he had delegated his powers to his younger brother Antonio to administer the dukedom Antonio grew ambitious He overthrew his brother and expelled him from his own dukedom In his place Antonio became the Duke of Milan which he continues to be now His case urges Sebastian to do the same(iii) How is Sebastian going to follow Antonio
Sebastian is going to take Antoniorsquos case as his precedent He is convinced that if Antonio could usurp the dukedom from his living brother Sebastian could become the King of Naples by killing his sleeping brother(iv) What will one stroke of Antoniorsquos sword do What will Sebastian do to reward Antonio
Sebastian asks Antonio to put an end to Alonsorsquos life with one stroke of his sword The same stroke will earn for him a reward Sebastian will become the King of Naples and he will exempt Antonio from paying the annual tribute to Naples The dukedom of Milan is a tributary to the kingdom of Naples Its Duke has to pay tribute to the King every year When Sebastian takes over as the King he will give a benefit to his friend who is helping him to realize his ambition
(v) What is Antoniorsquos suggestion
Antonio suggests that they may draw their swords together When he raises his hand to attack Alonso Sebastian should raise his sword to bring it down on Gonzalo
ACCOUNTS-11 25062020 Topic- depreciation ndashSTRAIGHT LINE METHOD
Illustration Salman and Usman Bros acquired a machine on July 1 2014 at a cost of Rs 70000 and spent Rs5000 on its installation The firm writes off depreciation 10 on straight line method The books are closed on December 31 every year Show the machinery and depreciation account for three years
Solution Machinery Account
Date Particulars LF amount Date Particulars LF` Amount ( Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014July 01 To Bank Ac 70000 Dec 31 Dec By Depreciation Ac 3750
(70000 x10x612)
July 01 To Bank Ac 5000 Dec31 By Balance cd 71250
75000 75000
2015 2015Jan 01 To Balance bd 71250 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 x10 ) Dec31 By Balance cd 63750
71250 71250
2016 2016Jan 01 To Balance bd 63750 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 (75000 x10 ) Dec 31 By Balance cd 56250
63750 63750
Depreciation Account
Date Particulars LF Amount Date Particulars LF Amount (Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 3750 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 3750
2015 2015
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
2016 2016
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
WORKING
Cost of Machine RS70000Cost of Installation Rs 5000
Total 75000
Rate of Depreciation 10
Then annual depreciation will be 10 of Rs 75000 = Rs 7500
Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution Geography DRIANAGE THE PENINSULAR RIVERS
1 The Mahanadi2 The Godavari3 The Krishna4 The Kaveri5 The Subarnarekha6 The Narmada7 The Tapi8 The Sabarmati and the Mahi9 The Chambal
The Mahanadi Basin The Mahanadi rises from Dandakaranya
Q1 Which is the largest river of peninsular plateau Write a brief note about its courseA1 The largest river of peninsular plateau is Godavari The river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has
near Sihawa in Raipur district in the highlands of Chhattisgarhand flows through Odisha to reach the Bay of BengalThe length of the river is about 857 kmIts drainagebasin is shared by Maharashtra Chhattisgarh Jharkhandand Odisha
THE MAHANADI RIVER SYSTEM
The GodavariThe river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
THE GODAVARI RIVER SYSTEM
many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
Q2 Which river is known as Dakshin GangaA2 The Godavari river is known as lsquoDakshin Gangarsquo It is also known as Vridha Ganga
Q3 Differentiate between east-flowing rivers and west-flowing riversA3
East-flowing rivers
West-flowing rivers
Godavari Krishna Kaveri Mahanadi are the east-flowing rivers
Narmada Tapiwest-flowing rivers
They fall into the Bay of Bengal
They fall into Arabian Sea
These rivers form big deltas
These rivers form comparativelysmall deltas
Catchment area of these river are larger
Catchment area of these river are smaller
The KrishnaThe Krishna river rises from the Western Ghatsnear Mahabaleshwar It flows into the Bay of Bengalbefore forming a large delta Its length is about1400 km The Tungabhadra Koyana Ghatprabha Musi and Bhima are some of its tributariesIt has covers parts of Maharashtra Karnataka and AndhraPradesh
THE KRISHNA RIVER SYSTEM
The KaveriIt rises in the Brahmagiri range of the Western Ghats and flows into the Bay ofBengal Southof Cuddalore in Tamil Nadu The length of the river is about 760 km Its main tributaries are the Amravati Bhavani Hemavati and Kabini The Kaveri drains inthe parts of Karnataka Kerala and drains in Tamil Nadu The river Kaveri makes the second biggest waterfall in India known as Sivasamudram
POLITICAL SCIENCE
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
MEANING OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS-Fundamental rights are those rights which are essential for intellectual moral and spiritual development of citizens of India As these rights are fundamental or essential for existence and all-round development of individuals hence they are called Fundamental rights These are enshrined in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India These include individual rights common to most such as equality before the law freedom of speech and freedom of expression religious and cultural freedom Freedom of assembly (peaceful assembly) freedom of religion (freedom to practice religion) right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writsThere are six fundamental rights recognized by the Indian constitution
1 Right to equality (Articles 14-18)2 Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22)3 Right Against exploitation (Articles 23-24)4 Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25- 28)5 Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29-30) and6 Right to Constitutional remedies (Articles 32-35)
1 The right to equality includes equality before the law the prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion race caste gender or place of birth equality of opportunity in matters of employment the abolition of untouchability and abolition of titles
2 The right to freedom includes freedom of speech and expression association or union or cooperatives movement residence and right to practice any profession or occupation
3 The right against exploitation prohibits all forms of forced labour child labour and trafficking of human beings
4 The right to freedom of religion includes freedom of conscience and free profession practice and propagation of religion freedom to manage religious affairs freedom from certain taxes and freedom from religious instructions in certain educational institutes
5 The Cultural and educational Rights preserve the right of any section of citizens to conserve their culture language or script and right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice
6 The right to constitutional remedies is present for enforcement of fundamental rightsThe right to privacy is an intrinsic part of Article 21 (the Right to Freedom) that protects the life and liberty of the citizens The right to privacy is the newest right assured by the Supreme court of India It assures the peoples data and personal security
Fundamental rights for Indians have also been aimed at overturning the inequalities of pre-independence social practices Specifically they have also been used to abolish untouchability and thus prohibit discrimination on the grounds of religion race caste sex or place of birth They also forbid trafficking of human beings and forced labour (a crime) They also protect cultural and educational rights of religious and linguistic minorities by allowing them to preserve their languages and also establish and administer their own education institutions They are covered in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India
Mathematics
Relation Study Item Types of RelationToday class xii students we will discuss about the types of RelationsFirst we discuss Void RelationWhat is Void RelationAns Let A be a non-empty set Then φ A A and so it is a relation R on set A Thissube ⨯ relation is called the void or empty relation on set ANow from the above definition we came to know that no element of A is related to any element of AHere A A is called Cartesian product⨯
is the symbol of subsetsubeAnd φ is called phi and refer to void or empty relationNow I give an example to understand the above said relationLet A = 1 2 3 4Here A A =(11)(12)(13)(14)(21)(22)(23)(24)(31)(32)(33)(34)(41)⨯(42)(43)(44)Now we consider R is a relation which is defined by R=(ab) a+b= 50We notice that a+b 50 for any two elements of AnotinTherefore (ab) R for any ab A is called belong to and is not belong tonotin isin isin notinTherefore we can say R does not contain any element of A A⨯Therefore R is empty set Therefore we can say that R is the void or empty relation on AWhat is universal RelationAns Let A is a set Then A A A A and so it is a relation on A This relation is called⨯ sube ⨯ the universal relation on ANow from the above definition we can say that each element of A is related to every element of ANow we consider the relation R on the set A =1 234 defined by R = (ab) R |a -b|isin
0≽We observe that|a - b | 0 for all ab A≽ isin
(ab) R for all (ab) A ArArr isin isin ⨯ Each element of set A is related to set A every element of set ArArr
Therefore we write R= AxATherefore we can say R is universal relation on set ANote we can say that void relation is smallest relation and the universal relation is largest relationSometime both void relation and universal relation is called trivial relationWhat is identity relationAns Let A is a non-empty set Then the relation R or IA = (aa) a A on A is called theisin identity relation on A Therefore from the above definition we can say that every element of A is related to itself only
Example Let A = 1234 then Ror IA = (11)(22)(33)(44) is the identity relation on set ANow I give you another example R1 = (11)(22)(33) and R2 = (11)(22)(33)(44)(24)From the above example we can say that R1 and R2 are not identify relation Because in the case of R1 (44)R1 and on the other hand R2 where element 2 is related to elements 2 and 4
Hindi 2ndlang
भलि[ (महादी मा)
भलि[ कहानी की लखिखका महादी मा न इस कहानी म यह दशान का परयास गिकया ह गिक आजकल क जमान म भी लो सक बन कर गिनसाथ सा करत ह ह
गिबना तन लिसा करत ह और उसक बदल ना कछ मात ह और ना ही कोई आशा करत ह नौकर सा करक तन चाहता ह और ह भी कई सगिधाओ की आशा करता ह पर सक सदा गिनजी साथ भा स सा म सलगन रह कर काम करता ह भलि[ कहानी की मखय पातर लकषमी ह जिजस भलि[ नाम लखिखका न दिदया ह ह गिकसी
ोपाल काकी कनया ह पाच रष की आय म उसकी गि माता न ौना ही कर दिदया कहानी म भलि[ क दखो का अत नही ह गिफर भी ह बडी साहसी धयान और परिरशरमी ह कदिठनाइयो स जझ ती ह पहल गिपता की मतय गिफर पगित की मतय और
गिफर घर जमाई की मतय होती ह उस साहसी मगिहला न साहस नही छोडा और तीनो पतरी ओक हाथ पील गिकए लाना द पान क कारण उसका जमीदार न अपमान गिकया गिफरकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहचीकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहची शहर पहच करा लखिखका की सगिका बनी ही पर उसका नाम भलि[ पडा ह एक भ[ की तरह अपन सामिमनी की इमानदारी स सा करती और तन का जिजकर भी नही करती ह लखिखका क घर पाठशाला आदिद को अचछी तरह स सभालती पढी-
लिलखी ना होकर भी ह लखिखका की बहत सा ए सहायता करती ह लखिखका का साया बनकर चलती लखिखका की सा करना उसक जीन का उददशय ह ह
लखिखका की खशी क लिलए ही काय करती ह ह लखिखका को दखी नही दख सकती लखिखका पर भलि[ का इतना परभा पडा गिक ह सय दहाती बन ई
यदध क दिदनो म ह अपन परिरार क साथ रहन की अपकषा लखिखका क साथ रहना पसद करती थी यदध क भत न जब ीटा क ान पर पलायन गित जा दी तो
भलि[ न न लखिखका को अपन ा ल जान का अनरोध करन ली लखिखका को डर ह गिक यदिद उसक गिदा होन क अगितम छठा ए तो ह दहातीन दधा कया कर ी
इस परकार हम दखत ह गिक लखिखका न सामिमनी और सगिका क ण बरसात हए सक धम पर परकाश डाला ह और लखिखका न एक आदश सगिका क रप को सदर
रप स परसतत गिकया हBengali আদাব পরশন) ldquoশরণের ১৪৪ ধারা আর কারহিZউ অU ার জারী রণেয়রণে0ldquo
ক) কার গলখা গকা3 রচ3ার অংশ খ)গকাায় গক3 ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়রণে0 )১৪৪ ধারা কী এর Zরণেল কী য়
উততর) ক)আরণেলাচ য অংশটি সরণেরশ বসর রহিচত lsquoআদাবlsquo গ0াট রণেলপর অংশ
খ) বাংলারণেদরণেশর ঢাকা শরণের ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়হি0ল সামপরদাহিয়ক াnাা ও দাnা পরহিতরণেরারণেধর জ3 য হিlt সলা3রণেদর গ3তারণেদর সামপরদাহিয়ক উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা বারণেধ উ2য় সমপরদায় 2ীত রণেয় ঘর বহিlt রণেয় পরণে পরসপর পরসপররণেক সরণেltরণের গচারণেখ গদরণেখ গকউ কাউরণেক আরণের রণেতা হিবশবাস কররণেত পারণের3া হিক0 া3রণেষর উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা য় ার পহির3া অরণেতক রকত iয় ও ত য
) ১৪৪ ধারা আইরণে3র এ3 একটা ধারা ার _ারা এলাকা হি3হিদ ষট করণের গদওয়া য় গসই এলাকার রণেধ য গবহিশ া3রণেষর জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় হিহি0ল জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় আই3 2nকারীরণেক গহিলর হি3রণেদশ জাহির করা য় তাই সাধার3 া3ষ আর বাইরণের গবর রণেত পারণের3া পরারণে3র 2রণেয় বহিlt রণেয় ারণেক এর Zল য় সাংঘাহিতক গদাকা3 পাট বনধ ারণেক
হিজহি3স পতর অহিল য় রাসতা ঘাট জ3 শ3 য রণেয় ায় লরণেঠরা তারণেদর লঠত রাজ চাহিলরণেয় হি3রণেজরণেদর আরণেখর গহি0রণেয় গ3য় া3ষরণেক 2ীহিতর হিব2ীহিষহিক গরাস করণের ঘরণেরর া3রণেষর ইkা াকরণেলও ঘরণের হিZররণেত পারণের3া হিZররণেত হিরণেয় বltরণেকর গহিলরণেত পরা3 ারায়
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today we will discuss about Types of Leaves
An organization provides several kinds of leaves to the employees These days employees working both in government and private sector are allowed several types of leaves Following are the leaves achieved by the employees from their organization
Casual LeaveChild care leave -HospitalLeaveSpecial disability leaveChild Adoption leaveEarned LeavesHalf pay leaveMaternity leavePaternityleaveStudy leave
1 Casual Leave- Casual leave is not a recognised form of leaves and is not subject to any rules made by the government of India And official on casual leave is not treated as Absent from duty and pay is not intimated Normally 8 days of casual leave is permissible in a calendar year
2 Child care leave - Women employees having minor children may be granted child care leave by an authority competent to grant leave for a maximum period of 730 days means two years during their entire service for taking care of up to two children weather for sharing or to look after any of their names like examination sickness it is a
3HospitalLeave - Hospital leave is admissible to group C employees whose duties involved handling of dangerous machinery explosive materials poisonous drugs and performance of hazardous task and to group D employees Medical certificate from an authorised medical attendant is necessary for the grant of these leave However total period of
leave does not exceed 28 months4Special disability leave- Special
disability leave admissible to all employees when disabled by injury intentionally or accidentally inflicted are caused in law in consequence of the due performance of official duties or in consequence of official position It also it is also add miscible when disabled by illness incurred in the performance of any particular duty which has the effect of increasing laboratory to illness or injury beyond the ordinary least attaching to the Civil post held and the same condition
5Child Adoption leave- This leave is granted to female Employees with fewer than two surviving children on valid adoption of a child below the age of one year for a period of 135 days immediately after the date of valid adoption Leave salary will be equal to the pain immediately before processing on leave
6Earned Leaves- This leave is earned by duty The credit for earned leave will be awarded at a rate of 15 days on the 1st of January and 1st of July every year It can be accumulated up to 300 days in addition to the number of days for which encashment has been allowed along with LTC
7 Half pay leave -All government servant are entitled to 20 days of HPL half pay leave for every completed year of service Half pay leave is calculated at 20 days for each completed year of service The service includes periods of duty and leave including extra ordinary leave with or without MC (medical certificate)
8 Maternity leave -Maternity leave is granted to women Government employees full stop it is as possible only to Employees with less than 2 surviving children The maternity leave is not debited to leave account and full pay is granted It cannot be combined with any other the leaves and count as service for increment and pension
9 PaternityleaveA male employee with less than 2 surviving children may be granted paternity leave for a period of 15 days during the confinement of
his wife During the period of such leaves he shall be paid leave salary equal to the pay drawn immediately before proceeding on leave
10 Study leave-Study leave may be granted to all Government Employees with not less than 5 years service for undergoing a special course consisting of higher studies are specialised training in a professional or technical subject having a direct and close connection with the sphere of his duties as a Civil Servant
Commerce
Chapter-5Management
Let us today discuss about the nature of Management
Nature of management Management is defined as
An art A science A profession
Management is defined as an art because of the following reasons
1 In art there is an existence of theoretical knowledge Similarly in management various theories are propounded by management thinkers in various areas of management like finance marketing human resources etc
2 Every manager apply his or her personal skills and knowledge in the day to day functioning of an enterprise
3 Like an art management is creative as it provides solutions to Complex problems making resources productive and profitable moulding the attitudes of people for the betterment of an organisation
Management is is considered as science because of the following reasons
1 Like science there is a systemised body of knowledge in management consisting of theories principles vocabulary and concept
2 Principles of management are evolved after continuous observations and experimentation
Management both as Science and ArtManagement is both a science and an art It is a science because it uses certain principles and is an art because it requires continuous practice and application of personal skillsManagement as a profession Following points highlight whether management is a profession or not1 Like profession management has well
defined body of knowledge It has its own principles which are based on experiments One can acquire such
knowledge by pursuing courses like MBA BBA etc and acquire managerial skills through instruction and training
2 In management no such restriction is there for managers to clear an examination for hold a degree However these days more and more people are appointed for managerial post who opposes management degrees
3 Membership to a professional Association like AIMA is not mandatory for managers All managers directly or indirectly work for the development of society
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Essay Questions (EQ-2)
Question No 2Sketch the character of Prospero Would you call him perfect
AnswerProspero in The Tempest appears to be an intensely human being with human failings and weaknesses With all his excellence Prospero is made to awaken our sympathy for a natural imperfection Prosperorsquos Previous HistoryIn his retrospective narration of his previous history to Miranda we get a glimpse into Prosperorsquos past life As the Duke of Milan Prospero buried himself in his magic books which he prized above his dukedom He was essentially a scholar with no practical wisdom He failed to perform his first duty by neglecting the governance of his state and gave an opportunity to his wicked brother to undermine his throne He was thus driven from his home and thrown in a leaky boat with his weeping daughter to drift in the perilous seas It is only the thought of his little child that kept him aliveThe Development of Prosperorsquos CharacterThe development of his character is evident from the contrast between what he was before his banishment and what he is now in the island Formerly when his ldquolibrary was dukedom enoughrdquo he was altogether too unsuspecting Now he is watchful as providence and takes care to guard himself against the possibility of evil He has learnt to know human nature in its worst forms even Caliban has taught him something He will no longer put his trust in appearance except as ldquostale to catch thievesrdquo nor in oaths of which the strongest he says ldquoare straw to the fire irsquo the bloodrdquo He who once neglected worldly ends now consistently asserts his dignity enforces obedience and deals out justice with impartial hand He who without a thought of evil gave his power and his revenues into his brotherrsquos hands now puts Ferdinand to the severest test as a trial of his love before entrusting his daughter to him He makes the most practical use imaginable of his magic art exacts prompt servitudefrom his attendants does not hesitate to punish them is resolved and firm and knows how to seize the proper moment for action He is a most careful father to his daughter a considerate master of Ariel severe against the brutal Caliban humane towards the repentant enemies full of experience and wisdomThe Exercise of his Power ndash his SternnessWhat appears to us at the first sight one of the least pleasing features of Prosperorsquos character is the sternness which he frequently displays more particularly in his dealings with Caliban His harshness towards Caliban resulted from the failure of gentler methods his severity towards Ferdinand was exercised in the interest of his daughter ldquolest too light winning make the prize lightrdquo and his punishment of Alonso Sebastian and Antonio is justified by the attainment of his objectiveProsperorsquos TendernessThe tender side of Prosperorsquos character is exhibited in his relation to Miranda Ariel Gonzalo and the repentant sinners His love for Miranda is unbounded She was almost life to him In his darkest hours of trial this love sustained him and gave him strength to put a bold front to suffering He addresses her always with tenderness She is to him a lsquoloved darlingrsquo lsquodear heartrsquo lsquoa rich giftrsquo lsquoa third of his own lifersquo The same affectionate nature is shown in his dealing with his brother Antonio He loved his brother Antonio only next to Miranda before Antonio conspired against him In the island when Antonio is brought before him he forgives him
readily To Gonzalo the good old councilor he is all affection He sheds tears of joy and gratitude when he meets him in the island To Ariel he is a loving and considerable master Ariel is always to him ldquomy brave spiritrdquo ldquofine spiritrdquo ldquodelicate Arielrdquo ldquomy Arielrdquo etc When he promises Ariel his freedom he says with real emotion ndash ldquoI shall miss theerdquoProsperorsquos Power as a MagicianThe practice of magic has placed wonderful powers in the hands of Prospero He uses his supernatural powers like a god only to bring about the happiest results He causes The Tempest and the shipwreck only to bring his enemies within his power and not to destroy them Not a soul perished in the storm He leads Ferdinand to Miranda his high charms work and as he wishes the two falls in love He frustrates the plots of the conspirators and makes them know that he was conscious of it He drives Sebastian and Alonso to sincere repentance and readily forgives them The drunken associates of Caliban are no doubt sternly treated but even then they are promised conditional pardon The whole play at last ends in reconciliation joy and peace The wrongs are set right the lovers are made happy Ariel is set free and thus the powerful magician retires into the solitude of his study at MilanProsperorsquos ForgivenessAllied to his wisdom is his forgiving nature Though deeply wronged he bears no spite against the wrong-doers Though his power is unlimited he uses it to noble purposes The lesson of adversity has taught him that ldquoThe rarer action is in virtue than in vengeancerdquoProspero does not debase his noble nature by revenge but forgives his enemies absolutely He drives his erstwhile enemies to a sincere penitence for their past misdeeds and when repentance has wrought its full effect on them he receives them into his arms and is reconciled to them Is Prospero perfectProspero creates a great impression upon our minds by his dignity his nobility the divine spirit of forgiveness in him his generous and sympathetic nature etc Even with all these virtues we cannot call him perfect We perceive certain faults in him He displays an occasional impatience irritability and even a certain harshness of feeling His severe treatment of Caliban might have been justified but the language in which he addresses the monster and the threats that he uses show him to be a kind of tyrant On learning of Calibanrsquos plot against his life he is as violently disturbed and agitated as any ordinary human being would be His manner towards Ariel when the latter demands his liberty also seems somewhat arbitrary and tyrannicalSubject ndashBiology Topic ndashChapter -5 Inheritance amp Variations Summary ExecutionToday we will discuss about NON-Mendelian Inheritance
NON_MENDELIAN INHERITANCE Incomplete Dominance It is an inheritance in which heterozygous offspring shows
intermediate character between two parental characteristics Eg Flower colour in snapdragon (dog flower or Antirrhinum sp) and
Mirabilis jalapa ( 4rsquoO clock plant) Here phenotypic and genotypic ratios are same Phenotypic Ratio 1Red 2 Pink 1 White Genotypic Ratio 1(RR) 2 (Rr) 1(rr) This means that R was not completely dominant over r Pea plants also show incomplete dominance in other traits
Co- dominance It is the inheritance in which both alleles of a gene are expressed in a
hybrid Eg ABO blood grouping in human ABO Blood groups are controlled by the gene I The plasma membrane of the RBC has sugar polymer that protrude
from its surface and is controlled By the gene The gene I has three alleles IA IB i The alleles IA and IB produce a slightly different form of the sugar
while allele i does not produce any sugar In AB blood group both IA and IB are present together This is co ndash
dominanceMultiple Alleles
Multiple alternatives of the same gene which influence the same character and produce different expressions in different individuals of a species or population same genes have more than two allelic
forms These different forms of a single gene are referred as multiple alleles Eg human Blood group
Ac-12 250620 Topic- retirement
Illustration Om Jai and Jagdish are partners sharing profit in the ratio of 3 2 l Their balance sheet as at December 31st 2014 is as under
Balance sheet as at December 31 2014
Liabilities Amount Assets Amount
(Rs`) (Rs`)
Creditors 80000 Building 180000 Bills Payable 26000 Plant 140000 General reserve 24000 Motor Car 40000 Capital Stock 100000 Om 160000 Debtors 63000 Jai 120000 Less Provision Jagdish 120000
400000 for Bad debts 3000
60000 Cash at Bank 10000
530000 530000
Jai retires on that date on the following terms(a) The Goodwill of the firm is valued at Rs 60000(b) Stock and Building to be appreciated by 10(c) Plant is depreciated by 10(d) Provision for Bad debts is increased upto Rs 5000(e) Jairsquos share of goodwill was adjusted through remaining partners capital accountThe amount due to Jai is paid out of the fund brought in by Om and Jagdish in theirnew profit sharing ratio Jai is paid full amountPrepare Revaluation Account and Partnerrsquos Capital account
Solution WorkingsIt is assumed that Om and Jagdish gaining ratio remains 3 lJairsquo Share of goodwill = Rs 60000 times 26 = Rs20000Adjusted through the remaining partners capital account in 3 1 ratio
Revaluation Account
Dr Cr
Particulars Amount Particulars Amount
(Rs`) (`Rs)
To Provision for Bad debts 2000 By Stock 10000TO Plant 14000 By Building 18000To Profit transferred toCapital Accounts Om 6000 Jai 4000 Jagdish 2000
12000
28000 28000
Capital AccountDr Cr Particulars Om Jai Jagdish Particulars Om Jai Jagdish
(Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (rs`) (`Rs)
To Capital 15000 mdash 5000 By Balance bd 160000 120000 120000 ToBank 152000 By General Reserve 12000 8000 4000To Balance cd 277000 mdash 159000 By Revaluation (Profit) 6000 4000 2000 By Om Capital mdash 15000 mdash ByJagdish Capital mdash 5000 By Bank 114000 38000
292000 152000 164000 292000 152000 164000
o As they approach Ariel appears again and wakes up Gonzalo by singing a tune in his ear Alonso also wakes up and they see both Sebastian and Antonio with drawn swords On being caught off guard they make up a story saying that they had heard a bellowing of bulls or lions
IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED
(Act II Sc 1 L 277-281)ANTONIOAy sir where lies that If rsquotwere a kibersquoTwould put me to my slipper but I feel notThis deity in my bosom Twenty consciencesThat stand rsquotwixt me and Milan candied be they And melt ere they molest
In these lines Antonio speaks how he is a conscienceless villain In inciting Sebastian to the kingship of Naples by murdering his brother he quotes his own example He too had banished his brother and made himself the Duke of Milan This kingship now sits upon him like a well fittinggarment So will be the case of Sebastian Sebastian then questions Antonio if this foul deed did not prick his conscience To this Antonio replies like a hardened villain He laughs at the word lsquoconsciencersquo and says that he has never heard of anything like conscience A guilty conscience gave him no more pain that is chilblain (M a painful itching and swelling on hand and foot caused by exposure to extreme cold) A man can get rid of the pain of chilblain by wearing slippers instead of shoes so does Antonio get rid of the qualms (M an uneasy feeling of doubt worry or fear especially about onersquos conduct) of conscience very easily Even if he were troubled by twenty consciences that barred his way to the throne of Milan however frozen they might be he would melt them into insensibility before they could cause him to twinge
To the perpetual wink of aye might putThis ancient morsel this Sir Prudence whoShould not upbraid our course) - for all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour
(i) To whom does Antonio speak these lines Who is referred to as lsquoyour brotherrsquo What does Antonio mean by saying lsquoNo better than the earth he lies uponrsquo
These lines are spoken by Antonio to Sebastian King Alonso is referred to as Sebastianrsquos brother Indicating towards Alonso who is lying asleep on the ground Antonio tells Sebastian that here sleeps his brother and at this time he is no better than a clod of the earth on which he lies asleep Antonio means to say that if he were actually to become what he looks like he would be a dead body(ii) According to Antonio what would he do if he were at the place of Sebastian
Antonio says that if he were in the position of Sebastian he would not care even for twenty consciences in order to win the kingship of Naples He would rather forget all his consciences if they happen to trouble him at all (iii) What does Antonio suggest to Sebastian What does Antonio assure him
Antonio suggests to Sebastian that in a moment Sebastian can put to death Gonzalo who pretends to be a very wise man and who on that account rebukes others (particularly Antonio and Sebastian) whereas he (Antonio) himself can put Alonso to death with only three inches of his willing sword Antonio further assures Sebastian that by killing both of them there will be none left to oppose him and in this way every obstacle in his way will be removed
(iv) Explain the lines lsquofor all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hourrsquo
In other words Antonio says that even if he were endowed with a stiff conscience he could easily relax or soften it for the execution of his purpose Then Antonio suggests that conscience should be no hindrance to a manrsquos future greatness
Comments These are terrible words coming from the mouth of a villain of the worst type He is utterly devoid of conscience or remorse He is an utter atheist of human virtue He speaks of conscience as a deity that he does not feel in his bosom
According to Antonio so far as the other lords (Adrian Francisco and others) are concerned they need not be murdered because they would obey the orders of Antonio and Sebastian as willingly and readily as cat licks milk These other lords would endorse and support everything that Sebastian and Antonio may say or suggest These other lords would adjust their views in accordance with the wishes of Antonio and Sebastian and they would regard all proposals made by Antonio and Sebastian as being opportune and also as being acceptable(v) What opinion do you form of Antonio from the above speech
The speech given above shows Antonio to be an absolutely unscrupulous man After saying that he does not believe in any such faculty as the conscience he suggests to Sebastian to
(Act II Sc 1 L 285-291)ANTONIOhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (whiles you doing thus To the perpetual wink of aye might putThis ancient morsel this Sir Prudence whoShould not upbraid our course) - for all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour
Antonio has convinced Sebastian that he has made himself Duke of Milan by a crime for which he has felt no pricks of conscience In these lines Antonio tells Sebastian that now that the chance has presented itself to him he should take it and be King of Naples So far as Alonso is concerned Antonio agrees to undertake the task of killing him by sticking only three inches of his sharp dagger Making a thrust in the air with his sword he tells Sebastian that by a similar method he can put to sleep forever Gonzalo ndash the old piece of flesh already rotten ndash this piece of antiquity ndash this ldquoSir Prudencerdquo who is never tired of reading his moral lectures to them If ldquoProfessor Wisdomrdquo is got rid of he will not be able to denounce their action as he would surely do if they did not dispatch him as well As for the rest of the kingrsquos counselors (Adrian and Francisco) it is their nature to adopt any statements and views which are placed before them just as it is the nature of a cat to lap milk Antonio assures Sebastian that ldquothese othersrdquo will back them up in whatever they say or do that they will count the strokes of the clock exactly as they bid them not according to the real time but according to the time that is right for their business Hence only two persons Alonso and Gonzalo are required to be removed to fulfill their ambition
murder Gonzalo at the very time when he (Antonio) stabs Alonso to death And yet this brutal man has a fertile wit also He can talk in a persuasive manner and also in a sarcastic and satirical manner He knows human nature thoroughly and he understands that Gonzalo is loyal to Alonso while the other lords are only sycophants who can easily be won over to Sebastianrsquos side after Alonso has been assassinated
(2) (Act II Sc 1 291-296)SEBASTIAN Thy case dear friend
Shall be my precedent as thou gotst MilanIll come by Naples Draw thy swordmdashone strokeShall free thee from the tribute which thou payest And I the King shall love thee
ANTONIO Draw together And when I rear my hand do you the likeTo fall it on Gonzalo
(i) Explain the situation and introduce the persons engaged in conversation
After the supposed shipwreck King Alonso with his lords his brother Sebastian and Antonio the Duke of Milan land on a strange island Prince Ferdinand is feared to be drowned While the King and others have fallen asleep after exertions of the day and Ariel with his sweet music acting as a catalyst Antonio and Sebastian are awake They have hatched a conspiracy to kill King Alonso and his loyal lord Gonzalo Then Sebastian will become King of NaplesIn these lines Antonio and Sebastian are engaged in conversation They are just ready to execute their plan to attack King Alonso and Gonzalo simultaneously(ii) Antoniorsquos case shall become Sebastianrsquos precedent What has been Antoniorsquos case
Antonio proved treacherous towards his brother Prospero who was the Duke of Milan Since Prospero spent his time in his scholarly pursuits he had delegated his powers to his younger brother Antonio to administer the dukedom Antonio grew ambitious He overthrew his brother and expelled him from his own dukedom In his place Antonio became the Duke of Milan which he continues to be now His case urges Sebastian to do the same(iii) How is Sebastian going to follow Antonio
Sebastian is going to take Antoniorsquos case as his precedent He is convinced that if Antonio could usurp the dukedom from his living brother Sebastian could become the King of Naples by killing his sleeping brother(iv) What will one stroke of Antoniorsquos sword do What will Sebastian do to reward Antonio
Sebastian asks Antonio to put an end to Alonsorsquos life with one stroke of his sword The same stroke will earn for him a reward Sebastian will become the King of Naples and he will exempt Antonio from paying the annual tribute to Naples The dukedom of Milan is a tributary to the kingdom of Naples Its Duke has to pay tribute to the King every year When Sebastian takes over as the King he will give a benefit to his friend who is helping him to realize his ambition
(v) What is Antoniorsquos suggestion
Antonio suggests that they may draw their swords together When he raises his hand to attack Alonso Sebastian should raise his sword to bring it down on Gonzalo
ACCOUNTS-11 25062020 Topic- depreciation ndashSTRAIGHT LINE METHOD
