Stimulants (Nicotine)http://www.druginfo.adf.org.au/drug-facts/tobacco

Tabacco Facts

What is tobacco?

Effects of tobacco

Withdrawal

Further information

 

 Download the Tobacco fact sheet [PDF:312KB]

What is tobacco?Products such as cigarettes, cigars, pipe tobacco, chewing tobacco, and wet and dry snuff contain dried leaves from the tobacco plant.1

The main chemical in tobacco is nicotine, which is a stimulant drug that speeds up the messages travelling between the brain and body. It may be more addictive than heroin. Tar and carbon monoxide (a toxic gas) are also released when tobacco is burned, such as when it's smoked.2

Electronic cigarettes (also known as E cigarettes) don't contain dried tobacco leaves, but they may still contain nicotine.

Street names

Ciggies, darts, durries, rollies, smokes, fags, butts, cancer sticks

How is tobacco used?

Tobacco is usually smoked in cigarettes. It is also smoked in cigars and pipes.

Effects of tobaccoThere is no safe level of drug use. Use of any drug always carries some risk. It's important to be careful when taking any type of drug.

Tobacco affects everyone differently, based on:

Size, weight and health Whether the person is used to taking it Whether other drugs are taken around the same time The amount taken The strength of the tobacco and how much is contained in the product

 

The following effects may be experienced:

Feeling more alert, happy and relaxed Coughing Dizziness, headaches Fast heart beat Bad breath Tingling and numbness in fingers and toes Reduced appetite, stomach cramps and vomiting3

If a large amount of tobacco is taken the following effects may also be experienced:

Confusion Feeling faint Seizures Fast breathing Respiratory arrest (stop breathing) and death4

Some people believe that smoking 'light' or 'low tar' cigarettes is less harmful than regular cigarettes. However, there is little difference between the amount of chemicals inhaled by people who smoke 'light' cigarettes and those who smoke regular ones.5

Long-term effects

Regular use of tobacco may eventually cause:

Shortness of breath Coughing fits, asthma and lung diseases Regular colds or flu Loss of taste and smell Yellow, rotting teeth Yellow finger tips Early wrinkles Back pain

Slower-healing wounds Mood swings Eye disease and hearing loss Stomach ulcers Difficulty having children (males and females) Irregular periods and early menopause (females) Difficulty getting an erection (males) Cancer (in many areas of the body) Stroke and brain damage Heart attack and disease Needing to use more to get the same effect Dependence on tobacco Financial, work and social problems4

Passive smoking

Passive smoking is when someone breathes in smoke from other people smoking. Passive smoking can cause many of the health problems listed above, so it's important not to smoke near other people, particularly babies, children, pregnant and breastfeeding women, and people with chronic respiratory conditions.6

Using tobacco with other drugs

The effects of using tobacco with other drugs – including over-the-counter or prescribed medications – can be unpredictable and dangerous, and could cause:

Tobacco + benzodiazepines: reduced effectiveness of benzodiazepines. Tobacco + contraceptive pill: increased risk of blood clots forming.7

 It's important to check with a medical professional about whether nicotine might affect any medications you are taking.

WithdrawalGiving up tobacco after using it for a long time is challenging because the body has to get used to functioning without it. Withdrawal symptoms usually start within 2–3 hours after you last use tobacco. The symptoms may last from a few days to a few weeks. These symptoms can include:

Cravings for a cigarette Irritability, anxiety and depression Restless sleep Eating more and putting on weight Trouble concentrating Headaches Coughing and sore throat Aches and pains Upset stomach and bowels8

 You may still crave a cigarette for months and years after giving up. It's important to ask for help if you need it. Call Quitline on 13 QUIT (13 7848).

Information about withdrawal

Further informationStatistics

Statistics on tobacco

Reducing the risks

Pregnancy, alcohol and other drugs Passive smoking Electronic cigarettes (E cigarettes) Coping with a family member or friend with a problem Why do people use alcohol and other drugs? The Other Talk - Advice for parents Addressing problems in your community The law Treatment Help and support National drug policy

Resources

Free handouts and online resources SMS service: Get the effects by text

 

ADF SEARCH – Find further credible research and information on tobacco

ADIN – Find other credible websites and apps on tobacco

References

1. American Cancer Society. (2013). Other forms of tobacco favoured by young people.

2. Julien, R., Advokat, C., & Comaty, J. (eds.). (2011). A primer of drug action (12th ed.). New York: Worth Publishing.

3. Quit Victoria. (2014). Health risks of smoking.

4. Brands, B., Sproule, B., & Marshman, J. (Eds.). (1998). Drugs & drug abuse (3rd ed.). Ontario: Addiction Research Foundation.

5. Quit Victoria. (2005). 'Light' or 'low tar' cigarettes.

6. Cancer Council Victoria. (2005). Exposure to and perceptions of the dangers and illnesses of passive smoking among Victorians: 2004.

7. Lucas, C. & Martin, J. (2013). Smoking and drug interactions.

8. Quit Victoria. (2014). What are withdrawal symptoms? 

 

 

Last updated: 31 May 2016

 

Withdrawal (Further Information)http://www.druginfo.adf.org.au/treatment-options/withdrawal

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What is withdrawal?

What can I expect from withdrawal?

Is withdrawal safe?

How long will it take to go through withdrawal?

Where can I go for withdrawal?

How can I prepare for withdrawal?

How can I help someone through withdrawal?

Further information

Print the Withdrawal fact sheet [PDF:176KB]

What is withdrawal?Withdrawal or detoxification (also called detox) is the process of cutting back, or cutting out, the use of alcohol or other drugs. Withdrawal symptoms can range from mild to severe, and differ depending on the duration of use, type of drug, age, the person’s physical and psychological characteristics and the method of withdrawal. A person could develop physical or psychological dependence on a drug, or both.

Physical dependence

Physical dependence occurs when someone has taken a drug for a period of time and comes to rely on it, because if it’s not taken withdrawal symptoms will appear.

Psychological dependence

Psychological dependence occurs when a person believes they need the drug to function. This could be in certain situations, such as at a party, or it could be all the time.

What can I expect from withdrawal?Withdrawal symptoms

Your body will need to adjust to working without the drug in your system, so you may experience a range of symptoms, some minor, and some serious.

Find withdrawal symptoms for specific drugs.

CravingsThe brain learns that the easiest and quickest way to feel good is by using the drug, and this becomes a way of dealing with problems and avoiding bad feelings.

Cravings can come and go. They are sometimes weak, and sometimes quite strong. You will need to learn to manage cravings as they can still occur many years after you have stopped using the drug. Managing cravings involves learning distraction and relaxation techniques such as reading, watching a movie, meditating or exercising.

Sometimes medication is used to treat withdrawal symptoms – this is known as pharmacotherapy.

Is withdrawal safe?Medical supervision may be needed to make sure you go through withdrawal safely. If you are considering withdrawal, be sure to discuss this with your doctor or with an alcohol and other drug treatment service. It is especially important that you get medical assistance when withdrawing from alcohol, GHB, benzodiazepines or ketamine.

How long will it take to go through withdrawal?This can depend on many factors, including the type of drug, how long you have been using it, whether other drugs have been used, your general health and the setting where you go through withdrawal.

Generally, it will last from a few days to a few weeks, but some symptoms, such as cravings, can continue much longer.

Where can I go for withdrawal?It is important to be in a safe and supportive environment when going through withdrawal. Speak to your doctor, health practitioner or a drug and alcohol service for advice on which setting would be best for your particular needs. They will probably suggest one of the following:

Home withdrawal  is usually provided by a team including your doctor, a nurse and a support person such as a friend or family member. This may be a good choice if your withdrawal is not likely to be complicated.

