Regional Geography

Concept of a region- an area that has characteristics that set it apart from somewhere else -can be physical, cultural, climatic, political, social or economic

1. Physical Region- eg. The Burren Co. Clare (Karst Region)/ Connemara/ North European Plain

2. Cultural Region- can be language or religion eg. Gaeltacht Ireland, Basque Country Spain, Flanders/ Wallonia Belgium, Islamic World/ N. Ireland etc

3. Climatic Region- eg. Mediterranean

4. Political Region- County councils in Ireland/ Départements in France

5. Region of Industrial Decline- Nord, France/ Sambre-Meuse Valley, Belgium/ Tyneside, North England

6. Social/ Economic Region- known as “socioeconomic” -usually divided into core and periphery

1

Core: More jobs/ better services Wealthier Higher Standards of Living Urban High Levels of education Government buildings/ banks/ hospitals/

universities located here Mainly tertiary economic activities

(services- eg. Dr./ teachers/ bankers) Immigration common (becomes a host region) Often linked to good physical location/ climate

Eg. Greater Dublin Area/ Paris Basin

Periphery: Less jobs/ poor services Unemployment Poorer Standards of Living Rural Low Levels of education- young people leave Lack of hospitals/ universities Part-time primary economic activities

(fishing/farming) AND tertiary economic activities (tourism)

Emigration common (becomes a donor region) Often reflects poor physical location/ harsh climate

Eg. West of Ireland/ Mezzogiorno

VS.

2

GDAPop density 1736/km2 (over 4500/ km2 in Dublin city)

Climate

Cool temperate oceanic-mild summers (16°)/winters (5°) Less rainfall than West- further away from N.A.D. South-Westerly prevailing wind- most moisture has already fallen Lighter rainfall than WOI- 750mm p/yr (reduces risk of blight-spuds) 4 hrs average daily sunshine- 270-280 day growing season

Soils/Relief

Mostly flat Not much coastal indentation (erosion)-weaker currents Marine deposition-high sand content in soil eg North Co. Dublin Wicklow Mts. provide shelter Well drained- R. Liffey, R. Tolka, R. Boyne Rich Alluvium found in flood plains Rich Brown Earth Soils High Humus content- due to many deciduous trees Limestone Parent rock- permeable Little leaching due to less rain and permeable parent rock Excellent for Agriculture Peaty soils-raised bogs- Kildare (high economic value)

Overall flat, well drained, deep fertile soils, flat (except for Wicklow Mts)

Primary Economic ActivitiesGDA- primary workers= lower than national average Eg. Only 1.5k of 132k Irish farms are found in DublinF.F.F.M Farming/ Agriculture-ideal due to physical landscape BUT

pressure on ag. land from urban sprawlo Large scale- Very productive/ Affluent farmerso Farmers younger- educated/ mechanised farmingo Lowland, fertile soils ideal for mechanised Tillage Farming

(biggest earner) 15% of national wheat crop and 20% national

potato crop o Market Gardening-North Co. Dublin

Greenhouses-salad/ veg large local market of Dublin (1.2million) short transport/ fresh produce less rain- potato blight less likely

o Pastural and Dairy Farming- found throughout the region -sheep/ cattle etc Young cattle sent to Meath for fattening

o Bloodstock-Kildare flattest county in Ireland Ideal for breeding/ racing horses eg Punchestown,

The Curragh, Fairyhouse

Fishing- Irish Seao Howth is Ireland’s 6th biggest fishing porto Only 2% of national catcho Dublin Bay Prawns-world famous

40% of national shellfish exports from GDAo BUT overfishing common-long-term future is uncertaino Lacks investment- can’t compete with WOI

Forestry- coniferous forests found on Wicklow slopes (28k hectares)o Acidic peat soilso Many used as parks instead of timber production

Mining-Tara Mines, Navan Co. Meath (discovered 1970s)o -Ireland’s largest lead and zinc mine/ employs 600 peopleo Irl- No. 1 in the world for zinc per km2/ 1.5% world supply

WOIPop density 26/km2

Climate

Cool temperate oceanic-mild summers (15°)/winters (6°) North Atlantic Drift (NAD)-brings fronts and depressions South-westerly prevailing wind- causes relief rainfall Heavy rainfall-1500-2500mm p/yr 3.25-3.5 hrs sunshine daily