Illustration Salman and Usman Bros acquired a machine on July 1 2014 at a cost of Rs 70000 and spent Rs5000 on its installation The firm writes off depreciation 10 on straight line method The books are closed on December 31 every year Show the machinery and depreciation account for three years
Solution Machinery Account
Date Particulars LF amount Date Particulars LF` Amount ( Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014July 01 To Bank Ac 70000 Dec 31 Dec By Depreciation Ac 3750
(70000 x10x612)
July 01 To Bank Ac 5000 Dec31 By Balance cd 71250
75000 75000
2015 2015Jan 01 To Balance bd 71250 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 x10 ) Dec31 By Balance cd 63750
71250 71250
2016 2016Jan 01 To Balance bd 63750 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 (75000 x10 ) Dec 31 By Balance cd 56250
63750 63750
Depreciation Account
Date Particulars LF Amount Date Particulars LF Amount (Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 3750 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 3750
2015 2015
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
2016 2016
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
WORKING
Cost of Machine RS70000Cost of Installation Rs 5000
Total 75000
Rate of Depreciation 10
Then annual depreciation will be 10 of Rs 75000 = Rs 7500
Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution Geography DRIANAGE THE PENINSULAR RIVERS
1 The Mahanadi2 The Godavari3 The Krishna4 The Kaveri5 The Subarnarekha6 The Narmada7 The Tapi8 The Sabarmati and the Mahi9 The Chambal
The Mahanadi Basin The Mahanadi rises from Dandakaranya
Q1 Which is the largest river of peninsular plateau Write a brief note about its courseA1 The largest river of peninsular plateau is Godavari The river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has
near Sihawa in Raipur district in the highlands of Chhattisgarhand flows through Odisha to reach the Bay of BengalThe length of the river is about 857 kmIts drainagebasin is shared by Maharashtra Chhattisgarh Jharkhandand Odisha
THE MAHANADI RIVER SYSTEM
The GodavariThe river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
THE GODAVARI RIVER SYSTEM
many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
Q2 Which river is known as Dakshin GangaA2 The Godavari river is known as lsquoDakshin Gangarsquo It is also known as Vridha Ganga
Q3 Differentiate between east-flowing rivers and west-flowing riversA3
East-flowing rivers
West-flowing rivers
Godavari Krishna Kaveri Mahanadi are the east-flowing rivers
Narmada Tapiwest-flowing rivers
They fall into the Bay of Bengal
They fall into Arabian Sea
These rivers form big deltas
These rivers form comparativelysmall deltas
Catchment area of these river are larger
Catchment area of these river are smaller
The KrishnaThe Krishna river rises from the Western Ghatsnear Mahabaleshwar It flows into the Bay of Bengalbefore forming a large delta Its length is about1400 km The Tungabhadra Koyana Ghatprabha Musi and Bhima are some of its tributariesIt has covers parts of Maharashtra Karnataka and AndhraPradesh
THE KRISHNA RIVER SYSTEM
The KaveriIt rises in the Brahmagiri range of the Western Ghats and flows into the Bay ofBengal Southof Cuddalore in Tamil Nadu The length of the river is about 760 km Its main tributaries are the Amravati Bhavani Hemavati and Kabini The Kaveri drains inthe parts of Karnataka Kerala and drains in Tamil Nadu The river Kaveri makes the second biggest waterfall in India known as Sivasamudram
POLITICAL SCIENCE
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
MEANING OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS-Fundamental rights are those rights which are essential for intellectual moral and spiritual development of citizens of India As these rights are fundamental or essential for existence and all-round development of individuals hence they are called Fundamental rights These are enshrined in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India These include individual rights common to most such as equality before the law freedom of speech and freedom of expression religious and cultural freedom Freedom of assembly (peaceful assembly) freedom of religion (freedom to practice religion) right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writsThere are six fundamental rights recognized by the Indian constitution
1 Right to equality (Articles 14-18)2 Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22)3 Right Against exploitation (Articles 23-24)4 Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25- 28)5 Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29-30) and6 Right to Constitutional remedies (Articles 32-35)
1 The right to equality includes equality before the law the prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion race caste gender or place of birth equality of opportunity in matters of employment the abolition of untouchability and abolition of titles
2 The right to freedom includes freedom of speech and expression association or union or cooperatives movement residence and right to practice any profession or occupation
3 The right against exploitation prohibits all forms of forced labour child labour and trafficking of human beings
4 The right to freedom of religion includes freedom of conscience and free profession practice and propagation of religion freedom to manage religious affairs freedom from certain taxes and freedom from religious instructions in certain educational institutes
5 The Cultural and educational Rights preserve the right of any section of citizens to conserve their culture language or script and right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice
6 The right to constitutional remedies is present for enforcement of fundamental rightsThe right to privacy is an intrinsic part of Article 21 (the Right to Freedom) that protects the life and liberty of the citizens The right to privacy is the newest right assured by the Supreme court of India It assures the peoples data and personal security
Fundamental rights for Indians have also been aimed at overturning the inequalities of pre-independence social practices Specifically they have also been used to abolish untouchability and thus prohibit discrimination on the grounds of religion race caste sex or place of birth They also forbid trafficking of human beings and forced labour (a crime) They also protect cultural and educational rights of religious and linguistic minorities by allowing them to preserve their languages and also establish and administer their own education institutions They are covered in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India
Mathematics
Relation Study Item Types of RelationToday class xii students we will discuss about the types of RelationsFirst we discuss Void RelationWhat is Void RelationAns Let A be a non-empty set Then φ A A and so it is a relation R on set A Thissube ⨯ relation is called the void or empty relation on set ANow from the above definition we came to know that no element of A is related to any element of AHere A A is called Cartesian product⨯
is the symbol of subsetsubeAnd φ is called phi and refer to void or empty relationNow I give an example to understand the above said relationLet A = 1 2 3 4Here A A =(11)(12)(13)(14)(21)(22)(23)(24)(31)(32)(33)(34)(41)⨯(42)(43)(44)Now we consider R is a relation which is defined by R=(ab) a+b= 50We notice that a+b 50 for any two elements of AnotinTherefore (ab) R for any ab A is called belong to and is not belong tonotin isin isin notinTherefore we can say R does not contain any element of A A⨯Therefore R is empty set Therefore we can say that R is the void or empty relation on AWhat is universal RelationAns Let A is a set Then A A A A and so it is a relation on A This relation is called⨯ sube ⨯ the universal relation on ANow from the above definition we can say that each element of A is related to every element of ANow we consider the relation R on the set A =1 234 defined by R = (ab) R |a -b|isin
0≽We observe that|a - b | 0 for all ab A≽ isin
(ab) R for all (ab) A ArArr isin isin ⨯ Each element of set A is related to set A every element of set ArArr
Therefore we write R= AxATherefore we can say R is universal relation on set ANote we can say that void relation is smallest relation and the universal relation is largest relationSometime both void relation and universal relation is called trivial relationWhat is identity relationAns Let A is a non-empty set Then the relation R or IA = (aa) a A on A is called theisin identity relation on A Therefore from the above definition we can say that every element of A is related to itself only
Example Let A = 1234 then Ror IA = (11)(22)(33)(44) is the identity relation on set ANow I give you another example R1 = (11)(22)(33) and R2 = (11)(22)(33)(44)(24)From the above example we can say that R1 and R2 are not identify relation Because in the case of R1 (44)R1 and on the other hand R2 where element 2 is related to elements 2 and 4
Hindi 2ndlang
भलि[ (महादी मा)
भलि[ कहानी की लखिखका महादी मा न इस कहानी म यह दशान का परयास गिकया ह गिक आजकल क जमान म भी लो सक बन कर गिनसाथ सा करत ह ह
गिबना तन लिसा करत ह और उसक बदल ना कछ मात ह और ना ही कोई आशा करत ह नौकर सा करक तन चाहता ह और ह भी कई सगिधाओ की आशा करता ह पर सक सदा गिनजी साथ भा स सा म सलगन रह कर काम करता ह भलि[ कहानी की मखय पातर लकषमी ह जिजस भलि[ नाम लखिखका न दिदया ह ह गिकसी
ोपाल काकी कनया ह पाच रष की आय म उसकी गि माता न ौना ही कर दिदया कहानी म भलि[ क दखो का अत नही ह गिफर भी ह बडी साहसी धयान और परिरशरमी ह कदिठनाइयो स जझ ती ह पहल गिपता की मतय गिफर पगित की मतय और
गिफर घर जमाई की मतय होती ह उस साहसी मगिहला न साहस नही छोडा और तीनो पतरी ओक हाथ पील गिकए लाना द पान क कारण उसका जमीदार न अपमान गिकया गिफरकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहचीकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहची शहर पहच करा लखिखका की सगिका बनी ही पर उसका नाम भलि[ पडा ह एक भ[ की तरह अपन सामिमनी की इमानदारी स सा करती और तन का जिजकर भी नही करती ह लखिखका क घर पाठशाला आदिद को अचछी तरह स सभालती पढी-
लिलखी ना होकर भी ह लखिखका की बहत सा ए सहायता करती ह लखिखका का साया बनकर चलती लखिखका की सा करना उसक जीन का उददशय ह ह
लखिखका की खशी क लिलए ही काय करती ह ह लखिखका को दखी नही दख सकती लखिखका पर भलि[ का इतना परभा पडा गिक ह सय दहाती बन ई
यदध क दिदनो म ह अपन परिरार क साथ रहन की अपकषा लखिखका क साथ रहना पसद करती थी यदध क भत न जब ीटा क ान पर पलायन गित जा दी तो
भलि[ न न लखिखका को अपन ा ल जान का अनरोध करन ली लखिखका को डर ह गिक यदिद उसक गिदा होन क अगितम छठा ए तो ह दहातीन दधा कया कर ी
इस परकार हम दखत ह गिक लखिखका न सामिमनी और सगिका क ण बरसात हए सक धम पर परकाश डाला ह और लखिखका न एक आदश सगिका क रप को सदर
रप स परसतत गिकया हBengali আদাব পরশন) ldquoশরণের ১৪৪ ধারা আর কারহিZউ অU ার জারী রণেয়রণে0ldquo
ক) কার গলখা গকা3 রচ3ার অংশ খ)গকাায় গক3 ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়রণে0 )১৪৪ ধারা কী এর Zরণেল কী য়
উততর) ক)আরণেলাচ য অংশটি সরণেরশ বসর রহিচত lsquoআদাবlsquo গ0াট রণেলপর অংশ
খ) বাংলারণেদরণেশর ঢাকা শরণের ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়হি0ল সামপরদাহিয়ক াnাা ও দাnা পরহিতরণেরারণেধর জ3 য হিlt সলা3রণেদর গ3তারণেদর সামপরদাহিয়ক উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা বারণেধ উ2য় সমপরদায় 2ীত রণেয় ঘর বহিlt রণেয় পরণে পরসপর পরসপররণেক সরণেltরণের গচারণেখ গদরণেখ গকউ কাউরণেক আরণের রণেতা হিবশবাস কররণেত পারণের3া হিক0 া3রণেষর উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা য় ার পহির3া অরণেতক রকত iয় ও ত য
) ১৪৪ ধারা আইরণে3র এ3 একটা ধারা ার _ারা এলাকা হি3হিদ ষট করণের গদওয়া য় গসই এলাকার রণেধ য গবহিশ া3রণেষর জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় হিহি0ল জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় আই3 2nকারীরণেক গহিলর হি3রণেদশ জাহির করা য় তাই সাধার3 া3ষ আর বাইরণের গবর রণেত পারণের3া পরারণে3র 2রণেয় বহিlt রণেয় ারণেক এর Zল য় সাংঘাহিতক গদাকা3 পাট বনধ ারণেক
হিজহি3স পতর অহিল য় রাসতা ঘাট জ3 শ3 য রণেয় ায় লরণেঠরা তারণেদর লঠত রাজ চাহিলরণেয় হি3রণেজরণেদর আরণেখর গহি0রণেয় গ3য় া3ষরণেক 2ীহিতর হিব2ীহিষহিক গরাস করণের ঘরণেরর া3রণেষর ইkা াকরণেলও ঘরণের হিZররণেত পারণের3া হিZররণেত হিরণেয় বltরণেকর গহিলরণেত পরা3 ারায়
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today we will discuss about Types of Leaves
An organization provides several kinds of leaves to the employees These days employees working both in government and private sector are allowed several types of leaves Following are the leaves achieved by the employees from their organization
Casual LeaveChild care leave -HospitalLeaveSpecial disability leaveChild Adoption leaveEarned LeavesHalf pay leaveMaternity leavePaternityleaveStudy leave
1 Casual Leave- Casual leave is not a recognised form of leaves and is not subject to any rules made by the government of India And official on casual leave is not treated as Absent from duty and pay is not intimated Normally 8 days of casual leave is permissible in a calendar year
2 Child care leave - Women employees having minor children may be granted child care leave by an authority competent to grant leave for a maximum period of 730 days means two years during their entire service for taking care of up to two children weather for sharing or to look after any of their names like examination sickness it is a
3HospitalLeave - Hospital leave is admissible to group C employees whose duties involved handling of dangerous machinery explosive materials poisonous drugs and performance of hazardous task and to group D employees Medical certificate from an authorised medical attendant is necessary for the grant of these leave However total period of
leave does not exceed 28 months4Special disability leave- Special
disability leave admissible to all employees when disabled by injury intentionally or accidentally inflicted are caused in law in consequence of the due performance of official duties or in consequence of official position It also it is also add miscible when disabled by illness incurred in the performance of any particular duty which has the effect of increasing laboratory to illness or injury beyond the ordinary least attaching to the Civil post held and the same condition
5Child Adoption leave- This leave is granted to female Employees with fewer than two surviving children on valid adoption of a child below the age of one year for a period of 135 days immediately after the date of valid adoption Leave salary will be equal to the pain immediately before processing on leave
6Earned Leaves- This leave is earned by duty The credit for earned leave will be awarded at a rate of 15 days on the 1st of January and 1st of July every year It can be accumulated up to 300 days in addition to the number of days for which encashment has been allowed along with LTC
7 Half pay leave -All government servant are entitled to 20 days of HPL half pay leave for every completed year of service Half pay leave is calculated at 20 days for each completed year of service The service includes periods of duty and leave including extra ordinary leave with or without MC (medical certificate)
8 Maternity leave -Maternity leave is granted to women Government employees full stop it is as possible only to Employees with less than 2 surviving children The maternity leave is not debited to leave account and full pay is granted It cannot be combined with any other the leaves and count as service for increment and pension
9 PaternityleaveA male employee with less than 2 surviving children may be granted paternity leave for a period of 15 days during the confinement of
his wife During the period of such leaves he shall be paid leave salary equal to the pay drawn immediately before proceeding on leave
10 Study leave-Study leave may be granted to all Government Employees with not less than 5 years service for undergoing a special course consisting of higher studies are specialised training in a professional or technical subject having a direct and close connection with the sphere of his duties as a Civil Servant
Commerce
Chapter-5Management
Let us today discuss about the nature of Management
Nature of management Management is defined as
An art A science A profession
Management is defined as an art because of the following reasons
1 In art there is an existence of theoretical knowledge Similarly in management various theories are propounded by management thinkers in various areas of management like finance marketing human resources etc
2 Every manager apply his or her personal skills and knowledge in the day to day functioning of an enterprise
3 Like an art management is creative as it provides solutions to Complex problems making resources productive and profitable moulding the attitudes of people for the betterment of an organisation
Management is is considered as science because of the following reasons
1 Like science there is a systemised body of knowledge in management consisting of theories principles vocabulary and concept
2 Principles of management are evolved after continuous observations and experimentation
Management both as Science and ArtManagement is both a science and an art It is a science because it uses certain principles and is an art because it requires continuous practice and application of personal skillsManagement as a profession Following points highlight whether management is a profession or not1 Like profession management has well
defined body of knowledge It has its own principles which are based on experiments One can acquire such
knowledge by pursuing courses like MBA BBA etc and acquire managerial skills through instruction and training
2 In management no such restriction is there for managers to clear an examination for hold a degree However these days more and more people are appointed for managerial post who opposes management degrees
3 Membership to a professional Association like AIMA is not mandatory for managers All managers directly or indirectly work for the development of society
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Essay Questions (EQ-2)
Question No 2Sketch the character of Prospero Would you call him perfect
AnswerProspero in The Tempest appears to be an intensely human being with human failings and weaknesses With all his excellence Prospero is made to awaken our sympathy for a natural imperfection Prosperorsquos Previous HistoryIn his retrospective narration of his previous history to Miranda we get a glimpse into Prosperorsquos past life As the Duke of Milan Prospero buried himself in his magic books which he prized above his dukedom He was essentially a scholar with no practical wisdom He failed to perform his first duty by neglecting the governance of his state and gave an opportunity to his wicked brother to undermine his throne He was thus driven from his home and thrown in a leaky boat with his weeping daughter to drift in the perilous seas It is only the thought of his little child that kept him aliveThe Development of Prosperorsquos CharacterThe development of his character is evident from the contrast between what he was before his banishment and what he is now in the island Formerly when his ldquolibrary was dukedom enoughrdquo he was altogether too unsuspecting Now he is watchful as providence and takes care to guard himself against the possibility of evil He has learnt to know human nature in its worst forms even Caliban has taught him something He will no longer put his trust in appearance except as ldquostale to catch thievesrdquo nor in oaths of which the strongest he says ldquoare straw to the fire irsquo the bloodrdquo He who once neglected worldly ends now consistently asserts his dignity enforces obedience and deals out justice with impartial hand He who without a thought of evil gave his power and his revenues into his brotherrsquos hands now puts Ferdinand to the severest test as a trial of his love before entrusting his daughter to him He makes the most practical use imaginable of his magic art exacts prompt servitudefrom his attendants does not hesitate to punish them is resolved and firm and knows how to seize the proper moment for action He is a most careful father to his daughter a considerate master of Ariel severe against the brutal Caliban humane towards the repentant enemies full of experience and wisdomThe Exercise of his Power ndash his SternnessWhat appears to us at the first sight one of the least pleasing features of Prosperorsquos character is the sternness which he frequently displays more particularly in his dealings with Caliban His harshness towards Caliban resulted from the failure of gentler methods his severity towards Ferdinand was exercised in the interest of his daughter ldquolest too light winning make the prize lightrdquo and his punishment of Alonso Sebastian and Antonio is justified by the attainment of his objectiveProsperorsquos TendernessThe tender side of Prosperorsquos character is exhibited in his relation to Miranda Ariel Gonzalo and the repentant sinners His love for Miranda is unbounded She was almost life to him In his darkest hours of trial this love sustained him and gave him strength to put a bold front to suffering He addresses her always with tenderness She is to him a lsquoloved darlingrsquo lsquodear heartrsquo lsquoa rich giftrsquo lsquoa third of his own lifersquo The same affectionate nature is shown in his dealing with his brother Antonio He loved his brother Antonio only next to Miranda before Antonio conspired against him In the island when Antonio is brought before him he forgives him
readily To Gonzalo the good old councilor he is all affection He sheds tears of joy and gratitude when he meets him in the island To Ariel he is a loving and considerable master Ariel is always to him ldquomy brave spiritrdquo ldquofine spiritrdquo ldquodelicate Arielrdquo ldquomy Arielrdquo etc When he promises Ariel his freedom he says with real emotion ndash ldquoI shall miss theerdquoProsperorsquos Power as a MagicianThe practice of magic has placed wonderful powers in the hands of Prospero He uses his supernatural powers like a god only to bring about the happiest results He causes The Tempest and the shipwreck only to bring his enemies within his power and not to destroy them Not a soul perished in the storm He leads Ferdinand to Miranda his high charms work and as he wishes the two falls in love He frustrates the plots of the conspirators and makes them know that he was conscious of it He drives Sebastian and Alonso to sincere repentance and readily forgives them The drunken associates of Caliban are no doubt sternly treated but even then they are promised conditional pardon The whole play at last ends in reconciliation joy and peace The wrongs are set right the lovers are made happy Ariel is set free and thus the powerful magician retires into the solitude of his study at MilanProsperorsquos ForgivenessAllied to his wisdom is his forgiving nature Though deeply wronged he bears no spite against the wrong-doers Though his power is unlimited he uses it to noble purposes The lesson of adversity has taught him that ldquoThe rarer action is in virtue than in vengeancerdquoProspero does not debase his noble nature by revenge but forgives his enemies absolutely He drives his erstwhile enemies to a sincere penitence for their past misdeeds and when repentance has wrought its full effect on them he receives them into his arms and is reconciled to them Is Prospero perfectProspero creates a great impression upon our minds by his dignity his nobility the divine spirit of forgiveness in him his generous and sympathetic nature etc Even with all these virtues we cannot call him perfect We perceive certain faults in him He displays an occasional impatience irritability and even a certain harshness of feeling His severe treatment of Caliban might have been justified but the language in which he addresses the monster and the threats that he uses show him to be a kind of tyrant On learning of Calibanrsquos plot against his life he is as violently disturbed and agitated as any ordinary human being would be His manner towards Ariel when the latter demands his liberty also seems somewhat arbitrary and tyrannicalSubject ndashBiology Topic ndashChapter -5 Inheritance amp Variations Summary ExecutionToday we will discuss about NON-Mendelian Inheritance
NON_MENDELIAN INHERITANCE Incomplete Dominance It is an inheritance in which heterozygous offspring shows
intermediate character between two parental characteristics Eg Flower colour in snapdragon (dog flower or Antirrhinum sp) and
Mirabilis jalapa ( 4rsquoO clock plant) Here phenotypic and genotypic ratios are same Phenotypic Ratio 1Red 2 Pink 1 White Genotypic Ratio 1(RR) 2 (Rr) 1(rr) This means that R was not completely dominant over r Pea plants also show incomplete dominance in other traits
Co- dominance It is the inheritance in which both alleles of a gene are expressed in a
hybrid Eg ABO blood grouping in human ABO Blood groups are controlled by the gene I The plasma membrane of the RBC has sugar polymer that protrude
from its surface and is controlled By the gene The gene I has three alleles IA IB i The alleles IA and IB produce a slightly different form of the sugar
while allele i does not produce any sugar In AB blood group both IA and IB are present together This is co ndash
dominanceMultiple Alleles
Multiple alternatives of the same gene which influence the same character and produce different expressions in different individuals of a species or population same genes have more than two allelic
forms These different forms of a single gene are referred as multiple alleles Eg human Blood group
Ac-12 250620 Topic- retirement
Illustration Om Jai and Jagdish are partners sharing profit in the ratio of 3 2 l Their balance sheet as at December 31st 2014 is as under
Balance sheet as at December 31 2014
Liabilities Amount Assets Amount
(Rs`) (Rs`)
Creditors 80000 Building 180000 Bills Payable 26000 Plant 140000 General reserve 24000 Motor Car 40000 Capital Stock 100000 Om 160000 Debtors 63000 Jai 120000 Less Provision Jagdish 120000
400000 for Bad debts 3000
60000 Cash at Bank 10000
530000 530000
Jai retires on that date on the following terms(a) The Goodwill of the firm is valued at Rs 60000(b) Stock and Building to be appreciated by 10(c) Plant is depreciated by 10(d) Provision for Bad debts is increased upto Rs 5000(e) Jairsquos share of goodwill was adjusted through remaining partners capital accountThe amount due to Jai is paid out of the fund brought in by Om and Jagdish in theirnew profit sharing ratio Jai is paid full amountPrepare Revaluation Account and Partnerrsquos Capital account
Solution WorkingsIt is assumed that Om and Jagdish gaining ratio remains 3 lJairsquo Share of goodwill = Rs 60000 times 26 = Rs20000Adjusted through the remaining partners capital account in 3 1 ratio
Revaluation Account
Dr Cr
Particulars Amount Particulars Amount
(Rs`) (`Rs)
To Provision for Bad debts 2000 By Stock 10000TO Plant 14000 By Building 18000To Profit transferred toCapital Accounts Om 6000 Jai 4000 Jagdish 2000
12000
28000 28000
Capital AccountDr Cr Particulars Om Jai Jagdish Particulars Om Jai Jagdish
(Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (rs`) (`Rs)
To Capital 15000 mdash 5000 By Balance bd 160000 120000 120000 ToBank 152000 By General Reserve 12000 8000 4000To Balance cd 277000 mdash 159000 By Revaluation (Profit) 6000 4000 2000 By Om Capital mdash 15000 mdash ByJagdish Capital mdash 5000 By Bank 114000 38000
292000 152000 164000 292000 152000 164000
(Act II Sc 1 L 285-291)ANTONIOhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (whiles you doing thus To the perpetual wink of aye might putThis ancient morsel this Sir Prudence whoShould not upbraid our course) - for all the restTheyll take suggestion as a cat laps milkTheyll tell the clock to any business that We say befits the hour
Antonio has convinced Sebastian that he has made himself Duke of Milan by a crime for which he has felt no pricks of conscience In these lines Antonio tells Sebastian that now that the chance has presented itself to him he should take it and be King of Naples So far as Alonso is concerned Antonio agrees to undertake the task of killing him by sticking only three inches of his sharp dagger Making a thrust in the air with his sword he tells Sebastian that by a similar method he can put to sleep forever Gonzalo ndash the old piece of flesh already rotten ndash this piece of antiquity ndash this ldquoSir Prudencerdquo who is never tired of reading his moral lectures to them If ldquoProfessor Wisdomrdquo is got rid of he will not be able to denounce their action as he would surely do if they did not dispatch him as well As for the rest of the kingrsquos counselors (Adrian and Francisco) it is their nature to adopt any statements and views which are placed before them just as it is the nature of a cat to lap milk Antonio assures Sebastian that ldquothese othersrdquo will back them up in whatever they say or do that they will count the strokes of the clock exactly as they bid them not according to the real time but according to the time that is right for their business Hence only two persons Alonso and Gonzalo are required to be removed to fulfill their ambition
murder Gonzalo at the very time when he (Antonio) stabs Alonso to death And yet this brutal man has a fertile wit also He can talk in a persuasive manner and also in a sarcastic and satirical manner He knows human nature thoroughly and he understands that Gonzalo is loyal to Alonso while the other lords are only sycophants who can easily be won over to Sebastianrsquos side after Alonso has been assassinated
(2) (Act II Sc 1 291-296)SEBASTIAN Thy case dear friend
Shall be my precedent as thou gotst MilanIll come by Naples Draw thy swordmdashone strokeShall free thee from the tribute which thou payest And I the King shall love thee
ANTONIO Draw together And when I rear my hand do you the likeTo fall it on Gonzalo
(i) Explain the situation and introduce the persons engaged in conversation
After the supposed shipwreck King Alonso with his lords his brother Sebastian and Antonio the Duke of Milan land on a strange island Prince Ferdinand is feared to be drowned While the King and others have fallen asleep after exertions of the day and Ariel with his sweet music acting as a catalyst Antonio and Sebastian are awake They have hatched a conspiracy to kill King Alonso and his loyal lord Gonzalo Then Sebastian will become King of NaplesIn these lines Antonio and Sebastian are engaged in conversation They are just ready to execute their plan to attack King Alonso and Gonzalo simultaneously(ii) Antoniorsquos case shall become Sebastianrsquos precedent What has been Antoniorsquos case
Antonio proved treacherous towards his brother Prospero who was the Duke of Milan Since Prospero spent his time in his scholarly pursuits he had delegated his powers to his younger brother Antonio to administer the dukedom Antonio grew ambitious He overthrew his brother and expelled him from his own dukedom In his place Antonio became the Duke of Milan which he continues to be now His case urges Sebastian to do the same(iii) How is Sebastian going to follow Antonio
Sebastian is going to take Antoniorsquos case as his precedent He is convinced that if Antonio could usurp the dukedom from his living brother Sebastian could become the King of Naples by killing his sleeping brother(iv) What will one stroke of Antoniorsquos sword do What will Sebastian do to reward Antonio
Sebastian asks Antonio to put an end to Alonsorsquos life with one stroke of his sword The same stroke will earn for him a reward Sebastian will become the King of Naples and he will exempt Antonio from paying the annual tribute to Naples The dukedom of Milan is a tributary to the kingdom of Naples Its Duke has to pay tribute to the King every year When Sebastian takes over as the King he will give a benefit to his friend who is helping him to realize his ambition
(v) What is Antoniorsquos suggestion
Antonio suggests that they may draw their swords together When he raises his hand to attack Alonso Sebastian should raise his sword to bring it down on Gonzalo
ACCOUNTS-11 25062020 Topic- depreciation ndashSTRAIGHT LINE METHOD
Illustration Salman and Usman Bros acquired a machine on July 1 2014 at a cost of Rs 70000 and spent Rs5000 on its installation The firm writes off depreciation 10 on straight line method The books are closed on December 31 every year Show the machinery and depreciation account for three years
Solution Machinery Account
Date Particulars LF amount Date Particulars LF` Amount ( Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014July 01 To Bank Ac 70000 Dec 31 Dec By Depreciation Ac 3750
(70000 x10x612)
July 01 To Bank Ac 5000 Dec31 By Balance cd 71250
75000 75000
2015 2015Jan 01 To Balance bd 71250 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 x10 ) Dec31 By Balance cd 63750
71250 71250
2016 2016Jan 01 To Balance bd 63750 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 (75000 x10 ) Dec 31 By Balance cd 56250
63750 63750
Depreciation Account
Date Particulars LF Amount Date Particulars LF Amount (Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 3750 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 3750
2015 2015
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
2016 2016
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
WORKING
Cost of Machine RS70000Cost of Installation Rs 5000
Total 75000
Rate of Depreciation 10
Then annual depreciation will be 10 of Rs 75000 = Rs 7500
Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution Geography DRIANAGE THE PENINSULAR RIVERS
1 The Mahanadi2 The Godavari3 The Krishna4 The Kaveri5 The Subarnarekha6 The Narmada7 The Tapi8 The Sabarmati and the Mahi9 The Chambal
The Mahanadi Basin The Mahanadi rises from Dandakaranya
Q1 Which is the largest river of peninsular plateau Write a brief note about its courseA1 The largest river of peninsular plateau is Godavari The river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has
near Sihawa in Raipur district in the highlands of Chhattisgarhand flows through Odisha to reach the Bay of BengalThe length of the river is about 857 kmIts drainagebasin is shared by Maharashtra Chhattisgarh Jharkhandand Odisha
THE MAHANADI RIVER SYSTEM
The GodavariThe river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
THE GODAVARI RIVER SYSTEM
many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
Q2 Which river is known as Dakshin GangaA2 The Godavari river is known as lsquoDakshin Gangarsquo It is also known as Vridha Ganga
Q3 Differentiate between east-flowing rivers and west-flowing riversA3
East-flowing rivers
West-flowing rivers
Godavari Krishna Kaveri Mahanadi are the east-flowing rivers
Narmada Tapiwest-flowing rivers
They fall into the Bay of Bengal
They fall into Arabian Sea
These rivers form big deltas
These rivers form comparativelysmall deltas
Catchment area of these river are larger
Catchment area of these river are smaller
The KrishnaThe Krishna river rises from the Western Ghatsnear Mahabaleshwar It flows into the Bay of Bengalbefore forming a large delta Its length is about1400 km The Tungabhadra Koyana Ghatprabha Musi and Bhima are some of its tributariesIt has covers parts of Maharashtra Karnataka and AndhraPradesh
THE KRISHNA RIVER SYSTEM
The KaveriIt rises in the Brahmagiri range of the Western Ghats and flows into the Bay ofBengal Southof Cuddalore in Tamil Nadu The length of the river is about 760 km Its main tributaries are the Amravati Bhavani Hemavati and Kabini The Kaveri drains inthe parts of Karnataka Kerala and drains in Tamil Nadu The river Kaveri makes the second biggest waterfall in India known as Sivasamudram
POLITICAL SCIENCE
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
MEANING OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS-Fundamental rights are those rights which are essential for intellectual moral and spiritual development of citizens of India As these rights are fundamental or essential for existence and all-round development of individuals hence they are called Fundamental rights These are enshrined in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India These include individual rights common to most such as equality before the law freedom of speech and freedom of expression religious and cultural freedom Freedom of assembly (peaceful assembly) freedom of religion (freedom to practice religion) right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writsThere are six fundamental rights recognized by the Indian constitution
1 Right to equality (Articles 14-18)2 Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22)3 Right Against exploitation (Articles 23-24)4 Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25- 28)5 Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29-30) and6 Right to Constitutional remedies (Articles 32-35)
1 The right to equality includes equality before the law the prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion race caste gender or place of birth equality of opportunity in matters of employment the abolition of untouchability and abolition of titles
2 The right to freedom includes freedom of speech and expression association or union or cooperatives movement residence and right to practice any profession or occupation
3 The right against exploitation prohibits all forms of forced labour child labour and trafficking of human beings
4 The right to freedom of religion includes freedom of conscience and free profession practice and propagation of religion freedom to manage religious affairs freedom from certain taxes and freedom from religious instructions in certain educational institutes
5 The Cultural and educational Rights preserve the right of any section of citizens to conserve their culture language or script and right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice
6 The right to constitutional remedies is present for enforcement of fundamental rightsThe right to privacy is an intrinsic part of Article 21 (the Right to Freedom) that protects the life and liberty of the citizens The right to privacy is the newest right assured by the Supreme court of India It assures the peoples data and personal security
