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Workbook AnswersChapter 5

Chapter 5: Europe LandscapesBefore You Start …1.(a) physical geography: the study of the Earth’s natural features and landscapes(b) human geography: the study of how people live with and interact with the physical landscape –

their cultures, communities and activities

2.(a) STUDENT CHOICE / OPEN ANSWERS(b) STUDENT CHOICE / OPEN ANSWERS

3.(a) STUDENT CHOICE / OPEN ANSWERS(b) STUDENT CHOICE / OPEN ANSWERS

4.Snow and ice-covered mountain ranges.Many major transnational rivers.About 90 000 km of coastline.

5.Named examples may vary

colour Type of landscape Named European example

white Glaciated /snow and ice

Alps, Pyrenees, Scandinavian Highlands

green lowland North European Plainbrown Mountains/highland Apennines, Tagus, Scottish Highlands

6.Should include:• African tectonic plate collides with Eurasian plate• Rock strata is compressed, folded and uplifted to form the Alps (fold mountains)• Higher parts covered by snow and ice• Glaciation occurs – glaciers occupy mountain valleys• As glaciers retreat (melt) they leave behind a deeply eroded glacial landscape with many

distinctive features

© Pearson Education Ltd 2013 1


7.(a) STUDENT CHOICE / OPEN ANSWERS(b) STUDENT CHOICE / OPEN ANSWERSShould include: fast flowing river, waterfall, gorge, rapids. Erosion.

8.(a) STUDENT CHOICE / OPEN ANSWERS(b) STUDENT CHOICE / OPEN ANSWERSShould include: coastal landscape, cliffs, headland, beach. Erosion, transportation and deposition(c) STUDENT CHOICE / OPEN ANSWERS



5.1 Formation, highlands and lowlands,pages 122-1231.The supercontinent of Pangaea split into two parts 400 / 200 million years ago.Between 50 / 100 and 100 / 200 years later, one of these parts split in two again.The western part formed the North America / Eurasian plate, whilst the eastern part formed the North American / Eurasian plate. The Eurasian plate is the fifth / fourth / third / second largest of the world’s tectonic platesThe Eurasian plate contains both Asia and Europe. Asia forms 20 / 50 / 80 % of the plate, whilst Europe makes up the remaining 80 / 50 / 20 %.

2.(a) divergent (constructive)(b) apart(c)(i) new land / crust is formed(ii) volcanic activity is common

3.(a) the African plate(b) The African plate is colliding with the Eurasian plate(c) Fold mountains like the Alps

4.STUDENT CHOICE / OPEN ANSWERS

5.The coastline of Norway has many fjords, shaped by glaciersSome of Europe’s oldest mountains are in Scandinavia, Scotland and Iceland.The mountains which run down the centre of Italy are called the Apennines.Two of the major rivers which flow across the North European Plain are the Rhine and the Elbe. (other answers possible) The Danube and Dneiper are two of the major rivers in E. Europe.(other answers possible)



6.

Central Uplands Alpine mountains

location(countries/regions)

Belgium, France, Germany, Poland, Czech Republic

France, Monaco, Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Austria, Liechtenstein, Slovenia.

Area (km2) Student calculation Student calculationHeight (metres) varied Highest =over 4000 metresshape/type Block mountains Fold mountainsnamed mountains/peaks or ranges

Massif Central, Vosges, Taunus, Black Forest

Mont Blanc, Eiger.Bernese, Pennine, Maritime, Bavarian and Austrian Alps. Dolomites

other Formed by faulting Formed by the collision of tectonic plates, compressing, folding and uplifting rock strata

EXTENSION TASKSTUDENT CHOICE / OPEN ANSWERS

7.Weathering is when rocks are broken down into smaller fragments by the action of the weather, plants or animals, usually on the surface or close to it. Once weathered the fragments remain in situ unless or until they are eroded, transported and deposited elsewhere by the action of wind ice, water or the wind.