Soils/ Relief

Heavily eroded coast-power of Atlantic/ Mountainous Upland- podzols: lack nutrients/ coniferous trees=lack leaf litter Little Humus Waterlogged gleys Igneous & Metamorphic Parent rock- impermeable Leaching common due to heavy rain- hard pan develops/ saturated Peaty soils-upland/ blanket bogs (no real economic value) Some brown soils BUT shallow- poor for Agriculture Glaciers removed brown soils, left shallow boulder clay-Drumlins eg

Clew Bay

Overall poorly drained, shallow soils, Mountainous- Caledonian Orogeny (400mya) Vegetation: depends on soil type-heather, scrub grasses, rough grassland (podzol), grassland (brown earth)

Primary Economic Activities*Regions that depend on Primary Ec tend to be poorerWOI- primary workers= higher than nat. average Eg. Roscommon 24%F.F.F.M Farming/ Agriculture-limited due to physical landscape/harsh

climateo Small scale- 50% less than 10acreso Farmers older- less mechanised/ old fashioned techniqueso -30% over 65o Part-time Farmerso Isolated from core markets/ poor transporto Upland areas-sheep grazing 27%=overgrazed/ soil erosiono Tillage and Dairy Farming (biggest earners) are limited

Only 2.4% of national barley Grass most common crop-used for animal feed Young cattle sent to Meath for fattening

o EU recognises as disadvantaged so gives C.A.P. subsidieso REPS (Rural Environmental Protection Scheme) deals with

conservation

Fishing- continental shelf extends for 320km into Atlantic Oceano sunlight leads to increased plankton/ rich breeding groundo N.A.D- warm waterso 2000 people employed hereo National Development Plan (NDP) invests in ports

Attempting to develop fish processing industryo BUT overfishing common-C.F.P introduced strict bans/

quotas- limitations!o Aquaculture- fish farming

increased from 50k tonnes 2000- 172k 2006 eg Salmon& Mussels -Killary Harbour/ Oysters-

Galway Bay/ Trout- Clew Bay Forestry- many farmers plant coniferous trees

especially on North facing slopes- extra income

Mining-1996 Corrib Gas Field found 70km off Mayo coasto Enough gas for Ireland for 18 yrso Shell MNC to build pipelines/ sell to Bord Gaiso Major objections in 2005o Construction began 2006- 75%complete by 2009

3

GDA

Secondary Economic ActivitiesGDA- Industry is highly developed - due to physical and social factorsAttractive to MNCs/light/footloose industry/ easily accessible for workers/ close to core market of Dublin and UK/EU markets

Infrastructure-well developed due to physical landscapeCORE LOCATION!- attractive for industry

o M50- links Dublin with rest of countryo M1 North/ M3 Cavan/ M4 West/ M7 Limerick & Corko International Airport-attracts footloose industry (Intel)o 2 ports- Dublin and Dun Laoighre o Regular Luas/ Trains/ QBC (Quality Bus Corridor)o Accessible for imports/ distribution/ exports/ commuterso Broadband network- highly developed and fasto Many industrial estates eg Citywest, Tallaght etc

provide water/ electricity Spin off business-cardboard/ waste disposal etc Excellent road networks suitable for HGVs

Labour- Large urban populationo Young- 45% under 25o Highly educated-3 out 4 PHDs awarded in Dublin o Important link between education and job marketo 87% of Leaving Cert students in Dublin go to collegeo Skilled graduates attractive to MNCs- IT/ biotechnology

Inward Migration MNC attracted to universities-research/

innovation- eg Intel grant for NUI Maynooth

Gov Policy- Low corporation tax 12.5% o IDA- dev industrial estates/ provides grantso Gov Policy is working in this region:

5 out of world’s top 10 IT companies 10 of world’s top 10 ICT companies 9 or world’s top 10 software companies

..all located in GDA!

Traditional Industry- food processing/ brewing/ distilleries common due to strong Ag sector

o But has changed drastically over past 100yrso Moved from mainly inner city (eg Guinness) to outskirtso Now in industrial estates

Why? Cheaper land/ less traffic Medical/ Pharamaceuticals eg GlaxoSmithKline Information Based Industries eg Intel/ HP

Case Study: Intel, Leixlip Co. Kildareo Microprocessor factory est 1989o 360 acre siteo Beside M4- linked to M50- M1 airporto 2014- €5billion investmento Approx 10k employed directly and indirectly

-spin off industry Commuter belt huge impact on local schools/ hotels/ house prices