Fundamental rights for Indians have also been aimed at overturning the inequalities of pre-independence social practices Specifically they have also been used to abolish untouchability and thus prohibit discrimination on the grounds of religion race caste sex or place of birth They also forbid trafficking of human beings and forced labour (a crime) They also protect cultural and educational rights of religious and linguistic minorities by allowing them to preserve their languages and also establish and administer their own education institutions They are covered in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India
Mathematics
Relation Study Item Types of RelationToday class xii students we will discuss about the types of RelationsFirst we discuss Void RelationWhat is Void RelationAns Let A be a non-empty set Then φ A A and so it is a relation R on set A Thissube ⨯ relation is called the void or empty relation on set ANow from the above definition we came to know that no element of A is related to any element of AHere A A is called Cartesian product⨯
is the symbol of subsetsubeAnd φ is called phi and refer to void or empty relationNow I give an example to understand the above said relationLet A = 1 2 3 4Here A A =(11)(12)(13)(14)(21)(22)(23)(24)(31)(32)(33)(34)(41)⨯(42)(43)(44)Now we consider R is a relation which is defined by R=(ab) a+b= 50We notice that a+b 50 for any two elements of AnotinTherefore (ab) R for any ab A is called belong to and is not belong tonotin isin isin notinTherefore we can say R does not contain any element of A A⨯Therefore R is empty set Therefore we can say that R is the void or empty relation on AWhat is universal RelationAns Let A is a set Then A A A A and so it is a relation on A This relation is called⨯ sube ⨯ the universal relation on ANow from the above definition we can say that each element of A is related to every element of ANow we consider the relation R on the set A =1 234 defined by R = (ab) R |a -b|isin
0≽We observe that|a - b | 0 for all ab A≽ isin
(ab) R for all (ab) A ArArr isin isin ⨯ Each element of set A is related to set A every element of set ArArr
Therefore we write R= AxATherefore we can say R is universal relation on set ANote we can say that void relation is smallest relation and the universal relation is largest relationSometime both void relation and universal relation is called trivial relationWhat is identity relationAns Let A is a non-empty set Then the relation R or IA = (aa) a A on A is called theisin identity relation on A Therefore from the above definition we can say that every element of A is related to itself only
Example Let A = 1234 then Ror IA = (11)(22)(33)(44) is the identity relation on set ANow I give you another example R1 = (11)(22)(33) and R2 = (11)(22)(33)(44)(24)From the above example we can say that R1 and R2 are not identify relation Because in the case of R1 (44)R1 and on the other hand R2 where element 2 is related to elements 2 and 4
Hindi 2ndlang
भलि[ (महादी मा)
भलि[ कहानी की लखिखका महादी मा न इस कहानी म यह दशान का परयास गिकया ह गिक आजकल क जमान म भी लो सक बन कर गिनसाथ सा करत ह ह
गिबना तन लिसा करत ह और उसक बदल ना कछ मात ह और ना ही कोई आशा करत ह नौकर सा करक तन चाहता ह और ह भी कई सगिधाओ की आशा करता ह पर सक सदा गिनजी साथ भा स सा म सलगन रह कर काम करता ह भलि[ कहानी की मखय पातर लकषमी ह जिजस भलि[ नाम लखिखका न दिदया ह ह गिकसी
ोपाल काकी कनया ह पाच रष की आय म उसकी गि माता न ौना ही कर दिदया कहानी म भलि[ क दखो का अत नही ह गिफर भी ह बडी साहसी धयान और परिरशरमी ह कदिठनाइयो स जझ ती ह पहल गिपता की मतय गिफर पगित की मतय और
गिफर घर जमाई की मतय होती ह उस साहसी मगिहला न साहस नही छोडा और तीनो पतरी ओक हाथ पील गिकए लाना द पान क कारण उसका जमीदार न अपमान गिकया गिफरकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहचीकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहची शहर पहच करा लखिखका की सगिका बनी ही पर उसका नाम भलि[ पडा ह एक भ[ की तरह अपन सामिमनी की इमानदारी स सा करती और तन का जिजकर भी नही करती ह लखिखका क घर पाठशाला आदिद को अचछी तरह स सभालती पढी-
लिलखी ना होकर भी ह लखिखका की बहत सा ए सहायता करती ह लखिखका का साया बनकर चलती लखिखका की सा करना उसक जीन का उददशय ह ह
लखिखका की खशी क लिलए ही काय करती ह ह लखिखका को दखी नही दख सकती लखिखका पर भलि[ का इतना परभा पडा गिक ह सय दहाती बन ई
यदध क दिदनो म ह अपन परिरार क साथ रहन की अपकषा लखिखका क साथ रहना पसद करती थी यदध क भत न जब ीटा क ान पर पलायन गित जा दी तो
भलि[ न न लखिखका को अपन ा ल जान का अनरोध करन ली लखिखका को डर ह गिक यदिद उसक गिदा होन क अगितम छठा ए तो ह दहातीन दधा कया कर ी
इस परकार हम दखत ह गिक लखिखका न सामिमनी और सगिका क ण बरसात हए सक धम पर परकाश डाला ह और लखिखका न एक आदश सगिका क रप को सदर
रप स परसतत गिकया हBengali আদাব পরশন) ldquoশরণের ১৪৪ ধারা আর কারহিZউ অU ার জারী রণেয়রণে0ldquo
ক) কার গলখা গকা3 রচ3ার অংশ খ)গকাায় গক3 ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়রণে0 )১৪৪ ধারা কী এর Zরণেল কী য়
উততর) ক)আরণেলাচ য অংশটি সরণেরশ বসর রহিচত lsquoআদাবlsquo গ0াট রণেলপর অংশ
খ) বাংলারণেদরণেশর ঢাকা শরণের ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়হি0ল সামপরদাহিয়ক াnাা ও দাnা পরহিতরণেরারণেধর জ3 য হিlt সলা3রণেদর গ3তারণেদর সামপরদাহিয়ক উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা বারণেধ উ2য় সমপরদায় 2ীত রণেয় ঘর বহিlt রণেয় পরণে পরসপর পরসপররণেক সরণেltরণের গচারণেখ গদরণেখ গকউ কাউরণেক আরণের রণেতা হিবশবাস কররণেত পারণের3া হিক0 া3রণেষর উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা য় ার পহির3া অরণেতক রকত iয় ও ত য
) ১৪৪ ধারা আইরণে3র এ3 একটা ধারা ার _ারা এলাকা হি3হিদ ষট করণের গদওয়া য় গসই এলাকার রণেধ য গবহিশ া3রণেষর জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় হিহি0ল জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় আই3 2nকারীরণেক গহিলর হি3রণেদশ জাহির করা য় তাই সাধার3 া3ষ আর বাইরণের গবর রণেত পারণের3া পরারণে3র 2রণেয় বহিlt রণেয় ারণেক এর Zল য় সাংঘাহিতক গদাকা3 পাট বনধ ারণেক
হিজহি3স পতর অহিল য় রাসতা ঘাট জ3 শ3 য রণেয় ায় লরণেঠরা তারণেদর লঠত রাজ চাহিলরণেয় হি3রণেজরণেদর আরণেখর গহি0রণেয় গ3য় া3ষরণেক 2ীহিতর হিব2ীহিষহিক গরাস করণের ঘরণেরর া3রণেষর ইkা াকরণেলও ঘরণের হিZররণেত পারণের3া হিZররণেত হিরণেয় বltরণেকর গহিলরণেত পরা3 ারায়
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today we will discuss about Types of Leaves
An organization provides several kinds of leaves to the employees These days employees working both in government and private sector are allowed several types of leaves Following are the leaves achieved by the employees from their organization
Casual LeaveChild care leave -HospitalLeaveSpecial disability leaveChild Adoption leaveEarned LeavesHalf pay leaveMaternity leavePaternityleaveStudy leave
1 Casual Leave- Casual leave is not a recognised form of leaves and is not subject to any rules made by the government of India And official on casual leave is not treated as Absent from duty and pay is not intimated Normally 8 days of casual leave is permissible in a calendar year
2 Child care leave - Women employees having minor children may be granted child care leave by an authority competent to grant leave for a maximum period of 730 days means two years during their entire service for taking care of up to two children weather for sharing or to look after any of their names like examination sickness it is a
3HospitalLeave - Hospital leave is admissible to group C employees whose duties involved handling of dangerous machinery explosive materials poisonous drugs and performance of hazardous task and to group D employees Medical certificate from an authorised medical attendant is necessary for the grant of these leave However total period of
leave does not exceed 28 months4Special disability leave- Special
disability leave admissible to all employees when disabled by injury intentionally or accidentally inflicted are caused in law in consequence of the due performance of official duties or in consequence of official position It also it is also add miscible when disabled by illness incurred in the performance of any particular duty which has the effect of increasing laboratory to illness or injury beyond the ordinary least attaching to the Civil post held and the same condition
5Child Adoption leave- This leave is granted to female Employees with fewer than two surviving children on valid adoption of a child below the age of one year for a period of 135 days immediately after the date of valid adoption Leave salary will be equal to the pain immediately before processing on leave
6Earned Leaves- This leave is earned by duty The credit for earned leave will be awarded at a rate of 15 days on the 1st of January and 1st of July every year It can be accumulated up to 300 days in addition to the number of days for which encashment has been allowed along with LTC
7 Half pay leave -All government servant are entitled to 20 days of HPL half pay leave for every completed year of service Half pay leave is calculated at 20 days for each completed year of service The service includes periods of duty and leave including extra ordinary leave with or without MC (medical certificate)
8 Maternity leave -Maternity leave is granted to women Government employees full stop it is as possible only to Employees with less than 2 surviving children The maternity leave is not debited to leave account and full pay is granted It cannot be combined with any other the leaves and count as service for increment and pension
9 PaternityleaveA male employee with less than 2 surviving children may be granted paternity leave for a period of 15 days during the confinement of
his wife During the period of such leaves he shall be paid leave salary equal to the pay drawn immediately before proceeding on leave
10 Study leave-Study leave may be granted to all Government Employees with not less than 5 years service for undergoing a special course consisting of higher studies are specialised training in a professional or technical subject having a direct and close connection with the sphere of his duties as a Civil Servant
Commerce
Chapter-5Management
Let us today discuss about the nature of Management
Nature of management Management is defined as
An art A science A profession
Management is defined as an art because of the following reasons
1 In art there is an existence of theoretical knowledge Similarly in management various theories are propounded by management thinkers in various areas of management like finance marketing human resources etc
2 Every manager apply his or her personal skills and knowledge in the day to day functioning of an enterprise
3 Like an art management is creative as it provides solutions to Complex problems making resources productive and profitable moulding the attitudes of people for the betterment of an organisation
Management is is considered as science because of the following reasons
1 Like science there is a systemised body of knowledge in management consisting of theories principles vocabulary and concept
2 Principles of management are evolved after continuous observations and experimentation
Management both as Science and ArtManagement is both a science and an art It is a science because it uses certain principles and is an art because it requires continuous practice and application of personal skillsManagement as a profession Following points highlight whether management is a profession or not1 Like profession management has well
defined body of knowledge It has its own principles which are based on experiments One can acquire such
knowledge by pursuing courses like MBA BBA etc and acquire managerial skills through instruction and training
2 In management no such restriction is there for managers to clear an examination for hold a degree However these days more and more people are appointed for managerial post who opposes management degrees
3 Membership to a professional Association like AIMA is not mandatory for managers All managers directly or indirectly work for the development of society
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Essay Questions (EQ-2)
Question No 2Sketch the character of Prospero Would you call him perfect
AnswerProspero in The Tempest appears to be an intensely human being with human failings and weaknesses With all his excellence Prospero is made to awaken our sympathy for a natural imperfection Prosperorsquos Previous HistoryIn his retrospective narration of his previous history to Miranda we get a glimpse into Prosperorsquos past life As the Duke of Milan Prospero buried himself in his magic books which he prized above his dukedom He was essentially a scholar with no practical wisdom He failed to perform his first duty by neglecting the governance of his state and gave an opportunity to his wicked brother to undermine his throne He was thus driven from his home and thrown in a leaky boat with his weeping daughter to drift in the perilous seas It is only the thought of his little child that kept him aliveThe Development of Prosperorsquos CharacterThe development of his character is evident from the contrast between what he was before his banishment and what he is now in the island Formerly when his ldquolibrary was dukedom enoughrdquo he was altogether too unsuspecting Now he is watchful as providence and takes care to guard himself against the possibility of evil He has learnt to know human nature in its worst forms even Caliban has taught him something He will no longer put his trust in appearance except as ldquostale to catch thievesrdquo nor in oaths of which the strongest he says ldquoare straw to the fire irsquo the bloodrdquo He who once neglected worldly ends now consistently asserts his dignity enforces obedience and deals out justice with impartial hand He who without a thought of evil gave his power and his revenues into his brotherrsquos hands now puts Ferdinand to the severest test as a trial of his love before entrusting his daughter to him He makes the most practical use imaginable of his magic art exacts prompt servitudefrom his attendants does not hesitate to punish them is resolved and firm and knows how to seize the proper moment for action He is a most careful father to his daughter a considerate master of Ariel severe against the brutal Caliban humane towards the repentant enemies full of experience and wisdomThe Exercise of his Power ndash his SternnessWhat appears to us at the first sight one of the least pleasing features of Prosperorsquos character is the sternness which he frequently displays more particularly in his dealings with Caliban His harshness towards Caliban resulted from the failure of gentler methods his severity towards Ferdinand was exercised in the interest of his daughter ldquolest too light winning make the prize lightrdquo and his punishment of Alonso Sebastian and Antonio is justified by the attainment of his objectiveProsperorsquos TendernessThe tender side of Prosperorsquos character is exhibited in his relation to Miranda Ariel Gonzalo and the repentant sinners His love for Miranda is unbounded She was almost life to him In his darkest hours of trial this love sustained him and gave him strength to put a bold front to suffering He addresses her always with tenderness She is to him a lsquoloved darlingrsquo lsquodear heartrsquo lsquoa rich giftrsquo lsquoa third of his own lifersquo The same affectionate nature is shown in his dealing with his brother Antonio He loved his brother Antonio only next to Miranda before Antonio conspired against him In the island when Antonio is brought before him he forgives him
readily To Gonzalo the good old councilor he is all affection He sheds tears of joy and gratitude when he meets him in the island To Ariel he is a loving and considerable master Ariel is always to him ldquomy brave spiritrdquo ldquofine spiritrdquo ldquodelicate Arielrdquo ldquomy Arielrdquo etc When he promises Ariel his freedom he says with real emotion ndash ldquoI shall miss theerdquoProsperorsquos Power as a MagicianThe practice of magic has placed wonderful powers in the hands of Prospero He uses his supernatural powers like a god only to bring about the happiest results He causes The Tempest and the shipwreck only to bring his enemies within his power and not to destroy them Not a soul perished in the storm He leads Ferdinand to Miranda his high charms work and as he wishes the two falls in love He frustrates the plots of the conspirators and makes them know that he was conscious of it He drives Sebastian and Alonso to sincere repentance and readily forgives them The drunken associates of Caliban are no doubt sternly treated but even then they are promised conditional pardon The whole play at last ends in reconciliation joy and peace The wrongs are set right the lovers are made happy Ariel is set free and thus the powerful magician retires into the solitude of his study at MilanProsperorsquos ForgivenessAllied to his wisdom is his forgiving nature Though deeply wronged he bears no spite against the wrong-doers Though his power is unlimited he uses it to noble purposes The lesson of adversity has taught him that ldquoThe rarer action is in virtue than in vengeancerdquoProspero does not debase his noble nature by revenge but forgives his enemies absolutely He drives his erstwhile enemies to a sincere penitence for their past misdeeds and when repentance has wrought its full effect on them he receives them into his arms and is reconciled to them Is Prospero perfectProspero creates a great impression upon our minds by his dignity his nobility the divine spirit of forgiveness in him his generous and sympathetic nature etc Even with all these virtues we cannot call him perfect We perceive certain faults in him He displays an occasional impatience irritability and even a certain harshness of feeling His severe treatment of Caliban might have been justified but the language in which he addresses the monster and the threats that he uses show him to be a kind of tyrant On learning of Calibanrsquos plot against his life he is as violently disturbed and agitated as any ordinary human being would be His manner towards Ariel when the latter demands his liberty also seems somewhat arbitrary and tyrannicalSubject ndashBiology Topic ndashChapter -5 Inheritance amp Variations Summary ExecutionToday we will discuss about NON-Mendelian Inheritance
NON_MENDELIAN INHERITANCE Incomplete Dominance It is an inheritance in which heterozygous offspring shows
intermediate character between two parental characteristics Eg Flower colour in snapdragon (dog flower or Antirrhinum sp) and
Mirabilis jalapa ( 4rsquoO clock plant) Here phenotypic and genotypic ratios are same Phenotypic Ratio 1Red 2 Pink 1 White Genotypic Ratio 1(RR) 2 (Rr) 1(rr) This means that R was not completely dominant over r Pea plants also show incomplete dominance in other traits
Co- dominance It is the inheritance in which both alleles of a gene are expressed in a
hybrid Eg ABO blood grouping in human ABO Blood groups are controlled by the gene I The plasma membrane of the RBC has sugar polymer that protrude
from its surface and is controlled By the gene The gene I has three alleles IA IB i The alleles IA and IB produce a slightly different form of the sugar
while allele i does not produce any sugar In AB blood group both IA and IB are present together This is co ndash
dominanceMultiple Alleles
Multiple alternatives of the same gene which influence the same character and produce different expressions in different individuals of a species or population same genes have more than two allelic
forms These different forms of a single gene are referred as multiple alleles Eg human Blood group
Ac-12 250620 Topic- retirement
Illustration Om Jai and Jagdish are partners sharing profit in the ratio of 3 2 l Their balance sheet as at December 31st 2014 is as under
Balance sheet as at December 31 2014
Liabilities Amount Assets Amount
(Rs`) (Rs`)
Creditors 80000 Building 180000 Bills Payable 26000 Plant 140000 General reserve 24000 Motor Car 40000 Capital Stock 100000 Om 160000 Debtors 63000 Jai 120000 Less Provision Jagdish 120000
400000 for Bad debts 3000
60000 Cash at Bank 10000
530000 530000
Jai retires on that date on the following terms(a) The Goodwill of the firm is valued at Rs 60000(b) Stock and Building to be appreciated by 10(c) Plant is depreciated by 10(d) Provision for Bad debts is increased upto Rs 5000(e) Jairsquos share of goodwill was adjusted through remaining partners capital accountThe amount due to Jai is paid out of the fund brought in by Om and Jagdish in theirnew profit sharing ratio Jai is paid full amountPrepare Revaluation Account and Partnerrsquos Capital account
Solution WorkingsIt is assumed that Om and Jagdish gaining ratio remains 3 lJairsquo Share of goodwill = Rs 60000 times 26 = Rs20000Adjusted through the remaining partners capital account in 3 1 ratio
Revaluation Account
Dr Cr
Particulars Amount Particulars Amount
(Rs`) (`Rs)
To Provision for Bad debts 2000 By Stock 10000TO Plant 14000 By Building 18000To Profit transferred toCapital Accounts Om 6000 Jai 4000 Jagdish 2000
12000
28000 28000
Capital AccountDr Cr Particulars Om Jai Jagdish Particulars Om Jai Jagdish
(Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (rs`) (`Rs)
To Capital 15000 mdash 5000 By Balance bd 160000 120000 120000 ToBank 152000 By General Reserve 12000 8000 4000To Balance cd 277000 mdash 159000 By Revaluation (Profit) 6000 4000 2000 By Om Capital mdash 15000 mdash ByJagdish Capital mdash 5000 By Bank 114000 38000
292000 152000 164000 292000 152000 164000
(v) What is Antoniorsquos suggestion
Antonio suggests that they may draw their swords together When he raises his hand to attack Alonso Sebastian should raise his sword to bring it down on Gonzalo
ACCOUNTS-11 25062020 Topic- depreciation ndashSTRAIGHT LINE METHOD
Illustration Salman and Usman Bros acquired a machine on July 1 2014 at a cost of Rs 70000 and spent Rs5000 on its installation The firm writes off depreciation 10 on straight line method The books are closed on December 31 every year Show the machinery and depreciation account for three years
Solution Machinery Account
Date Particulars LF amount Date Particulars LF` Amount ( Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014July 01 To Bank Ac 70000 Dec 31 Dec By Depreciation Ac 3750
(70000 x10x612)
July 01 To Bank Ac 5000 Dec31 By Balance cd 71250
75000 75000
2015 2015Jan 01 To Balance bd 71250 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 x10 ) Dec31 By Balance cd 63750
71250 71250
2016 2016Jan 01 To Balance bd 63750 Dec 31 By Depreciation Ac 7500 (75000 x10 ) Dec 31 By Balance cd 56250
63750 63750
Depreciation Account
Date Particulars LF Amount Date Particulars LF Amount (Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 3750 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 3750
2015 2015
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
2016 2016
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
WORKING
Cost of Machine RS70000Cost of Installation Rs 5000
Total 75000
Rate of Depreciation 10
Then annual depreciation will be 10 of Rs 75000 = Rs 7500
Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution Geography DRIANAGE THE PENINSULAR RIVERS
1 The Mahanadi2 The Godavari3 The Krishna4 The Kaveri5 The Subarnarekha6 The Narmada7 The Tapi8 The Sabarmati and the Mahi9 The Chambal
The Mahanadi Basin The Mahanadi rises from Dandakaranya
Q1 Which is the largest river of peninsular plateau Write a brief note about its courseA1 The largest river of peninsular plateau is Godavari The river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has
near Sihawa in Raipur district in the highlands of Chhattisgarhand flows through Odisha to reach the Bay of BengalThe length of the river is about 857 kmIts drainagebasin is shared by Maharashtra Chhattisgarh Jharkhandand Odisha
THE MAHANADI RIVER SYSTEM
The GodavariThe river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
THE GODAVARI RIVER SYSTEM
many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
Q2 Which river is known as Dakshin GangaA2 The Godavari river is known as lsquoDakshin Gangarsquo It is also known as Vridha Ganga
Q3 Differentiate between east-flowing rivers and west-flowing riversA3
East-flowing rivers
West-flowing rivers
Godavari Krishna Kaveri Mahanadi are the east-flowing rivers
Narmada Tapiwest-flowing rivers
They fall into the Bay of Bengal
They fall into Arabian Sea
These rivers form big deltas
These rivers form comparativelysmall deltas
Catchment area of these river are larger
Catchment area of these river are smaller
The KrishnaThe Krishna river rises from the Western Ghatsnear Mahabaleshwar It flows into the Bay of Bengalbefore forming a large delta Its length is about1400 km The Tungabhadra Koyana Ghatprabha Musi and Bhima are some of its tributariesIt has covers parts of Maharashtra Karnataka and AndhraPradesh
THE KRISHNA RIVER SYSTEM
The KaveriIt rises in the Brahmagiri range of the Western Ghats and flows into the Bay ofBengal Southof Cuddalore in Tamil Nadu The length of the river is about 760 km Its main tributaries are the Amravati Bhavani Hemavati and Kabini The Kaveri drains inthe parts of Karnataka Kerala and drains in Tamil Nadu The river Kaveri makes the second biggest waterfall in India known as Sivasamudram
POLITICAL SCIENCE
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
MEANING OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS-Fundamental rights are those rights which are essential for intellectual moral and spiritual development of citizens of India As these rights are fundamental or essential for existence and all-round development of individuals hence they are called Fundamental rights These are enshrined in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India These include individual rights common to most such as equality before the law freedom of speech and freedom of expression religious and cultural freedom Freedom of assembly (peaceful assembly) freedom of religion (freedom to practice religion) right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writsThere are six fundamental rights recognized by the Indian constitution
1 Right to equality (Articles 14-18)2 Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22)3 Right Against exploitation (Articles 23-24)4 Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25- 28)5 Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29-30) and6 Right to Constitutional remedies (Articles 32-35)
1 The right to equality includes equality before the law the prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion race caste gender or place of birth equality of opportunity in matters of employment the abolition of untouchability and abolition of titles
2 The right to freedom includes freedom of speech and expression association or union or cooperatives movement residence and right to practice any profession or occupation
3 The right against exploitation prohibits all forms of forced labour child labour and trafficking of human beings
4 The right to freedom of religion includes freedom of conscience and free profession practice and propagation of religion freedom to manage religious affairs freedom from certain taxes and freedom from religious instructions in certain educational institutes
5 The Cultural and educational Rights preserve the right of any section of citizens to conserve their culture language or script and right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice
6 The right to constitutional remedies is present for enforcement of fundamental rightsThe right to privacy is an intrinsic part of Article 21 (the Right to Freedom) that protects the life and liberty of the citizens The right to privacy is the newest right assured by the Supreme court of India It assures the peoples data and personal security
Fundamental rights for Indians have also been aimed at overturning the inequalities of pre-independence social practices Specifically they have also been used to abolish untouchability and thus prohibit discrimination on the grounds of religion race caste sex or place of birth They also forbid trafficking of human beings and forced labour (a crime) They also protect cultural and educational rights of religious and linguistic minorities by allowing them to preserve their languages and also establish and administer their own education institutions They are covered in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India
Mathematics
Relation Study Item Types of RelationToday class xii students we will discuss about the types of RelationsFirst we discuss Void RelationWhat is Void RelationAns Let A be a non-empty set Then φ A A and so it is a relation R on set A Thissube ⨯ relation is called the void or empty relation on set ANow from the above definition we came to know that no element of A is related to any element of AHere A A is called Cartesian product⨯
is the symbol of subsetsubeAnd φ is called phi and refer to void or empty relationNow I give an example to understand the above said relationLet A = 1 2 3 4Here A A =(11)(12)(13)(14)(21)(22)(23)(24)(31)(32)(33)(34)(41)⨯(42)(43)(44)Now we consider R is a relation which is defined by R=(ab) a+b= 50We notice that a+b 50 for any two elements of AnotinTherefore (ab) R for any ab A is called belong to and is not belong tonotin isin isin notinTherefore we can say R does not contain any element of A A⨯Therefore R is empty set Therefore we can say that R is the void or empty relation on AWhat is universal RelationAns Let A is a set Then A A A A and so it is a relation on A This relation is called⨯ sube ⨯ the universal relation on ANow from the above definition we can say that each element of A is related to every element of ANow we consider the relation R on the set A =1 234 defined by R = (ab) R |a -b|isin
0≽We observe that|a - b | 0 for all ab A≽ isin
(ab) R for all (ab) A ArArr isin isin ⨯ Each element of set A is related to set A every element of set ArArr
Therefore we write R= AxATherefore we can say R is universal relation on set ANote we can say that void relation is smallest relation and the universal relation is largest relationSometime both void relation and universal relation is called trivial relationWhat is identity relationAns Let A is a non-empty set Then the relation R or IA = (aa) a A on A is called theisin identity relation on A Therefore from the above definition we can say that every element of A is related to itself only
Example Let A = 1234 then Ror IA = (11)(22)(33)(44) is the identity relation on set ANow I give you another example R1 = (11)(22)(33) and R2 = (11)(22)(33)(44)(24)From the above example we can say that R1 and R2 are not identify relation Because in the case of R1 (44)R1 and on the other hand R2 where element 2 is related to elements 2 and 4
Hindi 2ndlang
भलि[ (महादी मा)
भलि[ कहानी की लखिखका महादी मा न इस कहानी म यह दशान का परयास गिकया ह गिक आजकल क जमान म भी लो सक बन कर गिनसाथ सा करत ह ह
गिबना तन लिसा करत ह और उसक बदल ना कछ मात ह और ना ही कोई आशा करत ह नौकर सा करक तन चाहता ह और ह भी कई सगिधाओ की आशा करता ह पर सक सदा गिनजी साथ भा स सा म सलगन रह कर काम करता ह भलि[ कहानी की मखय पातर लकषमी ह जिजस भलि[ नाम लखिखका न दिदया ह ह गिकसी
ोपाल काकी कनया ह पाच रष की आय म उसकी गि माता न ौना ही कर दिदया कहानी म भलि[ क दखो का अत नही ह गिफर भी ह बडी साहसी धयान और परिरशरमी ह कदिठनाइयो स जझ ती ह पहल गिपता की मतय गिफर पगित की मतय और
गिफर घर जमाई की मतय होती ह उस साहसी मगिहला न साहस नही छोडा और तीनो पतरी ओक हाथ पील गिकए लाना द पान क कारण उसका जमीदार न अपमान गिकया गिफरकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहचीकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहची शहर पहच करा लखिखका की सगिका बनी ही पर उसका नाम भलि[ पडा ह एक भ[ की तरह अपन सामिमनी की इमानदारी स सा करती और तन का जिजकर भी नही करती ह लखिखका क घर पाठशाला आदिद को अचछी तरह स सभालती पढी-
लिलखी ना होकर भी ह लखिखका की बहत सा ए सहायता करती ह लखिखका का साया बनकर चलती लखिखका की सा करना उसक जीन का उददशय ह ह
लखिखका की खशी क लिलए ही काय करती ह ह लखिखका को दखी नही दख सकती लखिखका पर भलि[ का इतना परभा पडा गिक ह सय दहाती बन ई
यदध क दिदनो म ह अपन परिरार क साथ रहन की अपकषा लखिखका क साथ रहना पसद करती थी यदध क भत न जब ीटा क ान पर पलायन गित जा दी तो
भलि[ न न लखिखका को अपन ा ल जान का अनरोध करन ली लखिखका को डर ह गिक यदिद उसक गिदा होन क अगितम छठा ए तो ह दहातीन दधा कया कर ी
इस परकार हम दखत ह गिक लखिखका न सामिमनी और सगिका क ण बरसात हए सक धम पर परकाश डाला ह और लखिखका न एक आदश सगिका क रप को सदर
रप स परसतत गिकया हBengali আদাব পরশন) ldquoশরণের ১৪৪ ধারা আর কারহিZউ অU ার জারী রণেয়রণে0ldquo
ক) কার গলখা গকা3 রচ3ার অংশ খ)গকাায় গক3 ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়রণে0 )১৪৪ ধারা কী এর Zরণেল কী য়
উততর) ক)আরণেলাচ য অংশটি সরণেরশ বসর রহিচত lsquoআদাবlsquo গ0াট রণেলপর অংশ
খ) বাংলারণেদরণেশর ঢাকা শরণের ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়হি0ল সামপরদাহিয়ক াnাা ও দাnা পরহিতরণেরারণেধর জ3 য হিlt সলা3রণেদর গ3তারণেদর সামপরদাহিয়ক উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা বারণেধ উ2য় সমপরদায় 2ীত রণেয় ঘর বহিlt রণেয় পরণে পরসপর পরসপররণেক সরণেltরণের গচারণেখ গদরণেখ গকউ কাউরণেক আরণের রণেতা হিবশবাস কররণেত পারণের3া হিক0 া3রণেষর উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা য় ার পহির3া অরণেতক রকত iয় ও ত য
) ১৪৪ ধারা আইরণে3র এ3 একটা ধারা ার _ারা এলাকা হি3হিদ ষট করণের গদওয়া য় গসই এলাকার রণেধ য গবহিশ া3রণেষর জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় হিহি0ল জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় আই3 2nকারীরণেক গহিলর হি3রণেদশ জাহির করা য় তাই সাধার3 া3ষ আর বাইরণের গবর রণেত পারণের3া পরারণে3র 2রণেয় বহিlt রণেয় ারণেক এর Zল য় সাংঘাহিতক গদাকা3 পাট বনধ ারণেক
হিজহি3স পতর অহিল য় রাসতা ঘাট জ3 শ3 য রণেয় ায় লরণেঠরা তারণেদর লঠত রাজ চাহিলরণেয় হি3রণেজরণেদর আরণেখর গহি0রণেয় গ3য় া3ষরণেক 2ীহিতর হিব2ীহিষহিক গরাস করণের ঘরণেরর া3রণেষর ইkা াকরণেলও ঘরণের হিZররণেত পারণের3া হিZররণেত হিরণেয় বltরণেকর গহিলরণেত পরা3 ারায়
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today we will discuss about Types of Leaves
An organization provides several kinds of leaves to the employees These days employees working both in government and private sector are allowed several types of leaves Following are the leaves achieved by the employees from their organization
Casual LeaveChild care leave -HospitalLeaveSpecial disability leaveChild Adoption leaveEarned LeavesHalf pay leaveMaternity leavePaternityleaveStudy leave
1 Casual Leave- Casual leave is not a recognised form of leaves and is not subject to any rules made by the government of India And official on casual leave is not treated as Absent from duty and pay is not intimated Normally 8 days of casual leave is permissible in a calendar year
2 Child care leave - Women employees having minor children may be granted child care leave by an authority competent to grant leave for a maximum period of 730 days means two years during their entire service for taking care of up to two children weather for sharing or to look after any of their names like examination sickness it is a
3HospitalLeave - Hospital leave is admissible to group C employees whose duties involved handling of dangerous machinery explosive materials poisonous drugs and performance of hazardous task and to group D employees Medical certificate from an authorised medical attendant is necessary for the grant of these leave However total period of
leave does not exceed 28 months4Special disability leave- Special
disability leave admissible to all employees when disabled by injury intentionally or accidentally inflicted are caused in law in consequence of the due performance of official duties or in consequence of official position It also it is also add miscible when disabled by illness incurred in the performance of any particular duty which has the effect of increasing laboratory to illness or injury beyond the ordinary least attaching to the Civil post held and the same condition
5Child Adoption leave- This leave is granted to female Employees with fewer than two surviving children on valid adoption of a child below the age of one year for a period of 135 days immediately after the date of valid adoption Leave salary will be equal to the pain immediately before processing on leave
6Earned Leaves- This leave is earned by duty The credit for earned leave will be awarded at a rate of 15 days on the 1st of January and 1st of July every year It can be accumulated up to 300 days in addition to the number of days for which encashment has been allowed along with LTC
7 Half pay leave -All government servant are entitled to 20 days of HPL half pay leave for every completed year of service Half pay leave is calculated at 20 days for each completed year of service The service includes periods of duty and leave including extra ordinary leave with or without MC (medical certificate)
8 Maternity leave -Maternity leave is granted to women Government employees full stop it is as possible only to Employees with less than 2 surviving children The maternity leave is not debited to leave account and full pay is granted It cannot be combined with any other the leaves and count as service for increment and pension
9 PaternityleaveA male employee with less than 2 surviving children may be granted paternity leave for a period of 15 days during the confinement of
his wife During the period of such leaves he shall be paid leave salary equal to the pay drawn immediately before proceeding on leave
10 Study leave-Study leave may be granted to all Government Employees with not less than 5 years service for undergoing a special course consisting of higher studies are specialised training in a professional or technical subject having a direct and close connection with the sphere of his duties as a Civil Servant
Commerce
Chapter-5Management
Let us today discuss about the nature of Management
Nature of management Management is defined as
An art A science A profession
Management is defined as an art because of the following reasons
1 In art there is an existence of theoretical knowledge Similarly in management various theories are propounded by management thinkers in various areas of management like finance marketing human resources etc
2 Every manager apply his or her personal skills and knowledge in the day to day functioning of an enterprise
3 Like an art management is creative as it provides solutions to Complex problems making resources productive and profitable moulding the attitudes of people for the betterment of an organisation
Management is is considered as science because of the following reasons