8.When weathered layers of rock are ‘peeled off’ we call it exfoliationFreeze thaw happens as water expands during the day and contracts at night, breaking rocks upAcid rain can cause chemical weatheringPlants can cause weathering when roots grow and create cracks in rocks

9.Scree: weathered material / rock debris found on steep slopes or the base of steep slopesBiological weathering: rocks broken up by the action of plants (e.g. growing roots) or animals (e.g. burrowing)In situ: in place e.g. weathered material stays where it has been weathered unless/until it is moved elsewhere e.g. by ice, water, wind, gravity or animals




5.2 Landscapes from ice, pages 124-1251.Temperature decreases with altitude – the higher you are above sea level, the colder it becomes. This means that even if high mountains are located on or near the Equator they are likely to have snow and ice for at least part of the year (and possibly snowfields and glaciers for all of the year if cold enough)

2.(i) glaciation: when an area is or has been covered by glaciers / ice sheets creating distinctive glacial

landscapes/features(ii) bergschrund: a crevasse which forms at the back of a snowfield at the top of a glacier as snow

moves away from the rock(iii) firn: compressed, coarse snow which may eventually compact into ice

3.STUDENT CHOICEShould include this sequence:• Snow fall exceeds snowmelt• Snow collects and builds up in a dip or hollow on high mountain slopes• Over time the weight of the snow compresses to form a coarser snow called firn• Eventually (after hundreds of years) this forms glacier ice• Eventually the ice starts to move slowly downhill into valleys below – as a glacier

4.STUDENT CHOICE / ANNOTATED DIAGRAMS

5.The main feature is a large (former v-shaped) river valley occupied by a glacier. It is joined by two small tributary glaciers. Each glacier is fed by a snowfield. There are also lines of debris on the glaciers: these are lateral moraines found on the glacier’s surface along the edges where debris has fallen onto or been eroded by the ice. Where two glaciers meet they form a medial moraine along the centre of the glacier. The end of the glacier is called the snout, where terminal moraine has been deposited.



6.(a) In Figure 5 the ice has left a much-changed glacial landscape. The snowfield has left behind a

deep, steep-sided basin called a corrie now occupied by a lake or tarn, open on the fourth side. Where two corries were next to each other, a steep sided ridge called an arête can be found separating them. Above them is a steep central pyramidal peak, formed where corries have eroded all around the original mountain

The former v-shaped river valley has been eroded into a much bigger, deeper and steeper u-shaped valley (see answer to Q2). Hanging valleys are left above the main valley where smaller tributaries once joined the river – often marked by waterfalls. Material carried by the ice (moraines) is deposited on the valley floor, especially where the end or snout of the glacier once was. The valley is occupied by a long, narrow ribbon lake with a small stream called a misfit stream.

(b) That is was once warmer with a network of rivers and river basins, and then became much colder and covered by glaciers, snow and ice, before warming up again revealing the landscape we see today in Figure 5.

(c) May include:• To dam and use for reservoirs / water storage• To produce hydroelectric power• For tourism• For farming / communication links/ settlement



5.3 Case Study: The Alps, pages 126-1291.STUDENT CHOICE / OPEN ANSWERS

2.The Alps form a chain of fold mountains about 1000 km long and 100 to 200 km wide.The highest mountain is Mont Blanc It is one of several peaks which are 4000 metres or more.The Alps are divided into 5, including the Pennine Alps in France and Italy and Bernese Alps on the borders between Switzerland and Italy.

3.STUDENT CHOICE / OPEN ANSWERSShould describe and explain the clear link between population density and relief i.e. the Alps are sparsely populated compared to flatter or lower areas.


5.(a) and (b) STUDENT CHOICE / OPEN ANSWERS

6.It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site = outstanding sceneryThe area contains a wide range of fragile ecosystemsIt is closely studied and monitored by scientists e.g. to record any changes which may be the result of global warming / climate change

7.(a)• Alpine farming in the past: grazing in high alpine meadows; livestock reared inside in winter;

transhumance; small herds of sheep, goats and cattle • Alpine farming today: viniculture on lower slopes; less jobs in farming; more intensive farming on

valley floor; larger herds and farms; greater use of fertilisers and pesticides (b)• Using buildings to accommodate visitors• Work as tour guides or ski instructors

8.Farms have had to become larger to survive, affecting the alpine meadows used for grazing. Fertilisers, herbicides and pesticides are used to help improve grazing. This has meant that there is little variety apart from pasture, reducing biodiversity.

9.