WOI

Secondary Economic Activities

*Processing of raw materials into finished/ semi-finished goodsWOI- industry undeveloped- due to physical and human factorsDepends on traditional industry-textiles/ timber/food processing

Infrastructure-limited due to physical landscape/harsh climatePERIPHERAL LOCATION!- not attractive for industry

o Makes it difficult to develop road and railo Only one motorway M6 (2009)o Transport of finished goods= expensiveo Isolated from core (GDA) and EU marketso Ireland West Airport (Knock, Co. Mayo) few flightso Broadband - limited & slow/well below GDA standardo Limited industrial estates- MNCs prefer these locations

Provide water & electricity/ spin off businesses

Labour- low pop density just 25km2 o Only 30% of pop live in urban areaso Galway- largest city 70ko Lack of urban centres = deterrent for MNCs o Lack of university

Outward Migration/Brain Drain MNC attracted to universities-research Lack of skilled workforce Galway university only exception

Gov Policy- Low corporation tax has little effect o too far from EU for MNCso since EU 1973- WOI designated “Category One”

disadvantagedo National Dev Plan (NDP) invests in “gateways”-Galway

and “hubs” Tuam/ Athenry –centres of economic devo National Spatial Strategy (NSS)

improves communication/ infrastructure IDA- dev industrial estates Attempting to make WOI more attractive

o Eg 2015 Apple Inc announced €850 million investment for Athenry

o Udarás na Gaeltachta- set up to promote employment Pays up to €14k of a person’s wage

Traditional Industry- 1930s Gov intro legislation to protect domestic industry from foreign competition

o This has led to overreliance on trad industryo 57% of Roscommon workforce employed in food

processing industyo Labour-intensiveo Small scaleo Low wages- 15% lower in WOI

Case Study: Boston Scientific, Galwayo Medical Device Manufacturer est 1994o Beside M6o 20k students in NUI Galway-educated workforceo Largest employer in WOI-2600 people employed

4

Mezzogiorno- covers 40% of Southern ItalyParis Basin- covers 25% of Northern France

WOI

Tertiary Economic ActivitiesWOI- primary workers= higher than nat. average Eg. Roscommon 24%

Health- Galway University Hospital-main regional hospitalo many smaller local hospitals facing closureso Many people need to travel to Dublin for specialist care *hierarchy of needs/link to settlement

Education-BRAIN DRAIN is a major issue here. o Limited education opportunities-outward migrationo Rural Depopulationo Galway university only exception

*Migration- push factors /link to human environment

Tourism- popular throughout the regiono 66% of pop employed by tourism but seasonal!o Supplements their limited farming income eg B&Bso Over 20million tourists each yro International and national tourist destinationo Galway-city break destinationo Sport holidays-Galway races (€70million p/yr) / boating eg

R. Shannon/ surfing/ golfingo Scenic Beauty- Connemara/ beacheso Historic/ Religion- Ceide Fields/ Croagh Patrick, Co. Mayoo Cultural- thousands of Gaeltacht students

Transport-limited due to physical landscapeo Makes it difficult to develop road and railo Only one motorway M6 (2009)

Taffic Congestion- major issue around Galway Galway City Bypass Project

Still in planning stageo Ireland West Airport (Knock, Co. Mayo) few flightso Passenger train services limitedo Freight Line seen as crucial for economic development

“West=On=Track” campaign est 2003 petitioning for the reopening of the Western Rail Corridor (WRC)

But only 1 line developed between Ballina & Dublin/ Waterford ports

GDA

Tertiary Economic Activities*Regions that depend on Tertiary Ec tend to be richerGDA- tertiary workers= 80% Services-commercial/retail/health/educational/admin /financial etc

Political- The Dáil, Criminal Courts etc

Health- many hospitals/ specialist centres – oncology/maternity etc (James’ Hospital, Holles Street NMH)

*hierarchy of needs/link to settlement

Education-several national universities Trinity, UCD, DCU, Maynooth

o 3rd level institutions- big employers (4k work in Trinity)o Trinity and UCD ranked in top 100 world universities 2006o Important link between ed and job marketo 87% of Leaving Cert students in Dublin go to college

Tourism- popular throughout the region- €7.6billion p/yro Over 20million tourists each yro International and national tourist destinationo Dublin-city break destination/ St. Patrick’s Day/ Temple