Outpatient withdrawal may be your best choice if you don’t need to be admitted to a residential service. It will involve intensive individual consultations with a health professional over a short period of time, along with ongoing counselling and support.

Residential withdrawal will involve 5 to 10 days in a residential withdrawal unit or hospital, with staff to help you 24 hours a day. They can help you during withdrawal, and afterwards, to prevent relapse.

Some residential units do not allow you any contact with partners, friends or family for a period of time. This helps you to focus on your treatment, rather than worrying about what is happening at home. It also keeps you out of contact with people who use drugs, as this can cause cravings.

How can I prepare for withdrawal?To give yourself the best chance of a successful withdrawal, it is a good idea to take some time to prepare.

Doing some preparation before starting withdrawal will give you the best chance of success.

Talk with your doctor, or an alcohol and other drugs treatment service, and make sure you have a support person, and a supportive environment, during the withdrawal process.

Write down your own personal list of reasons for going through withdrawal.List the advantages and disadvantages of using and giving up the drug. This can help to keep you motivated when the withdrawal seems too hard and you want to give up.

Plan for what to do if you end up using drugs during withdrawal. This does happen sometimes and is a critical stage in treatment. You may choose to give up treatment and go back to using the drug, or you could think of it as a setback and continue with the withdrawal. It will be important to talk about why this happened, what worked well, what did not, and what could be done differently next time.

Remember that when you have been taking a drug regularly, your body gets used to it, so you need more of the drug to feel the same effect. If you stop taking the drug, even if it is only for 2 or 3 days, you may develop a lower tolerance, so if you begin taking it again, there is a real risk of overdose.

Try to eat a healthy diet, even though you might crave junk food. This can reduce mood swings that are often part of withdrawal.

Drink between 1 and 2 litres of water per day, but not more than 3 litres.

You may need a multivitamin supplement if you feel unwell and can't eat much.

Plan to keep busy so you don’t have time to dwell on how you are feeling. Remember you probably won’t be able to concentrate for long periods, and your memory may not be working very well. Easy activities like watching TV or movies, walks, reading magazines and short trips may be good activities to try.

Learn some basic stress management techniques, such as relaxation, exercise, massage or just talking with your support person about how you feel, to help overcome anxiety during this time.

How can I help someone through withdrawal?If you are supporting a friend or family member through the withdrawal process, it's a good idea to do some preparation beforehand.

Understand the processTalk to the health practitioner supervising the withdrawal to make sure you are clear about your role and understand what you will need to do to help the person through their withdrawal.

Familiarise yourself with the effects of the drug that your friend or family member is using.

Find withdrawal symptoms for specific drugs.

Get support for yourselfHave support organised for yourself, and make sure there is someone you can talk to if things get difficult.

The state and territory alcohol and drug information services can direct you to counselling, additional information and referral to services. These information services can put you in touch with specialist family help lines and support groups. They are often run by friends and family members of people who use drugs, so they will understand your situation.

Be there during the tough times

Try to stay positive for your friend, if they begin to question why they are going through the process. Challenging any illogical thoughts during withdrawal is a very important function of a support person.

Encourage them to read through their personal list of reasons for going through withdrawal if they begin to have unpleasant symptoms, or if they are questioning whether withdrawal was really a good idea.

Help them to deal with their relapse if they begin to use the drug again during withdrawal. It can be useful to make a plan for how they will deal with relapse before they begin withdrawal.

Be on the lookout for overdose if they do relapse. When a drug is taken regularly, people will build up a tolerance to the drug so that they will need a greater dose to feel the same effect. Even when the drug is stopped for only 2 or 3 days, tolerance may be affected, so if they return to using the drug in the same amounts, there is a real risk of overdose.

Encourage them to eat a balanced diet as this can reduce mood swings that are often a feature of withdrawal.

Remind them to maintain their fluid intake. 1 to 2 litres of water is recommended, but they should not have more than 3 litres a day.

Suggest a multivitamin supplement if they are struggling to eat.

Keep them busy so they don’t have time to dwell on how they are feeling. Remember they will have a short concentration span, and their memory may not be functioning very well. Watching TV or movies, walks, short car rides, reading magazines and short trips may be good activities to try.

Help them to manage stress by using basic techniques such as talking, exercise or

massage.

Know the rules of the unit. If your friend or family member is preparing for residential withdrawal at a hospital or withdrawal unit, make sure you find out whether there are restrictions on visiting, or contacting them, and what items may be brought in to the unit.

Further informationTreatment Supporting someone through home-based withdrawal Drug facts  (individual withdrawal symptoms)Help and support

Resources

Alcohol and other drug withdrawal: Practice guidelines Drinking diary Cannabis diary Prescribing for drug withdrawal Your guide to drug withdrawal

Adapted from Your guide to drug withdrawal by the Alcohol and Drug Foundation and Turning Point Alcohol & Drug Centre, 2012.

Last updated: 28 March 2014

Statistics (Further Information)http://www.druginfo.adf.org.au/topics/quick-statistics#tobacco

TobaccoNational

39.8% of Australians aged 14 years and over have used tobacco1. More males than females are daily smokers across all age groups1. People who smoke aged 12 years and over smoked on average 95.9 cigarettes per week1. Around 1 in 8 (12.8%) Australians aged 14 years and over smoke daily1. In 2012, 12.5% of all mothers reported that they had smoked while pregnant. This is down from

13.2% in 2011 and 13.5% in 201029. Teenage mothers accounted for 10.2% of all mothers who reported smoking during pregnancy.

But of all teenage mothers, 34.9% reported smoking29.

Young people

Young Australians (aged 14–24) have their first full cigarette at 15.9 years on average1. 77% of 12–17 year olds have not smoked. The proportion of 12–17 year olds who have never

smoked decreases in the older age groups, but by age 17 more than half have still never smoked9.

Around 4% of all 12-17 year olds have smoked more than 100 cigarettes in their lifetime, which peaks at 9% among 17 year olds9.

Reducing the risks (Pregnancy, alcohol and other drugs)http://www.druginfo.adf.org.au/fact-sheets/pregnancy-alcohol-and-other-drugs-web-fact-sheet

 Download a printer-friendly version of this fact sheet [PDF: 278KB]

Pregnancy is a time of great change. If you are pregnant, or thinking about having a baby, it is important to consider the types of drugs you might be taking and how they might affect you and your pregnancy.

Drugs that may be harmful during pregnancy include:

Legal drugs such as alcohol, tobacco and caffeineComplementary medicines such as herbal preparations and nutritional supplements'Over-the-counter' medicines such as antacids, cold and 'flu medicines, diet pills, laxatives and painkillersPrescribed medicines such as painkillers, tranquillisers and sleeping pillsIllegal drugs such as cannabis, amphetamines, cocaine, ecstasy, GHB, hallucinogens and heroin

Drugs used to treat opiate or alcohol dependence such as methadone, buprenorphine and naltrexoneOther substances such as glues and aerosols (inhalants or volatile substances)

Why be concerned about drug use during pregnancy?Alcohol and other drugs can be harmful to a developing foetus throughout the pregnancy, as they will reach the baby through the placenta (the afterbirth).

However, there can be great variation in babies' responses to drugs, depending on:

The type of drug taken. The baby's response to a sedative drug will be different from its response to a stimulant such as caffeine or amphetamines.How often the drug is used, how it is used and the amount taken.Whether one or more drugs are used—combining drugs can increase or alter the effects of the drugs in unpredictable ways.Each individual baby's response.

Two of the most common complications of drug use during pregnancy are premature labour and small birth size. Babies born prematurely or with a low birth weight have a higher risk of illness and may experience a number of problems.

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) is the sudden death of a baby for no known reason. The risk of SIDS is greater if you smoke, use alcohol and/or other drugs during pregnancy or after your baby is born.