(a) STUDENT CHOICE / OPEN ANSWERS(b) STUDENT CHOICE / OPEN ANSWERS

EXTENSION TASKSTUDENT CHOICE / OPEN ANSWERS



5.4 Rivers, pages 130-1311.(i) watershed(ii) source(iii) load or bed load(iv) drainage basin or catchment area

2.

location Upper course – first section starting at the source

gradient steepriver channel Narrow, shallow, often rocky beddischarge smallmain process(es) Erosion (vertical = downwards)valley: size/shape/floor Small, narrow, steep-sided, little or no floor, v-shaped with

interlocking spursmain features Waterfalls, gorges, rapids, human activity/land use Limited – sheep / goat farming on surrounding hillsides; winter

sports/tourism if very high/snowy

3.False The source of river a can be a spring, lake, desert or glacier True In the upper course the river often flows downhill around interlocking spursFalse Erosion is usually outwards rather than downwardsFalse The river deposits much of its load in this sectionFalse Waterfalls gradually move downstream as they erodeTrue Soft rock erodes more quickly, allowing undercutting downstream of a waterfall

4.

location Middle course, between the upper and lower courses

gradient Fairly steep at the beginning, more gentle at the endriver channel Shallow and narrow at start, becoming wider and deeper

towards the end of middle coursedischarge Higher than upper course, less than lower course main process(es) Erosion, transportation and depositionvalley: size/shape/floor Valley floor starts to widen into a small flood plain; valley sides

not as steep now, but still quite close to the river channelmain features Meanders, ox-bow lakes, river cliffs, flood plainhuman activity/land use Farming on the flood plain (some arable), small

towns/settlements; industry.5.



Water flows more slowly/quickly near the outside bend of a meanderThe discharge increases as the river channel becomes narrower/wider and deeper/shallowerThe loop of a meander increases/decrease as more erosion/deposition takes place on the inside bendSteep river cliffs form on the inside/outside bend of a meander where erosion/deposition occurs

6.

location The last section where the river ends and enters the sea/ocean

gradient Flat or almost flatriver channel Very wide and deepdischarge Highest discharge is in this coursemain process(es) Transportation and deposition of loadvalley: size/shape/floor Wide, flat floor and flood plain; valley sides a long way from

the river channelmain features Embankments (levees); wide flood plain; ox-bow lakes; delta;

estuary; tidal mud flatshuman activity/land use Often densely populated; towns/ports/cities; coastal

resorts/tourism; industry; ferry ports

7.(a) the river in flood: should show valley covered by water and deposition taking place(b) after several floods had occurred and subsided: should show deposition across flood plain,

higher embankments and more deposition on bed of channel

8.e.g. the how:• In the upper course the valley is steep sided, v-shaped and with little or no valley floor. The river

channel is small and shallow• By the middle course there is a valley floor / flood plain and the sides are less steep, but still quite

close to the river channel. The channel is wider and deeper.• The valley in the lower course is very wide and flat. The valley sides are a long way from the river

channel which is deep and wide.

Need to also explain why = differing effects of gradient (slope); velocity (speed) of flow; amount of discharge



5.5 Case Study: The River Rhine, pages 132-1351.(a) It is high in the mountains (Alps) so fed by:(i) by glaciers and mountain streams(ii) snow melt

(b) STUDENT CALCULATION / may vary according to map used(c)

Tributary Countries it flows through

Town/ city 1 Town/city 2

Aare Switzerland Student choice Student choiceMain GermanyMoselle Germany, FranceNeckar GermanyRuhr GermanyLippe GermanyMeuse Belgium, Netherlands


3.The Rhine begins 2000 metres up 25 km from the Aletsch GlacierTwo mountain tributaries are supplied before entering Lake Constance The two meet near Reichenau where the Rhine’s upper course beginsOne of the tributaries, the Vorderrhein, is just in the Swiss AlpsThe river flows north from here with water by melting glacier ice


5.• Upper Rhine Valley: 300 km long; block mountains (horsts) on either side; ancient rift valley;

many meanders; Neckar and Main tributaries; Vosges and Black Forest• Upper Middle Rhine Valley: 145 km long; The Rhine Gorge; Hunsruck and Eifel uplands; Taunus

and Westerwald uplands

6.(a)• Reduces the length of the river to navigate along• Increases the velocity / speed of flow(b) Helped drain parts of the flood plain



7.STUDENT SKETCH and ANNOTATIONS

8.The lower course begins at Bonn where the valley becomes much wider as it flows across the North European Plain.This is a densely populated region, with many large industrial cities. The confluence of the river Ruhr and Rhine is found here. The Ruhr flows through one of Germany’s major industrial regions.