Baro Sport holidays-Golf-Carton House and KClub in Kildare,

Aviva/ Croke Park- people travel from all over Ireland/ Horse Racing etc

o Scenic Beauty- Glendalough/ Powerscourt, Co. Wicklowo Entertainment- Concerts 3 Arena/ Festivals- Forbidden

Fruit, Kilmainham, Oxygen- Punchestown, Co. Kildareo Historic-Boyne Valley/ Newgrange, Co. Meath

Transport- well connectedo Celtic Tiger-increased car ownership- traffic congestion

Av city speed dropped from 22km/h 1991- 14km/h 1997

Major investment needed (NDP)Now:o M50- links Dublin with rest of country (6 lanes)o M1 North/ M3 Cavan/ M4 West/ M7 Limerick & Corko International Airport o Regular Luas/ DART/ Commuter Railo QBC (Quality Bus Corridors)

Dublin Bus carries 120million passengers p/yro Accessible for imports/ exports/ commuters

Financial- IFSC (International Financial Services Centre)o Dublin Docklandso Urban Renewal Project began in 1986o By 2006- 450 financial institutions/35k employeeso Pays €1 billion corporation tax + €1billion through PAYEo Why?

English speaking GMT/ Proximity to EU Low Corporation Tax- started 10% (ended 2002) Good telecommunications/ infrastructure Educated workforce Cheaper than other parts of EU (pre-Celtic Tiger) Commuter links (Connolly station)

o Today- continues to expand Spinoff industries- hotels/ cafes/ construction But facing competition from Scotland and

Luxembourg (speaks more languages) Dublin=highcost location

*urban renewal/link to human environment

5

Mezzogiorno- covers 40% of Southern ItalyParis Basin- covers 25% of Northern France

WOI

Tertiary Economic ActivitiesWOI- primary workers= higher than nat. average Eg. Roscommon 24%

Health- Galway University Hospital-main regional hospitalo many smaller local hospitals facing closureso Many people need to travel to Dublin for specialist care *hierarchy of needs/link to settlement

Education-BRAIN DRAIN is a major issue here. o Limited education opportunities-outward migrationo Rural Depopulationo Galway university only exception

*Migration- push factors /link to human environment

Tourism- popular throughout the regiono 66% of pop employed by tourism but seasonal!o Supplements their limited farming income eg B&Bso Over 20million tourists each yro International and national tourist destinationo Galway-city break destinationo Sport holidays-Galway races (€70million p/yr) / boating eg

R. Shannon/ surfing/ golfingo Scenic Beauty- Connemara/ beacheso Historic/ Religion- Ceide Fields/ Croagh Patrick, Co. Mayoo Cultural- thousands of Gaeltacht students

Transport-limited due to physical landscapeo Makes it difficult to develop road and railo Only one motorway M6 (2009)

Taffic Congestion- major issue around Galway Galway City Bypass Project

Still in planning stageo Ireland West Airport (Knock, Co. Mayo) few flightso Passenger train services limitedo Freight Line seen as crucial for economic development

“West=On=Track” campaign est 2003 petitioning for the reopening of the Western Rail Corridor (WRC)

But only 1 line developed between Ballina & Dublin/ Waterford ports

GDA

Tertiary Economic Activities*Regions that depend on Tertiary Ec tend to be richerGDA- tertiary workers= 80% Services-commercial/retail/health/educational/admin /financial etc

Political- The Dáil, Criminal Courts etc

Health- many hospitals/ specialist centres – oncology/maternity etc (James’ Hospital, Holles Street NMH)

*hierarchy of needs/link to settlement

Education-several national universities Trinity, UCD, DCU, Maynooth

o 3rd level institutions- big employers (4k work in Trinity)o Trinity and UCD ranked in top 100 world universities 2006o Important link between ed and job marketo 87% of Leaving Cert students in Dublin go to college

Tourism- popular throughout the region- €7.6billion p/yro Over 20million tourists each yro International and national tourist destinationo Dublin-city break destination/ St. Patrick’s Day/ Temple

Baro Sport holidays-Golf-Carton House and KClub in Kildare,

Aviva/ Croke Park- people travel from all over Ireland/ Horse Racing etc

o Scenic Beauty- Glendalough/ Powerscourt, Co. Wicklowo Entertainment- Concerts 3 Arena/ Festivals- Forbidden

Fruit, Kilmainham, Oxygen- Punchestown, Co. Kildareo Historic-Boyne Valley/ Newgrange, Co. Meath

Transport- well connectedo Celtic Tiger-increased car ownership- traffic congestion

Av city speed dropped from 22km/h 1991- 14km/h 1997

Major investment needed (NDP)Now:o M50- links Dublin with rest of country (6 lanes)o M1 North/ M3 Cavan/ M4 West/ M7 Limerick & Corko International Airport o Regular Luas/ DART/ Commuter Railo QBC (Quality Bus Corridors)

Dublin Bus carries 120million passengers p/yro Accessible for imports/ exports/ commuters

Financial- IFSC (International Financial Services Centre)o Dublin Docklandso Urban Renewal Project began in 1986o By 2006- 450 financial institutions/35k employeeso Pays €1 billion corporation tax + €1billion through PAYEo Why?