1 Like science there is a systemised body of knowledge in management consisting of theories principles vocabulary and concept
2 Principles of management are evolved after continuous observations and experimentation
Management both as Science and ArtManagement is both a science and an art It is a science because it uses certain principles and is an art because it requires continuous practice and application of personal skillsManagement as a profession Following points highlight whether management is a profession or not1 Like profession management has well
defined body of knowledge It has its own principles which are based on experiments One can acquire such
knowledge by pursuing courses like MBA BBA etc and acquire managerial skills through instruction and training
2 In management no such restriction is there for managers to clear an examination for hold a degree However these days more and more people are appointed for managerial post who opposes management degrees
3 Membership to a professional Association like AIMA is not mandatory for managers All managers directly or indirectly work for the development of society
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Essay Questions (EQ-2)
Question No 2Sketch the character of Prospero Would you call him perfect
AnswerProspero in The Tempest appears to be an intensely human being with human failings and weaknesses With all his excellence Prospero is made to awaken our sympathy for a natural imperfection Prosperorsquos Previous HistoryIn his retrospective narration of his previous history to Miranda we get a glimpse into Prosperorsquos past life As the Duke of Milan Prospero buried himself in his magic books which he prized above his dukedom He was essentially a scholar with no practical wisdom He failed to perform his first duty by neglecting the governance of his state and gave an opportunity to his wicked brother to undermine his throne He was thus driven from his home and thrown in a leaky boat with his weeping daughter to drift in the perilous seas It is only the thought of his little child that kept him aliveThe Development of Prosperorsquos CharacterThe development of his character is evident from the contrast between what he was before his banishment and what he is now in the island Formerly when his ldquolibrary was dukedom enoughrdquo he was altogether too unsuspecting Now he is watchful as providence and takes care to guard himself against the possibility of evil He has learnt to know human nature in its worst forms even Caliban has taught him something He will no longer put his trust in appearance except as ldquostale to catch thievesrdquo nor in oaths of which the strongest he says ldquoare straw to the fire irsquo the bloodrdquo He who once neglected worldly ends now consistently asserts his dignity enforces obedience and deals out justice with impartial hand He who without a thought of evil gave his power and his revenues into his brotherrsquos hands now puts Ferdinand to the severest test as a trial of his love before entrusting his daughter to him He makes the most practical use imaginable of his magic art exacts prompt servitudefrom his attendants does not hesitate to punish them is resolved and firm and knows how to seize the proper moment for action He is a most careful father to his daughter a considerate master of Ariel severe against the brutal Caliban humane towards the repentant enemies full of experience and wisdomThe Exercise of his Power ndash his SternnessWhat appears to us at the first sight one of the least pleasing features of Prosperorsquos character is the sternness which he frequently displays more particularly in his dealings with Caliban His harshness towards Caliban resulted from the failure of gentler methods his severity towards Ferdinand was exercised in the interest of his daughter ldquolest too light winning make the prize lightrdquo and his punishment of Alonso Sebastian and Antonio is justified by the attainment of his objectiveProsperorsquos TendernessThe tender side of Prosperorsquos character is exhibited in his relation to Miranda Ariel Gonzalo and the repentant sinners His love for Miranda is unbounded She was almost life to him In his darkest hours of trial this love sustained him and gave him strength to put a bold front to suffering He addresses her always with tenderness She is to him a lsquoloved darlingrsquo lsquodear heartrsquo lsquoa rich giftrsquo lsquoa third of his own lifersquo The same affectionate nature is shown in his dealing with his brother Antonio He loved his brother Antonio only next to Miranda before Antonio conspired against him In the island when Antonio is brought before him he forgives him
readily To Gonzalo the good old councilor he is all affection He sheds tears of joy and gratitude when he meets him in the island To Ariel he is a loving and considerable master Ariel is always to him ldquomy brave spiritrdquo ldquofine spiritrdquo ldquodelicate Arielrdquo ldquomy Arielrdquo etc When he promises Ariel his freedom he says with real emotion ndash ldquoI shall miss theerdquoProsperorsquos Power as a MagicianThe practice of magic has placed wonderful powers in the hands of Prospero He uses his supernatural powers like a god only to bring about the happiest results He causes The Tempest and the shipwreck only to bring his enemies within his power and not to destroy them Not a soul perished in the storm He leads Ferdinand to Miranda his high charms work and as he wishes the two falls in love He frustrates the plots of the conspirators and makes them know that he was conscious of it He drives Sebastian and Alonso to sincere repentance and readily forgives them The drunken associates of Caliban are no doubt sternly treated but even then they are promised conditional pardon The whole play at last ends in reconciliation joy and peace The wrongs are set right the lovers are made happy Ariel is set free and thus the powerful magician retires into the solitude of his study at MilanProsperorsquos ForgivenessAllied to his wisdom is his forgiving nature Though deeply wronged he bears no spite against the wrong-doers Though his power is unlimited he uses it to noble purposes The lesson of adversity has taught him that ldquoThe rarer action is in virtue than in vengeancerdquoProspero does not debase his noble nature by revenge but forgives his enemies absolutely He drives his erstwhile enemies to a sincere penitence for their past misdeeds and when repentance has wrought its full effect on them he receives them into his arms and is reconciled to them Is Prospero perfectProspero creates a great impression upon our minds by his dignity his nobility the divine spirit of forgiveness in him his generous and sympathetic nature etc Even with all these virtues we cannot call him perfect We perceive certain faults in him He displays an occasional impatience irritability and even a certain harshness of feeling His severe treatment of Caliban might have been justified but the language in which he addresses the monster and the threats that he uses show him to be a kind of tyrant On learning of Calibanrsquos plot against his life he is as violently disturbed and agitated as any ordinary human being would be His manner towards Ariel when the latter demands his liberty also seems somewhat arbitrary and tyrannicalSubject ndashBiology Topic ndashChapter -5 Inheritance amp Variations Summary ExecutionToday we will discuss about NON-Mendelian Inheritance
NON_MENDELIAN INHERITANCE Incomplete Dominance It is an inheritance in which heterozygous offspring shows
intermediate character between two parental characteristics Eg Flower colour in snapdragon (dog flower or Antirrhinum sp) and
Mirabilis jalapa ( 4rsquoO clock plant) Here phenotypic and genotypic ratios are same Phenotypic Ratio 1Red 2 Pink 1 White Genotypic Ratio 1(RR) 2 (Rr) 1(rr) This means that R was not completely dominant over r Pea plants also show incomplete dominance in other traits
Co- dominance It is the inheritance in which both alleles of a gene are expressed in a
hybrid Eg ABO blood grouping in human ABO Blood groups are controlled by the gene I The plasma membrane of the RBC has sugar polymer that protrude
from its surface and is controlled By the gene The gene I has three alleles IA IB i The alleles IA and IB produce a slightly different form of the sugar
while allele i does not produce any sugar In AB blood group both IA and IB are present together This is co ndash
dominanceMultiple Alleles
Multiple alternatives of the same gene which influence the same character and produce different expressions in different individuals of a species or population same genes have more than two allelic
forms These different forms of a single gene are referred as multiple alleles Eg human Blood group
Ac-12 250620 Topic- retirement
Illustration Om Jai and Jagdish are partners sharing profit in the ratio of 3 2 l Their balance sheet as at December 31st 2014 is as under
Balance sheet as at December 31 2014
Liabilities Amount Assets Amount
(Rs`) (Rs`)
Creditors 80000 Building 180000 Bills Payable 26000 Plant 140000 General reserve 24000 Motor Car 40000 Capital Stock 100000 Om 160000 Debtors 63000 Jai 120000 Less Provision Jagdish 120000
400000 for Bad debts 3000
60000 Cash at Bank 10000
530000 530000
Jai retires on that date on the following terms(a) The Goodwill of the firm is valued at Rs 60000(b) Stock and Building to be appreciated by 10(c) Plant is depreciated by 10(d) Provision for Bad debts is increased upto Rs 5000(e) Jairsquos share of goodwill was adjusted through remaining partners capital accountThe amount due to Jai is paid out of the fund brought in by Om and Jagdish in theirnew profit sharing ratio Jai is paid full amountPrepare Revaluation Account and Partnerrsquos Capital account
Solution WorkingsIt is assumed that Om and Jagdish gaining ratio remains 3 lJairsquo Share of goodwill = Rs 60000 times 26 = Rs20000Adjusted through the remaining partners capital account in 3 1 ratio
Revaluation Account
Dr Cr
Particulars Amount Particulars Amount
(Rs`) (`Rs)
To Provision for Bad debts 2000 By Stock 10000TO Plant 14000 By Building 18000To Profit transferred toCapital Accounts Om 6000 Jai 4000 Jagdish 2000
12000
28000 28000
Capital AccountDr Cr Particulars Om Jai Jagdish Particulars Om Jai Jagdish
(Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (rs`) (`Rs)
To Capital 15000 mdash 5000 By Balance bd 160000 120000 120000 ToBank 152000 By General Reserve 12000 8000 4000To Balance cd 277000 mdash 159000 By Revaluation (Profit) 6000 4000 2000 By Om Capital mdash 15000 mdash ByJagdish Capital mdash 5000 By Bank 114000 38000
292000 152000 164000 292000 152000 164000
Date Particulars LF Amount Date Particulars LF Amount (Rs) (Rs)
2014 2014
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 3750 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 3750
2015 2015
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
2016 2016
Dec 31 To Machinery Ac 7500 Dec31 By P amp L Ac 7500
WORKING
Cost of Machine RS70000Cost of Installation Rs 5000
Total 75000
Rate of Depreciation 10
Then annual depreciation will be 10 of Rs 75000 = Rs 7500
Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution Geography DRIANAGE THE PENINSULAR RIVERS
1 The Mahanadi2 The Godavari3 The Krishna4 The Kaveri5 The Subarnarekha6 The Narmada7 The Tapi8 The Sabarmati and the Mahi9 The Chambal
The Mahanadi Basin The Mahanadi rises from Dandakaranya
Q1 Which is the largest river of peninsular plateau Write a brief note about its courseA1 The largest river of peninsular plateau is Godavari The river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has
near Sihawa in Raipur district in the highlands of Chhattisgarhand flows through Odisha to reach the Bay of BengalThe length of the river is about 857 kmIts drainagebasin is shared by Maharashtra Chhattisgarh Jharkhandand Odisha
THE MAHANADI RIVER SYSTEM
The GodavariThe river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
THE GODAVARI RIVER SYSTEM
many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
Q2 Which river is known as Dakshin GangaA2 The Godavari river is known as lsquoDakshin Gangarsquo It is also known as Vridha Ganga
Q3 Differentiate between east-flowing rivers and west-flowing riversA3
East-flowing rivers
West-flowing rivers
Godavari Krishna Kaveri Mahanadi are the east-flowing rivers
Narmada Tapiwest-flowing rivers
They fall into the Bay of Bengal
They fall into Arabian Sea
These rivers form big deltas
These rivers form comparativelysmall deltas
Catchment area of these river are larger
Catchment area of these river are smaller
The KrishnaThe Krishna river rises from the Western Ghatsnear Mahabaleshwar It flows into the Bay of Bengalbefore forming a large delta Its length is about1400 km The Tungabhadra Koyana Ghatprabha Musi and Bhima are some of its tributariesIt has covers parts of Maharashtra Karnataka and AndhraPradesh
THE KRISHNA RIVER SYSTEM
The KaveriIt rises in the Brahmagiri range of the Western Ghats and flows into the Bay ofBengal Southof Cuddalore in Tamil Nadu The length of the river is about 760 km Its main tributaries are the Amravati Bhavani Hemavati and Kabini The Kaveri drains inthe parts of Karnataka Kerala and drains in Tamil Nadu The river Kaveri makes the second biggest waterfall in India known as Sivasamudram
POLITICAL SCIENCE
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
MEANING OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS-Fundamental rights are those rights which are essential for intellectual moral and spiritual development of citizens of India As these rights are fundamental or essential for existence and all-round development of individuals hence they are called Fundamental rights These are enshrined in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India These include individual rights common to most such as equality before the law freedom of speech and freedom of expression religious and cultural freedom Freedom of assembly (peaceful assembly) freedom of religion (freedom to practice religion) right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writsThere are six fundamental rights recognized by the Indian constitution
1 Right to equality (Articles 14-18)2 Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22)3 Right Against exploitation (Articles 23-24)4 Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25- 28)5 Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29-30) and6 Right to Constitutional remedies (Articles 32-35)
1 The right to equality includes equality before the law the prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion race caste gender or place of birth equality of opportunity in matters of employment the abolition of untouchability and abolition of titles
2 The right to freedom includes freedom of speech and expression association or union or cooperatives movement residence and right to practice any profession or occupation
3 The right against exploitation prohibits all forms of forced labour child labour and trafficking of human beings
4 The right to freedom of religion includes freedom of conscience and free profession practice and propagation of religion freedom to manage religious affairs freedom from certain taxes and freedom from religious instructions in certain educational institutes
5 The Cultural and educational Rights preserve the right of any section of citizens to conserve their culture language or script and right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice
6 The right to constitutional remedies is present for enforcement of fundamental rightsThe right to privacy is an intrinsic part of Article 21 (the Right to Freedom) that protects the life and liberty of the citizens The right to privacy is the newest right assured by the Supreme court of India It assures the peoples data and personal security
Fundamental rights for Indians have also been aimed at overturning the inequalities of pre-independence social practices Specifically they have also been used to abolish untouchability and thus prohibit discrimination on the grounds of religion race caste sex or place of birth They also forbid trafficking of human beings and forced labour (a crime) They also protect cultural and educational rights of religious and linguistic minorities by allowing them to preserve their languages and also establish and administer their own education institutions They are covered in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India
Mathematics
Relation Study Item Types of RelationToday class xii students we will discuss about the types of RelationsFirst we discuss Void RelationWhat is Void RelationAns Let A be a non-empty set Then φ A A and so it is a relation R on set A Thissube ⨯ relation is called the void or empty relation on set ANow from the above definition we came to know that no element of A is related to any element of AHere A A is called Cartesian product⨯
is the symbol of subsetsubeAnd φ is called phi and refer to void or empty relationNow I give an example to understand the above said relationLet A = 1 2 3 4Here A A =(11)(12)(13)(14)(21)(22)(23)(24)(31)(32)(33)(34)(41)⨯(42)(43)(44)Now we consider R is a relation which is defined by R=(ab) a+b= 50We notice that a+b 50 for any two elements of AnotinTherefore (ab) R for any ab A is called belong to and is not belong tonotin isin isin notinTherefore we can say R does not contain any element of A A⨯Therefore R is empty set Therefore we can say that R is the void or empty relation on AWhat is universal RelationAns Let A is a set Then A A A A and so it is a relation on A This relation is called⨯ sube ⨯ the universal relation on ANow from the above definition we can say that each element of A is related to every element of ANow we consider the relation R on the set A =1 234 defined by R = (ab) R |a -b|isin
0≽We observe that|a - b | 0 for all ab A≽ isin
(ab) R for all (ab) A ArArr isin isin ⨯ Each element of set A is related to set A every element of set ArArr
Therefore we write R= AxATherefore we can say R is universal relation on set ANote we can say that void relation is smallest relation and the universal relation is largest relationSometime both void relation and universal relation is called trivial relationWhat is identity relationAns Let A is a non-empty set Then the relation R or IA = (aa) a A on A is called theisin identity relation on A Therefore from the above definition we can say that every element of A is related to itself only
Example Let A = 1234 then Ror IA = (11)(22)(33)(44) is the identity relation on set ANow I give you another example R1 = (11)(22)(33) and R2 = (11)(22)(33)(44)(24)From the above example we can say that R1 and R2 are not identify relation Because in the case of R1 (44)R1 and on the other hand R2 where element 2 is related to elements 2 and 4
Hindi 2ndlang
भलि[ (महादी मा)
भलि[ कहानी की लखिखका महादी मा न इस कहानी म यह दशान का परयास गिकया ह गिक आजकल क जमान म भी लो सक बन कर गिनसाथ सा करत ह ह
गिबना तन लिसा करत ह और उसक बदल ना कछ मात ह और ना ही कोई आशा करत ह नौकर सा करक तन चाहता ह और ह भी कई सगिधाओ की आशा करता ह पर सक सदा गिनजी साथ भा स सा म सलगन रह कर काम करता ह भलि[ कहानी की मखय पातर लकषमी ह जिजस भलि[ नाम लखिखका न दिदया ह ह गिकसी
ोपाल काकी कनया ह पाच रष की आय म उसकी गि माता न ौना ही कर दिदया कहानी म भलि[ क दखो का अत नही ह गिफर भी ह बडी साहसी धयान और परिरशरमी ह कदिठनाइयो स जझ ती ह पहल गिपता की मतय गिफर पगित की मतय और
गिफर घर जमाई की मतय होती ह उस साहसी मगिहला न साहस नही छोडा और तीनो पतरी ओक हाथ पील गिकए लाना द पान क कारण उसका जमीदार न अपमान गिकया गिफरकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहचीकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहची शहर पहच करा लखिखका की सगिका बनी ही पर उसका नाम भलि[ पडा ह एक भ[ की तरह अपन सामिमनी की इमानदारी स सा करती और तन का जिजकर भी नही करती ह लखिखका क घर पाठशाला आदिद को अचछी तरह स सभालती पढी-
लिलखी ना होकर भी ह लखिखका की बहत सा ए सहायता करती ह लखिखका का साया बनकर चलती लखिखका की सा करना उसक जीन का उददशय ह ह
लखिखका की खशी क लिलए ही काय करती ह ह लखिखका को दखी नही दख सकती लखिखका पर भलि[ का इतना परभा पडा गिक ह सय दहाती बन ई
यदध क दिदनो म ह अपन परिरार क साथ रहन की अपकषा लखिखका क साथ रहना पसद करती थी यदध क भत न जब ीटा क ान पर पलायन गित जा दी तो
भलि[ न न लखिखका को अपन ा ल जान का अनरोध करन ली लखिखका को डर ह गिक यदिद उसक गिदा होन क अगितम छठा ए तो ह दहातीन दधा कया कर ी
इस परकार हम दखत ह गिक लखिखका न सामिमनी और सगिका क ण बरसात हए सक धम पर परकाश डाला ह और लखिखका न एक आदश सगिका क रप को सदर
रप स परसतत गिकया हBengali আদাব পরশন) ldquoশরণের ১৪৪ ধারা আর কারহিZউ অU ার জারী রণেয়রণে0ldquo
ক) কার গলখা গকা3 রচ3ার অংশ খ)গকাায় গক3 ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়রণে0 )১৪৪ ধারা কী এর Zরণেল কী য়
উততর) ক)আরণেলাচ য অংশটি সরণেরশ বসর রহিচত lsquoআদাবlsquo গ0াট রণেলপর অংশ
খ) বাংলারণেদরণেশর ঢাকা শরণের ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়হি0ল সামপরদাহিয়ক াnাা ও দাnা পরহিতরণেরারণেধর জ3 য হিlt সলা3রণেদর গ3তারণেদর সামপরদাহিয়ক উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা বারণেধ উ2য় সমপরদায় 2ীত রণেয় ঘর বহিlt রণেয় পরণে পরসপর পরসপররণেক সরণেltরণের গচারণেখ গদরণেখ গকউ কাউরণেক আরণের রণেতা হিবশবাস কররণেত পারণের3া হিক0 া3রণেষর উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা য় ার পহির3া অরণেতক রকত iয় ও ত য
) ১৪৪ ধারা আইরণে3র এ3 একটা ধারা ার _ারা এলাকা হি3হিদ ষট করণের গদওয়া য় গসই এলাকার রণেধ য গবহিশ া3রণেষর জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় হিহি0ল জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় আই3 2nকারীরণেক গহিলর হি3রণেদশ জাহির করা য় তাই সাধার3 া3ষ আর বাইরণের গবর রণেত পারণের3া পরারণে3র 2রণেয় বহিlt রণেয় ারণেক এর Zল য় সাংঘাহিতক গদাকা3 পাট বনধ ারণেক
হিজহি3স পতর অহিল য় রাসতা ঘাট জ3 শ3 য রণেয় ায় লরণেঠরা তারণেদর লঠত রাজ চাহিলরণেয় হি3রণেজরণেদর আরণেখর গহি0রণেয় গ3য় া3ষরণেক 2ীহিতর হিব2ীহিষহিক গরাস করণের ঘরণেরর া3রণেষর ইkা াকরণেলও ঘরণের হিZররণেত পারণের3া হিZররণেত হিরণেয় বltরণেকর গহিলরণেত পরা3 ারায়
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today we will discuss about Types of Leaves
An organization provides several kinds of leaves to the employees These days employees working both in government and private sector are allowed several types of leaves Following are the leaves achieved by the employees from their organization
Casual LeaveChild care leave -HospitalLeaveSpecial disability leaveChild Adoption leaveEarned LeavesHalf pay leaveMaternity leavePaternityleaveStudy leave
1 Casual Leave- Casual leave is not a recognised form of leaves and is not subject to any rules made by the government of India And official on casual leave is not treated as Absent from duty and pay is not intimated Normally 8 days of casual leave is permissible in a calendar year
2 Child care leave - Women employees having minor children may be granted child care leave by an authority competent to grant leave for a maximum period of 730 days means two years during their entire service for taking care of up to two children weather for sharing or to look after any of their names like examination sickness it is a
3HospitalLeave - Hospital leave is admissible to group C employees whose duties involved handling of dangerous machinery explosive materials poisonous drugs and performance of hazardous task and to group D employees Medical certificate from an authorised medical attendant is necessary for the grant of these leave However total period of
leave does not exceed 28 months4Special disability leave- Special
disability leave admissible to all employees when disabled by injury intentionally or accidentally inflicted are caused in law in consequence of the due performance of official duties or in consequence of official position It also it is also add miscible when disabled by illness incurred in the performance of any particular duty which has the effect of increasing laboratory to illness or injury beyond the ordinary least attaching to the Civil post held and the same condition
5Child Adoption leave- This leave is granted to female Employees with fewer than two surviving children on valid adoption of a child below the age of one year for a period of 135 days immediately after the date of valid adoption Leave salary will be equal to the pain immediately before processing on leave
6Earned Leaves- This leave is earned by duty The credit for earned leave will be awarded at a rate of 15 days on the 1st of January and 1st of July every year It can be accumulated up to 300 days in addition to the number of days for which encashment has been allowed along with LTC
7 Half pay leave -All government servant are entitled to 20 days of HPL half pay leave for every completed year of service Half pay leave is calculated at 20 days for each completed year of service The service includes periods of duty and leave including extra ordinary leave with or without MC (medical certificate)
8 Maternity leave -Maternity leave is granted to women Government employees full stop it is as possible only to Employees with less than 2 surviving children The maternity leave is not debited to leave account and full pay is granted It cannot be combined with any other the leaves and count as service for increment and pension
9 PaternityleaveA male employee with less than 2 surviving children may be granted paternity leave for a period of 15 days during the confinement of
his wife During the period of such leaves he shall be paid leave salary equal to the pay drawn immediately before proceeding on leave
10 Study leave-Study leave may be granted to all Government Employees with not less than 5 years service for undergoing a special course consisting of higher studies are specialised training in a professional or technical subject having a direct and close connection with the sphere of his duties as a Civil Servant
Commerce
Chapter-5Management
Let us today discuss about the nature of Management
Nature of management Management is defined as
An art A science A profession
Management is defined as an art because of the following reasons
1 In art there is an existence of theoretical knowledge Similarly in management various theories are propounded by management thinkers in various areas of management like finance marketing human resources etc
2 Every manager apply his or her personal skills and knowledge in the day to day functioning of an enterprise
3 Like an art management is creative as it provides solutions to Complex problems making resources productive and profitable moulding the attitudes of people for the betterment of an organisation
Management is is considered as science because of the following reasons
1 Like science there is a systemised body of knowledge in management consisting of theories principles vocabulary and concept
2 Principles of management are evolved after continuous observations and experimentation
Management both as Science and ArtManagement is both a science and an art It is a science because it uses certain principles and is an art because it requires continuous practice and application of personal skillsManagement as a profession Following points highlight whether management is a profession or not1 Like profession management has well
defined body of knowledge It has its own principles which are based on experiments One can acquire such
knowledge by pursuing courses like MBA BBA etc and acquire managerial skills through instruction and training
2 In management no such restriction is there for managers to clear an examination for hold a degree However these days more and more people are appointed for managerial post who opposes management degrees
3 Membership to a professional Association like AIMA is not mandatory for managers All managers directly or indirectly work for the development of society
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Essay Questions (EQ-2)
Question No 2Sketch the character of Prospero Would you call him perfect
AnswerProspero in The Tempest appears to be an intensely human being with human failings and weaknesses With all his excellence Prospero is made to awaken our sympathy for a natural imperfection Prosperorsquos Previous HistoryIn his retrospective narration of his previous history to Miranda we get a glimpse into Prosperorsquos past life As the Duke of Milan Prospero buried himself in his magic books which he prized above his dukedom He was essentially a scholar with no practical wisdom He failed to perform his first duty by neglecting the governance of his state and gave an opportunity to his wicked brother to undermine his throne He was thus driven from his home and thrown in a leaky boat with his weeping daughter to drift in the perilous seas It is only the thought of his little child that kept him aliveThe Development of Prosperorsquos CharacterThe development of his character is evident from the contrast between what he was before his banishment and what he is now in the island Formerly when his ldquolibrary was dukedom enoughrdquo he was altogether too unsuspecting Now he is watchful as providence and takes care to guard himself against the possibility of evil He has learnt to know human nature in its worst forms even Caliban has taught him something He will no longer put his trust in appearance except as ldquostale to catch thievesrdquo nor in oaths of which the strongest he says ldquoare straw to the fire irsquo the bloodrdquo He who once neglected worldly ends now consistently asserts his dignity enforces obedience and deals out justice with impartial hand He who without a thought of evil gave his power and his revenues into his brotherrsquos hands now puts Ferdinand to the severest test as a trial of his love before entrusting his daughter to him He makes the most practical use imaginable of his magic art exacts prompt servitudefrom his attendants does not hesitate to punish them is resolved and firm and knows how to seize the proper moment for action He is a most careful father to his daughter a considerate master of Ariel severe against the brutal Caliban humane towards the repentant enemies full of experience and wisdomThe Exercise of his Power ndash his SternnessWhat appears to us at the first sight one of the least pleasing features of Prosperorsquos character is the sternness which he frequently displays more particularly in his dealings with Caliban His harshness towards Caliban resulted from the failure of gentler methods his severity towards Ferdinand was exercised in the interest of his daughter ldquolest too light winning make the prize lightrdquo and his punishment of Alonso Sebastian and Antonio is justified by the attainment of his objectiveProsperorsquos TendernessThe tender side of Prosperorsquos character is exhibited in his relation to Miranda Ariel Gonzalo and the repentant sinners His love for Miranda is unbounded She was almost life to him In his darkest hours of trial this love sustained him and gave him strength to put a bold front to suffering He addresses her always with tenderness She is to him a lsquoloved darlingrsquo lsquodear heartrsquo lsquoa rich giftrsquo lsquoa third of his own lifersquo The same affectionate nature is shown in his dealing with his brother Antonio He loved his brother Antonio only next to Miranda before Antonio conspired against him In the island when Antonio is brought before him he forgives him
readily To Gonzalo the good old councilor he is all affection He sheds tears of joy and gratitude when he meets him in the island To Ariel he is a loving and considerable master Ariel is always to him ldquomy brave spiritrdquo ldquofine spiritrdquo ldquodelicate Arielrdquo ldquomy Arielrdquo etc When he promises Ariel his freedom he says with real emotion ndash ldquoI shall miss theerdquoProsperorsquos Power as a MagicianThe practice of magic has placed wonderful powers in the hands of Prospero He uses his supernatural powers like a god only to bring about the happiest results He causes The Tempest and the shipwreck only to bring his enemies within his power and not to destroy them Not a soul perished in the storm He leads Ferdinand to Miranda his high charms work and as he wishes the two falls in love He frustrates the plots of the conspirators and makes them know that he was conscious of it He drives Sebastian and Alonso to sincere repentance and readily forgives them The drunken associates of Caliban are no doubt sternly treated but even then they are promised conditional pardon The whole play at last ends in reconciliation joy and peace The wrongs are set right the lovers are made happy Ariel is set free and thus the powerful magician retires into the solitude of his study at MilanProsperorsquos ForgivenessAllied to his wisdom is his forgiving nature Though deeply wronged he bears no spite against the wrong-doers Though his power is unlimited he uses it to noble purposes The lesson of adversity has taught him that ldquoThe rarer action is in virtue than in vengeancerdquoProspero does not debase his noble nature by revenge but forgives his enemies absolutely He drives his erstwhile enemies to a sincere penitence for their past misdeeds and when repentance has wrought its full effect on them he receives them into his arms and is reconciled to them Is Prospero perfectProspero creates a great impression upon our minds by his dignity his nobility the divine spirit of forgiveness in him his generous and sympathetic nature etc Even with all these virtues we cannot call him perfect We perceive certain faults in him He displays an occasional impatience irritability and even a certain harshness of feeling His severe treatment of Caliban might have been justified but the language in which he addresses the monster and the threats that he uses show him to be a kind of tyrant On learning of Calibanrsquos plot against his life he is as violently disturbed and agitated as any ordinary human being would be His manner towards Ariel when the latter demands his liberty also seems somewhat arbitrary and tyrannicalSubject ndashBiology Topic ndashChapter -5 Inheritance amp Variations Summary ExecutionToday we will discuss about NON-Mendelian Inheritance
NON_MENDELIAN INHERITANCE Incomplete Dominance It is an inheritance in which heterozygous offspring shows
intermediate character between two parental characteristics Eg Flower colour in snapdragon (dog flower or Antirrhinum sp) and
Mirabilis jalapa ( 4rsquoO clock plant) Here phenotypic and genotypic ratios are same Phenotypic Ratio 1Red 2 Pink 1 White Genotypic Ratio 1(RR) 2 (Rr) 1(rr) This means that R was not completely dominant over r Pea plants also show incomplete dominance in other traits
Co- dominance It is the inheritance in which both alleles of a gene are expressed in a
hybrid Eg ABO blood grouping in human ABO Blood groups are controlled by the gene I The plasma membrane of the RBC has sugar polymer that protrude
from its surface and is controlled By the gene The gene I has three alleles IA IB i The alleles IA and IB produce a slightly different form of the sugar
while allele i does not produce any sugar In AB blood group both IA and IB are present together This is co ndash
dominanceMultiple Alleles
Multiple alternatives of the same gene which influence the same character and produce different expressions in different individuals of a species or population same genes have more than two allelic
forms These different forms of a single gene are referred as multiple alleles Eg human Blood group
Ac-12 250620 Topic- retirement
Illustration Om Jai and Jagdish are partners sharing profit in the ratio of 3 2 l Their balance sheet as at December 31st 2014 is as under
Balance sheet as at December 31 2014
Liabilities Amount Assets Amount
(Rs`) (Rs`)
Creditors 80000 Building 180000 Bills Payable 26000 Plant 140000 General reserve 24000 Motor Car 40000 Capital Stock 100000 Om 160000 Debtors 63000 Jai 120000 Less Provision Jagdish 120000
400000 for Bad debts 3000
60000 Cash at Bank 10000
530000 530000
Jai retires on that date on the following terms(a) The Goodwill of the firm is valued at Rs 60000(b) Stock and Building to be appreciated by 10(c) Plant is depreciated by 10(d) Provision for Bad debts is increased upto Rs 5000(e) Jairsquos share of goodwill was adjusted through remaining partners capital accountThe amount due to Jai is paid out of the fund brought in by Om and Jagdish in theirnew profit sharing ratio Jai is paid full amountPrepare Revaluation Account and Partnerrsquos Capital account
Solution WorkingsIt is assumed that Om and Jagdish gaining ratio remains 3 lJairsquo Share of goodwill = Rs 60000 times 26 = Rs20000Adjusted through the remaining partners capital account in 3 1 ratio
Revaluation Account
Dr Cr
Particulars Amount Particulars Amount
(Rs`) (`Rs)
To Provision for Bad debts 2000 By Stock 10000TO Plant 14000 By Building 18000To Profit transferred toCapital Accounts Om 6000 Jai 4000 Jagdish 2000
12000
28000 28000
Capital AccountDr Cr Particulars Om Jai Jagdish Particulars Om Jai Jagdish
(Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (rs`) (`Rs)
To Capital 15000 mdash 5000 By Balance bd 160000 120000 120000 ToBank 152000 By General Reserve 12000 8000 4000To Balance cd 277000 mdash 159000 By Revaluation (Profit) 6000 4000 2000 By Om Capital mdash 15000 mdash ByJagdish Capital mdash 5000 By Bank 114000 38000
292000 152000 164000 292000 152000 164000
near Sihawa in Raipur district in the highlands of Chhattisgarhand flows through Odisha to reach the Bay of BengalThe length of the river is about 857 kmIts drainagebasin is shared by Maharashtra Chhattisgarh Jharkhandand Odisha
THE MAHANADI RIVER SYSTEM
The GodavariThe river Godavari rises from the slopes of the WestenGhats in the Nasik district of MaharashtraIt is the longest river (about 1465 km) having thelargest drainage basin and the largest delta of thePeninsular rivers It is also known as the lsquoDakshin Gangarsquobecause of its length and the area it coversThe Godavari has many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
THE GODAVARI RIVER SYSTEM
many tributaries such as ManjraWainganga and Penganga Purna the Wardha andPranhitaThe Godavari basin covers parts ofMaharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha and AndhraPradesh It drains into the Bay of Bengal