Planning your pregnancyThe first thing to do if you are planning to become pregnant is to seek advice from your doctor or other healthcare professional. They can assist you with information about the available health services and your choice in pregnancy care.

However, there are a few simple steps you can take to improve your health before you become pregnant. These will increase the chances of a healthy conception and baby:

Eat a well-balanced diet and drink plenty of water.If you are a smoker, ask your doctor or other health professional for information about quitting.Avoid caffeine, alcohol and other drugs.Seek counselling if you need help to reduce or stop using alcohol or other drugs.Unless specifically recommended by your doctor or health practitioner, avoid taking any medications including those purchased over-the-counter.If you are taking complementary medicines or supplements, make sure you tell your prescriber that you are planning to become pregnant, read the label for safety messages, and discuss these medicines and supplements with your doctor or health practitioner.Get plenty of rest and exercise.Avoid stress.

Managing your pregnancy and drug use

If you haven't already done so, you should consult your doctor or healthcare professional as soon as you find out you are - or suspect you are - pregnant. Cutting down or stopping your alcohol and other drug use at any stage of your pregnancy, even late pregnancy, will benefit both your baby and your health.

It is important to tell your pregnancy care provider if you are drinking alcohol or taking any other drugs, or if you have any concerns about your use. If you are using alcohol or other drugs, your baby will need to be carefully monitored during your pregnancy.

Reducing the risk of complications of drug use in pregnancyTo reduce the risk of complications to yourself and your baby:

Speak to your doctor or healthcare professional to discuss your use of alcohol and other drugs.Get regular pregnancy care as soon as you know you are pregnant.Consult with your doctor or healthcare professional before you attempt to stop or reduce your alcohol and other drug use.Contact your doctor or healthcare professional if you experience withdrawal symptoms.

Contact detailsWomen's Alcohol and Drug Service9:00am–5.00pm Monday to FridayThe Royal Women's HospitalCnr Grattan St & Flemington RdParkville Victoria 3052Tel: 03 8345 2000

DrugInfo Tel: 1300 85 85 84Contact DrugInfo

DirectLine (Victoria only)Free call: 1800 888 23624 hour counselling and referral service

Maternal and Child Health (Victoria only)Tel: 132 22924 hour help line

Further informationPregnancy, drugs & alcohol (Royal Women's Hospital)

Pregnancy, breastfeeding and alcohol (fact sheet)

Alcohol, other drugs and pregnancy (booklet) Contact DrugInfo for a single free copy, or visit the ADF Bookshop to buy multiple copies.

Last updated: 29 June 2016

Reducing the risks (Passive smoking)http://www.quit.org.au/about/frequently-asked-questions/faqs-passive-smoking/diseases-secondhand-smoke.html

Diseases related to secondhand smokeeSecondhand smoke causes early death and disease in children and in adults who do not

smoke. The more secondhand smoke to which you are exposed, the higher your risk of disease.

There is no level of exposure to secondhand smoke that is free of risk.

Reviews of the research conclude that secondhand smoke causes the following diseases and

conditions:

In adults

Heart disease

Lung cancer

Irritation of the eyes and nose

In children and infants

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS or cot death)

Lower birthweight (where the pregnant mother was exposed to SHS)

Bronchitis, pneumonia and other lung/airways infections

Wheeze illnesses in early childhood

Middle ear disease (otitis media or ‘glue ear', middle ear effusion)

Respiratory symptoms including cough, phlegm, wheeze and breathlessness

Higher rates and worsening of asthma

Lower level of lung function during childhood (i.e. they cannot breathe in as deeply or breathe out as hard as they would otherwise)

Research also links exposure to secondhand smoke to other diseases and conditions. They

include:

In adults

Nasal sinus cancer

Breast cancer

Stroke

Atherosclerosis (disease of the blood vessels)

Acute (short term) respiratory symptoms including cough, wheeze, chest tightness and difficulty breathing among both healthy persons and persons with asthma

Chronic (long term) respiratory symptoms

Acute (short term) decline in lung function in persons with asthma

Small loss of lung function

Development of asthma and worsening of asthma control

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

In children and infants

Development of asthma

Preterm delivery (where the pregnant mother was exposed to SHS)

Childhood cancers: leukemias, brain cancer and lymphomas (where both the pregnant mother and the child after birth were exposed to SHS)

Lung complications during and after surgery

Worsening of cystic fibrosis4

Meningococcal disease

Heart disease

Secondhand smoke increases the risk of coronary heart disease in nonsmokers. Nonsmokers

with long term exposure to tobacco smoking in their home have an estimated 25% to 30%

increased risk of heart disease compared to non-exposed nonsmokers. This increased risk of

heart disease from SHS is about one-third the increased risk of active smoking. Low levels of

tobacco smoke appear to have a strong effect on heart disease risk, but the risk tends to level

off at the higher exposures of smoke incurred by active smokers. Levels of chemicals known to

play a role in heart disease are higher in sidestream smoke than in the mainstream smoke

inhaled by smokers. Research also indicates that non-smokers are more sensitive to certain

effects of SHS than active smokers.

Secondhand smoke interferes with the normal workings of the heart, blood and blood vessels,

causing both short and long term damage. Some effects occur within as little as 30 minutes, and

appear to be nearly as large as those seen in an active smoker. For example, secondhand

smoke affects the lining of your blood vessel walls and interferes with the way they regulate

blood flow. It makes your blood thicker, stickier and more likely to clot. Carbon monoxide from

SHS replaces some of the oxygen in your blood, reducing the delivery of oxygen to your heart

and muscles. With less oxygen, short-term or permanent damage to your heart and tissues is

more likely. Over many years, the damaging effects of secondhand smoke help to build up fatty

deposits on blood vessel walls, narrowing and stiffening them, and causing inflammation.

Eventually this may lead to heart attack.

The majority of deaths from secondhand smoke are from heart disease. People with other risk

factors for heart disease such as diabetes, high blood pressure, and vascular disease are at

even greater risk from SHS exposure.

Cancer

Secondhand smoke has been confirmed as a cause of cancer in humans.

Secondhand smoke is a cause of lung cancer in non-smokers. Non-smokers with long term

exposure to tobacco smoke have an estimated 20% to 30% higher risk of developing lung

cancer than non-exposed nonsmokers.

The evidence suggests that secondhand smoke may be a cause of nasal sinus cancer and

breast cancer in younger women (before menopause), but more research is needed before

these findings can be confirmed. Breast cancer is the most common cancer and the leading

cause of cancer death among Australian women.

Impact on the health of workers

Studies in both workplace and restaurant settings confirm that only those policies that require

establishments to be totally smokefree adequately protect non-smokers from exposure to SHS.

In March 2006, most indoor Victorian workplaces became smokefree. On July 1st 2007,

smoking was banned in enclosed indoor premises with liquor licenses including pubs, bars and

nightclubs. The "high-roller" rooms at Crown Casino remain the last places in Victoria where

indoor workers in licensed premises are exposed to SHS.

Previously, Victorian hospitality workers were more likely to work in smoky areas that tended to

have higher levels of tobacco smoke than other workplaces. As a result, they were more likely

to suffer from health problems such as wheezing, coughing, sore eyes and sore throats.

Importantly, research also shows that when smoking is banned in indoor venues, the health of

bar staff improves, even in smokers.

Smoking is still allowed in outdoor dining and drinking or ‘al fresco' areas. The legislation allows

for these areas to have a roof and up to 75% of the wallspace to be enclosed. It remains to be

seen if SHS continues to be a problem at these venues.