English speaking GMT/ Proximity to EU Low Corporation Tax- started 10% (ended 2002) Good telecommunications/ infrastructure Educated workforce Cheaper than other parts of EU (pre-Celtic Tiger) Commuter links (Connolly station)

o Today- continues to expand Spinoff industries- hotels/ cafes/ construction But facing competition from Scotland and

Luxembourg (speaks more languages) Dublin=highcost location

*urban renewal/link to human environment

Paris Basin- covers 25% of Northern France

Climate -2 climates- different in West AND East Higher Latitude-49° North of Equator West: Cool Temperate Oceanic Climate

o Mild winters (5°)/ warm summers (average 18°)o North Atlantic Drift (NAD)-brings fronts and depressions-

800mm/yr East: Continental Climate

o Cold winters (2°)/ warm summers (average 24°)o Rainfall 700mm /yr and 3 months of frost and snow

Soils- Varied- depends on underlying rock

Different soil divides areas into pays- leads to different Ag activities Thick Limon Soil (loess soil)-deep, stoneless= ideal for Ag Clay Soils to east-“Wet Champagne” region has damp soil due to

impermeable bedrock “Dry Champagne” region has dry stony soils-due to underlying chalk R. Seine, R. Loire, R. Somme create fertile alluvial soils R. Seine drains 78,000km2 of region

Overall gently sloping (sedimentary rocks/slightly folded), well drained, fertile, deep soils

Primary Economic Activities*Paris Basin is one of the most intensely farmed regions in the EU Farming/ Agriculture-is highly developed to physical landscape/

climateo Highly mechanised- easy access due to flat terrain o Large scale- Very productive/ Affluent farmerso Farmers younger- educated/ mechanised farmingo Lowland, fertile soils near Beauce ideal for mechanised o Tillage Farming (biggest earner)

Cereals grow due to moderate rainfall and warm summers

Limon soils in Ile de France-allows intensive growth of wheat/ sugar beet

o Normandy to west=wetter climate and Wet Champagne has damp soil-both lead to a long growing season ideal for intensive dairy farming Eg Camembert & Brie cheese

o Dry Champagne- suitable for viticulture (vineyards) and sheep grazing

o Market Gardening-Greenhouses-salad/ veg large local market of Paris Baris (22million) short transport/ fresh produce

Fishing- Limited to Coastal areaso English Channel- Cherbourg/ Le Harve =main portso BUT overfishing of cod has depleted stockso Aquaculture- fish farming increasing in bays and inlets

40% of French oysters produced in Normandy Sold to large Paris Market

Mezzogiorno- covers 40% of Southern Italy

Climate- Mediterranean-hot summers (27°)/ mild winters (10°)/ Low Latitude-38° North of Equator Sirocco winds- fast, hot, dry wind blow North from the Sahara

o Bring sand and dust/ 100km/h- kills crops (March & Nov)

Summer- Little rainfall- only 20-40mmMay-July- droughto Convectional rain-leads to occasional torrential

downpours Winter-unsettled- cyclonic rainfall 600-800mm

o BUT Apennines create large rain shadow (relief rainfall)

Soils- Varied- depends on underlying rock

Volcanic soils rich/ fertile (Mt Etna/ Mt Vesuvius) – Rich alluvial deposits along- R. Brandano, R. Agri, R.Volturno

but valleys are narrow Terra Rossa- deep red soil in South and Sicily Limestone common but lack of rain means not well weathered

o Soil thin and infertileo Soil erosion common due to sudden downpours on

slopes Granite found on Calabria- “Italy’s toe”-infertile

& Overall dry, infertile, shallow soils, 85% Mountainous

Primary Economic Activities*Mezz has a lack of natural resources

Farming/ Agriculture-limited due to physical landscape/harsh climateo Unproductiveo Subsistence farming (for farmer’s own consumption)o Upland areas- only suitable for goat/sheep grazing o Olive trees- drought resistant/ deep tap roots

planted on slopes to “anchor” soilo Citrus Fruits- suitable for hot climate

Sicily produces 2/3 of national citrus fruitso Tillage and Dairy Farming (biggest earners) are limited