9.(a) On the confluence of the Rivers Rhine and Ruhr on the lower course of the Rhine. At the

western edge of Germany’s Ruhr industrial region(b) Easy route downstream along the Rhine to Rotterdam for seagoing ships and upstream across

mainland Europe = large hinterland

10.(a) STUDENT CHOICE / OPEN ANSWERS(b) STUDENT CHOICE / OPEN ANSWERSSuggest students use an atlas to help give detailed answers

11.3 over time sediments (mud, sand and clay) start to build up 1 the river channel becomes wider4 if sediments build up faster than the tides can remove it, a delta will form5 the river splits up into smaller channels called distributaries2 much of the river’s load is deposited as the river slows down

12.STUDENT CHOICE Depends on atlas used but should name North Sea, main distributaries and waterways, barriers and settlements




5.6 Coasts, pages 136-1371.(a) The fetch is the distance / stretch of water winds blow across to create waves(b) The bigger/longer the fetch, the larger the waves can become

2.(a)

(b)• They are high energy waves with a stronger backwash than swash, so takes material away/out to

sea/ along the coast• They can wear away land through a number of processes, especially abrasion = waves throwing

sand, pebbles and rock against the coastline and hydraulic action = waves hit the coast, trapping air in cracks or spaces, building up then releasing pressure which can cause rocks to break up

3. Write the correct word next to each description about rocks and coastal features.Geology = the study of rocks and fossils over timeStrata = individual layers of rockDip = the angle of slope of layers of rockResistance = the extent to which rocks can be erodedHeadland = an area of hard rock jutting out to seaBay = a curved lowland are between two headlands

4.(i) resistance: how easy or difficult it is for rocks to erode e.g. harder rocks have more resistance so

erode more slowly tam softer, less resistant rocks.(ii) dip of the strata: the angle and direction at which the bedding planes/ rock layers slope



5.STUDENT CHOICE / ANNOTATED DIAGRAMS

6.(a) The base of cliff is being continually undercut by wave action at high tide/high water. This causes

a notch to be eroded. In time the unsupported rock overhanging the notch will collapse. This creates a new cliff face further away from the sea – a process which continues.

(b) A wave cut platform

7.3 abrasion and hydraulic action help create a cave5 an arch is unsupported so may collapse into the sea1 a headland formed from hard rock juts out to sea6 stacks are left detached from the main headland4 sometimes a cave erodes right through a narrow headland forming an arch2 waves eroded lines of weakness in the headland

8.(a) Weathering = where rocks are broken up by the weather, plants or animals and the fragments

remain in situErosion = the wearing away of rocks by e.g. moving water, wind or ice

(b) They can become saturated or waterlogged. This can lead to slumping and/or rockfalls



5.7 Case Study: The Chalk coast, Sussex, South East England, pages 138-141Read page 136 and study Figures 1, 2 and 31.The South Downs is a chalk escarpment stretching west to east along the south coast of SE England across the counties of Hampshire and Sussex.

2.(a) An upland area or feature with a steep slope on one side (the scarp slope) and a more gentle

(dip) slope on the other side (b) Two main areas – the Isle of Thanet in Kent and the coastal area around Dover facing the English

Channel. For a detailed answer students will need to use an atlas and Figure 1 (as they did for Q1)

3.STUDENT CHOICE / FLOW CHART

4.(a) An angular piece of chalk rubs against other rocks / pebbles on the beach, gradually becoming

smoother and rounded. This process is called attrition.(b) It probably fell from the cliff face during a rockfall, then was carried down the beach by

destructive high-energy waves(c) Quite a long time as it has become rounded by attrition.

5.(a) porous rock: rocks like chalk where water is stored in the pores (spaces) between rock particles,

rather like a sponge(b) an aquifer: rocks underground which collect and store large amounts of water e.g. porous rocks

like chalk.