Reducing the risks (Electronic Cigarettes (E-cigarettes))http://www.druginfo.adf.org.au/drug-facts/e-cigarettes

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Download the E-Cigarettes   fact sheet [PDF:180KB]

What are E-cigarettes?E-cigarettes are battery-operated devices that resemble tobacco cigarettes, cigars or pipes except that they do not contain tobacco. The device allows users to inhale nicotine and other chemicals in a vapour form rather than smoke. There are also a number of non-nicotine devices that contain a variety of ingredients and flavours like fruit, confectionary, coffee or alcohol flavours.1

Some devices resemble conventional cigarettes, cigars or pipes where others look like everyday items such as pens, USB memory sticks, and larger cylindrical or rectangular devices.2

E-cigarette products can be readily bought on-line from overseas markets, which raise safety concerns about the lack of regulation governing their manufacture and distribution. Most countries have no regulations governing e-cigarette design and product approval, which raises product safety concerns. There have been frequent reports about nicotine poisonings as well as injuries and property damage arising from product malfunctions.2

E-cigarettes are sometimes mistaken for approved nicotine replacement therapy as some manufacturers market them as devices designed to help people overcome tobacco dependency. While it has not been ruled out that e-cigarettes can be used as a quitting aid in the future, there is no conclusive evidence to date to suggest their effectiveness. Similarly,

there is also limited evidence on the risks associated with the other chemicals found in e-cigarettes as well as by-standers exposed to the vapours.3

Other namesElectronic cigarettes, electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), e-cigs, ecigarro, electro-smoke, green cig and smartsmoker.3

How are they used?E-cigarettes contain nicotine solution, flavour and other chemicals in a disposable cartridge that can be replaced or refilled. E-cigarettes use heat to transform nicotine solution into vapour which enters the respiratory tract before being absorbed into the bloodstream.4

People may use e-cigarettes for various reasons including:

To help them reduce or quit smokingTo avoid disturbing other people with smokeIn smoke-free placesTo cough less, improve their breathing or physical fitnessFor the flavour or sensation of inhalation5

Do they help people quit smoking?As yet, there is very little available research that indicates if e-cigarettes can help people quit smoking as the results of studies on individual brands vary. Their effectiveness in helping people give up tobacco can only be assessed by the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA), which to date has not occurred.

While it has been suggested e-cigarettes may offer a safer alternative to smoking, other research points to a potential rise in smoking rates by re-normalising smoking, reducing a smoker’s motivation to quit or indirectly encouraging non-smokers to take up the habit.6

Are they safer than traditional cigarettes?Research into health risks associated with smoking e-cigarettes is extremely limited. However, there are known risks associated with nicotine exposure on brain development meaning that pregnant women and adolescents should avoid smoking them. They should also not be smoked around children. There are also risks linked to nicotine poisoning via ingestion and skin contact.1

While it is thought that e-cigarettes may pose less harm than conventional cigarettes because they do not contain tobacco6, significant differences in product designs and individual smoking patterns make it difficult to determine the potential level of nicotine toxicity in e-cigarettes.2

The limited research to date does not distinguish between the many brands and models containing different e-liquids, batteries, heating elements, nicotine concentrations and flavourings. Nor differentiate between the chemical compositions of e-liquid and aerosols that users inhale.6

There is also insufficient research examining significant public health issues such as:

The chemicals used in themTheir health effects on smokers or bystandersTheir marketing as safe alternatives to tobacco productsTheir appearance making them attractive to non smokers, including children3

There are safety concerns from prolonged exposure if smokers inhale vapour many times a day for many months.

E-cigarettes contain chemicals that may be acceptable for use in foods and cosmetics but it is unclear if the vapours are safe when inhaled into the lungs 3. Some e-cigarettes contain propylene glycol and glycerol (purified vegetable glycerine) that are potentially toxic6 and may cause throat irritation7. Some e-cigarette manufacturers now use distilled water and glycerine instead of propylene glycol vapour in an attempt to address such safety concerns.7

While e-cigarettes may spare bystanders from second-hand smoke that typically comes from traditional cigarette tips, known as the sidestream, the limited research into passive exposure to e-cigarette chemicals suggests pollutant levels are lower than normal cigarettes.6,1

The lawCurrently, it is illegal to sell, use or possess electronic cigarettes that contain nicotine. The laws could change if the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) approves individual e-cigarette brands in the future. In the meantime, it might be possible to import nicotine for use in an e-cigarette if people are able to comply with the Therapeutic Goods Personal Importation Scheme that, among other things, requires a medical prescription. Some doctors, however, might not be willing to prescribe a product that remains unapproved in Australia.1

Also, consumers should always double check with relevant government departments before ordering nicotine products online to see if there are any legal restrictions prohibiting the importation, or use, of nicotine products in their state or territory.1

In most cases it is legal to sell electronic cigarettes that do not contain nicotine provided the products are not promoted with ‘therapeutic’ claims stating they can assist people to quit smoking tobacco cigarettes.1

As it is illegal to sell a product that resembles a tobacco product in South Australia and Western Australia, many e-cigarette brands are likely to fall in this category.1

Queensland and New South Wales, the only states with laws specifically targeting the sale and use of e-cigarettes, prohibit the sale of e-cigarettes to minors or displaying the products in retail stores. In Queensland, e-cigarettes are also banned in smoke-free places. The restrictions also extend to non-nicotine products and will also apply to any nicotine product approved by the TGA in the future.1

References1. Cancer Council Australia (2015). Current Regulation of E-Cigarettes in Australia. Cancer Council Control Policy. Retrieved July 9, 2015 from http://wiki.cancer.org.au/policy/Position_statement_-_Electronic_cigarettes_-_Current_regulation_of_electronic_cigarettes_in_Australia2. World Health Organization (WHO). (2014). Electronic nicotine delivery systems. Report by WHO. Conference of the Parties to the WHO Framework Convention

on Tobacco Control. Sixth session Moscow, Russian Federation, 13-18.3. World Health Organization. (2008). WHO Study Group on Tobacco Product Regulation: Report on the Scientific Basis of Tobacco Product Regulation: Third Report of a WHO Study Group (No. 955). World Health Organization.4. Bullen, C., Howe, C., Laugesen, M., McRobbie, H., Parag, V., Williman, J., & Walker, N. (2013). Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation: a randomised controlled trial. The Lancet, 382(9905), 1629-1637.5. Etter, J. F. (2010). Electronic cigarettes: a survey of users. BMC public health, 10(1), 2316. Hajek, P., Etter, J. F., Benowitz, N., Eissenberg, T., & McRobbie, H. (2014). Electronic cigarettes: review of use, content, safety, effects on smokers and potential for harm and benefit. Addiction, 109(11), 1801-1810.7. Wagener, T. L., Siegel, M., & Borrelli, B. (2012). Electronic cigarettes: achieving a balanced perspective. Addiction, 107(9), 1545-1548.

Reducing the risks (Coping with a family member or friend with a problem)http://www.druginfo.adf.org.au/family-and-friends/drug-information/information-for/coping-with-a-family-member-or-friend-using-aod

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The following resources provide advice and support for people affected by the alcohol or other drug use of their family members or friends.

Ice: family & friends support guideBrochure

A free support guide for family and friends, providing more information on how you can support a loved one using ice.

Inhalant use: a guide for parents and familiesBooklet

A booklet designed for parents, family members and other carers concerned that their young person could be using inhalants.

Strong Spirit Strong Mind: Aboriginal ways to reduce harm from alcohol and other drugsBooklet

Sniffing and Chroming: A guide for parents and carers worried about their children.

Drug use in the familyFact sheetIt's normal to feel helpless, frustrated, worried and upset when someone close to you has a drug problem. This fact sheet outlines practical steps you can take to work through the issues.