Plain of Campania- exception/ deep fertile soil Fishing-limited

o Mediterranean Sea- polluted and high salt contento Limited planktono But- only source of income for many as land is infertileo Provides for local tourist market

Cassa per il Mezzogiorno 1957-1984- “Fund for the South”o In 1950s 70% pop work in Ag sector- only 25% own lando Landlord estates called “Latifundia” =75%o Land redistributed from absent landlords to tenant farmerso Training provided- shift from subsistence to commercialo By 1984- fund had invested €20billion (70% on Ag reform)o Co-ops were formed to help farmers/ swamps drainedo But no real benefit to upland areaso Overproduction of seasonal cash crops- reduced value

6

Paris Basin

Secondary Economic ActivitiesThe Paris Basin - Industry is highly developed - due to physical and social factorsAttractive to MNCs/light/footloose industry/ easily accessible for workers/ close to core market of Paris and UK/EU markets

Fashion & luxury goods industry eg Dior, Chanel, Yves St-Laurent, Louis Vitton, Cartier Haute couture (high fashion)-cosmetics, perfumes, jewellery

(80% exported)-worldwide but esp to wealthy nearby markets of Milan Italy/ London UK

Printing- publishing since middle ages Sorbonne area- specialise in printing academic books

Food Processing-Danone company- high calcium content dairy products

Infrastructure-well developed due to physical landscapeCORE LOCATION!- attractive for industry

o R. Seine easily navigated- deep water port at Le Harve Connected by canals to R. Rhine and R. Rhone Canals allow long-distance/ low cost Ideal for heavy industry (oil refining))

o High Quality Road - hub of many regional and national roads eg autoroutes (motorways)

o High speed TGV-“Bullet Trains” connect to Marseille in S.o 2 International Airports- Charles De Gaulle and Orly

attracts footloose industry (cosmetics)o Accessible for imports/ distribution/ exports/ commuterso Broadband network- highly developed and fast

Labour- Large urban population (21million-11million near Paris)o Highly educated-17 universities in Paris aloneo Important link between education and job marketo Good wages/ higher standard of living/ also buy products

LARGE LOCAL MARKET o Skilled graduates attractive to MNCs- electronics/

healthcare/ pharmaceuticals/ aerospace Inward Migration MNC attracted to universities-research/

innovation- eg Cosmetic Vallley- Chartres region (SW of Paris)

L’Oreal, Paco Rabanne etc

Deindustrialisation in Paris-750k jobs lost since 1994o Large MNCs eg Renault Car Manufacturing plant relocate o Why?- labour and land cost

Traffic congestion French Gov encouraging-

DECENTRALISATIONo Industrial estates est in suburbs of Pariso New towns built eg Marné-la-Vallée

Mezzogiorno

Secondary Economic ActivitiesLimited natural resourcesIndustrial Rev in Europe bypassed Mezz

By 1950s only 8% employed in secondary ec activities Today only 24% (a lot less than Paris Basin)

Heavy Industry- Steelworks-Taranto,

Infrastructure-limited due to physical landscape/harsh climatePERIPHERAL LOCATION!- not attractive for industry

o 85% Mts makes it difficult to develop road and railo Sicily and Sardinia isolated (islands)o Transport of finished goods= expensiveo Isolated from core (1100km from Milan) and EU

marketso Limited industrial estates- MNCs prefer these locations

Provide water & electricity/ spin off businesses

o Motorway-Autostrada del Sol (Cassa built this)o Broadband - limited & slow

Labour- low pop density o Low wages/ standard of living/ lack buying powero Lack of urban centres = deterrent for MNCs

(except for Naples and Palmero)o Lack of universities

Outward Migration to North/Brain Drain MNC attracted to universities-research Lack of skilled workforce

Cassa per il Mezzogiorno 1957-1984- “Fund for the South”o Focused on “growth centres”o Large, coastal urban areas- large pop/ good ports

Eg Bari-Brindisi-Taranto triangle and Napleso Hoped growth would spread outwardso Private companies offered grants/ incentiveso Act of Parliament – req. all state owned companies to

spend 60% new investment in Mezzo Overproduction of seasonal cash crops- reduced value