Q2 Which river is known as Dakshin GangaA2 The Godavari river is known as lsquoDakshin Gangarsquo It is also known as Vridha Ganga
Q3 Differentiate between east-flowing rivers and west-flowing riversA3
East-flowing rivers
West-flowing rivers
Godavari Krishna Kaveri Mahanadi are the east-flowing rivers
Narmada Tapiwest-flowing rivers
They fall into the Bay of Bengal
They fall into Arabian Sea
These rivers form big deltas
These rivers form comparativelysmall deltas
Catchment area of these river are larger
Catchment area of these river are smaller
The KrishnaThe Krishna river rises from the Western Ghatsnear Mahabaleshwar It flows into the Bay of Bengalbefore forming a large delta Its length is about1400 km The Tungabhadra Koyana Ghatprabha Musi and Bhima are some of its tributariesIt has covers parts of Maharashtra Karnataka and AndhraPradesh
THE KRISHNA RIVER SYSTEM
The KaveriIt rises in the Brahmagiri range of the Western Ghats and flows into the Bay ofBengal Southof Cuddalore in Tamil Nadu The length of the river is about 760 km Its main tributaries are the Amravati Bhavani Hemavati and Kabini The Kaveri drains inthe parts of Karnataka Kerala and drains in Tamil Nadu The river Kaveri makes the second biggest waterfall in India known as Sivasamudram
POLITICAL SCIENCE
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
MEANING OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS-Fundamental rights are those rights which are essential for intellectual moral and spiritual development of citizens of India As these rights are fundamental or essential for existence and all-round development of individuals hence they are called Fundamental rights These are enshrined in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India These include individual rights common to most such as equality before the law freedom of speech and freedom of expression religious and cultural freedom Freedom of assembly (peaceful assembly) freedom of religion (freedom to practice religion) right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writsThere are six fundamental rights recognized by the Indian constitution
1 Right to equality (Articles 14-18)2 Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22)3 Right Against exploitation (Articles 23-24)4 Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25- 28)5 Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29-30) and6 Right to Constitutional remedies (Articles 32-35)
1 The right to equality includes equality before the law the prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion race caste gender or place of birth equality of opportunity in matters of employment the abolition of untouchability and abolition of titles
2 The right to freedom includes freedom of speech and expression association or union or cooperatives movement residence and right to practice any profession or occupation
3 The right against exploitation prohibits all forms of forced labour child labour and trafficking of human beings
4 The right to freedom of religion includes freedom of conscience and free profession practice and propagation of religion freedom to manage religious affairs freedom from certain taxes and freedom from religious instructions in certain educational institutes
5 The Cultural and educational Rights preserve the right of any section of citizens to conserve their culture language or script and right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice
6 The right to constitutional remedies is present for enforcement of fundamental rightsThe right to privacy is an intrinsic part of Article 21 (the Right to Freedom) that protects the life and liberty of the citizens The right to privacy is the newest right assured by the Supreme court of India It assures the peoples data and personal security
Fundamental rights for Indians have also been aimed at overturning the inequalities of pre-independence social practices Specifically they have also been used to abolish untouchability and thus prohibit discrimination on the grounds of religion race caste sex or place of birth They also forbid trafficking of human beings and forced labour (a crime) They also protect cultural and educational rights of religious and linguistic minorities by allowing them to preserve their languages and also establish and administer their own education institutions They are covered in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India
Mathematics
Relation Study Item Types of RelationToday class xii students we will discuss about the types of RelationsFirst we discuss Void RelationWhat is Void RelationAns Let A be a non-empty set Then φ A A and so it is a relation R on set A Thissube ⨯ relation is called the void or empty relation on set ANow from the above definition we came to know that no element of A is related to any element of AHere A A is called Cartesian product⨯
is the symbol of subsetsubeAnd φ is called phi and refer to void or empty relationNow I give an example to understand the above said relationLet A = 1 2 3 4Here A A =(11)(12)(13)(14)(21)(22)(23)(24)(31)(32)(33)(34)(41)⨯(42)(43)(44)Now we consider R is a relation which is defined by R=(ab) a+b= 50We notice that a+b 50 for any two elements of AnotinTherefore (ab) R for any ab A is called belong to and is not belong tonotin isin isin notinTherefore we can say R does not contain any element of A A⨯Therefore R is empty set Therefore we can say that R is the void or empty relation on AWhat is universal RelationAns Let A is a set Then A A A A and so it is a relation on A This relation is called⨯ sube ⨯ the universal relation on ANow from the above definition we can say that each element of A is related to every element of ANow we consider the relation R on the set A =1 234 defined by R = (ab) R |a -b|isin
0≽We observe that|a - b | 0 for all ab A≽ isin
(ab) R for all (ab) A ArArr isin isin ⨯ Each element of set A is related to set A every element of set ArArr
Therefore we write R= AxATherefore we can say R is universal relation on set ANote we can say that void relation is smallest relation and the universal relation is largest relationSometime both void relation and universal relation is called trivial relationWhat is identity relationAns Let A is a non-empty set Then the relation R or IA = (aa) a A on A is called theisin identity relation on A Therefore from the above definition we can say that every element of A is related to itself only
Example Let A = 1234 then Ror IA = (11)(22)(33)(44) is the identity relation on set ANow I give you another example R1 = (11)(22)(33) and R2 = (11)(22)(33)(44)(24)From the above example we can say that R1 and R2 are not identify relation Because in the case of R1 (44)R1 and on the other hand R2 where element 2 is related to elements 2 and 4
Hindi 2ndlang
भलि[ (महादी मा)
भलि[ कहानी की लखिखका महादी मा न इस कहानी म यह दशान का परयास गिकया ह गिक आजकल क जमान म भी लो सक बन कर गिनसाथ सा करत ह ह
गिबना तन लिसा करत ह और उसक बदल ना कछ मात ह और ना ही कोई आशा करत ह नौकर सा करक तन चाहता ह और ह भी कई सगिधाओ की आशा करता ह पर सक सदा गिनजी साथ भा स सा म सलगन रह कर काम करता ह भलि[ कहानी की मखय पातर लकषमी ह जिजस भलि[ नाम लखिखका न दिदया ह ह गिकसी
ोपाल काकी कनया ह पाच रष की आय म उसकी गि माता न ौना ही कर दिदया कहानी म भलि[ क दखो का अत नही ह गिफर भी ह बडी साहसी धयान और परिरशरमी ह कदिठनाइयो स जझ ती ह पहल गिपता की मतय गिफर पगित की मतय और
गिफर घर जमाई की मतय होती ह उस साहसी मगिहला न साहस नही छोडा और तीनो पतरी ओक हाथ पील गिकए लाना द पान क कारण उसका जमीदार न अपमान गिकया गिफरकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहचीकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहची शहर पहच करा लखिखका की सगिका बनी ही पर उसका नाम भलि[ पडा ह एक भ[ की तरह अपन सामिमनी की इमानदारी स सा करती और तन का जिजकर भी नही करती ह लखिखका क घर पाठशाला आदिद को अचछी तरह स सभालती पढी-
लिलखी ना होकर भी ह लखिखका की बहत सा ए सहायता करती ह लखिखका का साया बनकर चलती लखिखका की सा करना उसक जीन का उददशय ह ह
लखिखका की खशी क लिलए ही काय करती ह ह लखिखका को दखी नही दख सकती लखिखका पर भलि[ का इतना परभा पडा गिक ह सय दहाती बन ई
यदध क दिदनो म ह अपन परिरार क साथ रहन की अपकषा लखिखका क साथ रहना पसद करती थी यदध क भत न जब ीटा क ान पर पलायन गित जा दी तो
भलि[ न न लखिखका को अपन ा ल जान का अनरोध करन ली लखिखका को डर ह गिक यदिद उसक गिदा होन क अगितम छठा ए तो ह दहातीन दधा कया कर ी
इस परकार हम दखत ह गिक लखिखका न सामिमनी और सगिका क ण बरसात हए सक धम पर परकाश डाला ह और लखिखका न एक आदश सगिका क रप को सदर
रप स परसतत गिकया हBengali আদাব পরশন) ldquoশরণের ১৪৪ ধারা আর কারহিZউ অU ার জারী রণেয়রণে0ldquo
ক) কার গলখা গকা3 রচ3ার অংশ খ)গকাায় গক3 ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়রণে0 )১৪৪ ধারা কী এর Zরণেল কী য়
উততর) ক)আরণেলাচ য অংশটি সরণেরশ বসর রহিচত lsquoআদাবlsquo গ0াট রণেলপর অংশ
খ) বাংলারণেদরণেশর ঢাকা শরণের ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়হি0ল সামপরদাহিয়ক াnাা ও দাnা পরহিতরণেরারণেধর জ3 য হিlt সলা3রণেদর গ3তারণেদর সামপরদাহিয়ক উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা বারণেধ উ2য় সমপরদায় 2ীত রণেয় ঘর বহিlt রণেয় পরণে পরসপর পরসপররণেক সরণেltরণের গচারণেখ গদরণেখ গকউ কাউরণেক আরণের রণেতা হিবশবাস কররণেত পারণের3া হিক0 া3রণেষর উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা য় ার পহির3া অরণেতক রকত iয় ও ত য
) ১৪৪ ধারা আইরণে3র এ3 একটা ধারা ার _ারা এলাকা হি3হিদ ষট করণের গদওয়া য় গসই এলাকার রণেধ য গবহিশ া3রণেষর জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় হিহি0ল জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় আই3 2nকারীরণেক গহিলর হি3রণেদশ জাহির করা য় তাই সাধার3 া3ষ আর বাইরণের গবর রণেত পারণের3া পরারণে3র 2রণেয় বহিlt রণেয় ারণেক এর Zল য় সাংঘাহিতক গদাকা3 পাট বনধ ারণেক
হিজহি3স পতর অহিল য় রাসতা ঘাট জ3 শ3 য রণেয় ায় লরণেঠরা তারণেদর লঠত রাজ চাহিলরণেয় হি3রণেজরণেদর আরণেখর গহি0রণেয় গ3য় া3ষরণেক 2ীহিতর হিব2ীহিষহিক গরাস করণের ঘরণেরর া3রণেষর ইkা াকরণেলও ঘরণের হিZররণেত পারণের3া হিZররণেত হিরণেয় বltরণেকর গহিলরণেত পরা3 ারায়
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today we will discuss about Types of Leaves
An organization provides several kinds of leaves to the employees These days employees working both in government and private sector are allowed several types of leaves Following are the leaves achieved by the employees from their organization
Casual LeaveChild care leave -HospitalLeaveSpecial disability leaveChild Adoption leaveEarned LeavesHalf pay leaveMaternity leavePaternityleaveStudy leave
1 Casual Leave- Casual leave is not a recognised form of leaves and is not subject to any rules made by the government of India And official on casual leave is not treated as Absent from duty and pay is not intimated Normally 8 days of casual leave is permissible in a calendar year
2 Child care leave - Women employees having minor children may be granted child care leave by an authority competent to grant leave for a maximum period of 730 days means two years during their entire service for taking care of up to two children weather for sharing or to look after any of their names like examination sickness it is a
3HospitalLeave - Hospital leave is admissible to group C employees whose duties involved handling of dangerous machinery explosive materials poisonous drugs and performance of hazardous task and to group D employees Medical certificate from an authorised medical attendant is necessary for the grant of these leave However total period of
leave does not exceed 28 months4Special disability leave- Special
disability leave admissible to all employees when disabled by injury intentionally or accidentally inflicted are caused in law in consequence of the due performance of official duties or in consequence of official position It also it is also add miscible when disabled by illness incurred in the performance of any particular duty which has the effect of increasing laboratory to illness or injury beyond the ordinary least attaching to the Civil post held and the same condition
5Child Adoption leave- This leave is granted to female Employees with fewer than two surviving children on valid adoption of a child below the age of one year for a period of 135 days immediately after the date of valid adoption Leave salary will be equal to the pain immediately before processing on leave
6Earned Leaves- This leave is earned by duty The credit for earned leave will be awarded at a rate of 15 days on the 1st of January and 1st of July every year It can be accumulated up to 300 days in addition to the number of days for which encashment has been allowed along with LTC
7 Half pay leave -All government servant are entitled to 20 days of HPL half pay leave for every completed year of service Half pay leave is calculated at 20 days for each completed year of service The service includes periods of duty and leave including extra ordinary leave with or without MC (medical certificate)
8 Maternity leave -Maternity leave is granted to women Government employees full stop it is as possible only to Employees with less than 2 surviving children The maternity leave is not debited to leave account and full pay is granted It cannot be combined with any other the leaves and count as service for increment and pension
9 PaternityleaveA male employee with less than 2 surviving children may be granted paternity leave for a period of 15 days during the confinement of
his wife During the period of such leaves he shall be paid leave salary equal to the pay drawn immediately before proceeding on leave
10 Study leave-Study leave may be granted to all Government Employees with not less than 5 years service for undergoing a special course consisting of higher studies are specialised training in a professional or technical subject having a direct and close connection with the sphere of his duties as a Civil Servant
Commerce
Chapter-5Management
Let us today discuss about the nature of Management
Nature of management Management is defined as
An art A science A profession
Management is defined as an art because of the following reasons
1 In art there is an existence of theoretical knowledge Similarly in management various theories are propounded by management thinkers in various areas of management like finance marketing human resources etc
2 Every manager apply his or her personal skills and knowledge in the day to day functioning of an enterprise
3 Like an art management is creative as it provides solutions to Complex problems making resources productive and profitable moulding the attitudes of people for the betterment of an organisation
Management is is considered as science because of the following reasons
1 Like science there is a systemised body of knowledge in management consisting of theories principles vocabulary and concept
2 Principles of management are evolved after continuous observations and experimentation
Management both as Science and ArtManagement is both a science and an art It is a science because it uses certain principles and is an art because it requires continuous practice and application of personal skillsManagement as a profession Following points highlight whether management is a profession or not1 Like profession management has well
defined body of knowledge It has its own principles which are based on experiments One can acquire such
knowledge by pursuing courses like MBA BBA etc and acquire managerial skills through instruction and training
2 In management no such restriction is there for managers to clear an examination for hold a degree However these days more and more people are appointed for managerial post who opposes management degrees
3 Membership to a professional Association like AIMA is not mandatory for managers All managers directly or indirectly work for the development of society
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Essay Questions (EQ-2)
Question No 2Sketch the character of Prospero Would you call him perfect
AnswerProspero in The Tempest appears to be an intensely human being with human failings and weaknesses With all his excellence Prospero is made to awaken our sympathy for a natural imperfection Prosperorsquos Previous HistoryIn his retrospective narration of his previous history to Miranda we get a glimpse into Prosperorsquos past life As the Duke of Milan Prospero buried himself in his magic books which he prized above his dukedom He was essentially a scholar with no practical wisdom He failed to perform his first duty by neglecting the governance of his state and gave an opportunity to his wicked brother to undermine his throne He was thus driven from his home and thrown in a leaky boat with his weeping daughter to drift in the perilous seas It is only the thought of his little child that kept him aliveThe Development of Prosperorsquos CharacterThe development of his character is evident from the contrast between what he was before his banishment and what he is now in the island Formerly when his ldquolibrary was dukedom enoughrdquo he was altogether too unsuspecting Now he is watchful as providence and takes care to guard himself against the possibility of evil He has learnt to know human nature in its worst forms even Caliban has taught him something He will no longer put his trust in appearance except as ldquostale to catch thievesrdquo nor in oaths of which the strongest he says ldquoare straw to the fire irsquo the bloodrdquo He who once neglected worldly ends now consistently asserts his dignity enforces obedience and deals out justice with impartial hand He who without a thought of evil gave his power and his revenues into his brotherrsquos hands now puts Ferdinand to the severest test as a trial of his love before entrusting his daughter to him He makes the most practical use imaginable of his magic art exacts prompt servitudefrom his attendants does not hesitate to punish them is resolved and firm and knows how to seize the proper moment for action He is a most careful father to his daughter a considerate master of Ariel severe against the brutal Caliban humane towards the repentant enemies full of experience and wisdomThe Exercise of his Power ndash his SternnessWhat appears to us at the first sight one of the least pleasing features of Prosperorsquos character is the sternness which he frequently displays more particularly in his dealings with Caliban His harshness towards Caliban resulted from the failure of gentler methods his severity towards Ferdinand was exercised in the interest of his daughter ldquolest too light winning make the prize lightrdquo and his punishment of Alonso Sebastian and Antonio is justified by the attainment of his objectiveProsperorsquos TendernessThe tender side of Prosperorsquos character is exhibited in his relation to Miranda Ariel Gonzalo and the repentant sinners His love for Miranda is unbounded She was almost life to him In his darkest hours of trial this love sustained him and gave him strength to put a bold front to suffering He addresses her always with tenderness She is to him a lsquoloved darlingrsquo lsquodear heartrsquo lsquoa rich giftrsquo lsquoa third of his own lifersquo The same affectionate nature is shown in his dealing with his brother Antonio He loved his brother Antonio only next to Miranda before Antonio conspired against him In the island when Antonio is brought before him he forgives him
readily To Gonzalo the good old councilor he is all affection He sheds tears of joy and gratitude when he meets him in the island To Ariel he is a loving and considerable master Ariel is always to him ldquomy brave spiritrdquo ldquofine spiritrdquo ldquodelicate Arielrdquo ldquomy Arielrdquo etc When he promises Ariel his freedom he says with real emotion ndash ldquoI shall miss theerdquoProsperorsquos Power as a MagicianThe practice of magic has placed wonderful powers in the hands of Prospero He uses his supernatural powers like a god only to bring about the happiest results He causes The Tempest and the shipwreck only to bring his enemies within his power and not to destroy them Not a soul perished in the storm He leads Ferdinand to Miranda his high charms work and as he wishes the two falls in love He frustrates the plots of the conspirators and makes them know that he was conscious of it He drives Sebastian and Alonso to sincere repentance and readily forgives them The drunken associates of Caliban are no doubt sternly treated but even then they are promised conditional pardon The whole play at last ends in reconciliation joy and peace The wrongs are set right the lovers are made happy Ariel is set free and thus the powerful magician retires into the solitude of his study at MilanProsperorsquos ForgivenessAllied to his wisdom is his forgiving nature Though deeply wronged he bears no spite against the wrong-doers Though his power is unlimited he uses it to noble purposes The lesson of adversity has taught him that ldquoThe rarer action is in virtue than in vengeancerdquoProspero does not debase his noble nature by revenge but forgives his enemies absolutely He drives his erstwhile enemies to a sincere penitence for their past misdeeds and when repentance has wrought its full effect on them he receives them into his arms and is reconciled to them Is Prospero perfectProspero creates a great impression upon our minds by his dignity his nobility the divine spirit of forgiveness in him his generous and sympathetic nature etc Even with all these virtues we cannot call him perfect We perceive certain faults in him He displays an occasional impatience irritability and even a certain harshness of feeling His severe treatment of Caliban might have been justified but the language in which he addresses the monster and the threats that he uses show him to be a kind of tyrant On learning of Calibanrsquos plot against his life he is as violently disturbed and agitated as any ordinary human being would be His manner towards Ariel when the latter demands his liberty also seems somewhat arbitrary and tyrannicalSubject ndashBiology Topic ndashChapter -5 Inheritance amp Variations Summary ExecutionToday we will discuss about NON-Mendelian Inheritance
NON_MENDELIAN INHERITANCE Incomplete Dominance It is an inheritance in which heterozygous offspring shows
intermediate character between two parental characteristics Eg Flower colour in snapdragon (dog flower or Antirrhinum sp) and
Mirabilis jalapa ( 4rsquoO clock plant) Here phenotypic and genotypic ratios are same Phenotypic Ratio 1Red 2 Pink 1 White Genotypic Ratio 1(RR) 2 (Rr) 1(rr) This means that R was not completely dominant over r Pea plants also show incomplete dominance in other traits
Co- dominance It is the inheritance in which both alleles of a gene are expressed in a
hybrid Eg ABO blood grouping in human ABO Blood groups are controlled by the gene I The plasma membrane of the RBC has sugar polymer that protrude
from its surface and is controlled By the gene The gene I has three alleles IA IB i The alleles IA and IB produce a slightly different form of the sugar
while allele i does not produce any sugar In AB blood group both IA and IB are present together This is co ndash
dominanceMultiple Alleles
Multiple alternatives of the same gene which influence the same character and produce different expressions in different individuals of a species or population same genes have more than two allelic
forms These different forms of a single gene are referred as multiple alleles Eg human Blood group
Ac-12 250620 Topic- retirement
Illustration Om Jai and Jagdish are partners sharing profit in the ratio of 3 2 l Their balance sheet as at December 31st 2014 is as under
Balance sheet as at December 31 2014
Liabilities Amount Assets Amount
(Rs`) (Rs`)
Creditors 80000 Building 180000 Bills Payable 26000 Plant 140000 General reserve 24000 Motor Car 40000 Capital Stock 100000 Om 160000 Debtors 63000 Jai 120000 Less Provision Jagdish 120000
400000 for Bad debts 3000
60000 Cash at Bank 10000
530000 530000
Jai retires on that date on the following terms(a) The Goodwill of the firm is valued at Rs 60000(b) Stock and Building to be appreciated by 10(c) Plant is depreciated by 10(d) Provision for Bad debts is increased upto Rs 5000(e) Jairsquos share of goodwill was adjusted through remaining partners capital accountThe amount due to Jai is paid out of the fund brought in by Om and Jagdish in theirnew profit sharing ratio Jai is paid full amountPrepare Revaluation Account and Partnerrsquos Capital account
Solution WorkingsIt is assumed that Om and Jagdish gaining ratio remains 3 lJairsquo Share of goodwill = Rs 60000 times 26 = Rs20000Adjusted through the remaining partners capital account in 3 1 ratio
Revaluation Account
Dr Cr
Particulars Amount Particulars Amount
(Rs`) (`Rs)
To Provision for Bad debts 2000 By Stock 10000TO Plant 14000 By Building 18000To Profit transferred toCapital Accounts Om 6000 Jai 4000 Jagdish 2000
12000
28000 28000
Capital AccountDr Cr Particulars Om Jai Jagdish Particulars Om Jai Jagdish
(Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (rs`) (`Rs)
To Capital 15000 mdash 5000 By Balance bd 160000 120000 120000 ToBank 152000 By General Reserve 12000 8000 4000To Balance cd 277000 mdash 159000 By Revaluation (Profit) 6000 4000 2000 By Om Capital mdash 15000 mdash ByJagdish Capital mdash 5000 By Bank 114000 38000
292000 152000 164000 292000 152000 164000
The KrishnaThe Krishna river rises from the Western Ghatsnear Mahabaleshwar It flows into the Bay of Bengalbefore forming a large delta Its length is about1400 km The Tungabhadra Koyana Ghatprabha Musi and Bhima are some of its tributariesIt has covers parts of Maharashtra Karnataka and AndhraPradesh
THE KRISHNA RIVER SYSTEM
The KaveriIt rises in the Brahmagiri range of the Western Ghats and flows into the Bay ofBengal Southof Cuddalore in Tamil Nadu The length of the river is about 760 km Its main tributaries are the Amravati Bhavani Hemavati and Kabini The Kaveri drains inthe parts of Karnataka Kerala and drains in Tamil Nadu The river Kaveri makes the second biggest waterfall in India known as Sivasamudram
POLITICAL SCIENCE
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
MEANING OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS-Fundamental rights are those rights which are essential for intellectual moral and spiritual development of citizens of India As these rights are fundamental or essential for existence and all-round development of individuals hence they are called Fundamental rights These are enshrined in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India These include individual rights common to most such as equality before the law freedom of speech and freedom of expression religious and cultural freedom Freedom of assembly (peaceful assembly) freedom of religion (freedom to practice religion) right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writsThere are six fundamental rights recognized by the Indian constitution
1 Right to equality (Articles 14-18)2 Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22)3 Right Against exploitation (Articles 23-24)4 Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25- 28)5 Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29-30) and6 Right to Constitutional remedies (Articles 32-35)
1 The right to equality includes equality before the law the prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion race caste gender or place of birth equality of opportunity in matters of employment the abolition of untouchability and abolition of titles
2 The right to freedom includes freedom of speech and expression association or union or cooperatives movement residence and right to practice any profession or occupation
3 The right against exploitation prohibits all forms of forced labour child labour and trafficking of human beings
4 The right to freedom of religion includes freedom of conscience and free profession practice and propagation of religion freedom to manage religious affairs freedom from certain taxes and freedom from religious instructions in certain educational institutes
5 The Cultural and educational Rights preserve the right of any section of citizens to conserve their culture language or script and right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice
6 The right to constitutional remedies is present for enforcement of fundamental rightsThe right to privacy is an intrinsic part of Article 21 (the Right to Freedom) that protects the life and liberty of the citizens The right to privacy is the newest right assured by the Supreme court of India It assures the peoples data and personal security
Fundamental rights for Indians have also been aimed at overturning the inequalities of pre-independence social practices Specifically they have also been used to abolish untouchability and thus prohibit discrimination on the grounds of religion race caste sex or place of birth They also forbid trafficking of human beings and forced labour (a crime) They also protect cultural and educational rights of religious and linguistic minorities by allowing them to preserve their languages and also establish and administer their own education institutions They are covered in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India
Mathematics
Relation Study Item Types of RelationToday class xii students we will discuss about the types of RelationsFirst we discuss Void RelationWhat is Void RelationAns Let A be a non-empty set Then φ A A and so it is a relation R on set A Thissube ⨯ relation is called the void or empty relation on set ANow from the above definition we came to know that no element of A is related to any element of AHere A A is called Cartesian product⨯
is the symbol of subsetsubeAnd φ is called phi and refer to void or empty relationNow I give an example to understand the above said relationLet A = 1 2 3 4Here A A =(11)(12)(13)(14)(21)(22)(23)(24)(31)(32)(33)(34)(41)⨯(42)(43)(44)Now we consider R is a relation which is defined by R=(ab) a+b= 50We notice that a+b 50 for any two elements of AnotinTherefore (ab) R for any ab A is called belong to and is not belong tonotin isin isin notinTherefore we can say R does not contain any element of A A⨯Therefore R is empty set Therefore we can say that R is the void or empty relation on AWhat is universal RelationAns Let A is a set Then A A A A and so it is a relation on A This relation is called⨯ sube ⨯ the universal relation on ANow from the above definition we can say that each element of A is related to every element of ANow we consider the relation R on the set A =1 234 defined by R = (ab) R |a -b|isin
0≽We observe that|a - b | 0 for all ab A≽ isin
(ab) R for all (ab) A ArArr isin isin ⨯ Each element of set A is related to set A every element of set ArArr
Therefore we write R= AxATherefore we can say R is universal relation on set ANote we can say that void relation is smallest relation and the universal relation is largest relationSometime both void relation and universal relation is called trivial relationWhat is identity relationAns Let A is a non-empty set Then the relation R or IA = (aa) a A on A is called theisin identity relation on A Therefore from the above definition we can say that every element of A is related to itself only
Example Let A = 1234 then Ror IA = (11)(22)(33)(44) is the identity relation on set ANow I give you another example R1 = (11)(22)(33) and R2 = (11)(22)(33)(44)(24)From the above example we can say that R1 and R2 are not identify relation Because in the case of R1 (44)R1 and on the other hand R2 where element 2 is related to elements 2 and 4
Hindi 2ndlang
भलि[ (महादी मा)
भलि[ कहानी की लखिखका महादी मा न इस कहानी म यह दशान का परयास गिकया ह गिक आजकल क जमान म भी लो सक बन कर गिनसाथ सा करत ह ह
गिबना तन लिसा करत ह और उसक बदल ना कछ मात ह और ना ही कोई आशा करत ह नौकर सा करक तन चाहता ह और ह भी कई सगिधाओ की आशा करता ह पर सक सदा गिनजी साथ भा स सा म सलगन रह कर काम करता ह भलि[ कहानी की मखय पातर लकषमी ह जिजस भलि[ नाम लखिखका न दिदया ह ह गिकसी
ोपाल काकी कनया ह पाच रष की आय म उसकी गि माता न ौना ही कर दिदया कहानी म भलि[ क दखो का अत नही ह गिफर भी ह बडी साहसी धयान और परिरशरमी ह कदिठनाइयो स जझ ती ह पहल गिपता की मतय गिफर पगित की मतय और
गिफर घर जमाई की मतय होती ह उस साहसी मगिहला न साहस नही छोडा और तीनो पतरी ओक हाथ पील गिकए लाना द पान क कारण उसका जमीदार न अपमान गिकया गिफरकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहचीकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहची शहर पहच करा लखिखका की सगिका बनी ही पर उसका नाम भलि[ पडा ह एक भ[ की तरह अपन सामिमनी की इमानदारी स सा करती और तन का जिजकर भी नही करती ह लखिखका क घर पाठशाला आदिद को अचछी तरह स सभालती पढी-
लिलखी ना होकर भी ह लखिखका की बहत सा ए सहायता करती ह लखिखका का साया बनकर चलती लखिखका की सा करना उसक जीन का उददशय ह ह
लखिखका की खशी क लिलए ही काय करती ह ह लखिखका को दखी नही दख सकती लखिखका पर भलि[ का इतना परभा पडा गिक ह सय दहाती बन ई
यदध क दिदनो म ह अपन परिरार क साथ रहन की अपकषा लखिखका क साथ रहना पसद करती थी यदध क भत न जब ीटा क ान पर पलायन गित जा दी तो
भलि[ न न लखिखका को अपन ा ल जान का अनरोध करन ली लखिखका को डर ह गिक यदिद उसक गिदा होन क अगितम छठा ए तो ह दहातीन दधा कया कर ी
इस परकार हम दखत ह गिक लखिखका न सामिमनी और सगिका क ण बरसात हए सक धम पर परकाश डाला ह और लखिखका न एक आदश सगिका क रप को सदर
रप स परसतत गिकया हBengali আদাব পরশন) ldquoশরণের ১৪৪ ধারা আর কারহিZউ অU ার জারী রণেয়রণে0ldquo
ক) কার গলখা গকা3 রচ3ার অংশ খ)গকাায় গক3 ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়রণে0 )১৪৪ ধারা কী এর Zরণেল কী য়
উততর) ক)আরণেলাচ য অংশটি সরণেরশ বসর রহিচত lsquoআদাবlsquo গ0াট রণেলপর অংশ
খ) বাংলারণেদরণেশর ঢাকা শরণের ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়হি0ল সামপরদাহিয়ক াnাা ও দাnা পরহিতরণেরারণেধর জ3 য হিlt সলা3রণেদর গ3তারণেদর সামপরদাহিয়ক উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা বারণেধ উ2য় সমপরদায় 2ীত রণেয় ঘর বহিlt রণেয় পরণে পরসপর পরসপররণেক সরণেltরণের গচারণেখ গদরণেখ গকউ কাউরণেক আরণের রণেতা হিবশবাস কররণেত পারণের3া হিক0 া3রণেষর উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা য় ার পহির3া অরণেতক রকত iয় ও ত য
) ১৪৪ ধারা আইরণে3র এ3 একটা ধারা ার _ারা এলাকা হি3হিদ ষট করণের গদওয়া য় গসই এলাকার রণেধ য গবহিশ া3রণেষর জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় হিহি0ল জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় আই3 2nকারীরণেক গহিলর হি3রণেদশ জাহির করা য় তাই সাধার3 া3ষ আর বাইরণের গবর রণেত পারণের3া পরারণে3র 2রণেয় বহিlt রণেয় ারণেক এর Zল য় সাংঘাহিতক গদাকা3 পাট বনধ ারণেক
হিজহি3স পতর অহিল য় রাসতা ঘাট জ3 শ3 য রণেয় ায় লরণেঠরা তারণেদর লঠত রাজ চাহিলরণেয় হি3রণেজরণেদর আরণেখর গহি0রণেয় গ3য় া3ষরণেক 2ীহিতর হিব2ীহিষহিক গরাস করণের ঘরণেরর া3রণেষর ইkা াকরণেলও ঘরণের হিZররণেত পারণের3া হিZররণেত হিরণেয় বltরণেকর গহিলরণেত পরা3 ারায়
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today we will discuss about Types of Leaves
An organization provides several kinds of leaves to the employees These days employees working both in government and private sector are allowed several types of leaves Following are the leaves achieved by the employees from their organization
Casual LeaveChild care leave -HospitalLeaveSpecial disability leaveChild Adoption leaveEarned LeavesHalf pay leaveMaternity leavePaternityleaveStudy leave
1 Casual Leave- Casual leave is not a recognised form of leaves and is not subject to any rules made by the government of India And official on casual leave is not treated as Absent from duty and pay is not intimated Normally 8 days of casual leave is permissible in a calendar year
2 Child care leave - Women employees having minor children may be granted child care leave by an authority competent to grant leave for a maximum period of 730 days means two years during their entire service for taking care of up to two children weather for sharing or to look after any of their names like examination sickness it is a
3HospitalLeave - Hospital leave is admissible to group C employees whose duties involved handling of dangerous machinery explosive materials poisonous drugs and performance of hazardous task and to group D employees Medical certificate from an authorised medical attendant is necessary for the grant of these leave However total period of
leave does not exceed 28 months4Special disability leave- Special
disability leave admissible to all employees when disabled by injury intentionally or accidentally inflicted are caused in law in consequence of the due performance of official duties or in consequence of official position It also it is also add miscible when disabled by illness incurred in the performance of any particular duty which has the effect of increasing laboratory to illness or injury beyond the ordinary least attaching to the Civil post held and the same condition
5Child Adoption leave- This leave is granted to female Employees with fewer than two surviving children on valid adoption of a child below the age of one year for a period of 135 days immediately after the date of valid adoption Leave salary will be equal to the pain immediately before processing on leave
6Earned Leaves- This leave is earned by duty The credit for earned leave will be awarded at a rate of 15 days on the 1st of January and 1st of July every year It can be accumulated up to 300 days in addition to the number of days for which encashment has been allowed along with LTC
7 Half pay leave -All government servant are entitled to 20 days of HPL half pay leave for every completed year of service Half pay leave is calculated at 20 days for each completed year of service The service includes periods of duty and leave including extra ordinary leave with or without MC (medical certificate)
8 Maternity leave -Maternity leave is granted to women Government employees full stop it is as possible only to Employees with less than 2 surviving children The maternity leave is not debited to leave account and full pay is granted It cannot be combined with any other the leaves and count as service for increment and pension
9 PaternityleaveA male employee with less than 2 surviving children may be granted paternity leave for a period of 15 days during the confinement of
his wife During the period of such leaves he shall be paid leave salary equal to the pay drawn immediately before proceeding on leave
10 Study leave-Study leave may be granted to all Government Employees with not less than 5 years service for undergoing a special course consisting of higher studies are specialised training in a professional or technical subject having a direct and close connection with the sphere of his duties as a Civil Servant