Healthy eating during treatment for alcohol and other drugsFact sheetGood nutrition should be a part of the withdrawal process as poor dietary habits can contribute to increased cravings and the risk of relapse. This fact sheet provides tips on a healthy diet and lifestyle.

Supporting children: a guide for grandparentsFact sheetIf you're one of the estimated 22,500 Australian grandparents acting as primary caregiver for your grandchildren, this fact sheet provides some helpful strategies for supporting your grandchildren and looking after yourself.

Supporting someone through home-based withdrawalFact sheetThis fact sheet focuses on home-based withdrawal, which involves the person going through withdrawal while living in their own home or some other safe place as opposed to going to a drug and alcohol treatment service or withdrawal facility.

Is someone you care about using drugs?BookletThis 29 page booklet provides advice for people wanting to support a friend or family member who is using alcohol or other drugs. Call Family Drug Helpline on 1300 660 068 for a single free copy.

Why can't they just stop?BookletThis 32 page booklet provides support for people living with the consequences of having a family member or close friend who is a problem drinker. Call Family Drug Helpline on 1300 660 068 for a single free copy.

Myth busting alcoholBookletThis 33 page booklet helps parents to understand and deal with underage drinking. Call Family Drug Helpline on 1300 660 068 for a single free copy.

The merry-go-round of addictionBookletThis booklet provides proven strategies to help those dealing with a family member's addictive behaviours to regain control of their life and improve family relationships. Limited hard copies available. Contact DrugInfo.

Walking a tightrope. Alcohol and other drug use and violence: a guide for families [PDF:854KB]PDF booklet This online booklet provides advice and strategies for people coping with the violent behaviour of a family member who uses alcohol or other drugs.

A guide to coping: Support for families faced with problematic drug useBook

A resource guide developed by Family Drug Support providing families with practical strategies and information when facing problematic drug and alcohol use.Not my family, never my child: What to do if someone you love is a drug userBookWritten by Tony Trimingham, CEO of Family Drug Support, this book provides detailed information on warning signs, early intervention, coping and survival strategies, treatment, and where to go for additional advice and support.

Stepping Stones workbookBookPublished by Family Drug Support & the Alcohol and Drug FoundationThis is the essential workbook for families coping with problematic drug use of their loved ones. Developed by Family Drug Support, this workbook provides a step-by-step guide to help people turn crisis into coping.

Last updated:  27 April 2016

Reducing the risks (Why do people use alcohol and other drugs)http://www.druginfo.adf.org.au/fact-sheets/why-do-people-use-alcohol-and-other-drugs

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 Download this fact sheet in a print-friendly format [PDF:200KB]

People use alcohol and other drugs (AOD) for a variety of reasons: to relax, to function, for enjoyment, to be part of a group, out of curiosity or to avoid physical and/or psychological pain.

Many may also use AOD to cope with problems, relieve stress or overcome boredom while others may experiment out of a sense of curiosity, excitement or rebellion1.

AOD use is influenced by a number of factors but most people use them to feel better or different. They use AOD for the benefits (perceived and/or experienced), not for the potential harm. This applies to both legal and illegal substances.

Some drugs are prescribed by medical practitioners or sold over-the-counter to treat medical conditions.

The vast majority of people who drink alcohol and/or use legal or illegal drugs do not become dependent on any of the substances2.

What drugs are being used in Australia?The majority of people in Australia drink alcohol (78.3%) with 12% of the population using illicit drugs. Cannabis is the most commonly-used illicit drug (10.2%). A much smaller proportion (2%) use illegal drugs, such as crystal methamphetamine (ice), cocaine and ecstasy, and even smaller misuse inhalants (0.8%).3

Types of AOD use

The list below details some of the different categories of AOD use. People can move between the categories, and one stage will not inevitably lead to another. The majority of people who use AOD do not become dependent or develop serious problems as a result of using them.

Experimental use: a person tries a substance once or twice out of curiosity.

Recreational use: a person chooses to use AOD for enjoyment, particularly to enhance a mood or social occasion. The majority of people use substances for this reason and never develop problems as a result.

Situational use: AOD is used to cope with the demands of particular situations such as responding to peer group pressure, overcoming shyness in a social situation or coping with some form of stress.

Intensive use or 'bingeing': a person intentionally consumes a heavy amount of AOD over a short period of time, which may be hours, days or weeks.

Dependent use: a person becomes dependent on AOD after prolonged or heavy use over time. They feel the need to take the substance consistently in order to feel normal and/or to avoid uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms.

Therapeutic use: a person takes a drug, such as a pharmaceutical, for medicinal purposes.4

Why do people choose certain drugs?People choose AOD for the specific feelings they get as a result of using them. For example, people may use codeine to relieve pain, drink alcohol to relax and relieve stress, take amphetamines to increase energy or use hallucinogens to alter their perception.5

Using one drug does not necessarily lead people to trying other drugs with research dismissing concerns about so-called 'gateway drugs'. There is no evidence suggesting people who use cannabis will graduate over time to other drugs such as heroin or amphetamines.6

However, a person's AOD use may be influenced by the availability, price and purity of specific drugs. It is worth noting that often it is the combination of such factors that determine which drug a person uses. For example, tougher law enforcement policies combined with lower profit margins made Australia a less attractive option for heroin traffickers, which led to the heroin drought in the early 2000s. Similarly, if supplies of a preferred drug fall (which in turn can significantly increase the price) then people may switch to an alternative drug to satisfy their needs. 7

Effects

The feelings people experience when taking a certain drug play a major role in their decision to use it. Some substances might be used for a specific occasion. For example, people often use ecstasy and amphetamines to increase their energy during a dance party.8

Another person may use performance and image enhancing drugs, such as steroids, or cognitive enhancers to improve their performance at work, study or sporting competitions. While others may turn to alcohol and tobacco to relax after work or to combat stress.9,10

Availability

Availability can be a major factor determining whether people use a specific drug. The greater the level of supply of a drug in a society, the more likely they are to be used and the more likely people are to experience problems with it11. For example, alcohol is the most commonly-used drug given its widespread availability. Whereas drugs such as heroin and amphetamines are less likely to be used because they are illegal drugs which make them more difficult to obtain.5

Even within the illicit drug market, availability plays a major role. Supplies of heroin and ecstasy have fluctuated in the past two decades for a number of reasons, including stronger law enforcement restricting supplies of the drugs.7,12

Price

Price is also a major influence, which is closely linked with availability. Drugs that are available in high quantities tend to be cheaper to buy, and lower drug prices may result in higher levels of drug consumption and drug-related harm.13,14

The cheaper the price the more likely the drug will appeal to more people. For example, an oversupply of heroin in the 1990s saw prices drop to a historic low, resulting in it becoming the most-commonly injected drug15. Conversely, a dramatic heroin shortage in 2000 saw the price skyrocket from $360 to $1200 per gram in Australia14.

It is also worth noting that the price of one drug can affect the demand for another. If the price rises too high, in some cases people who use a particular drug may seek a cheaper alternative if they can no longer afford their preferred choice.16

Purity

The purity of a drug refers to the strength or amount of the active ingredient. While a person's individual perception of purity can be influenced by their tolerance levels and frequency of use, the actual purity of a drug can be impacted by external market forces that affect its availability.

For example, the popularity of ecstasy fell in 2010 when international restrictions on the chemicals needed to make the drug saw its purity levels drop significantly. Although ecstasy demand is on the rise again, many people had already switched to using the synthetic compounds, which had been introduced as a substitute when ecstasy's availability and purity levels had fallen.6

Initial reports suggest the shift around 2013 to the more potent form of crystal methamphetamine (ice) from the more traditional powder methamphetamine form (speed) may be linked to the higher purity of crystal methamphetamine, which means the effects of the drug are much stronger3.