Paris Basin- covers 25% of Northern France

Climate -2 climates- different in West AND East Higher Latitude-49° North of Equator West: Cool Temperate Oceanic Climate

o Mild winters (5°)/ warm summers (average 18°)o North Atlantic Drift (NAD)-brings fronts and depressions-

800mm/yr East: Continental Climate

o Cold winters (2°)/ warm summers (average 24°)o Rainfall 700mm /yr and 3 months of frost and snow

Soils- Varied- depends on underlying rock

Different soil divides areas into pays- leads to different Ag activities Thick Limon Soil (loess soil)-deep, stoneless= ideal for Ag Clay Soils to east-“Wet Champagne” region has damp soil due to

impermeable bedrock “Dry Champagne” region has dry stony soils-due to underlying chalk R. Seine, R. Loire, R. Somme create fertile alluvial soils R. Seine drains 78,000km2 of region

Overall gently sloping (sedimentary rocks/slightly folded), well drained, fertile, deep soils

Primary Economic Activities*Paris Basin is one of the most intensely farmed regions in the EU Farming/ Agriculture-is highly developed to physical landscape/

climateo Highly mechanised- easy access due to flat terrain o Large scale- Very productive/ Affluent farmerso Farmers younger- educated/ mechanised farmingo Lowland, fertile soils near Beauce ideal for mechanised o Tillage Farming (biggest earner)

Cereals grow due to moderate rainfall and warm summers

Limon soils in Ile de France-allows intensive growth of wheat/ sugar beet

o Normandy to west=wetter climate and Wet Champagne has damp soil-both lead to a long growing season ideal for intensive dairy farming Eg Camembert & Brie cheese

o Dry Champagne- suitable for viticulture (vineyards) and sheep grazing

o Market Gardening-Greenhouses-salad/ veg large local market of Paris Baris (22million) short transport/ fresh produce

Fishing- Limited to Coastal areaso English Channel- Cherbourg/ Le Harve =main portso BUT overfishing of cod has depleted stockso Aquaculture- fish farming increasing in bays and inlets

40% of French oysters produced in Normandy Sold to large Paris Market

7

Mezzogiorno

Secondary Economic ActivitiesLimited natural resourcesIndustrial Rev in Europe bypassed Mezz

By 1950s only 8% employed in secondary ec activities Today only 24% (a lot less than Paris Basin)

Heavy Industry- Steelworks-Taranto,

Infrastructure-limited due to physical landscape/harsh climatePERIPHERAL LOCATION!- not attractive for industry

o 85% Mts makes it difficult to develop road and railo Sicily and Sardinia isolated (islands)o Transport of finished goods= expensiveo Isolated from core (1100km from Milan) and EU

marketso Limited industrial estates- MNCs prefer these locations

Provide water & electricity/ spin off businesses

o Motorway-Autostrada del Sol (Cassa built this)o Broadband - limited & slow

Labour- low pop density o Low wages/ standard of living/ lack buying powero Lack of urban centres = deterrent for MNCs

(except for Naples and Palmero)o Lack of universities

Outward Migration to North/Brain Drain MNC attracted to universities-research Lack of skilled workforce

Cassa per il Mezzogiorno 1957-1984- “Fund for the South”o Focused on “growth centres”o Large, coastal urban areas- large pop/ good ports

Eg Bari-Brindisi-Taranto triangle and Napleso Hoped growth would spread outwardso Private companies offered grants/ incentiveso Act of Parliament – req. all state owned companies to

spend 60% new investment in Mezzo Overproduction of seasonal cash crops- reduced value

Mezzogiorno

Tertiary Economic ActivitiesWOI- primary workers= higher than nat. average Eg. Roscommon 24%

Health-

Education-BRAIN DRAIN is a major issue here. o Limited education opportunities-outward migrationo Young move north for better opportunites

*Migration- push factors /link to human environment

Tourism- less developed than Paris Basin and N. Italyo 16million tourists each yro Only 13% of tourists travel South of Romeo Why? Distance from Core-many EU tourists travel by caro Cassa fund did little for tourismo However- has many attractive qualities for tourism

Sunny/ hot climate Historic- Many archaeological treasures- Greek

temples/ Roman ruins/ Pompei Stunning Scenery- Amalfi Coast on West/

Adriatic Coast on East- many beaches/ volcanoes

Sport-Skiing-on higher slopes eg Mt Etna Food-calamari/ gelato Culture-Unique festivals-Nov. Feast of All