Commerce
Chapter-5Management
Let us today discuss about the nature of Management
Nature of management Management is defined as
An art A science A profession
Management is defined as an art because of the following reasons
1 In art there is an existence of theoretical knowledge Similarly in management various theories are propounded by management thinkers in various areas of management like finance marketing human resources etc
2 Every manager apply his or her personal skills and knowledge in the day to day functioning of an enterprise
3 Like an art management is creative as it provides solutions to Complex problems making resources productive and profitable moulding the attitudes of people for the betterment of an organisation
Management is is considered as science because of the following reasons
1 Like science there is a systemised body of knowledge in management consisting of theories principles vocabulary and concept
2 Principles of management are evolved after continuous observations and experimentation
Management both as Science and ArtManagement is both a science and an art It is a science because it uses certain principles and is an art because it requires continuous practice and application of personal skillsManagement as a profession Following points highlight whether management is a profession or not1 Like profession management has well
defined body of knowledge It has its own principles which are based on experiments One can acquire such
knowledge by pursuing courses like MBA BBA etc and acquire managerial skills through instruction and training
2 In management no such restriction is there for managers to clear an examination for hold a degree However these days more and more people are appointed for managerial post who opposes management degrees
3 Membership to a professional Association like AIMA is not mandatory for managers All managers directly or indirectly work for the development of society
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Essay Questions (EQ-2)
Question No 2Sketch the character of Prospero Would you call him perfect
AnswerProspero in The Tempest appears to be an intensely human being with human failings and weaknesses With all his excellence Prospero is made to awaken our sympathy for a natural imperfection Prosperorsquos Previous HistoryIn his retrospective narration of his previous history to Miranda we get a glimpse into Prosperorsquos past life As the Duke of Milan Prospero buried himself in his magic books which he prized above his dukedom He was essentially a scholar with no practical wisdom He failed to perform his first duty by neglecting the governance of his state and gave an opportunity to his wicked brother to undermine his throne He was thus driven from his home and thrown in a leaky boat with his weeping daughter to drift in the perilous seas It is only the thought of his little child that kept him aliveThe Development of Prosperorsquos CharacterThe development of his character is evident from the contrast between what he was before his banishment and what he is now in the island Formerly when his ldquolibrary was dukedom enoughrdquo he was altogether too unsuspecting Now he is watchful as providence and takes care to guard himself against the possibility of evil He has learnt to know human nature in its worst forms even Caliban has taught him something He will no longer put his trust in appearance except as ldquostale to catch thievesrdquo nor in oaths of which the strongest he says ldquoare straw to the fire irsquo the bloodrdquo He who once neglected worldly ends now consistently asserts his dignity enforces obedience and deals out justice with impartial hand He who without a thought of evil gave his power and his revenues into his brotherrsquos hands now puts Ferdinand to the severest test as a trial of his love before entrusting his daughter to him He makes the most practical use imaginable of his magic art exacts prompt servitudefrom his attendants does not hesitate to punish them is resolved and firm and knows how to seize the proper moment for action He is a most careful father to his daughter a considerate master of Ariel severe against the brutal Caliban humane towards the repentant enemies full of experience and wisdomThe Exercise of his Power ndash his SternnessWhat appears to us at the first sight one of the least pleasing features of Prosperorsquos character is the sternness which he frequently displays more particularly in his dealings with Caliban His harshness towards Caliban resulted from the failure of gentler methods his severity towards Ferdinand was exercised in the interest of his daughter ldquolest too light winning make the prize lightrdquo and his punishment of Alonso Sebastian and Antonio is justified by the attainment of his objectiveProsperorsquos TendernessThe tender side of Prosperorsquos character is exhibited in his relation to Miranda Ariel Gonzalo and the repentant sinners His love for Miranda is unbounded She was almost life to him In his darkest hours of trial this love sustained him and gave him strength to put a bold front to suffering He addresses her always with tenderness She is to him a lsquoloved darlingrsquo lsquodear heartrsquo lsquoa rich giftrsquo lsquoa third of his own lifersquo The same affectionate nature is shown in his dealing with his brother Antonio He loved his brother Antonio only next to Miranda before Antonio conspired against him In the island when Antonio is brought before him he forgives him
readily To Gonzalo the good old councilor he is all affection He sheds tears of joy and gratitude when he meets him in the island To Ariel he is a loving and considerable master Ariel is always to him ldquomy brave spiritrdquo ldquofine spiritrdquo ldquodelicate Arielrdquo ldquomy Arielrdquo etc When he promises Ariel his freedom he says with real emotion ndash ldquoI shall miss theerdquoProsperorsquos Power as a MagicianThe practice of magic has placed wonderful powers in the hands of Prospero He uses his supernatural powers like a god only to bring about the happiest results He causes The Tempest and the shipwreck only to bring his enemies within his power and not to destroy them Not a soul perished in the storm He leads Ferdinand to Miranda his high charms work and as he wishes the two falls in love He frustrates the plots of the conspirators and makes them know that he was conscious of it He drives Sebastian and Alonso to sincere repentance and readily forgives them The drunken associates of Caliban are no doubt sternly treated but even then they are promised conditional pardon The whole play at last ends in reconciliation joy and peace The wrongs are set right the lovers are made happy Ariel is set free and thus the powerful magician retires into the solitude of his study at MilanProsperorsquos ForgivenessAllied to his wisdom is his forgiving nature Though deeply wronged he bears no spite against the wrong-doers Though his power is unlimited he uses it to noble purposes The lesson of adversity has taught him that ldquoThe rarer action is in virtue than in vengeancerdquoProspero does not debase his noble nature by revenge but forgives his enemies absolutely He drives his erstwhile enemies to a sincere penitence for their past misdeeds and when repentance has wrought its full effect on them he receives them into his arms and is reconciled to them Is Prospero perfectProspero creates a great impression upon our minds by his dignity his nobility the divine spirit of forgiveness in him his generous and sympathetic nature etc Even with all these virtues we cannot call him perfect We perceive certain faults in him He displays an occasional impatience irritability and even a certain harshness of feeling His severe treatment of Caliban might have been justified but the language in which he addresses the monster and the threats that he uses show him to be a kind of tyrant On learning of Calibanrsquos plot against his life he is as violently disturbed and agitated as any ordinary human being would be His manner towards Ariel when the latter demands his liberty also seems somewhat arbitrary and tyrannicalSubject ndashBiology Topic ndashChapter -5 Inheritance amp Variations Summary ExecutionToday we will discuss about NON-Mendelian Inheritance
NON_MENDELIAN INHERITANCE Incomplete Dominance It is an inheritance in which heterozygous offspring shows
intermediate character between two parental characteristics Eg Flower colour in snapdragon (dog flower or Antirrhinum sp) and
Mirabilis jalapa ( 4rsquoO clock plant) Here phenotypic and genotypic ratios are same Phenotypic Ratio 1Red 2 Pink 1 White Genotypic Ratio 1(RR) 2 (Rr) 1(rr) This means that R was not completely dominant over r Pea plants also show incomplete dominance in other traits
Co- dominance It is the inheritance in which both alleles of a gene are expressed in a
hybrid Eg ABO blood grouping in human ABO Blood groups are controlled by the gene I The plasma membrane of the RBC has sugar polymer that protrude
from its surface and is controlled By the gene The gene I has three alleles IA IB i The alleles IA and IB produce a slightly different form of the sugar
while allele i does not produce any sugar In AB blood group both IA and IB are present together This is co ndash
dominanceMultiple Alleles
Multiple alternatives of the same gene which influence the same character and produce different expressions in different individuals of a species or population same genes have more than two allelic
forms These different forms of a single gene are referred as multiple alleles Eg human Blood group
Ac-12 250620 Topic- retirement
Illustration Om Jai and Jagdish are partners sharing profit in the ratio of 3 2 l Their balance sheet as at December 31st 2014 is as under
Balance sheet as at December 31 2014
Liabilities Amount Assets Amount
(Rs`) (Rs`)
Creditors 80000 Building 180000 Bills Payable 26000 Plant 140000 General reserve 24000 Motor Car 40000 Capital Stock 100000 Om 160000 Debtors 63000 Jai 120000 Less Provision Jagdish 120000
400000 for Bad debts 3000
60000 Cash at Bank 10000
530000 530000
Jai retires on that date on the following terms(a) The Goodwill of the firm is valued at Rs 60000(b) Stock and Building to be appreciated by 10(c) Plant is depreciated by 10(d) Provision for Bad debts is increased upto Rs 5000(e) Jairsquos share of goodwill was adjusted through remaining partners capital accountThe amount due to Jai is paid out of the fund brought in by Om and Jagdish in theirnew profit sharing ratio Jai is paid full amountPrepare Revaluation Account and Partnerrsquos Capital account
Solution WorkingsIt is assumed that Om and Jagdish gaining ratio remains 3 lJairsquo Share of goodwill = Rs 60000 times 26 = Rs20000Adjusted through the remaining partners capital account in 3 1 ratio
Revaluation Account
Dr Cr
Particulars Amount Particulars Amount
(Rs`) (`Rs)
To Provision for Bad debts 2000 By Stock 10000TO Plant 14000 By Building 18000To Profit transferred toCapital Accounts Om 6000 Jai 4000 Jagdish 2000
12000
28000 28000
Capital AccountDr Cr Particulars Om Jai Jagdish Particulars Om Jai Jagdish
(Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (rs`) (`Rs)
To Capital 15000 mdash 5000 By Balance bd 160000 120000 120000 ToBank 152000 By General Reserve 12000 8000 4000To Balance cd 277000 mdash 159000 By Revaluation (Profit) 6000 4000 2000 By Om Capital mdash 15000 mdash ByJagdish Capital mdash 5000 By Bank 114000 38000
292000 152000 164000 292000 152000 164000
2 The right to freedom includes freedom of speech and expression association or union or cooperatives movement residence and right to practice any profession or occupation
3 The right against exploitation prohibits all forms of forced labour child labour and trafficking of human beings
4 The right to freedom of religion includes freedom of conscience and free profession practice and propagation of religion freedom to manage religious affairs freedom from certain taxes and freedom from religious instructions in certain educational institutes
5 The Cultural and educational Rights preserve the right of any section of citizens to conserve their culture language or script and right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice
6 The right to constitutional remedies is present for enforcement of fundamental rightsThe right to privacy is an intrinsic part of Article 21 (the Right to Freedom) that protects the life and liberty of the citizens The right to privacy is the newest right assured by the Supreme court of India It assures the peoples data and personal security
Fundamental rights for Indians have also been aimed at overturning the inequalities of pre-independence social practices Specifically they have also been used to abolish untouchability and thus prohibit discrimination on the grounds of religion race caste sex or place of birth They also forbid trafficking of human beings and forced labour (a crime) They also protect cultural and educational rights of religious and linguistic minorities by allowing them to preserve their languages and also establish and administer their own education institutions They are covered in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India
Mathematics
Relation Study Item Types of RelationToday class xii students we will discuss about the types of RelationsFirst we discuss Void RelationWhat is Void RelationAns Let A be a non-empty set Then φ A A and so it is a relation R on set A Thissube ⨯ relation is called the void or empty relation on set ANow from the above definition we came to know that no element of A is related to any element of AHere A A is called Cartesian product⨯
is the symbol of subsetsubeAnd φ is called phi and refer to void or empty relationNow I give an example to understand the above said relationLet A = 1 2 3 4Here A A =(11)(12)(13)(14)(21)(22)(23)(24)(31)(32)(33)(34)(41)⨯(42)(43)(44)Now we consider R is a relation which is defined by R=(ab) a+b= 50We notice that a+b 50 for any two elements of AnotinTherefore (ab) R for any ab A is called belong to and is not belong tonotin isin isin notinTherefore we can say R does not contain any element of A A⨯Therefore R is empty set Therefore we can say that R is the void or empty relation on AWhat is universal RelationAns Let A is a set Then A A A A and so it is a relation on A This relation is called⨯ sube ⨯ the universal relation on ANow from the above definition we can say that each element of A is related to every element of ANow we consider the relation R on the set A =1 234 defined by R = (ab) R |a -b|isin
0≽We observe that|a - b | 0 for all ab A≽ isin
(ab) R for all (ab) A ArArr isin isin ⨯ Each element of set A is related to set A every element of set ArArr
Therefore we write R= AxATherefore we can say R is universal relation on set ANote we can say that void relation is smallest relation and the universal relation is largest relationSometime both void relation and universal relation is called trivial relationWhat is identity relationAns Let A is a non-empty set Then the relation R or IA = (aa) a A on A is called theisin identity relation on A Therefore from the above definition we can say that every element of A is related to itself only
Example Let A = 1234 then Ror IA = (11)(22)(33)(44) is the identity relation on set ANow I give you another example R1 = (11)(22)(33) and R2 = (11)(22)(33)(44)(24)From the above example we can say that R1 and R2 are not identify relation Because in the case of R1 (44)R1 and on the other hand R2 where element 2 is related to elements 2 and 4
Hindi 2ndlang
भलि[ (महादी मा)
भलि[ कहानी की लखिखका महादी मा न इस कहानी म यह दशान का परयास गिकया ह गिक आजकल क जमान म भी लो सक बन कर गिनसाथ सा करत ह ह
गिबना तन लिसा करत ह और उसक बदल ना कछ मात ह और ना ही कोई आशा करत ह नौकर सा करक तन चाहता ह और ह भी कई सगिधाओ की आशा करता ह पर सक सदा गिनजी साथ भा स सा म सलगन रह कर काम करता ह भलि[ कहानी की मखय पातर लकषमी ह जिजस भलि[ नाम लखिखका न दिदया ह ह गिकसी
ोपाल काकी कनया ह पाच रष की आय म उसकी गि माता न ौना ही कर दिदया कहानी म भलि[ क दखो का अत नही ह गिफर भी ह बडी साहसी धयान और परिरशरमी ह कदिठनाइयो स जझ ती ह पहल गिपता की मतय गिफर पगित की मतय और
गिफर घर जमाई की मतय होती ह उस साहसी मगिहला न साहस नही छोडा और तीनो पतरी ओक हाथ पील गिकए लाना द पान क कारण उसका जमीदार न अपमान गिकया गिफरकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहचीकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहची शहर पहच करा लखिखका की सगिका बनी ही पर उसका नाम भलि[ पडा ह एक भ[ की तरह अपन सामिमनी की इमानदारी स सा करती और तन का जिजकर भी नही करती ह लखिखका क घर पाठशाला आदिद को अचछी तरह स सभालती पढी-
लिलखी ना होकर भी ह लखिखका की बहत सा ए सहायता करती ह लखिखका का साया बनकर चलती लखिखका की सा करना उसक जीन का उददशय ह ह
लखिखका की खशी क लिलए ही काय करती ह ह लखिखका को दखी नही दख सकती लखिखका पर भलि[ का इतना परभा पडा गिक ह सय दहाती बन ई
यदध क दिदनो म ह अपन परिरार क साथ रहन की अपकषा लखिखका क साथ रहना पसद करती थी यदध क भत न जब ीटा क ान पर पलायन गित जा दी तो
भलि[ न न लखिखका को अपन ा ल जान का अनरोध करन ली लखिखका को डर ह गिक यदिद उसक गिदा होन क अगितम छठा ए तो ह दहातीन दधा कया कर ी
इस परकार हम दखत ह गिक लखिखका न सामिमनी और सगिका क ण बरसात हए सक धम पर परकाश डाला ह और लखिखका न एक आदश सगिका क रप को सदर
रप स परसतत गिकया हBengali আদাব পরশন) ldquoশরণের ১৪৪ ধারা আর কারহিZউ অU ার জারী রণেয়রণে0ldquo
ক) কার গলখা গকা3 রচ3ার অংশ খ)গকাায় গক3 ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়রণে0 )১৪৪ ধারা কী এর Zরণেল কী য়
উততর) ক)আরণেলাচ য অংশটি সরণেরশ বসর রহিচত lsquoআদাবlsquo গ0াট রণেলপর অংশ
খ) বাংলারণেদরণেশর ঢাকা শরণের ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়হি0ল সামপরদাহিয়ক াnাা ও দাnা পরহিতরণেরারণেধর জ3 য হিlt সলা3রণেদর গ3তারণেদর সামপরদাহিয়ক উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা বারণেধ উ2য় সমপরদায় 2ীত রণেয় ঘর বহিlt রণেয় পরণে পরসপর পরসপররণেক সরণেltরণের গচারণেখ গদরণেখ গকউ কাউরণেক আরণের রণেতা হিবশবাস কররণেত পারণের3া হিক0 া3রণেষর উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা য় ার পহির3া অরণেতক রকত iয় ও ত য
) ১৪৪ ধারা আইরণে3র এ3 একটা ধারা ার _ারা এলাকা হি3হিদ ষট করণের গদওয়া য় গসই এলাকার রণেধ য গবহিশ া3রণেষর জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় হিহি0ল জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় আই3 2nকারীরণেক গহিলর হি3রণেদশ জাহির করা য় তাই সাধার3 া3ষ আর বাইরণের গবর রণেত পারণের3া পরারণে3র 2রণেয় বহিlt রণেয় ারণেক এর Zল য় সাংঘাহিতক গদাকা3 পাট বনধ ারণেক
হিজহি3স পতর অহিল য় রাসতা ঘাট জ3 শ3 য রণেয় ায় লরণেঠরা তারণেদর লঠত রাজ চাহিলরণেয় হি3রণেজরণেদর আরণেখর গহি0রণেয় গ3য় া3ষরণেক 2ীহিতর হিব2ীহিষহিক গরাস করণের ঘরণেরর া3রণেষর ইkা াকরণেলও ঘরণের হিZররণেত পারণের3া হিZররণেত হিরণেয় বltরণেকর গহিলরণেত পরা3 ারায়
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today we will discuss about Types of Leaves
An organization provides several kinds of leaves to the employees These days employees working both in government and private sector are allowed several types of leaves Following are the leaves achieved by the employees from their organization
Casual LeaveChild care leave -HospitalLeaveSpecial disability leaveChild Adoption leaveEarned LeavesHalf pay leaveMaternity leavePaternityleaveStudy leave
1 Casual Leave- Casual leave is not a recognised form of leaves and is not subject to any rules made by the government of India And official on casual leave is not treated as Absent from duty and pay is not intimated Normally 8 days of casual leave is permissible in a calendar year
2 Child care leave - Women employees having minor children may be granted child care leave by an authority competent to grant leave for a maximum period of 730 days means two years during their entire service for taking care of up to two children weather for sharing or to look after any of their names like examination sickness it is a
3HospitalLeave - Hospital leave is admissible to group C employees whose duties involved handling of dangerous machinery explosive materials poisonous drugs and performance of hazardous task and to group D employees Medical certificate from an authorised medical attendant is necessary for the grant of these leave However total period of
leave does not exceed 28 months4Special disability leave- Special
disability leave admissible to all employees when disabled by injury intentionally or accidentally inflicted are caused in law in consequence of the due performance of official duties or in consequence of official position It also it is also add miscible when disabled by illness incurred in the performance of any particular duty which has the effect of increasing laboratory to illness or injury beyond the ordinary least attaching to the Civil post held and the same condition
5Child Adoption leave- This leave is granted to female Employees with fewer than two surviving children on valid adoption of a child below the age of one year for a period of 135 days immediately after the date of valid adoption Leave salary will be equal to the pain immediately before processing on leave
6Earned Leaves- This leave is earned by duty The credit for earned leave will be awarded at a rate of 15 days on the 1st of January and 1st of July every year It can be accumulated up to 300 days in addition to the number of days for which encashment has been allowed along with LTC
7 Half pay leave -All government servant are entitled to 20 days of HPL half pay leave for every completed year of service Half pay leave is calculated at 20 days for each completed year of service The service includes periods of duty and leave including extra ordinary leave with or without MC (medical certificate)
8 Maternity leave -Maternity leave is granted to women Government employees full stop it is as possible only to Employees with less than 2 surviving children The maternity leave is not debited to leave account and full pay is granted It cannot be combined with any other the leaves and count as service for increment and pension
9 PaternityleaveA male employee with less than 2 surviving children may be granted paternity leave for a period of 15 days during the confinement of
his wife During the period of such leaves he shall be paid leave salary equal to the pay drawn immediately before proceeding on leave
10 Study leave-Study leave may be granted to all Government Employees with not less than 5 years service for undergoing a special course consisting of higher studies are specialised training in a professional or technical subject having a direct and close connection with the sphere of his duties as a Civil Servant
Commerce
Chapter-5Management
Let us today discuss about the nature of Management
Nature of management Management is defined as
An art A science A profession
Management is defined as an art because of the following reasons
1 In art there is an existence of theoretical knowledge Similarly in management various theories are propounded by management thinkers in various areas of management like finance marketing human resources etc
2 Every manager apply his or her personal skills and knowledge in the day to day functioning of an enterprise
3 Like an art management is creative as it provides solutions to Complex problems making resources productive and profitable moulding the attitudes of people for the betterment of an organisation
Management is is considered as science because of the following reasons
1 Like science there is a systemised body of knowledge in management consisting of theories principles vocabulary and concept
2 Principles of management are evolved after continuous observations and experimentation
Management both as Science and ArtManagement is both a science and an art It is a science because it uses certain principles and is an art because it requires continuous practice and application of personal skillsManagement as a profession Following points highlight whether management is a profession or not1 Like profession management has well
defined body of knowledge It has its own principles which are based on experiments One can acquire such
knowledge by pursuing courses like MBA BBA etc and acquire managerial skills through instruction and training
2 In management no such restriction is there for managers to clear an examination for hold a degree However these days more and more people are appointed for managerial post who opposes management degrees
3 Membership to a professional Association like AIMA is not mandatory for managers All managers directly or indirectly work for the development of society
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Essay Questions (EQ-2)
Question No 2Sketch the character of Prospero Would you call him perfect
AnswerProspero in The Tempest appears to be an intensely human being with human failings and weaknesses With all his excellence Prospero is made to awaken our sympathy for a natural imperfection Prosperorsquos Previous HistoryIn his retrospective narration of his previous history to Miranda we get a glimpse into Prosperorsquos past life As the Duke of Milan Prospero buried himself in his magic books which he prized above his dukedom He was essentially a scholar with no practical wisdom He failed to perform his first duty by neglecting the governance of his state and gave an opportunity to his wicked brother to undermine his throne He was thus driven from his home and thrown in a leaky boat with his weeping daughter to drift in the perilous seas It is only the thought of his little child that kept him aliveThe Development of Prosperorsquos CharacterThe development of his character is evident from the contrast between what he was before his banishment and what he is now in the island Formerly when his ldquolibrary was dukedom enoughrdquo he was altogether too unsuspecting Now he is watchful as providence and takes care to guard himself against the possibility of evil He has learnt to know human nature in its worst forms even Caliban has taught him something He will no longer put his trust in appearance except as ldquostale to catch thievesrdquo nor in oaths of which the strongest he says ldquoare straw to the fire irsquo the bloodrdquo He who once neglected worldly ends now consistently asserts his dignity enforces obedience and deals out justice with impartial hand He who without a thought of evil gave his power and his revenues into his brotherrsquos hands now puts Ferdinand to the severest test as a trial of his love before entrusting his daughter to him He makes the most practical use imaginable of his magic art exacts prompt servitudefrom his attendants does not hesitate to punish them is resolved and firm and knows how to seize the proper moment for action He is a most careful father to his daughter a considerate master of Ariel severe against the brutal Caliban humane towards the repentant enemies full of experience and wisdomThe Exercise of his Power ndash his SternnessWhat appears to us at the first sight one of the least pleasing features of Prosperorsquos character is the sternness which he frequently displays more particularly in his dealings with Caliban His harshness towards Caliban resulted from the failure of gentler methods his severity towards Ferdinand was exercised in the interest of his daughter ldquolest too light winning make the prize lightrdquo and his punishment of Alonso Sebastian and Antonio is justified by the attainment of his objectiveProsperorsquos TendernessThe tender side of Prosperorsquos character is exhibited in his relation to Miranda Ariel Gonzalo and the repentant sinners His love for Miranda is unbounded She was almost life to him In his darkest hours of trial this love sustained him and gave him strength to put a bold front to suffering He addresses her always with tenderness She is to him a lsquoloved darlingrsquo lsquodear heartrsquo lsquoa rich giftrsquo lsquoa third of his own lifersquo The same affectionate nature is shown in his dealing with his brother Antonio He loved his brother Antonio only next to Miranda before Antonio conspired against him In the island when Antonio is brought before him he forgives him
readily To Gonzalo the good old councilor he is all affection He sheds tears of joy and gratitude when he meets him in the island To Ariel he is a loving and considerable master Ariel is always to him ldquomy brave spiritrdquo ldquofine spiritrdquo ldquodelicate Arielrdquo ldquomy Arielrdquo etc When he promises Ariel his freedom he says with real emotion ndash ldquoI shall miss theerdquoProsperorsquos Power as a MagicianThe practice of magic has placed wonderful powers in the hands of Prospero He uses his supernatural powers like a god only to bring about the happiest results He causes The Tempest and the shipwreck only to bring his enemies within his power and not to destroy them Not a soul perished in the storm He leads Ferdinand to Miranda his high charms work and as he wishes the two falls in love He frustrates the plots of the conspirators and makes them know that he was conscious of it He drives Sebastian and Alonso to sincere repentance and readily forgives them The drunken associates of Caliban are no doubt sternly treated but even then they are promised conditional pardon The whole play at last ends in reconciliation joy and peace The wrongs are set right the lovers are made happy Ariel is set free and thus the powerful magician retires into the solitude of his study at MilanProsperorsquos ForgivenessAllied to his wisdom is his forgiving nature Though deeply wronged he bears no spite against the wrong-doers Though his power is unlimited he uses it to noble purposes The lesson of adversity has taught him that ldquoThe rarer action is in virtue than in vengeancerdquoProspero does not debase his noble nature by revenge but forgives his enemies absolutely He drives his erstwhile enemies to a sincere penitence for their past misdeeds and when repentance has wrought its full effect on them he receives them into his arms and is reconciled to them Is Prospero perfectProspero creates a great impression upon our minds by his dignity his nobility the divine spirit of forgiveness in him his generous and sympathetic nature etc Even with all these virtues we cannot call him perfect We perceive certain faults in him He displays an occasional impatience irritability and even a certain harshness of feeling His severe treatment of Caliban might have been justified but the language in which he addresses the monster and the threats that he uses show him to be a kind of tyrant On learning of Calibanrsquos plot against his life he is as violently disturbed and agitated as any ordinary human being would be His manner towards Ariel when the latter demands his liberty also seems somewhat arbitrary and tyrannicalSubject ndashBiology Topic ndashChapter -5 Inheritance amp Variations Summary ExecutionToday we will discuss about NON-Mendelian Inheritance
NON_MENDELIAN INHERITANCE Incomplete Dominance It is an inheritance in which heterozygous offspring shows
intermediate character between two parental characteristics Eg Flower colour in snapdragon (dog flower or Antirrhinum sp) and
Mirabilis jalapa ( 4rsquoO clock plant) Here phenotypic and genotypic ratios are same Phenotypic Ratio 1Red 2 Pink 1 White Genotypic Ratio 1(RR) 2 (Rr) 1(rr) This means that R was not completely dominant over r Pea plants also show incomplete dominance in other traits
Co- dominance It is the inheritance in which both alleles of a gene are expressed in a
hybrid Eg ABO blood grouping in human ABO Blood groups are controlled by the gene I The plasma membrane of the RBC has sugar polymer that protrude
from its surface and is controlled By the gene The gene I has three alleles IA IB i The alleles IA and IB produce a slightly different form of the sugar
while allele i does not produce any sugar In AB blood group both IA and IB are present together This is co ndash
dominanceMultiple Alleles
Multiple alternatives of the same gene which influence the same character and produce different expressions in different individuals of a species or population same genes have more than two allelic
forms These different forms of a single gene are referred as multiple alleles Eg human Blood group
Ac-12 250620 Topic- retirement
Illustration Om Jai and Jagdish are partners sharing profit in the ratio of 3 2 l Their balance sheet as at December 31st 2014 is as under
Balance sheet as at December 31 2014
Liabilities Amount Assets Amount
(Rs`) (Rs`)
Creditors 80000 Building 180000 Bills Payable 26000 Plant 140000 General reserve 24000 Motor Car 40000 Capital Stock 100000 Om 160000 Debtors 63000 Jai 120000 Less Provision Jagdish 120000
400000 for Bad debts 3000
60000 Cash at Bank 10000
530000 530000
Jai retires on that date on the following terms(a) The Goodwill of the firm is valued at Rs 60000(b) Stock and Building to be appreciated by 10(c) Plant is depreciated by 10(d) Provision for Bad debts is increased upto Rs 5000(e) Jairsquos share of goodwill was adjusted through remaining partners capital accountThe amount due to Jai is paid out of the fund brought in by Om and Jagdish in theirnew profit sharing ratio Jai is paid full amountPrepare Revaluation Account and Partnerrsquos Capital account
Solution WorkingsIt is assumed that Om and Jagdish gaining ratio remains 3 lJairsquo Share of goodwill = Rs 60000 times 26 = Rs20000Adjusted through the remaining partners capital account in 3 1 ratio
Revaluation Account
Dr Cr
Particulars Amount Particulars Amount
(Rs`) (`Rs)
To Provision for Bad debts 2000 By Stock 10000TO Plant 14000 By Building 18000To Profit transferred toCapital Accounts Om 6000 Jai 4000 Jagdish 2000
12000
28000 28000
Capital AccountDr Cr Particulars Om Jai Jagdish Particulars Om Jai Jagdish
(Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (rs`) (`Rs)
To Capital 15000 mdash 5000 By Balance bd 160000 120000 120000 ToBank 152000 By General Reserve 12000 8000 4000To Balance cd 277000 mdash 159000 By Revaluation (Profit) 6000 4000 2000 By Om Capital mdash 15000 mdash ByJagdish Capital mdash 5000 By Bank 114000 38000
292000 152000 164000 292000 152000 164000
(ab) R for all (ab) A ArArr isin isin ⨯ Each element of set A is related to set A every element of set ArArr
Therefore we write R= AxATherefore we can say R is universal relation on set ANote we can say that void relation is smallest relation and the universal relation is largest relationSometime both void relation and universal relation is called trivial relationWhat is identity relationAns Let A is a non-empty set Then the relation R or IA = (aa) a A on A is called theisin identity relation on A Therefore from the above definition we can say that every element of A is related to itself only
Example Let A = 1234 then Ror IA = (11)(22)(33)(44) is the identity relation on set ANow I give you another example R1 = (11)(22)(33) and R2 = (11)(22)(33)(44)(24)From the above example we can say that R1 and R2 are not identify relation Because in the case of R1 (44)R1 and on the other hand R2 where element 2 is related to elements 2 and 4
Hindi 2ndlang
भलि[ (महादी मा)
भलि[ कहानी की लखिखका महादी मा न इस कहानी म यह दशान का परयास गिकया ह गिक आजकल क जमान म भी लो सक बन कर गिनसाथ सा करत ह ह
गिबना तन लिसा करत ह और उसक बदल ना कछ मात ह और ना ही कोई आशा करत ह नौकर सा करक तन चाहता ह और ह भी कई सगिधाओ की आशा करता ह पर सक सदा गिनजी साथ भा स सा म सलगन रह कर काम करता ह भलि[ कहानी की मखय पातर लकषमी ह जिजस भलि[ नाम लखिखका न दिदया ह ह गिकसी
ोपाल काकी कनया ह पाच रष की आय म उसकी गि माता न ौना ही कर दिदया कहानी म भलि[ क दखो का अत नही ह गिफर भी ह बडी साहसी धयान और परिरशरमी ह कदिठनाइयो स जझ ती ह पहल गिपता की मतय गिफर पगित की मतय और
गिफर घर जमाई की मतय होती ह उस साहसी मगिहला न साहस नही छोडा और तीनो पतरी ओक हाथ पील गिकए लाना द पान क कारण उसका जमीदार न अपमान गिकया गिफरकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहचीकमाई क गिचार स ह शहर पहची शहर पहच करा लखिखका की सगिका बनी ही पर उसका नाम भलि[ पडा ह एक भ[ की तरह अपन सामिमनी की इमानदारी स सा करती और तन का जिजकर भी नही करती ह लखिखका क घर पाठशाला आदिद को अचछी तरह स सभालती पढी-
लिलखी ना होकर भी ह लखिखका की बहत सा ए सहायता करती ह लखिखका का साया बनकर चलती लखिखका की सा करना उसक जीन का उददशय ह ह
लखिखका की खशी क लिलए ही काय करती ह ह लखिखका को दखी नही दख सकती लखिखका पर भलि[ का इतना परभा पडा गिक ह सय दहाती बन ई
यदध क दिदनो म ह अपन परिरार क साथ रहन की अपकषा लखिखका क साथ रहना पसद करती थी यदध क भत न जब ीटा क ान पर पलायन गित जा दी तो
भलि[ न न लखिखका को अपन ा ल जान का अनरोध करन ली लखिखका को डर ह गिक यदिद उसक गिदा होन क अगितम छठा ए तो ह दहातीन दधा कया कर ी
इस परकार हम दखत ह गिक लखिखका न सामिमनी और सगिका क ण बरसात हए सक धम पर परकाश डाला ह और लखिखका न एक आदश सगिका क रप को सदर
रप स परसतत गिकया हBengali আদাব পরশন) ldquoশরণের ১৪৪ ধারা আর কারহিZউ অU ার জারী রণেয়রণে0ldquo
ক) কার গলখা গকা3 রচ3ার অংশ খ)গকাায় গক3 ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়রণে0 )১৪৪ ধারা কী এর Zরণেল কী য়
উততর) ক)আরণেলাচ য অংশটি সরণেরশ বসর রহিচত lsquoআদাবlsquo গ0াট রণেলপর অংশ
খ) বাংলারণেদরণেশর ঢাকা শরণের ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়হি0ল সামপরদাহিয়ক াnাা ও দাnা পরহিতরণেরারণেধর জ3 য হিlt সলা3রণেদর গ3তারণেদর সামপরদাহিয়ক উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা বারণেধ উ2য় সমপরদায় 2ীত রণেয় ঘর বহিlt রণেয় পরণে পরসপর পরসপররণেক সরণেltরণের গচারণেখ গদরণেখ গকউ কাউরণেক আরণের রণেতা হিবশবাস কররণেত পারণের3া হিক0 া3রণেষর উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা য় ার পহির3া অরণেতক রকত iয় ও ত য
) ১৪৪ ধারা আইরণে3র এ3 একটা ধারা ার _ারা এলাকা হি3হিদ ষট করণের গদওয়া য় গসই এলাকার রণেধ য গবহিশ া3রণেষর জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় হিহি0ল জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় আই3 2nকারীরণেক গহিলর হি3রণেদশ জাহির করা য় তাই সাধার3 া3ষ আর বাইরণের গবর রণেত পারণের3া পরারণে3র 2রণেয় বহিlt রণেয় ারণেক এর Zল য় সাংঘাহিতক গদাকা3 পাট বনধ ারণেক
হিজহি3স পতর অহিল য় রাসতা ঘাট জ3 শ3 য রণেয় ায় লরণেঠরা তারণেদর লঠত রাজ চাহিলরণেয় হি3রণেজরণেদর আরণেখর গহি0রণেয় গ3য় া3ষরণেক 2ীহিতর হিব2ীহিষহিক গরাস করণের ঘরণেরর া3রণেষর ইkা াকরণেলও ঘরণের হিZররণেত পারণের3া হিZররণেত হিরণেয় বltরণেকর গহিলরণেত পরা3 ারায়
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today we will discuss about Types of Leaves
An organization provides several kinds of leaves to the employees These days employees working both in government and private sector are allowed several types of leaves Following are the leaves achieved by the employees from their organization