Multiple (poly) drug use

Some people combine different kinds of AOD to increase the intensity of the experience5. They may also combine substances such as alcohol with prescription drugs without thinking about the side effects. They may not be aware of the harms that may be caused when the different drugs interact with each other.16,17

People may also use some drugs to counteract the effects of another drug. For example, people may smoke cannabis to 'come down' from the stimulating effects of amphetamines. However, using one drug after another means the person may suffer the side effects from

both drugs.5

Further informationDrug facts

Statistics

References

1. Ritter, A., King, T., & Hamilton, M. A. (Eds.). (2013). Drug use in Australian Society. Oxford University Press.

2. National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence, Inc. (n.d.) Alcohol and Drug Information.

3. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2014). National Drug Strategy Household Survey detailed report 2013. Canberra: AIHW.

4. Australian Drug Foundation (2000). Drugs in Focus: Dealing with drug issues for 9 to 14-year-olds. West Melbourne: ADF.

5. Brands, B., Sproule, B., & Marshman, J. (1998). Drugs and drug abuse. Addiction Research Foundation. Toronto, Canada.

6. Jadidi, N., & Nakhaee, N. (2014). Etiology of Drug Abuse: A Narrative Analysis. Journal of addiction, 2014.

7. Degenhardt, L., Reuter, P., Collins, L., & Hall, W. (2005). Evaluating explanations of the Australian 'heroin shortage'. Addiction, 100(4), 459–469.

8. Ritter, A., King, T., & Hamilton, M. A. (Eds.). (2004). Drug use in Australia: preventing harm. Oxford University Press.

9. Urban, K. R., & Gao, W. J. (2014). Performance enhancement at the cost of potential brain plasticity: neural ramifications of nootropic drugs in the healthy developing brain. Frontiers in systems neuroscience, 8.

10. Wan, W., Weatherburn, D., Wardlaw, G., Sarafidis, V. & Sara, G. (2014). Supply-side reduction policy and drug-related harm.

11. Gossop, M. (2000). Living with drugs. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.

12. Scott, L., & Burns, L. (2011). Has ecstasy peaked? A look at the Australian ecstasy market over the past eight years. EDRS drug trends bulletin, April.

13. Angell, M. P., Chester, N., Green, D., Somauroo, J., Whyte, G., & George, K. (2012). Anabolic steroids and cardiovascular risk. Sports medicine, 42(2), 119–134.

14. Degenhardt, L. J., Conroy, E., Gilmour, S., & Hall, W. D. (2005). The effect of a reduction in heroin supply on fatal and non-fatal drug overdoses in New South Wales, Australia. Medical

Journal of Australia, 182(1), 20–23.

15. Jofre-Bonet, M., & Petry, N. M. (2008). Trading apples for oranges?: Results of an experiment on the effects of Heroin and Cocaine price changes on addicts' polydrug use. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 66(2), 281–311.

16. Nauert, R. (2015). Alcohol & many medications make a risky mix.

17. National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2011). Prescription Drugs: Abuse and Addiction.

Last updated: 30 June 2016

Reducing the risks (Addressing problems in your community)http://www.druginfo.adf.org.au/information-for/addressing-alcohol-and-other-drug-use-in-your-community

Addressing alcohol and other drugs in your community

Dignity, Diversion, Home and Hope:A Review of Interventions for Volatile Substance Misuse in Regional North Queensland.

Developing an Inhalant Misuse Community StrategyThis booklet aims to assist local communities to address inhalant misuse.

NT community group reduces sniffing harmsEducation workshops and camps succeed in lowering inhalant use among Darwin youth.

Warlpiri Youth Development Aboriginal Corporation (WYDAC)Strong community involvement and high engagement lies beneath the success of one of Australia's most successful programs combatting inhalant misuse in remote communities.

Targeting inhalant use head on in Mt IsaA holistic approach to inhalant misuse sees intervention, prevention and community engagement reduce inhalant misuse.

Follow the GrogWatch blogBecome part of an online community taking action on preventing alcohol-related harm in families and the wider community.

Community Drug Action Teams (CDATs)If you're in New South Wales, volunteer to join a CDAT. These teams work together to minimise and prevent harmful use of alcohol and other drugs in their neighbourhoods.

Targetting workplaces in your community projectsIssues relating to alcohol and drug use cost Australian workplaces an estimated $6 billion a year, mainly arising from lost productivity, absenteeism, injuries in the workplace and death.

Lobbying for change through the media Advocacy has played a key role in tobacco law reform. Communities can play an important role in continuing to send governments a message on the need for more change.

Tackling the root of alcohol and drug problemsRunning projects that focus on why people misuse alcohol and drugs, like dysfunctional family relationships, can be more effective than concentrating on the actual alcohol and drug use.

What is alcohol and drug prevention?There are different types of alcohol and other drug prevention programs. Understanding each type can help you set clear aims for your next community project.

Coordinated approach needed for behaviour changeFrom schools, to GPs to bars and pubs to workplaces – ensuring your project covers a number of these community settings can help you be more effective and achieve behaviour change.

Keeping school leavers safe‘Schoolies’ events are often associated with risky drinking among young people. But the Surf Coast Shire community in Victoria has managed to develop a school leavers event that has reduced alcohol-related harm.

Preventing alcohol and drug problems in your communityTacking AOD problems can be challenging and it’s often difficult to achieve results. This publication looks at best practice approaches to community programs to give you some ideas for your next project.

6 steps to planning community alcohol and drug projectsDiscussion guide to assist your working group plan its next community project. Taking some time to follow these steps will help you achieve a better result.

Leveraging social mediaSocial media offers huge opportunities to connect with people. Learn how alcohol companies are taking advantage of these opportunities and how you can too in your community projects.

Preventing alcohol and drug problems through schoolsSchools can play a key role in preventing alcohol and drug problems. Learn how parents and the wider community can help them.

Sporting clubs prove an ideal setting for preventionResearch has shown that programs like Good Sports can reduce AOD harm in communities. Learn how sporting clubs have implemented this program to achieve significant results.

ADF SearchOnline access to reports, books and journal articles on AOD community interventions.

Last updated: 15 April 2016

Reducing the risks (The Law)http://www.druginfo.adf.org.au/topics/drug-law-in-australia#legal

Drug law in Australia

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New psychoactive substances (synthetics)

Legal and restricted drugs

Illegal drugs

Drug offences

Penalties

Please note: This information does not constitute legal advice and should not be relied upon in this way. The information is correct at the time of publication. For information specific to your situation contact a legal aid service in your state or territory.

Although we think of some drugs being legal, and others being illegal, many drugs are somewhere in between. Some substances are legal, but there are laws restricting their use or sale. Others are illegal to use, possess or produce.

New psychoactive substances (synthetics) - including synthetic cannabisA range of terms have been used to describe new psychoactive substances (NPS), including new and emerging drugs (NEDs), synthetics, legal highs, herbal highs, party pills, herbal ecstasy, bath salts, drug analogues and synthetic cannabis.

The laws surrounding NPS are complex, constantly changing and differ between states/territories, but in general they are increasingly becoming stronger.

In Queensland, New South Wales, and South Australia there is now a ‘blanket ban’ on possessing or selling any substance that has a psychoactive effect other than alcohol, tobacco and food.

In other states and territories in Australia specific NPS substances are banned and new ones are regularly added to the list. This means that a drug that was legal to sell or possess today, may be illegal tomorrow. The substances banned differ between these states/territories (G. Barnes, personal communication, April 23, 2014).

Get the facts on new psychoactive substances (synthetics) . Watch our seminar  and read our publications on new and emerging drugs.

See below for an outline of laws relating to individual drugs in Australia. For more detailed information contact a legal aid service in your state or territory.