Saints on Sicily

Transport- o 85% Mts makes it difficult to develop road and railo Sicily and Sardinia isolated (islands)o Isolated from core (1100km from Milan) and EU marketso Motorway-Autostrada del Sol (Cassa built this)

Paris Basin

Tertiary Economic Activities*Regions that depend on Tertiary Ec tend to be richerGDA- tertiary workers= 80% Services-commercial/retail/health/educational/admin /financial etc

Political-

Health- *hierarchy of needs/link to settlement

Education-

Tourism- popular throughout the region- €7.6billion p/yro Over 30million tourists each yro 250k people in Paris employed in tourism industryo International and national tourist destinationo Paris-city break destination/ beautiful architecture o Eg Champs Elysees, Eiffel Tower (6million visitors p/yr)o Entertainment- Disneylando Fashion- high end shopping/ Fashion shows and eventso Sport-Stad de France (80k seats)o Historic/ Culture-Louvre Museum, Notre Dame Cathedral,

Palace of Versailleso But-tourism is an unpredictable industry

9/11 attack- massive drop in US tourists 2001 Fluctuations in € in 2008-2009- put off non-euro

visitors eg GB Recent terrorist attacks also effecting tourism

Transport-well developed due to physical landscapeo R. Seine easily navigated- deep water port at Le Harve

Connected by canals to R. Rhine and R. Rhone Canals allow long-distance/ low cost Ideal for heavy industry (oil refining))

o High Quality Road - hub of many regional and national roads eg autoroutes (motorways)

o High speed TGV-“Bullet Trains” connect to Marseille in S.o 2 International Airports- Charles De Gaulle and Orly o Accessible for imports/ distribution/ exports/ commuters

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Mezzogiorno

Tertiary Economic ActivitiesWOI- primary workers= higher than nat. average Eg. Roscommon 24%

Health-

Education-BRAIN DRAIN is a major issue here. o Limited education opportunities-outward migrationo Young move north for better opportunites

*Migration- push factors /link to human environment

Tourism- less developed than Paris Basin and N. Italyo 16million tourists each yro Only 13% of tourists travel South of Romeo Why? Distance from Core-many EU tourists travel by caro Cassa fund did little for tourismo However- has many attractive qualities for tourism

Sunny/ hot climate Historic- Many archaeological treasures- Greek

temples/ Roman ruins/ Pompei Stunning Scenery- Amalfi Coast on West/

Adriatic Coast on East- many beaches/ volcanoes

Sport-Skiing-on higher slopes eg Mt Etna Food-calamari/ gelato Culture-Unique festivals-Nov. Feast of All

Saints on Sicily

Transport- o 85% Mts makes it difficult to develop road and railo Sicily and Sardinia isolated (islands)o Isolated from core (1100km from Milan) and EU marketso Motorway-Autostrada del Sol (Cassa built this)

Paris Basin

Tertiary Economic Activities*Regions that depend on Tertiary Ec tend to be richerGDA- tertiary workers= 80% Services-commercial/retail/health/educational/admin /financial etc

Political-

Health- *hierarchy of needs/link to settlement

Education-

Tourism- popular throughout the region- €7.6billion p/yro Over 30million tourists each yro 250k people in Paris employed in tourism industryo International and national tourist destinationo Paris-city break destination/ beautiful architecture o Eg Champs Elysees, Eiffel Tower (6million visitors p/yr)o Entertainment- Disneylando Fashion- high end shopping/ Fashion shows and eventso Sport-Stad de France (80k seats)o Historic/ Culture-Louvre Museum, Notre Dame Cathedral,

Palace of Versailleso But-tourism is an unpredictable industry

9/11 attack- massive drop in US tourists 2001 Fluctuations in € in 2008-2009- put off non-euro

visitors eg GB Recent terrorist attacks also effecting tourism

Transport-well developed due to physical landscapeo R. Seine easily navigated- deep water port at Le Harve

Connected by canals to R. Rhine and R. Rhone Canals allow long-distance/ low cost Ideal for heavy industry (oil refining))

o High Quality Road - hub of many regional and national roads eg autoroutes (motorways)

o High speed TGV-“Bullet Trains” connect to Marseille in S.o 2 International Airports- Charles De Gaulle and Orly o Accessible for imports/ distribution/ exports/ commuters

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