Casual LeaveChild care leave -HospitalLeaveSpecial disability leaveChild Adoption leaveEarned LeavesHalf pay leaveMaternity leavePaternityleaveStudy leave
1 Casual Leave- Casual leave is not a recognised form of leaves and is not subject to any rules made by the government of India And official on casual leave is not treated as Absent from duty and pay is not intimated Normally 8 days of casual leave is permissible in a calendar year
2 Child care leave - Women employees having minor children may be granted child care leave by an authority competent to grant leave for a maximum period of 730 days means two years during their entire service for taking care of up to two children weather for sharing or to look after any of their names like examination sickness it is a
3HospitalLeave - Hospital leave is admissible to group C employees whose duties involved handling of dangerous machinery explosive materials poisonous drugs and performance of hazardous task and to group D employees Medical certificate from an authorised medical attendant is necessary for the grant of these leave However total period of
leave does not exceed 28 months4Special disability leave- Special
disability leave admissible to all employees when disabled by injury intentionally or accidentally inflicted are caused in law in consequence of the due performance of official duties or in consequence of official position It also it is also add miscible when disabled by illness incurred in the performance of any particular duty which has the effect of increasing laboratory to illness or injury beyond the ordinary least attaching to the Civil post held and the same condition
5Child Adoption leave- This leave is granted to female Employees with fewer than two surviving children on valid adoption of a child below the age of one year for a period of 135 days immediately after the date of valid adoption Leave salary will be equal to the pain immediately before processing on leave
6Earned Leaves- This leave is earned by duty The credit for earned leave will be awarded at a rate of 15 days on the 1st of January and 1st of July every year It can be accumulated up to 300 days in addition to the number of days for which encashment has been allowed along with LTC
7 Half pay leave -All government servant are entitled to 20 days of HPL half pay leave for every completed year of service Half pay leave is calculated at 20 days for each completed year of service The service includes periods of duty and leave including extra ordinary leave with or without MC (medical certificate)
8 Maternity leave -Maternity leave is granted to women Government employees full stop it is as possible only to Employees with less than 2 surviving children The maternity leave is not debited to leave account and full pay is granted It cannot be combined with any other the leaves and count as service for increment and pension
9 PaternityleaveA male employee with less than 2 surviving children may be granted paternity leave for a period of 15 days during the confinement of
his wife During the period of such leaves he shall be paid leave salary equal to the pay drawn immediately before proceeding on leave
10 Study leave-Study leave may be granted to all Government Employees with not less than 5 years service for undergoing a special course consisting of higher studies are specialised training in a professional or technical subject having a direct and close connection with the sphere of his duties as a Civil Servant
Commerce
Chapter-5Management
Let us today discuss about the nature of Management
Nature of management Management is defined as
An art A science A profession
Management is defined as an art because of the following reasons
1 In art there is an existence of theoretical knowledge Similarly in management various theories are propounded by management thinkers in various areas of management like finance marketing human resources etc
2 Every manager apply his or her personal skills and knowledge in the day to day functioning of an enterprise
3 Like an art management is creative as it provides solutions to Complex problems making resources productive and profitable moulding the attitudes of people for the betterment of an organisation
Management is is considered as science because of the following reasons
1 Like science there is a systemised body of knowledge in management consisting of theories principles vocabulary and concept
2 Principles of management are evolved after continuous observations and experimentation
Management both as Science and ArtManagement is both a science and an art It is a science because it uses certain principles and is an art because it requires continuous practice and application of personal skillsManagement as a profession Following points highlight whether management is a profession or not1 Like profession management has well
defined body of knowledge It has its own principles which are based on experiments One can acquire such
knowledge by pursuing courses like MBA BBA etc and acquire managerial skills through instruction and training
2 In management no such restriction is there for managers to clear an examination for hold a degree However these days more and more people are appointed for managerial post who opposes management degrees
3 Membership to a professional Association like AIMA is not mandatory for managers All managers directly or indirectly work for the development of society
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Essay Questions (EQ-2)
Question No 2Sketch the character of Prospero Would you call him perfect
AnswerProspero in The Tempest appears to be an intensely human being with human failings and weaknesses With all his excellence Prospero is made to awaken our sympathy for a natural imperfection Prosperorsquos Previous HistoryIn his retrospective narration of his previous history to Miranda we get a glimpse into Prosperorsquos past life As the Duke of Milan Prospero buried himself in his magic books which he prized above his dukedom He was essentially a scholar with no practical wisdom He failed to perform his first duty by neglecting the governance of his state and gave an opportunity to his wicked brother to undermine his throne He was thus driven from his home and thrown in a leaky boat with his weeping daughter to drift in the perilous seas It is only the thought of his little child that kept him aliveThe Development of Prosperorsquos CharacterThe development of his character is evident from the contrast between what he was before his banishment and what he is now in the island Formerly when his ldquolibrary was dukedom enoughrdquo he was altogether too unsuspecting Now he is watchful as providence and takes care to guard himself against the possibility of evil He has learnt to know human nature in its worst forms even Caliban has taught him something He will no longer put his trust in appearance except as ldquostale to catch thievesrdquo nor in oaths of which the strongest he says ldquoare straw to the fire irsquo the bloodrdquo He who once neglected worldly ends now consistently asserts his dignity enforces obedience and deals out justice with impartial hand He who without a thought of evil gave his power and his revenues into his brotherrsquos hands now puts Ferdinand to the severest test as a trial of his love before entrusting his daughter to him He makes the most practical use imaginable of his magic art exacts prompt servitudefrom his attendants does not hesitate to punish them is resolved and firm and knows how to seize the proper moment for action He is a most careful father to his daughter a considerate master of Ariel severe against the brutal Caliban humane towards the repentant enemies full of experience and wisdomThe Exercise of his Power ndash his SternnessWhat appears to us at the first sight one of the least pleasing features of Prosperorsquos character is the sternness which he frequently displays more particularly in his dealings with Caliban His harshness towards Caliban resulted from the failure of gentler methods his severity towards Ferdinand was exercised in the interest of his daughter ldquolest too light winning make the prize lightrdquo and his punishment of Alonso Sebastian and Antonio is justified by the attainment of his objectiveProsperorsquos TendernessThe tender side of Prosperorsquos character is exhibited in his relation to Miranda Ariel Gonzalo and the repentant sinners His love for Miranda is unbounded She was almost life to him In his darkest hours of trial this love sustained him and gave him strength to put a bold front to suffering He addresses her always with tenderness She is to him a lsquoloved darlingrsquo lsquodear heartrsquo lsquoa rich giftrsquo lsquoa third of his own lifersquo The same affectionate nature is shown in his dealing with his brother Antonio He loved his brother Antonio only next to Miranda before Antonio conspired against him In the island when Antonio is brought before him he forgives him
readily To Gonzalo the good old councilor he is all affection He sheds tears of joy and gratitude when he meets him in the island To Ariel he is a loving and considerable master Ariel is always to him ldquomy brave spiritrdquo ldquofine spiritrdquo ldquodelicate Arielrdquo ldquomy Arielrdquo etc When he promises Ariel his freedom he says with real emotion ndash ldquoI shall miss theerdquoProsperorsquos Power as a MagicianThe practice of magic has placed wonderful powers in the hands of Prospero He uses his supernatural powers like a god only to bring about the happiest results He causes The Tempest and the shipwreck only to bring his enemies within his power and not to destroy them Not a soul perished in the storm He leads Ferdinand to Miranda his high charms work and as he wishes the two falls in love He frustrates the plots of the conspirators and makes them know that he was conscious of it He drives Sebastian and Alonso to sincere repentance and readily forgives them The drunken associates of Caliban are no doubt sternly treated but even then they are promised conditional pardon The whole play at last ends in reconciliation joy and peace The wrongs are set right the lovers are made happy Ariel is set free and thus the powerful magician retires into the solitude of his study at MilanProsperorsquos ForgivenessAllied to his wisdom is his forgiving nature Though deeply wronged he bears no spite against the wrong-doers Though his power is unlimited he uses it to noble purposes The lesson of adversity has taught him that ldquoThe rarer action is in virtue than in vengeancerdquoProspero does not debase his noble nature by revenge but forgives his enemies absolutely He drives his erstwhile enemies to a sincere penitence for their past misdeeds and when repentance has wrought its full effect on them he receives them into his arms and is reconciled to them Is Prospero perfectProspero creates a great impression upon our minds by his dignity his nobility the divine spirit of forgiveness in him his generous and sympathetic nature etc Even with all these virtues we cannot call him perfect We perceive certain faults in him He displays an occasional impatience irritability and even a certain harshness of feeling His severe treatment of Caliban might have been justified but the language in which he addresses the monster and the threats that he uses show him to be a kind of tyrant On learning of Calibanrsquos plot against his life he is as violently disturbed and agitated as any ordinary human being would be His manner towards Ariel when the latter demands his liberty also seems somewhat arbitrary and tyrannicalSubject ndashBiology Topic ndashChapter -5 Inheritance amp Variations Summary ExecutionToday we will discuss about NON-Mendelian Inheritance
NON_MENDELIAN INHERITANCE Incomplete Dominance It is an inheritance in which heterozygous offspring shows
intermediate character between two parental characteristics Eg Flower colour in snapdragon (dog flower or Antirrhinum sp) and
Mirabilis jalapa ( 4rsquoO clock plant) Here phenotypic and genotypic ratios are same Phenotypic Ratio 1Red 2 Pink 1 White Genotypic Ratio 1(RR) 2 (Rr) 1(rr) This means that R was not completely dominant over r Pea plants also show incomplete dominance in other traits
Co- dominance It is the inheritance in which both alleles of a gene are expressed in a
hybrid Eg ABO blood grouping in human ABO Blood groups are controlled by the gene I The plasma membrane of the RBC has sugar polymer that protrude
from its surface and is controlled By the gene The gene I has three alleles IA IB i The alleles IA and IB produce a slightly different form of the sugar
while allele i does not produce any sugar In AB blood group both IA and IB are present together This is co ndash
dominanceMultiple Alleles
Multiple alternatives of the same gene which influence the same character and produce different expressions in different individuals of a species or population same genes have more than two allelic
forms These different forms of a single gene are referred as multiple alleles Eg human Blood group
Ac-12 250620 Topic- retirement
Illustration Om Jai and Jagdish are partners sharing profit in the ratio of 3 2 l Their balance sheet as at December 31st 2014 is as under
Balance sheet as at December 31 2014
Liabilities Amount Assets Amount
(Rs`) (Rs`)
Creditors 80000 Building 180000 Bills Payable 26000 Plant 140000 General reserve 24000 Motor Car 40000 Capital Stock 100000 Om 160000 Debtors 63000 Jai 120000 Less Provision Jagdish 120000
400000 for Bad debts 3000
60000 Cash at Bank 10000
530000 530000
Jai retires on that date on the following terms(a) The Goodwill of the firm is valued at Rs 60000(b) Stock and Building to be appreciated by 10(c) Plant is depreciated by 10(d) Provision for Bad debts is increased upto Rs 5000(e) Jairsquos share of goodwill was adjusted through remaining partners capital accountThe amount due to Jai is paid out of the fund brought in by Om and Jagdish in theirnew profit sharing ratio Jai is paid full amountPrepare Revaluation Account and Partnerrsquos Capital account
Solution WorkingsIt is assumed that Om and Jagdish gaining ratio remains 3 lJairsquo Share of goodwill = Rs 60000 times 26 = Rs20000Adjusted through the remaining partners capital account in 3 1 ratio
Revaluation Account
Dr Cr
Particulars Amount Particulars Amount
(Rs`) (`Rs)
To Provision for Bad debts 2000 By Stock 10000TO Plant 14000 By Building 18000To Profit transferred toCapital Accounts Om 6000 Jai 4000 Jagdish 2000
12000
28000 28000
Capital AccountDr Cr Particulars Om Jai Jagdish Particulars Om Jai Jagdish
(Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (rs`) (`Rs)
To Capital 15000 mdash 5000 By Balance bd 160000 120000 120000 ToBank 152000 By General Reserve 12000 8000 4000To Balance cd 277000 mdash 159000 By Revaluation (Profit) 6000 4000 2000 By Om Capital mdash 15000 mdash ByJagdish Capital mdash 5000 By Bank 114000 38000
292000 152000 164000 292000 152000 164000
ক) কার গলখা গকা3 রচ3ার অংশ খ)গকাায় গক3 ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়রণে0 )১৪৪ ধারা কী এর Zরণেল কী য়
উততর) ক)আরণেলাচ য অংশটি সরণেরশ বসর রহিচত lsquoআদাবlsquo গ0াট রণেলপর অংশ
খ) বাংলারণেদরণেশর ঢাকা শরণের ১৪৪ ধারা ও কারহিZউ জাহির রণেয়হি0ল সামপরদাহিয়ক াnাা ও দাnা পরহিতরণেরারণেধর জ3 য হিlt সলা3রণেদর গ3তারণেদর সামপরদাহিয়ক উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা বারণেধ উ2য় সমপরদায় 2ীত রণেয় ঘর বহিlt রণেয় পরণে পরসপর পরসপররণেক সরণেltরণের গচারণেখ গদরণেখ গকউ কাউরণেক আরণের রণেতা হিবশবাস কররণেত পারণের3া হিক0 া3রণেষর উসকাহি3রণেত এই দাnা য় ার পহির3া অরণেতক রকত iয় ও ত য
) ১৪৪ ধারা আইরণে3র এ3 একটা ধারা ার _ারা এলাকা হি3হিদ ষট করণের গদওয়া য় গসই এলাকার রণেধ য গবহিশ া3রণেষর জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় হিহি0ল জারণেয়ত হি3হিষদধ করা য় আই3 2nকারীরণেক গহিলর হি3রণেদশ জাহির করা য় তাই সাধার3 া3ষ আর বাইরণের গবর রণেত পারণের3া পরারণে3র 2রণেয় বহিlt রণেয় ারণেক এর Zল য় সাংঘাহিতক গদাকা3 পাট বনধ ারণেক
হিজহি3স পতর অহিল য় রাসতা ঘাট জ3 শ3 য রণেয় ায় লরণেঠরা তারণেদর লঠত রাজ চাহিলরণেয় হি3রণেজরণেদর আরণেখর গহি0রণেয় গ3য় া3ষরণেক 2ীহিতর হিব2ীহিষহিক গরাস করণের ঘরণেরর া3রণেষর ইkা াকরণেলও ঘরণের হিZররণেত পারণের3া হিZররণেত হিরণেয় বltরণেকর গহিলরণেত পরা3 ারায়
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today we will discuss about Types of Leaves
An organization provides several kinds of leaves to the employees These days employees working both in government and private sector are allowed several types of leaves Following are the leaves achieved by the employees from their organization
Casual LeaveChild care leave -HospitalLeaveSpecial disability leaveChild Adoption leaveEarned LeavesHalf pay leaveMaternity leavePaternityleaveStudy leave
1 Casual Leave- Casual leave is not a recognised form of leaves and is not subject to any rules made by the government of India And official on casual leave is not treated as Absent from duty and pay is not intimated Normally 8 days of casual leave is permissible in a calendar year
2 Child care leave - Women employees having minor children may be granted child care leave by an authority competent to grant leave for a maximum period of 730 days means two years during their entire service for taking care of up to two children weather for sharing or to look after any of their names like examination sickness it is a
3HospitalLeave - Hospital leave is admissible to group C employees whose duties involved handling of dangerous machinery explosive materials poisonous drugs and performance of hazardous task and to group D employees Medical certificate from an authorised medical attendant is necessary for the grant of these leave However total period of
leave does not exceed 28 months4Special disability leave- Special
disability leave admissible to all employees when disabled by injury intentionally or accidentally inflicted are caused in law in consequence of the due performance of official duties or in consequence of official position It also it is also add miscible when disabled by illness incurred in the performance of any particular duty which has the effect of increasing laboratory to illness or injury beyond the ordinary least attaching to the Civil post held and the same condition
5Child Adoption leave- This leave is granted to female Employees with fewer than two surviving children on valid adoption of a child below the age of one year for a period of 135 days immediately after the date of valid adoption Leave salary will be equal to the pain immediately before processing on leave
6Earned Leaves- This leave is earned by duty The credit for earned leave will be awarded at a rate of 15 days on the 1st of January and 1st of July every year It can be accumulated up to 300 days in addition to the number of days for which encashment has been allowed along with LTC
7 Half pay leave -All government servant are entitled to 20 days of HPL half pay leave for every completed year of service Half pay leave is calculated at 20 days for each completed year of service The service includes periods of duty and leave including extra ordinary leave with or without MC (medical certificate)
8 Maternity leave -Maternity leave is granted to women Government employees full stop it is as possible only to Employees with less than 2 surviving children The maternity leave is not debited to leave account and full pay is granted It cannot be combined with any other the leaves and count as service for increment and pension
9 PaternityleaveA male employee with less than 2 surviving children may be granted paternity leave for a period of 15 days during the confinement of
his wife During the period of such leaves he shall be paid leave salary equal to the pay drawn immediately before proceeding on leave
10 Study leave-Study leave may be granted to all Government Employees with not less than 5 years service for undergoing a special course consisting of higher studies are specialised training in a professional or technical subject having a direct and close connection with the sphere of his duties as a Civil Servant
Commerce
Chapter-5Management
Let us today discuss about the nature of Management
Nature of management Management is defined as
An art A science A profession
Management is defined as an art because of the following reasons
1 In art there is an existence of theoretical knowledge Similarly in management various theories are propounded by management thinkers in various areas of management like finance marketing human resources etc
2 Every manager apply his or her personal skills and knowledge in the day to day functioning of an enterprise
3 Like an art management is creative as it provides solutions to Complex problems making resources productive and profitable moulding the attitudes of people for the betterment of an organisation
Management is is considered as science because of the following reasons
1 Like science there is a systemised body of knowledge in management consisting of theories principles vocabulary and concept
2 Principles of management are evolved after continuous observations and experimentation
Management both as Science and ArtManagement is both a science and an art It is a science because it uses certain principles and is an art because it requires continuous practice and application of personal skillsManagement as a profession Following points highlight whether management is a profession or not1 Like profession management has well
defined body of knowledge It has its own principles which are based on experiments One can acquire such
knowledge by pursuing courses like MBA BBA etc and acquire managerial skills through instruction and training
2 In management no such restriction is there for managers to clear an examination for hold a degree However these days more and more people are appointed for managerial post who opposes management degrees
3 Membership to a professional Association like AIMA is not mandatory for managers All managers directly or indirectly work for the development of society
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Essay Questions (EQ-2)
Question No 2Sketch the character of Prospero Would you call him perfect
AnswerProspero in The Tempest appears to be an intensely human being with human failings and weaknesses With all his excellence Prospero is made to awaken our sympathy for a natural imperfection Prosperorsquos Previous HistoryIn his retrospective narration of his previous history to Miranda we get a glimpse into Prosperorsquos past life As the Duke of Milan Prospero buried himself in his magic books which he prized above his dukedom He was essentially a scholar with no practical wisdom He failed to perform his first duty by neglecting the governance of his state and gave an opportunity to his wicked brother to undermine his throne He was thus driven from his home and thrown in a leaky boat with his weeping daughter to drift in the perilous seas It is only the thought of his little child that kept him aliveThe Development of Prosperorsquos CharacterThe development of his character is evident from the contrast between what he was before his banishment and what he is now in the island Formerly when his ldquolibrary was dukedom enoughrdquo he was altogether too unsuspecting Now he is watchful as providence and takes care to guard himself against the possibility of evil He has learnt to know human nature in its worst forms even Caliban has taught him something He will no longer put his trust in appearance except as ldquostale to catch thievesrdquo nor in oaths of which the strongest he says ldquoare straw to the fire irsquo the bloodrdquo He who once neglected worldly ends now consistently asserts his dignity enforces obedience and deals out justice with impartial hand He who without a thought of evil gave his power and his revenues into his brotherrsquos hands now puts Ferdinand to the severest test as a trial of his love before entrusting his daughter to him He makes the most practical use imaginable of his magic art exacts prompt servitudefrom his attendants does not hesitate to punish them is resolved and firm and knows how to seize the proper moment for action He is a most careful father to his daughter a considerate master of Ariel severe against the brutal Caliban humane towards the repentant enemies full of experience and wisdomThe Exercise of his Power ndash his SternnessWhat appears to us at the first sight one of the least pleasing features of Prosperorsquos character is the sternness which he frequently displays more particularly in his dealings with Caliban His harshness towards Caliban resulted from the failure of gentler methods his severity towards Ferdinand was exercised in the interest of his daughter ldquolest too light winning make the prize lightrdquo and his punishment of Alonso Sebastian and Antonio is justified by the attainment of his objectiveProsperorsquos TendernessThe tender side of Prosperorsquos character is exhibited in his relation to Miranda Ariel Gonzalo and the repentant sinners His love for Miranda is unbounded She was almost life to him In his darkest hours of trial this love sustained him and gave him strength to put a bold front to suffering He addresses her always with tenderness She is to him a lsquoloved darlingrsquo lsquodear heartrsquo lsquoa rich giftrsquo lsquoa third of his own lifersquo The same affectionate nature is shown in his dealing with his brother Antonio He loved his brother Antonio only next to Miranda before Antonio conspired against him In the island when Antonio is brought before him he forgives him
readily To Gonzalo the good old councilor he is all affection He sheds tears of joy and gratitude when he meets him in the island To Ariel he is a loving and considerable master Ariel is always to him ldquomy brave spiritrdquo ldquofine spiritrdquo ldquodelicate Arielrdquo ldquomy Arielrdquo etc When he promises Ariel his freedom he says with real emotion ndash ldquoI shall miss theerdquoProsperorsquos Power as a MagicianThe practice of magic has placed wonderful powers in the hands of Prospero He uses his supernatural powers like a god only to bring about the happiest results He causes The Tempest and the shipwreck only to bring his enemies within his power and not to destroy them Not a soul perished in the storm He leads Ferdinand to Miranda his high charms work and as he wishes the two falls in love He frustrates the plots of the conspirators and makes them know that he was conscious of it He drives Sebastian and Alonso to sincere repentance and readily forgives them The drunken associates of Caliban are no doubt sternly treated but even then they are promised conditional pardon The whole play at last ends in reconciliation joy and peace The wrongs are set right the lovers are made happy Ariel is set free and thus the powerful magician retires into the solitude of his study at MilanProsperorsquos ForgivenessAllied to his wisdom is his forgiving nature Though deeply wronged he bears no spite against the wrong-doers Though his power is unlimited he uses it to noble purposes The lesson of adversity has taught him that ldquoThe rarer action is in virtue than in vengeancerdquoProspero does not debase his noble nature by revenge but forgives his enemies absolutely He drives his erstwhile enemies to a sincere penitence for their past misdeeds and when repentance has wrought its full effect on them he receives them into his arms and is reconciled to them Is Prospero perfectProspero creates a great impression upon our minds by his dignity his nobility the divine spirit of forgiveness in him his generous and sympathetic nature etc Even with all these virtues we cannot call him perfect We perceive certain faults in him He displays an occasional impatience irritability and even a certain harshness of feeling His severe treatment of Caliban might have been justified but the language in which he addresses the monster and the threats that he uses show him to be a kind of tyrant On learning of Calibanrsquos plot against his life he is as violently disturbed and agitated as any ordinary human being would be His manner towards Ariel when the latter demands his liberty also seems somewhat arbitrary and tyrannicalSubject ndashBiology Topic ndashChapter -5 Inheritance amp Variations Summary ExecutionToday we will discuss about NON-Mendelian Inheritance
NON_MENDELIAN INHERITANCE Incomplete Dominance It is an inheritance in which heterozygous offspring shows
intermediate character between two parental characteristics Eg Flower colour in snapdragon (dog flower or Antirrhinum sp) and
Mirabilis jalapa ( 4rsquoO clock plant) Here phenotypic and genotypic ratios are same Phenotypic Ratio 1Red 2 Pink 1 White Genotypic Ratio 1(RR) 2 (Rr) 1(rr) This means that R was not completely dominant over r Pea plants also show incomplete dominance in other traits
Co- dominance It is the inheritance in which both alleles of a gene are expressed in a
hybrid Eg ABO blood grouping in human ABO Blood groups are controlled by the gene I The plasma membrane of the RBC has sugar polymer that protrude
from its surface and is controlled By the gene The gene I has three alleles IA IB i The alleles IA and IB produce a slightly different form of the sugar
while allele i does not produce any sugar In AB blood group both IA and IB are present together This is co ndash
dominanceMultiple Alleles
Multiple alternatives of the same gene which influence the same character and produce different expressions in different individuals of a species or population same genes have more than two allelic
forms These different forms of a single gene are referred as multiple alleles Eg human Blood group
Ac-12 250620 Topic- retirement
Illustration Om Jai and Jagdish are partners sharing profit in the ratio of 3 2 l Their balance sheet as at December 31st 2014 is as under
Balance sheet as at December 31 2014
Liabilities Amount Assets Amount
(Rs`) (Rs`)
Creditors 80000 Building 180000 Bills Payable 26000 Plant 140000 General reserve 24000 Motor Car 40000 Capital Stock 100000 Om 160000 Debtors 63000 Jai 120000 Less Provision Jagdish 120000
400000 for Bad debts 3000
60000 Cash at Bank 10000
530000 530000
Jai retires on that date on the following terms(a) The Goodwill of the firm is valued at Rs 60000(b) Stock and Building to be appreciated by 10(c) Plant is depreciated by 10(d) Provision for Bad debts is increased upto Rs 5000(e) Jairsquos share of goodwill was adjusted through remaining partners capital accountThe amount due to Jai is paid out of the fund brought in by Om and Jagdish in theirnew profit sharing ratio Jai is paid full amountPrepare Revaluation Account and Partnerrsquos Capital account
Solution WorkingsIt is assumed that Om and Jagdish gaining ratio remains 3 lJairsquo Share of goodwill = Rs 60000 times 26 = Rs20000Adjusted through the remaining partners capital account in 3 1 ratio
Revaluation Account
Dr Cr
Particulars Amount Particulars Amount
(Rs`) (`Rs)
To Provision for Bad debts 2000 By Stock 10000TO Plant 14000 By Building 18000To Profit transferred toCapital Accounts Om 6000 Jai 4000 Jagdish 2000
12000
28000 28000
Capital AccountDr Cr Particulars Om Jai Jagdish Particulars Om Jai Jagdish
(Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (rs`) (`Rs)
To Capital 15000 mdash 5000 By Balance bd 160000 120000 120000 ToBank 152000 By General Reserve 12000 8000 4000To Balance cd 277000 mdash 159000 By Revaluation (Profit) 6000 4000 2000 By Om Capital mdash 15000 mdash ByJagdish Capital mdash 5000 By Bank 114000 38000
292000 152000 164000 292000 152000 164000
leave does not exceed 28 months4Special disability leave- Special
disability leave admissible to all employees when disabled by injury intentionally or accidentally inflicted are caused in law in consequence of the due performance of official duties or in consequence of official position It also it is also add miscible when disabled by illness incurred in the performance of any particular duty which has the effect of increasing laboratory to illness or injury beyond the ordinary least attaching to the Civil post held and the same condition
5Child Adoption leave- This leave is granted to female Employees with fewer than two surviving children on valid adoption of a child below the age of one year for a period of 135 days immediately after the date of valid adoption Leave salary will be equal to the pain immediately before processing on leave
6Earned Leaves- This leave is earned by duty The credit for earned leave will be awarded at a rate of 15 days on the 1st of January and 1st of July every year It can be accumulated up to 300 days in addition to the number of days for which encashment has been allowed along with LTC
7 Half pay leave -All government servant are entitled to 20 days of HPL half pay leave for every completed year of service Half pay leave is calculated at 20 days for each completed year of service The service includes periods of duty and leave including extra ordinary leave with or without MC (medical certificate)
8 Maternity leave -Maternity leave is granted to women Government employees full stop it is as possible only to Employees with less than 2 surviving children The maternity leave is not debited to leave account and full pay is granted It cannot be combined with any other the leaves and count as service for increment and pension
9 PaternityleaveA male employee with less than 2 surviving children may be granted paternity leave for a period of 15 days during the confinement of
his wife During the period of such leaves he shall be paid leave salary equal to the pay drawn immediately before proceeding on leave
10 Study leave-Study leave may be granted to all Government Employees with not less than 5 years service for undergoing a special course consisting of higher studies are specialised training in a professional or technical subject having a direct and close connection with the sphere of his duties as a Civil Servant
Commerce
Chapter-5Management
Let us today discuss about the nature of Management
Nature of management Management is defined as
An art A science A profession
Management is defined as an art because of the following reasons
1 In art there is an existence of theoretical knowledge Similarly in management various theories are propounded by management thinkers in various areas of management like finance marketing human resources etc
2 Every manager apply his or her personal skills and knowledge in the day to day functioning of an enterprise
3 Like an art management is creative as it provides solutions to Complex problems making resources productive and profitable moulding the attitudes of people for the betterment of an organisation
Management is is considered as science because of the following reasons
1 Like science there is a systemised body of knowledge in management consisting of theories principles vocabulary and concept
2 Principles of management are evolved after continuous observations and experimentation
Management both as Science and ArtManagement is both a science and an art It is a science because it uses certain principles and is an art because it requires continuous practice and application of personal skillsManagement as a profession Following points highlight whether management is a profession or not1 Like profession management has well
defined body of knowledge It has its own principles which are based on experiments One can acquire such
knowledge by pursuing courses like MBA BBA etc and acquire managerial skills through instruction and training
2 In management no such restriction is there for managers to clear an examination for hold a degree However these days more and more people are appointed for managerial post who opposes management degrees
3 Membership to a professional Association like AIMA is not mandatory for managers All managers directly or indirectly work for the development of society
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Essay Questions (EQ-2)
Question No 2Sketch the character of Prospero Would you call him perfect
AnswerProspero in The Tempest appears to be an intensely human being with human failings and weaknesses With all his excellence Prospero is made to awaken our sympathy for a natural imperfection Prosperorsquos Previous HistoryIn his retrospective narration of his previous history to Miranda we get a glimpse into Prosperorsquos past life As the Duke of Milan Prospero buried himself in his magic books which he prized above his dukedom He was essentially a scholar with no practical wisdom He failed to perform his first duty by neglecting the governance of his state and gave an opportunity to his wicked brother to undermine his throne He was thus driven from his home and thrown in a leaky boat with his weeping daughter to drift in the perilous seas It is only the thought of his little child that kept him aliveThe Development of Prosperorsquos CharacterThe development of his character is evident from the contrast between what he was before his banishment and what he is now in the island Formerly when his ldquolibrary was dukedom enoughrdquo he was altogether too unsuspecting Now he is watchful as providence and takes care to guard himself against the possibility of evil He has learnt to know human nature in its worst forms even Caliban has taught him something He will no longer put his trust in appearance except as ldquostale to catch thievesrdquo nor in oaths of which the strongest he says ldquoare straw to the fire irsquo the bloodrdquo He who once neglected worldly ends now consistently asserts his dignity enforces obedience and deals out justice with impartial hand He who without a thought of evil gave his power and his revenues into his brotherrsquos hands now puts Ferdinand to the severest test as a trial of his love before entrusting his daughter to him He makes the most practical use imaginable of his magic art exacts prompt servitudefrom his attendants does not hesitate to punish them is resolved and firm and knows how to seize the proper moment for action He is a most careful father to his daughter a considerate master of Ariel severe against the brutal Caliban humane towards the repentant enemies full of experience and wisdomThe Exercise of his Power ndash his SternnessWhat appears to us at the first sight one of the least pleasing features of Prosperorsquos character is the sternness which he frequently displays more particularly in his dealings with Caliban His harshness towards Caliban resulted from the failure of gentler methods his severity towards Ferdinand was exercised in the interest of his daughter ldquolest too light winning make the prize lightrdquo and his punishment of Alonso Sebastian and Antonio is justified by the attainment of his objectiveProsperorsquos TendernessThe tender side of Prosperorsquos character is exhibited in his relation to Miranda Ariel Gonzalo and the repentant sinners His love for Miranda is unbounded She was almost life to him In his darkest hours of trial this love sustained him and gave him strength to put a bold front to suffering He addresses her always with tenderness She is to him a lsquoloved darlingrsquo lsquodear heartrsquo lsquoa rich giftrsquo lsquoa third of his own lifersquo The same affectionate nature is shown in his dealing with his brother Antonio He loved his brother Antonio only next to Miranda before Antonio conspired against him In the island when Antonio is brought before him he forgives him