Legal and restricted drugsAlcohol

There are laws that govern how alcohol may be used. These laws may differ depending on the state, territory or local area. For example, in some areas local by-laws make it illegal to drink alcohol in public places such as beaches, parks and streets.

It is an offence for a person who is under 18 years of age to buy, receive or drink alcohol on licensed premises, unless they are with a parent or guardian.

In some states in Australia, it is also an offence to supply a person under 18 years of age with alcohol in a private home, unless the young person’s parent or guardian has given permission and the alcohol is supplied in a responsible manner. This is known as secondary supply.

It is illegal to drive under the influence of alcohol.

Penalties for breaking these laws can include fines, imprisonment and disqualification from driving.

Employers have legal obligations in relation to health and safety of their workers and people who visit their workplace. Find out more about the responsibilities of employers and employees.

Amphetamines

Use of amphetamines is restricted. They can only be prescribed by a medical practitioner for medical reasons.

Federal and state laws provide penalties for possessing, using, making, selling or driving under the influence of amphetamines without a prescription from an authorised person. There are also laws against forging or alerting a prescription or making false representation to obtain amphetamines or a prescription for them. Laws have been introduced that prevent the sale and possession of ice pipes in some states and territories.

Benzodiazepines

Using benzodiazepines without a prescription from a doctor, or selling or giving them to someone else, is illegal. There are also laws against forging or altering a prescription or making false representation to obtain benzodiazepines or a prescription for them.2

In 2014, in response to concerns about the use and harms associated with the benzodiazepine, alprazolam (Xanax®), it was rescheduled under the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) as a Schedule 8 drug. Doctors must now follow additional state and territory laws when prescribing alprazolam and must notify, or receive approval from, the appropriate health authority.1

Betel nut

The active ingredient in betel nut is arecoline, which is a Schedule 4 poison (prescription only medicine) and therefore is illegal to possess or sell without proper authority.

Buprenorphine

Using buprenorphine without a prescription from a doctor, or selling or giving it to someone else, is illegal. There are also laws against forging or altering a prescription or making false

representation to obtain buprenorphine or a prescription for it.2

Cognitive enhancers (smart drugs)

Modafinil is a Schedule 4 substance that can only be prescribed by a doctor or dentist in the ordinary course of their professions.

Methylphenidate is a Schedule 8 drug which means doctors must follow state and territory laws when prescribing it and must notify, or receive approval from, the appropriate health authority.

Using modafinil or methylphenidate without a prescription from a doctor, or selling or giving them to someone else, is illegal. There are also laws against forging or altering a prescription or making false representation to obtain pharmaceuticals or a prescription for them.2

Inhalants

Inhalant use is not a criminal offence in any Australian state or territory.

In recent years, some Australian states and territories have revised police powers to intervene in inhalant use in two main ways. Police are authorised to:

Take away inhalants and related equipmentPick up young people who are misusing inhalants, and release them into the care of a responsible person, or a place of safety.

It is also illegal in some states and territories to sell or supply products to someone if they believe they are to be used for inhaling.

State/territory legislation on inhalant salesIt is an offence in Queensland, Western Australia, Victoria, South Australia, New South Wales and the Northern Territory to knowingly supply an inhalant to a person for the purpose of intentional inhalation.

QueenslandSection 23 of the Summary Offences Act 2005 [PDF:373KB] Section 603 – 607 of the Police Powers and Responsibilities Act 2000   [PDF:3MB] Part 2 Section 10 of the Drugs Misuse Act 1986   [PDF:557KB]

Western AustraliaSection 206 (1) of the Criminal Code Act 1913. Sections 5-14 of the Protective Custody Act 2000Section 7 (1) (g) of the Aboriginal Communities Act 1979

VictoriaSections 57-60T of the Drugs, Poisons and Controlled Substances Act 1981Drugs, Poisons and Controlled Substances (Volatile Substances) Regulations 2004 [PDF:559 KB]

South AustraliaSection 19 of the Controlled Substances Act 1984. Section 42D of the Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Land Rights Act 1981.

Section 7 of the Public Intoxication Act 1984

New South WalesThere is no specific legislation in NSW that refers directly to inhalant abuse only legislation referring to intoxicated persons. Part 14 and 16 of the Law Enforcement (Powers and Responsibilities) Act 2002Section 9 of the Summary Offences Act 1988

Northern TerritoryPart 2, Part 4 and Part 5 Sections 52 of the Volatile Substance Abuse Prevention Act 2005

Australian Capital TerritoryThere is no specific legislation in the ACT that refers directly to inhalant abuse, only legislation referring to intoxicated persons.

Ketamine

Legally produced ketamine is a restricted substance and only a doctor or vet may prescribe or administer it. All other ketamine is illegal in Australia.

Federal and state laws provide penalties for the illegal use, possession, production, selling or driving under the influence of ketamine. Penalties can include fines, imprisonment and disqualification from driving.

Kava

The import, advertising and sale of kava in Australia are strictly controlled. Kava is listed as a controlled substance under the Customs (Prohibited Imports) Regulations Act.

As of 26 June 2007 commercial importations of kava are no longer allowed, except for medical or scientific purposes.

Passengers coming into Australia, who are over the age of 18 years, are allowed to bring 2 kg of kava without a license or permit, provided it is in their accompanied baggage.3

Read more about importation of kava.

Khat

It is illegal to import khat into Australia for personal use. Khat can only be imported for medical and/or scientific use. Importing khat without a permit is subject to fines or prosecution. For more information visit the Australian Government's Department of Health website.

Methadone

Using methadone without a prescription from a doctor, or selling or giving it to someone else, is illegal. There are also laws against forging or altering a prescription or making false representation to obtain methadone or a prescription for the drug. It is also illegal to inject methadone.4

Oxycodone

Under the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS), oxycodone is a Schedule 8 drug. Doctors must follow state and territory laws when prescribing oxycodone and must notify, or receive approval from, the appropriate health authority.

Using oxycodone without a prescription from a doctor, or selling or giving them to someone else, is illegal. There are also laws against forging or altering a prescription or making false representation to obtain oxycodone or a prescription for them from a health professional.

Performance and image enhancing drugs (including steroids)

It is illegal to manufacture, import, possess, use or supply steroids without a prescription or medical practitioner licence. The penalties for illegally administering steroids varies for every Australian state and territory5.

It is also against the law to inject another person with steroids, or for them to be self-administered without a prescription.

Medical practitioners can only prescribe steroids for legitimate medical reasons5.

Steroid use is banned in competitive sport. Testing positive for steroids can result in fines, suspensions or permanent bans6.

Tobacco

Federal and state laws make it an offence to sell or supply tobacco products to people under 18 years of age. It is also illegal for anyone under 18 years to purchase tobacco products.

There are laws that regulate and restrict how tobacco products are advertised, promoted and packaged.

There are also laws and regulations that restrict smoking in public areas such as shopping centres, cafes and workplaces. Most states and territories have laws that ban smoking in cars with children.

Illegal drugsThe following drugs are some of the drugs that are illegal in Australia. Federal and state laws provide penalties for possessing, using, making or selling them, or driving under their influence.

Cannabis, including some synthetic cannabinoidsCocaineEcstasy (MDMA)GHB (gamma hydroxybutyrate)HeroinIce (crystal methamphetamine) LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)Mephedrone PCP (phencyclidine)PMA (paramethoxyamphetamine) and PMMA (paramethoxymethamphetamine).

There are also laws that prevent the sale and possession of bongs and other smoking equipment in some states and territories. (For example, Victoria has passed legislation that will ban the sale of cannabis water pipes (bongs) from January 2012.)