6.(a) It has no river or stream running along it, but was clearly formed by one(b) Chalk is a porous rock, so water flowing over it normally sinks into the ground. During the last

glacial period the ground here was not ice covered but it was frozen, allowing streams to run on the surface, eroding into it and forming small valleys. The streams disappeared later when the ground thawed out.

7.STUDENT CHOICEShould emphasise horizontal nature of rocks / bedding planes = has to be completely undercut to fall.



8.This section of coast is about 90 cm per yearIn most places the rate of erosion is during the winter monthsNear Birling Gap in the east erosion is a narrow shingle and pebble beachAbout 90% of erosion here is up to 40 cm per yearAlong the base of the cliffs is an undeveloped area with no coastal protection

9.STUDENT SKETCH

10.(a) Small pieces and/or large slabs fall onto the beach or form small fan shaped piles at the base of

the cliffs. They will then be carried into the sea by high energy destructive waves.(b) It can cause large areas of the cliffs to become unstable. This may mean both the beach area and

cliff tops have to be closed for public use.

11.These are mainly fan shaped piles of chalk which have piled up at the base of the cliff caused by small falls of rock, probably over a period of time. Some pieces can be seen further down the beach, moved by gravity and high energy waves.


13.(a) It is quite a rare undeveloped, chalk coastline of considerable interest.(b) STUDENT CHOICE / OPEN ANSWERS



5.8 Coastal deposition, pages 142-1431.STUDENT CHOICE / OPEN ANSWERS = describing coastal deposition.

2. It is material eroded from other parts of the coast (or sea bed) and transported along it by longshore drift before being deposited by low-energy constructive waves.

3.(a) Beaches are found between low and high tide or water marks. Few beaches are smooth or flat.

Most have ridges in them called berms. These are formed when material is pushed up the beach. This will stay here until high-energy destructive waves remove it.

(b) It gets smaller as you move from the land to the sea(c)• They absorb wave energy • They can help prevent or lessen flooding

4.STUDENT CHOICE

5.(i) Before: no salt marsh and just the very beginnings of the spit(ii) After: salt marsh has developed and the spit completely blocks the river to form a bar

6.(a) They need shallow, tidal water along a flat, muddy coastline with some protection from strong

waves e.g. behind a spit, sea defences or inlet to allow the build-up of sediment in the inter-tidal zone between low and high water.

(b) They are covered by salt water for some or all of the time, so the flora and fauna which inhabit them must be adapted to this environment. They have a high level of biodiversity

(c) They can absorb wave energy and prevent or lessen the effects of flooding

7.STUDENT CHOICE / FLOW CHART

8.• Grass covered sand• Footpaths and steps• fences



5.9 Case Study: The Netherlands Coast,pages 144-1471.(i) It is mainly a depositional coastline(ii) It is very flat and low lying(iii) It is softer and less resistant

2.• Older Dunes: Older dunes were originally formed 5500 years ago. After being destroyed by

storms they reformed much later, only for the sand to be blown further inland.• Younger Dunes: New dunes then formed nearer the coast as sand piled up at the back of

beaches.

3.STUDENT CHOICE

4.False The spaces between ridges of old sand dunes are called slacks.False When slacks are filled with water they are called dune valleysTrue The water table is the level underground beneath which the rock/soil is saturated.True A blowout is a small dip caused by strong winds when vegetation has been removed.True Older sand dunes often become covered with vegetation and are more stable

5.STUDENT CHOICE

6.STUDENT CHOICEGood and varied access to the edge of the park via road (several car parks), train, cycle – good answers will name stations etc. However, only one paved road through the park means it is well protected from traffic/ emissions. Instead, many cycle ways and footpaths throughout the park.

7.STUDENT CHOICE



8.

Younger dunes / nearer the sea Older dunes /inland

Flora Marram grass; sea buckthorn; wheat grass; sea holly; elder; orchids; marsh grass

Grassland and woodland – both native and planted non-native e.g. conifers

Fauna Birds; lizards; toads Birds, rabbits, foxes, deer, squirrels. Highland cattle and Shetland ponies (introduced grazers to manage grassland)

9.(a) It generally increases inland (b) The older dunes are more established and also areas where species have been introduced.

10.STUDENT CHOICE

11.STUDENT CHOICE

EXTENSION TASKSTUDENT CHOICE.


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