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FINAL EXAM GRAMMAR NOTES Español I- Callahan

1.1 MASCULINE vs. FEMININE All nouns in Spanish have GENDER

EXCEPTIONS:el día the day la clase the classel mapa the map la mano the handel agua the water

MAKING NOUNS PLURAL If a noun ends in a VOWEL ADD -S (ex.) el libro los librosIf a noun ends in a CONSONANT ADD -ES (ex.) la lección las lecciones

**Use the MASCULINE PLURAL to refer to a group that includes both males and females.

un muchacho + una muchacha = unos muchachos

LOS ARTÍCULOSDefinite Articles “THE”= el, la, los, lasIndefinite Articles “A/AN”= un, una, unos, unas

**Articles MUST agree in number and gender with the nouns they modifyla computadora unos libros

1.2 NUMBERS 0-30


**UNO (and numbers ending in –UNO) have more than one form: drop the –o on the masculine form if the noun that comes after it is masculine:

un lápiz veintiún lapices use a feminine form if the NOUN that comes after it is feminine:

una chica veintiuna chicas

1.3 PRESENT TENSE OF SER

SUBJECT PRONOUNS: These word can be used as the SUBJECT or can REPLACE the subject of your sentence:

There is more than one way to say “YOU” in Spanish:tú and usted—> YOU vosotros and ustedes—> YOU ALL

** TÚ and VOSOTROS/AS are INFORMAL (friends and family) **Vosotros is only used in SPAIN**• USTED and USTEDES are FORMAL (someone you don’t know very well or to whom you want to show

respect.)


“SER” is used for:1. Permanent characteristics/ traits 2. Express the origin or nationality of someone/something3. Talk about someone’s profession4. Time

1.4 TELLING TIMETo ask what time it is, say: ¿Qué hora es? To say “it is” when telling time, use: Es la una./ Son las ..(dos, tres, cuatro).

To ask what time something is going to take place, say: ¿A qué hora…?To state what time something takes place, use: A la una./ A las …(dos, tres, cuatro).

2.1 PRESENT TENSE OF AR VERBS:To conjugate a verb in the present tense:

1.) Start with the infinitive : CANTAR2.) Take off the ending (-AR): CANT <— This is called the stem! 3.) Add the present tense AR verb endings to the stem.


EL VERBO GUSTAR: It is NOT conjugated like the regular AR verbs. Let’s take a look:


2.2 FORMING QUESTIONS IN SPANISH

There are 3 ways to form a yes/no question in Spanish:

1.) Simply raised the intonation of your voice at the end of a statement: Juan trabaja en la escuela.

EX: ¿Juan trabaja en la escuela?

2.) Add the tags ¿NO? or ¿verdad? to the end of a statement. Juan trabaja en la escuela.

EX: Juan trabaja en la escuela, ¿no?

3.) Switch the SUBJECT and the VERB order. Juan trabaja en la escuela. S. V.

EX: ¿Trabaja Juan en la escuela? V. S.

When you are looking for other information rather than just a YES/NO answer, use an interrogative:


At times, answering a question in Spanish will require a change of the verb (because the subject of the answer is different than the subject of the question. Follow these guidelines when answering questions:

If the question is in the …. form…

The answer will be in the … form.

If the question is in the …. form…

The answer will be in the … form.

YO TÚ/UD NOSOTROS VOSOTROS/UDS.TÚ YO VOSOTROS

NOSOTROS

ÉL/ELLA ÉL/ELLA ELLOS/ELLAS ELLOS/ELLASUD.

YO UDS.

NOSOTROS

2.3 PRESENT TENSE of ESTAR

ESTAR – to be

Estoy I am Estamos We areEstás You are Estáis Y’all areEstá He/She/You

areEstán They/You all are

“ESTAR” is used to:1. Location2. Temporary conditions3. Emotion/ Health

** REMEMBER: HOW YOU FEEL AND WHERE YOU ARE, ALWAYS USE THE VERB ESTAR!**

ESTAR is often used with prepositions to describe the location of a person or an object:


2.4 Los Números 31+

Para expresar un número más de 30:

30- Treinta40- Cuarenta50- Cincuenta y uno, y dos, y tres, etc…60- Sesenta70-Setenta80- Ochenta90-Noventa100- Cien/ciento

** Use cien (100) if the number is exactly 100. (EX: Tengo cien primas.)** If it is over 100, use ciento (EX: Tengo ciento veinte primos.)