Ice (crystal methamphetamine)

Use of methamphetamine (ice) is against the law. Federal and state laws provide penalties for possessing, using, making, selling, importing or exporting, or driving under the influence of methamphetamine. The importation or exportation and the procuring of precursor drugs (such as pseudoephedrine) with the intention of manufacturing a controlled drug, is also against the law. Laws have been introduced that prevent the sale and possession of ice pipes in some states and territories.

Mephedrone

Mephedrone is classified as a controlled substance and has been added to Schedule 4 of the Customs (Prohibited Imports) Regulations 1956. It can only be imported into Australia with a valid licence and permit.

Drug offencesDrug laws in Australia distinguish between those who use drugs and those who supply or traffic drugs.

The Federal Customs Act covers the importing of drugs, and each state has its own laws governing the manufacture, possession, distribution and use of drugs, both legal and illegal.

The Drugs, Poisons and Controlled Substances Act (DPCSA) includes these major drug offences:

Use includes smoking, inhaling of fumes, or otherwise introducing a drug of dependence, into a person's body (including another person's body).

Possession is the most common offence. Possession means having control or custody of a drug. Knowledge of such possession must be proven in court. Possession applies both to drugs found on the person or their property, unless it is proven the drugs do not belong to that person.

Cultivation is the act of sowing, planting, growing, tending, nurturing or harvesting a narcotic plant.

Trafficking is a very serious offence. It includes the preparing of a drug of dependence for trafficking; manufacturing a drug of dependence; or selling, exchanging, agreeing to sell, offering for sale or having in possession for sale, a drug of dependence. If this is done in commercial quantities, the penalties are extremely severe.

Driving

It is illegal to drive under the influence of drugs. Breaking this law carries penalties including disqualification from driving, heavy fines and/or imprisonment.

Some states have introduced random roadside testing for cannabis and amphetamines.

Read more about drugs and driving.

Find information for drivers.

PenaltiesPenalties for breaking laws in relation to alcohol and other drugs may include fines, imprisonment and disqualification from driving.

Drug diversion

Some states and territories have drug diversion programs that refer people with a drug problem to treatment and/or education programs where they can receive help, rather than going through the criminal justice system.

For information specific to your situation contact a legal aid service in your state or territory.

Read the September 2012 issue of PolicyTalk , "Drug policy reform: Moving beyond strict criminal penalties for drugs"

References1. Australian Government Department of Health. (n.d). Prescribing Medicines – Information for PBS Prescribers.

2. Drugs, Poisons and Controlled Substances Act 1981 - Sect 36B.

3. Australian Government Department of Health. (2011). Importation of Kava.

4. State Library NSW. (2011). Possession, use and supply.

5. Australian Institute of Criminology (2011). Steroids.

6. World Anti-Doping Authority (2014). Anabolic agents.

Last updated: 27 April 2016

Reducing the risks (Treatment)http://www.druginfo.adf.org.au/treatment-options/treatment

TreatmentHow do I know if I need treatment?

How can I get help?

What kinds of treatment are available?

How much will it cost?

How do I know if I need treatment?If your alcohol or other drug (AOD) use is affecting your health, family, relationships, work, school, financial or other life situation, you should seek help.

Support services are available for you, and also for your family and friends if they feel it

would help them.

How can I get help?A good place to start is with your local doctor who is likely to know your medical history. Your doctor can give you information, a referral to a treatment service and ongoing treatment after specialist AOD treatment is completed.

Another option is self-referral. Many treatment services allow this, and you can contact them directly. To find and discuss treatment services call DirectLine on1800   888   236 . Note that privately funded treatment services often require a referral from a doctor or psychologist, so it is a good idea to check first.

After you have made contact with a treatment service, an assessment will be arranged. This may be done over the phone, or face-to-face at first, and then your options for treatment can be discussed.

There may be a waiting list for some services, but if the appropriate treatment is not available at a particular agency, referral will be made to access those services elsewhere.

If you have any special needs you may be referred to a specialist service, such as those helping Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, women, men, gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender, intersex and queer, parents with young children, young people, or people with particular mental health issues.

What kinds of treatment are available?A range of treatment options is available to both private and public patients.

In line with Australia's National Drug Strategy, many treatment services follow the harm minimisation approach. This means that they work to reduce the harms caused by AOD, which doesn't always require stopping use because that isn't always possible.

There are a number of different types of help available, which may be combined, and include:

Withdrawal Pharmacotherapy Counselling Rehabilitation Complementary therapies Peer support Social support Family support

Withdrawal or detoxification

Withdrawal or detoxification (also called detox) is a process of stopping the use of AOD while minimising unpleasant symptoms and the risks of harm.

Read more about withdrawal.

Pharmacotherapy

Substitution pharmacotherapy is the use of medication to replace a harmful drug. This is given as a legal, measured, prescribed dose of a drug, and helps take away cravings so that you can work on other issues that will help you to recover.

Pharmacotherapy is only available for withdrawal from some drugs. For example, buprenorphine, methadone and naltrexone are used in the treatment of opioid dependence.

Your doctor or treatment service can give you more information about what is available to help you.

Counselling

This is the most common kind of treatment, and there are a number of different approaches that might be taken. These might involve talking through your problems, learning to change the way you think, or thinking about how you might deal with difficult situations.

Counselling can be provided individually or in a group situation, and is available both to people who use AOD, and to their family members or support people. A support service can offer counselling or direct you to a service appropriate for you. Speak to your doctor, AOD treatment service or local community health service.

Find help and support services.

Rehabilitation

Rehabilitation programs take a long term approach to treatment to help you achieve an AOD-free lifestyle.

Residential programs can last from a few weeks to a number of years. No withdrawal medication is provided in the centres, so it is very important that you have already successfully completed your withdrawal treatment.

Residential withdrawal is also available from some treatment services.

Find out more about withdrawal.

Complementary therapies

These include treatments such as massage and relaxation therapies, which can be useful to help you manage withdrawal symptoms. Some herbal or natural remedies can also help, but you should first seek advice from your doctor or treatment service because withdrawing from alcohol and some drugs can be life-threatening.

Peer support

These programs are provided both for people who use AOD, and their family members or

support person. They are usually established by people who have had personal experience with AOD, and are often based on the Twelve-step Program model. Alcoholics Anonymous and Narcotics Anonymous are two examples of these.

Social support

A range of social support services can help you to access housing, financial, legal, general health, dental and other assistance. Speak with your local community health service or AOD treatment service for details.

Family support

Services are available to support those who have been affected by a family member's AOD use. As well as providing understanding, these services can also provide information about how best to help during treatment.

Read a fact sheet about drug use in the family.

How much will it cost?There may be minimal costs for some services in the public sector, but a number of different treatment options (such as counselling and withdrawal) are generally free.

Before you start treatment, contact Medicare and/or your private health insurer, if you have one, to confirm exactly what you’re covered for. Private health insurance is recommended if you wish to access the private treatment sector.

Further informationRelated articles

Coping with a family member or friend using alcohol or other drugs Help and support Overdose Relapse Supporting someone through home-based withdrawal Withdrawal

Print resources

Your guide to alcohol and other drug treatment  (booklet)Your guide to drug withdrawal  (booklet)Your guide to mental health and alcohol and other drug problems  (booklet)Take it away handbooks : Planning for change and Keeping goingCannabis diary Drinking diary

Last updated: 5 August 2014

Reducing the risks (National drug policy)http://www.druginfo.adf.org.au/drug-facts/national-drug-policy-2

National drug policyAustralia's national drug policy is based on harm minimisation. Strategies to minimise harm include encouraging people to avoid using a drug, through to helping people to reduce the risk of harm if they do use a drug. It aims to reduce all types of drug-related harm to both the individual and the community.

Read about the Australian National Drug Strategy.

Last updated: 22 October 2013