readily To Gonzalo the good old councilor he is all affection He sheds tears of joy and gratitude when he meets him in the island To Ariel he is a loving and considerable master Ariel is always to him ldquomy brave spiritrdquo ldquofine spiritrdquo ldquodelicate Arielrdquo ldquomy Arielrdquo etc When he promises Ariel his freedom he says with real emotion ndash ldquoI shall miss theerdquoProsperorsquos Power as a MagicianThe practice of magic has placed wonderful powers in the hands of Prospero He uses his supernatural powers like a god only to bring about the happiest results He causes The Tempest and the shipwreck only to bring his enemies within his power and not to destroy them Not a soul perished in the storm He leads Ferdinand to Miranda his high charms work and as he wishes the two falls in love He frustrates the plots of the conspirators and makes them know that he was conscious of it He drives Sebastian and Alonso to sincere repentance and readily forgives them The drunken associates of Caliban are no doubt sternly treated but even then they are promised conditional pardon The whole play at last ends in reconciliation joy and peace The wrongs are set right the lovers are made happy Ariel is set free and thus the powerful magician retires into the solitude of his study at MilanProsperorsquos ForgivenessAllied to his wisdom is his forgiving nature Though deeply wronged he bears no spite against the wrong-doers Though his power is unlimited he uses it to noble purposes The lesson of adversity has taught him that ldquoThe rarer action is in virtue than in vengeancerdquoProspero does not debase his noble nature by revenge but forgives his enemies absolutely He drives his erstwhile enemies to a sincere penitence for their past misdeeds and when repentance has wrought its full effect on them he receives them into his arms and is reconciled to them Is Prospero perfectProspero creates a great impression upon our minds by his dignity his nobility the divine spirit of forgiveness in him his generous and sympathetic nature etc Even with all these virtues we cannot call him perfect We perceive certain faults in him He displays an occasional impatience irritability and even a certain harshness of feeling His severe treatment of Caliban might have been justified but the language in which he addresses the monster and the threats that he uses show him to be a kind of tyrant On learning of Calibanrsquos plot against his life he is as violently disturbed and agitated as any ordinary human being would be His manner towards Ariel when the latter demands his liberty also seems somewhat arbitrary and tyrannicalSubject ndashBiology Topic ndashChapter -5 Inheritance amp Variations Summary ExecutionToday we will discuss about NON-Mendelian Inheritance
NON_MENDELIAN INHERITANCE Incomplete Dominance It is an inheritance in which heterozygous offspring shows
intermediate character between two parental characteristics Eg Flower colour in snapdragon (dog flower or Antirrhinum sp) and
Mirabilis jalapa ( 4rsquoO clock plant) Here phenotypic and genotypic ratios are same Phenotypic Ratio 1Red 2 Pink 1 White Genotypic Ratio 1(RR) 2 (Rr) 1(rr) This means that R was not completely dominant over r Pea plants also show incomplete dominance in other traits
Co- dominance It is the inheritance in which both alleles of a gene are expressed in a
hybrid Eg ABO blood grouping in human ABO Blood groups are controlled by the gene I The plasma membrane of the RBC has sugar polymer that protrude
from its surface and is controlled By the gene The gene I has three alleles IA IB i The alleles IA and IB produce a slightly different form of the sugar
while allele i does not produce any sugar In AB blood group both IA and IB are present together This is co ndash
dominanceMultiple Alleles
Multiple alternatives of the same gene which influence the same character and produce different expressions in different individuals of a species or population same genes have more than two allelic
forms These different forms of a single gene are referred as multiple alleles Eg human Blood group
Ac-12 250620 Topic- retirement
Illustration Om Jai and Jagdish are partners sharing profit in the ratio of 3 2 l Their balance sheet as at December 31st 2014 is as under
Balance sheet as at December 31 2014
Liabilities Amount Assets Amount
(Rs`) (Rs`)
Creditors 80000 Building 180000 Bills Payable 26000 Plant 140000 General reserve 24000 Motor Car 40000 Capital Stock 100000 Om 160000 Debtors 63000 Jai 120000 Less Provision Jagdish 120000
400000 for Bad debts 3000
60000 Cash at Bank 10000
530000 530000
Jai retires on that date on the following terms(a) The Goodwill of the firm is valued at Rs 60000(b) Stock and Building to be appreciated by 10(c) Plant is depreciated by 10(d) Provision for Bad debts is increased upto Rs 5000(e) Jairsquos share of goodwill was adjusted through remaining partners capital accountThe amount due to Jai is paid out of the fund brought in by Om and Jagdish in theirnew profit sharing ratio Jai is paid full amountPrepare Revaluation Account and Partnerrsquos Capital account
Solution WorkingsIt is assumed that Om and Jagdish gaining ratio remains 3 lJairsquo Share of goodwill = Rs 60000 times 26 = Rs20000Adjusted through the remaining partners capital account in 3 1 ratio
Revaluation Account
Dr Cr
Particulars Amount Particulars Amount
(Rs`) (`Rs)
To Provision for Bad debts 2000 By Stock 10000TO Plant 14000 By Building 18000To Profit transferred toCapital Accounts Om 6000 Jai 4000 Jagdish 2000
12000
28000 28000
Capital AccountDr Cr Particulars Om Jai Jagdish Particulars Om Jai Jagdish
(Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (rs`) (`Rs)
To Capital 15000 mdash 5000 By Balance bd 160000 120000 120000 ToBank 152000 By General Reserve 12000 8000 4000To Balance cd 277000 mdash 159000 By Revaluation (Profit) 6000 4000 2000 By Om Capital mdash 15000 mdash ByJagdish Capital mdash 5000 By Bank 114000 38000
292000 152000 164000 292000 152000 164000
his wife During the period of such leaves he shall be paid leave salary equal to the pay drawn immediately before proceeding on leave
10 Study leave-Study leave may be granted to all Government Employees with not less than 5 years service for undergoing a special course consisting of higher studies are specialised training in a professional or technical subject having a direct and close connection with the sphere of his duties as a Civil Servant
Commerce
Chapter-5Management
Let us today discuss about the nature of Management
Nature of management Management is defined as
An art A science A profession
Management is defined as an art because of the following reasons
1 In art there is an existence of theoretical knowledge Similarly in management various theories are propounded by management thinkers in various areas of management like finance marketing human resources etc
2 Every manager apply his or her personal skills and knowledge in the day to day functioning of an enterprise
3 Like an art management is creative as it provides solutions to Complex problems making resources productive and profitable moulding the attitudes of people for the betterment of an organisation
Management is is considered as science because of the following reasons
1 Like science there is a systemised body of knowledge in management consisting of theories principles vocabulary and concept
2 Principles of management are evolved after continuous observations and experimentation
Management both as Science and ArtManagement is both a science and an art It is a science because it uses certain principles and is an art because it requires continuous practice and application of personal skillsManagement as a profession Following points highlight whether management is a profession or not1 Like profession management has well
defined body of knowledge It has its own principles which are based on experiments One can acquire such
knowledge by pursuing courses like MBA BBA etc and acquire managerial skills through instruction and training
2 In management no such restriction is there for managers to clear an examination for hold a degree However these days more and more people are appointed for managerial post who opposes management degrees
3 Membership to a professional Association like AIMA is not mandatory for managers All managers directly or indirectly work for the development of society
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Essay Questions (EQ-2)
Question No 2Sketch the character of Prospero Would you call him perfect
AnswerProspero in The Tempest appears to be an intensely human being with human failings and weaknesses With all his excellence Prospero is made to awaken our sympathy for a natural imperfection Prosperorsquos Previous HistoryIn his retrospective narration of his previous history to Miranda we get a glimpse into Prosperorsquos past life As the Duke of Milan Prospero buried himself in his magic books which he prized above his dukedom He was essentially a scholar with no practical wisdom He failed to perform his first duty by neglecting the governance of his state and gave an opportunity to his wicked brother to undermine his throne He was thus driven from his home and thrown in a leaky boat with his weeping daughter to drift in the perilous seas It is only the thought of his little child that kept him aliveThe Development of Prosperorsquos CharacterThe development of his character is evident from the contrast between what he was before his banishment and what he is now in the island Formerly when his ldquolibrary was dukedom enoughrdquo he was altogether too unsuspecting Now he is watchful as providence and takes care to guard himself against the possibility of evil He has learnt to know human nature in its worst forms even Caliban has taught him something He will no longer put his trust in appearance except as ldquostale to catch thievesrdquo nor in oaths of which the strongest he says ldquoare straw to the fire irsquo the bloodrdquo He who once neglected worldly ends now consistently asserts his dignity enforces obedience and deals out justice with impartial hand He who without a thought of evil gave his power and his revenues into his brotherrsquos hands now puts Ferdinand to the severest test as a trial of his love before entrusting his daughter to him He makes the most practical use imaginable of his magic art exacts prompt servitudefrom his attendants does not hesitate to punish them is resolved and firm and knows how to seize the proper moment for action He is a most careful father to his daughter a considerate master of Ariel severe against the brutal Caliban humane towards the repentant enemies full of experience and wisdomThe Exercise of his Power ndash his SternnessWhat appears to us at the first sight one of the least pleasing features of Prosperorsquos character is the sternness which he frequently displays more particularly in his dealings with Caliban His harshness towards Caliban resulted from the failure of gentler methods his severity towards Ferdinand was exercised in the interest of his daughter ldquolest too light winning make the prize lightrdquo and his punishment of Alonso Sebastian and Antonio is justified by the attainment of his objectiveProsperorsquos TendernessThe tender side of Prosperorsquos character is exhibited in his relation to Miranda Ariel Gonzalo and the repentant sinners His love for Miranda is unbounded She was almost life to him In his darkest hours of trial this love sustained him and gave him strength to put a bold front to suffering He addresses her always with tenderness She is to him a lsquoloved darlingrsquo lsquodear heartrsquo lsquoa rich giftrsquo lsquoa third of his own lifersquo The same affectionate nature is shown in his dealing with his brother Antonio He loved his brother Antonio only next to Miranda before Antonio conspired against him In the island when Antonio is brought before him he forgives him
readily To Gonzalo the good old councilor he is all affection He sheds tears of joy and gratitude when he meets him in the island To Ariel he is a loving and considerable master Ariel is always to him ldquomy brave spiritrdquo ldquofine spiritrdquo ldquodelicate Arielrdquo ldquomy Arielrdquo etc When he promises Ariel his freedom he says with real emotion ndash ldquoI shall miss theerdquoProsperorsquos Power as a MagicianThe practice of magic has placed wonderful powers in the hands of Prospero He uses his supernatural powers like a god only to bring about the happiest results He causes The Tempest and the shipwreck only to bring his enemies within his power and not to destroy them Not a soul perished in the storm He leads Ferdinand to Miranda his high charms work and as he wishes the two falls in love He frustrates the plots of the conspirators and makes them know that he was conscious of it He drives Sebastian and Alonso to sincere repentance and readily forgives them The drunken associates of Caliban are no doubt sternly treated but even then they are promised conditional pardon The whole play at last ends in reconciliation joy and peace The wrongs are set right the lovers are made happy Ariel is set free and thus the powerful magician retires into the solitude of his study at MilanProsperorsquos ForgivenessAllied to his wisdom is his forgiving nature Though deeply wronged he bears no spite against the wrong-doers Though his power is unlimited he uses it to noble purposes The lesson of adversity has taught him that ldquoThe rarer action is in virtue than in vengeancerdquoProspero does not debase his noble nature by revenge but forgives his enemies absolutely He drives his erstwhile enemies to a sincere penitence for their past misdeeds and when repentance has wrought its full effect on them he receives them into his arms and is reconciled to them Is Prospero perfectProspero creates a great impression upon our minds by his dignity his nobility the divine spirit of forgiveness in him his generous and sympathetic nature etc Even with all these virtues we cannot call him perfect We perceive certain faults in him He displays an occasional impatience irritability and even a certain harshness of feeling His severe treatment of Caliban might have been justified but the language in which he addresses the monster and the threats that he uses show him to be a kind of tyrant On learning of Calibanrsquos plot against his life he is as violently disturbed and agitated as any ordinary human being would be His manner towards Ariel when the latter demands his liberty also seems somewhat arbitrary and tyrannicalSubject ndashBiology Topic ndashChapter -5 Inheritance amp Variations Summary ExecutionToday we will discuss about NON-Mendelian Inheritance
NON_MENDELIAN INHERITANCE Incomplete Dominance It is an inheritance in which heterozygous offspring shows
intermediate character between two parental characteristics Eg Flower colour in snapdragon (dog flower or Antirrhinum sp) and
Mirabilis jalapa ( 4rsquoO clock plant) Here phenotypic and genotypic ratios are same Phenotypic Ratio 1Red 2 Pink 1 White Genotypic Ratio 1(RR) 2 (Rr) 1(rr) This means that R was not completely dominant over r Pea plants also show incomplete dominance in other traits
Co- dominance It is the inheritance in which both alleles of a gene are expressed in a
hybrid Eg ABO blood grouping in human ABO Blood groups are controlled by the gene I The plasma membrane of the RBC has sugar polymer that protrude
from its surface and is controlled By the gene The gene I has three alleles IA IB i The alleles IA and IB produce a slightly different form of the sugar
while allele i does not produce any sugar In AB blood group both IA and IB are present together This is co ndash
dominanceMultiple Alleles
Multiple alternatives of the same gene which influence the same character and produce different expressions in different individuals of a species or population same genes have more than two allelic
forms These different forms of a single gene are referred as multiple alleles Eg human Blood group
Ac-12 250620 Topic- retirement
Illustration Om Jai and Jagdish are partners sharing profit in the ratio of 3 2 l Their balance sheet as at December 31st 2014 is as under
Balance sheet as at December 31 2014
Liabilities Amount Assets Amount
(Rs`) (Rs`)
Creditors 80000 Building 180000 Bills Payable 26000 Plant 140000 General reserve 24000 Motor Car 40000 Capital Stock 100000 Om 160000 Debtors 63000 Jai 120000 Less Provision Jagdish 120000
400000 for Bad debts 3000
60000 Cash at Bank 10000
530000 530000
Jai retires on that date on the following terms(a) The Goodwill of the firm is valued at Rs 60000(b) Stock and Building to be appreciated by 10(c) Plant is depreciated by 10(d) Provision for Bad debts is increased upto Rs 5000(e) Jairsquos share of goodwill was adjusted through remaining partners capital accountThe amount due to Jai is paid out of the fund brought in by Om and Jagdish in theirnew profit sharing ratio Jai is paid full amountPrepare Revaluation Account and Partnerrsquos Capital account
Solution WorkingsIt is assumed that Om and Jagdish gaining ratio remains 3 lJairsquo Share of goodwill = Rs 60000 times 26 = Rs20000Adjusted through the remaining partners capital account in 3 1 ratio
Revaluation Account
Dr Cr
Particulars Amount Particulars Amount
(Rs`) (`Rs)
To Provision for Bad debts 2000 By Stock 10000TO Plant 14000 By Building 18000To Profit transferred toCapital Accounts Om 6000 Jai 4000 Jagdish 2000
12000
28000 28000
Capital AccountDr Cr Particulars Om Jai Jagdish Particulars Om Jai Jagdish
(Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (rs`) (`Rs)
To Capital 15000 mdash 5000 By Balance bd 160000 120000 120000 ToBank 152000 By General Reserve 12000 8000 4000To Balance cd 277000 mdash 159000 By Revaluation (Profit) 6000 4000 2000 By Om Capital mdash 15000 mdash ByJagdish Capital mdash 5000 By Bank 114000 38000
292000 152000 164000 292000 152000 164000
knowledge by pursuing courses like MBA BBA etc and acquire managerial skills through instruction and training
2 In management no such restriction is there for managers to clear an examination for hold a degree However these days more and more people are appointed for managerial post who opposes management degrees
3 Membership to a professional Association like AIMA is not mandatory for managers All managers directly or indirectly work for the development of society
Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Essay Questions (EQ-2)
Question No 2Sketch the character of Prospero Would you call him perfect
AnswerProspero in The Tempest appears to be an intensely human being with human failings and weaknesses With all his excellence Prospero is made to awaken our sympathy for a natural imperfection Prosperorsquos Previous HistoryIn his retrospective narration of his previous history to Miranda we get a glimpse into Prosperorsquos past life As the Duke of Milan Prospero buried himself in his magic books which he prized above his dukedom He was essentially a scholar with no practical wisdom He failed to perform his first duty by neglecting the governance of his state and gave an opportunity to his wicked brother to undermine his throne He was thus driven from his home and thrown in a leaky boat with his weeping daughter to drift in the perilous seas It is only the thought of his little child that kept him aliveThe Development of Prosperorsquos CharacterThe development of his character is evident from the contrast between what he was before his banishment and what he is now in the island Formerly when his ldquolibrary was dukedom enoughrdquo he was altogether too unsuspecting Now he is watchful as providence and takes care to guard himself against the possibility of evil He has learnt to know human nature in its worst forms even Caliban has taught him something He will no longer put his trust in appearance except as ldquostale to catch thievesrdquo nor in oaths of which the strongest he says ldquoare straw to the fire irsquo the bloodrdquo He who once neglected worldly ends now consistently asserts his dignity enforces obedience and deals out justice with impartial hand He who without a thought of evil gave his power and his revenues into his brotherrsquos hands now puts Ferdinand to the severest test as a trial of his love before entrusting his daughter to him He makes the most practical use imaginable of his magic art exacts prompt servitudefrom his attendants does not hesitate to punish them is resolved and firm and knows how to seize the proper moment for action He is a most careful father to his daughter a considerate master of Ariel severe against the brutal Caliban humane towards the repentant enemies full of experience and wisdomThe Exercise of his Power ndash his SternnessWhat appears to us at the first sight one of the least pleasing features of Prosperorsquos character is the sternness which he frequently displays more particularly in his dealings with Caliban His harshness towards Caliban resulted from the failure of gentler methods his severity towards Ferdinand was exercised in the interest of his daughter ldquolest too light winning make the prize lightrdquo and his punishment of Alonso Sebastian and Antonio is justified by the attainment of his objectiveProsperorsquos TendernessThe tender side of Prosperorsquos character is exhibited in his relation to Miranda Ariel Gonzalo and the repentant sinners His love for Miranda is unbounded She was almost life to him In his darkest hours of trial this love sustained him and gave him strength to put a bold front to suffering He addresses her always with tenderness She is to him a lsquoloved darlingrsquo lsquodear heartrsquo lsquoa rich giftrsquo lsquoa third of his own lifersquo The same affectionate nature is shown in his dealing with his brother Antonio He loved his brother Antonio only next to Miranda before Antonio conspired against him In the island when Antonio is brought before him he forgives him
readily To Gonzalo the good old councilor he is all affection He sheds tears of joy and gratitude when he meets him in the island To Ariel he is a loving and considerable master Ariel is always to him ldquomy brave spiritrdquo ldquofine spiritrdquo ldquodelicate Arielrdquo ldquomy Arielrdquo etc When he promises Ariel his freedom he says with real emotion ndash ldquoI shall miss theerdquoProsperorsquos Power as a MagicianThe practice of magic has placed wonderful powers in the hands of Prospero He uses his supernatural powers like a god only to bring about the happiest results He causes The Tempest and the shipwreck only to bring his enemies within his power and not to destroy them Not a soul perished in the storm He leads Ferdinand to Miranda his high charms work and as he wishes the two falls in love He frustrates the plots of the conspirators and makes them know that he was conscious of it He drives Sebastian and Alonso to sincere repentance and readily forgives them The drunken associates of Caliban are no doubt sternly treated but even then they are promised conditional pardon The whole play at last ends in reconciliation joy and peace The wrongs are set right the lovers are made happy Ariel is set free and thus the powerful magician retires into the solitude of his study at MilanProsperorsquos ForgivenessAllied to his wisdom is his forgiving nature Though deeply wronged he bears no spite against the wrong-doers Though his power is unlimited he uses it to noble purposes The lesson of adversity has taught him that ldquoThe rarer action is in virtue than in vengeancerdquoProspero does not debase his noble nature by revenge but forgives his enemies absolutely He drives his erstwhile enemies to a sincere penitence for their past misdeeds and when repentance has wrought its full effect on them he receives them into his arms and is reconciled to them Is Prospero perfectProspero creates a great impression upon our minds by his dignity his nobility the divine spirit of forgiveness in him his generous and sympathetic nature etc Even with all these virtues we cannot call him perfect We perceive certain faults in him He displays an occasional impatience irritability and even a certain harshness of feeling His severe treatment of Caliban might have been justified but the language in which he addresses the monster and the threats that he uses show him to be a kind of tyrant On learning of Calibanrsquos plot against his life he is as violently disturbed and agitated as any ordinary human being would be His manner towards Ariel when the latter demands his liberty also seems somewhat arbitrary and tyrannicalSubject ndashBiology Topic ndashChapter -5 Inheritance amp Variations Summary ExecutionToday we will discuss about NON-Mendelian Inheritance
NON_MENDELIAN INHERITANCE Incomplete Dominance It is an inheritance in which heterozygous offspring shows
intermediate character between two parental characteristics Eg Flower colour in snapdragon (dog flower or Antirrhinum sp) and
Mirabilis jalapa ( 4rsquoO clock plant) Here phenotypic and genotypic ratios are same Phenotypic Ratio 1Red 2 Pink 1 White Genotypic Ratio 1(RR) 2 (Rr) 1(rr) This means that R was not completely dominant over r Pea plants also show incomplete dominance in other traits
Co- dominance It is the inheritance in which both alleles of a gene are expressed in a
hybrid Eg ABO blood grouping in human ABO Blood groups are controlled by the gene I The plasma membrane of the RBC has sugar polymer that protrude
from its surface and is controlled By the gene The gene I has three alleles IA IB i The alleles IA and IB produce a slightly different form of the sugar
while allele i does not produce any sugar In AB blood group both IA and IB are present together This is co ndash
dominanceMultiple Alleles
Multiple alternatives of the same gene which influence the same character and produce different expressions in different individuals of a species or population same genes have more than two allelic
forms These different forms of a single gene are referred as multiple alleles Eg human Blood group
Ac-12 250620 Topic- retirement
Illustration Om Jai and Jagdish are partners sharing profit in the ratio of 3 2 l Their balance sheet as at December 31st 2014 is as under
Balance sheet as at December 31 2014
Liabilities Amount Assets Amount
(Rs`) (Rs`)
Creditors 80000 Building 180000 Bills Payable 26000 Plant 140000 General reserve 24000 Motor Car 40000 Capital Stock 100000 Om 160000 Debtors 63000 Jai 120000 Less Provision Jagdish 120000
400000 for Bad debts 3000
60000 Cash at Bank 10000
530000 530000
Jai retires on that date on the following terms(a) The Goodwill of the firm is valued at Rs 60000(b) Stock and Building to be appreciated by 10(c) Plant is depreciated by 10(d) Provision for Bad debts is increased upto Rs 5000(e) Jairsquos share of goodwill was adjusted through remaining partners capital accountThe amount due to Jai is paid out of the fund brought in by Om and Jagdish in theirnew profit sharing ratio Jai is paid full amountPrepare Revaluation Account and Partnerrsquos Capital account
Solution WorkingsIt is assumed that Om and Jagdish gaining ratio remains 3 lJairsquo Share of goodwill = Rs 60000 times 26 = Rs20000Adjusted through the remaining partners capital account in 3 1 ratio
Revaluation Account
Dr Cr
Particulars Amount Particulars Amount
(Rs`) (`Rs)
To Provision for Bad debts 2000 By Stock 10000TO Plant 14000 By Building 18000To Profit transferred toCapital Accounts Om 6000 Jai 4000 Jagdish 2000
12000
28000 28000
Capital AccountDr Cr Particulars Om Jai Jagdish Particulars Om Jai Jagdish
(Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (rs`) (`Rs)
To Capital 15000 mdash 5000 By Balance bd 160000 120000 120000 ToBank 152000 By General Reserve 12000 8000 4000To Balance cd 277000 mdash 159000 By Revaluation (Profit) 6000 4000 2000 By Om Capital mdash 15000 mdash ByJagdish Capital mdash 5000 By Bank 114000 38000
292000 152000 164000 292000 152000 164000
readily To Gonzalo the good old councilor he is all affection He sheds tears of joy and gratitude when he meets him in the island To Ariel he is a loving and considerable master Ariel is always to him ldquomy brave spiritrdquo ldquofine spiritrdquo ldquodelicate Arielrdquo ldquomy Arielrdquo etc When he promises Ariel his freedom he says with real emotion ndash ldquoI shall miss theerdquoProsperorsquos Power as a MagicianThe practice of magic has placed wonderful powers in the hands of Prospero He uses his supernatural powers like a god only to bring about the happiest results He causes The Tempest and the shipwreck only to bring his enemies within his power and not to destroy them Not a soul perished in the storm He leads Ferdinand to Miranda his high charms work and as he wishes the two falls in love He frustrates the plots of the conspirators and makes them know that he was conscious of it He drives Sebastian and Alonso to sincere repentance and readily forgives them The drunken associates of Caliban are no doubt sternly treated but even then they are promised conditional pardon The whole play at last ends in reconciliation joy and peace The wrongs are set right the lovers are made happy Ariel is set free and thus the powerful magician retires into the solitude of his study at MilanProsperorsquos ForgivenessAllied to his wisdom is his forgiving nature Though deeply wronged he bears no spite against the wrong-doers Though his power is unlimited he uses it to noble purposes The lesson of adversity has taught him that ldquoThe rarer action is in virtue than in vengeancerdquoProspero does not debase his noble nature by revenge but forgives his enemies absolutely He drives his erstwhile enemies to a sincere penitence for their past misdeeds and when repentance has wrought its full effect on them he receives them into his arms and is reconciled to them Is Prospero perfectProspero creates a great impression upon our minds by his dignity his nobility the divine spirit of forgiveness in him his generous and sympathetic nature etc Even with all these virtues we cannot call him perfect We perceive certain faults in him He displays an occasional impatience irritability and even a certain harshness of feeling His severe treatment of Caliban might have been justified but the language in which he addresses the monster and the threats that he uses show him to be a kind of tyrant On learning of Calibanrsquos plot against his life he is as violently disturbed and agitated as any ordinary human being would be His manner towards Ariel when the latter demands his liberty also seems somewhat arbitrary and tyrannicalSubject ndashBiology Topic ndashChapter -5 Inheritance amp Variations Summary ExecutionToday we will discuss about NON-Mendelian Inheritance
NON_MENDELIAN INHERITANCE Incomplete Dominance It is an inheritance in which heterozygous offspring shows
intermediate character between two parental characteristics Eg Flower colour in snapdragon (dog flower or Antirrhinum sp) and
Mirabilis jalapa ( 4rsquoO clock plant) Here phenotypic and genotypic ratios are same Phenotypic Ratio 1Red 2 Pink 1 White Genotypic Ratio 1(RR) 2 (Rr) 1(rr) This means that R was not completely dominant over r Pea plants also show incomplete dominance in other traits
Co- dominance It is the inheritance in which both alleles of a gene are expressed in a
hybrid Eg ABO blood grouping in human ABO Blood groups are controlled by the gene I The plasma membrane of the RBC has sugar polymer that protrude
from its surface and is controlled By the gene The gene I has three alleles IA IB i The alleles IA and IB produce a slightly different form of the sugar
while allele i does not produce any sugar In AB blood group both IA and IB are present together This is co ndash
dominanceMultiple Alleles
Multiple alternatives of the same gene which influence the same character and produce different expressions in different individuals of a species or population same genes have more than two allelic
forms These different forms of a single gene are referred as multiple alleles Eg human Blood group
Ac-12 250620 Topic- retirement
Illustration Om Jai and Jagdish are partners sharing profit in the ratio of 3 2 l Their balance sheet as at December 31st 2014 is as under
Balance sheet as at December 31 2014
Liabilities Amount Assets Amount
(Rs`) (Rs`)
Creditors 80000 Building 180000 Bills Payable 26000 Plant 140000 General reserve 24000 Motor Car 40000 Capital Stock 100000 Om 160000 Debtors 63000 Jai 120000 Less Provision Jagdish 120000
400000 for Bad debts 3000
60000 Cash at Bank 10000
530000 530000
Jai retires on that date on the following terms(a) The Goodwill of the firm is valued at Rs 60000(b) Stock and Building to be appreciated by 10(c) Plant is depreciated by 10(d) Provision for Bad debts is increased upto Rs 5000(e) Jairsquos share of goodwill was adjusted through remaining partners capital accountThe amount due to Jai is paid out of the fund brought in by Om and Jagdish in theirnew profit sharing ratio Jai is paid full amountPrepare Revaluation Account and Partnerrsquos Capital account
Solution WorkingsIt is assumed that Om and Jagdish gaining ratio remains 3 lJairsquo Share of goodwill = Rs 60000 times 26 = Rs20000Adjusted through the remaining partners capital account in 3 1 ratio
Revaluation Account
Dr Cr
Particulars Amount Particulars Amount
(Rs`) (`Rs)
To Provision for Bad debts 2000 By Stock 10000TO Plant 14000 By Building 18000To Profit transferred toCapital Accounts Om 6000 Jai 4000 Jagdish 2000
12000
28000 28000
Capital AccountDr Cr Particulars Om Jai Jagdish Particulars Om Jai Jagdish
(Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (rs`) (`Rs)
To Capital 15000 mdash 5000 By Balance bd 160000 120000 120000 ToBank 152000 By General Reserve 12000 8000 4000To Balance cd 277000 mdash 159000 By Revaluation (Profit) 6000 4000 2000 By Om Capital mdash 15000 mdash ByJagdish Capital mdash 5000 By Bank 114000 38000
292000 152000 164000 292000 152000 164000
forms These different forms of a single gene are referred as multiple alleles Eg human Blood group
Ac-12 250620 Topic- retirement
Illustration Om Jai and Jagdish are partners sharing profit in the ratio of 3 2 l Their balance sheet as at December 31st 2014 is as under
Balance sheet as at December 31 2014
Liabilities Amount Assets Amount
(Rs`) (Rs`)
Creditors 80000 Building 180000 Bills Payable 26000 Plant 140000 General reserve 24000 Motor Car 40000 Capital Stock 100000 Om 160000 Debtors 63000 Jai 120000 Less Provision Jagdish 120000
400000 for Bad debts 3000
60000 Cash at Bank 10000
530000 530000
Jai retires on that date on the following terms(a) The Goodwill of the firm is valued at Rs 60000(b) Stock and Building to be appreciated by 10(c) Plant is depreciated by 10(d) Provision for Bad debts is increased upto Rs 5000(e) Jairsquos share of goodwill was adjusted through remaining partners capital accountThe amount due to Jai is paid out of the fund brought in by Om and Jagdish in theirnew profit sharing ratio Jai is paid full amountPrepare Revaluation Account and Partnerrsquos Capital account
Solution WorkingsIt is assumed that Om and Jagdish gaining ratio remains 3 lJairsquo Share of goodwill = Rs 60000 times 26 = Rs20000Adjusted through the remaining partners capital account in 3 1 ratio
Revaluation Account
Dr Cr
Particulars Amount Particulars Amount
(Rs`) (`Rs)
To Provision for Bad debts 2000 By Stock 10000TO Plant 14000 By Building 18000To Profit transferred toCapital Accounts Om 6000 Jai 4000 Jagdish 2000
12000
28000 28000
Capital AccountDr Cr Particulars Om Jai Jagdish Particulars Om Jai Jagdish
(Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (rs`) (`Rs)
To Capital 15000 mdash 5000 By Balance bd 160000 120000 120000 ToBank 152000 By General Reserve 12000 8000 4000To Balance cd 277000 mdash 159000 By Revaluation (Profit) 6000 4000 2000 By Om Capital mdash 15000 mdash ByJagdish Capital mdash 5000 By Bank 114000 38000
292000 152000 164000 292000 152000 164000
Particulars Amount Particulars Amount
(Rs`) (`Rs)
To Provision for Bad debts 2000 By Stock 10000TO Plant 14000 By Building 18000To Profit transferred toCapital Accounts Om 6000 Jai 4000 Jagdish 2000
12000
28000 28000
Capital AccountDr Cr Particulars Om Jai Jagdish Particulars Om Jai Jagdish
(Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`) (rs`) (`Rs)
To Capital 15000 mdash 5000 By Balance bd 160000 120000 120000 ToBank 152000 By General Reserve 12000 8000 4000To Balance cd 277000 mdash 159000 By Revaluation (Profit) 6000 4000 2000 By Om Capital mdash 15000 mdash ByJagdish Capital mdash 5000 By Bank 114000 38000
292000 152000 164000 292000 152000 164000