3.1 DESCRIPTIVE ADJECTIVES

** Adjectives must agree in GENDER and NUMBER with the noun the modify! EX: La muchacha es bonita. (all fem./ pl.)

El bolígrafo es amarillo. (all masc./s.)Los alumnos son inteligentes. (all masc./pl.)

** Adjectives are placed after the noun the modify!

200 Doscientos300 Trescientos400 Cuatrocientos500 Quinientos600 Seiscientos700 Setecientos800 Ochocientos900 Novecientos1,000 mil2,000 Dos mil5,000 cinco mil100,000 cien mil500,000 quinientos mil1,000,000

un millón (de)


EX: the white t-shirt some yellow bananas

La camiseta blanca Unas bananas amarillas

3.2 POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES

** Possessive adjectives, like all other adjectives agree with the noun that they modify. They agree with WHAT is being possessed (not with who possesses it.)

EX: Luisa es la nieta de Fran y Susana. Es su nieta. (Singular because nieta is singular.) Luisa y Sara son las nietas de Fran. Son sus nietas (Plural because nietas is plural.)

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES

Mi/Mis my Nuestro/a/os/as

Our

Tu/Tus your Vuestro/a/os/as

Y’’all’s

Su/Sus his/her/your su/sus their/your

3.3 ER/IR VERBSTo conjugate an ER/IR verb in the present tense:

1.) Start with the infinitive : BEBER2.) Take off the ending (-ER/ -IR): BEB <— This is called the stem! 3.) Add the present tense ER/ IR verb endings to the stem.

VERBOS ER VERBOS IR


3.4 TENER/ VENIR

TENER: to have(e-ie SCV with irregular YO form)

VENIR: to come(e-ie SCV with irregular YO form)

Tengo Tenemos Vengo VenimosTienes Tenéis Vienes VenísTiene Tienen Viene Vienen

4.1 El Verbo IR

Typically used with the word: A (to)

A + EL ALUse: IR + A + INFINITIVE to say what you are going to do.

EX: Yo voy al museo. I am going to the museum.

Yo voy a ir al museo. I am going to go to the museum.

IR: to go(irregular verb)

Voy Vamosvas vaisva van


4.2 VERBOS de BOTA (STEM CHANGING VERBS) (O-UE, E-IE)

O-UE

Verbos AR Verbos ER Verbos IRAlmorzarContarCostarEncontrarJugar (U-UE)+ al ***MostrarRecordar

PoderVolver

MorirDormir

E-IE

Verbos AR Verbos ER Verbos IRCerrarComenzarEmpezarPensarMerendar

EntenderPerderQuerer (+ inf)Tener**

Preferir (+ inf)Venir **

Contar (O-UE)

**Verbos de cambio radical NO tienen cambian de raíz en las formas NOSOTROS/VOSOTROS

** Con el verbo JUGAR, tenemos que usar la palabra A antes del deporte a que jugamos

** Como mucho de los deportivos son masculinos (la mayoría), A+EL = ALEX: Yo juego al fútbol. / Mis amigos juegan al hockey.

4.3 VERBOS de BOTA (STEM CHANGING VERBS) (E-I)

Verbos IR

Yo cuento

Tú cuentas

Nosotros contamosVosotros costáis

Él/ella Ud. cuenta Ellos/as cuestan

FINAL EXAM GRAMMAR NOTES Español I- Callahan Conseguir*_______________ Pedir _________________Decir*__________________ Servir_________________Repetir________________ Seguir*_________________

4.4 YO CHANGERSHere are some verbs you know with irregular YO forms:

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