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Remote Learning Packet 3

Subject- Earth and Environmental Science

School- VCHS

Thursday April 23- Wednesday May 6, 2020

Students if you are working online then please continue to work online. If you are using paper pencil you can then please adhere to the daily instructions that are attached.

Google Classroom Code-

E. Williams -2kjvkfo

W. Perez - 1st: kye5yys

2nd: udo6m4d

3rd: exsfqxu

Students you can join my Google Classroom at the link above. If not you will complete the packet that is provided.

Day Date Online Activity Paper and Pencil

Day 21 April 23 Google Classroom

Topic: Rocks & Minerals review

Paper Pencil

Read the Selection and answer the questions that follow

Topic: Rocks & Minerals Task cards

Nature of Science


Topic: Properties of minerals

Paper Pencil

Topic: properties of minerals

Notes - guide for the following:

Activity - if possible complete

Quiz - use notes to complete

Earth Science and Its Branches


Topic: Mineral Formation & resources

Paper Pencil

Topic: Mineral Formation & resources




Earth’s Surface


Topic: Classifying Rock

Paper Pencil

Topic: Classifying Rock




Where in the World are you?


Topic: Rock Groups

Paper Pencil

Topic: Rock Groups




Modeling Earth Surface


Topic: Plate Tectonic review

Paper Pencil

Topic: Plate Tectonic Task cards

Topographic maps

Day 27 May 1 Google Classroom Paper Pencil

Topic: Earth Interior

Topic: Earth Interior




Satellites and Computers

Day 28 May 4 Google Classroom

Topic: Convection in the Mantle

Paper Pencil

Topic: Convection in the Mantle




Matter Matters


Topic: Continental Drift and Seafloor spreading

Paper Pencil

Topic: Continental Drift and Seafloor spreading




Mineral and Mineral groups


Topic: Theory of Plate Tectonics

Paper Pencil

Topic: Theory of Plate Tectonics




Mineral Identification

Rocks and Minerals Task Cards: Use these question and answers to make Flashcards for review.

1. Which of the following is NOT one of the six crystal structures.

a. cubic b. diamond c. tetragonal d. triclinic

2. A _____ is a narrow channel or slab of a mineral that is sharply different from the surrounding rock.

a. fracture b. ore c. crystal d. vein

3. A process that occurs on Earth’s surface slowly changing rock from one kind to another is _______.

a. evaporation b. the rock cycle c. crystallization d. morphication

4. What process causes minerals to form in a shallow lake during dry conditions?

a. melting b. high pressure c. evaporation d. condensation

5. What process causes crystallization of minerals from magma?

a. cooling b. melting c. evaporation d. high pressure

6.Particles of minerals called ____ give rock its texture.

a. grains b. shale c. chunks d. ore

7. Which is NOT a property of grain texture used when determining mineral composition.

a. size b. shape c. density d. pattern

8. Chemical reactions, pressure and _____ can cause sedimentary rock to change to metamorphic rock.

9. A ______ is a rounded, hollow rock that is often lined with mineral crystals.

10. A mineral must be formed by a ______ process to be considered a mineral.

11. A gemstone that has been cut and polished is called a(n) _____.

12.Geologists determine whether an igneous rock is extrusive or intrusive based on its ________.

13.Determine what was tested if a mineral’s powder was found to be purple.

14. List the three major groups that rocks are classified into.

15.Identify three environments where minerals form.

16.A rock that contains a metal or economically useful mineral is called a(n) ______.

17. Igneous rock that formed from lava that erupted on Earth’s surface is ___________.

a. extrusive rock b. shale c. intrusive rock d. sandstone

18.Determine what was tested if a mineral was found to break easily along flat surfaces.

19. _______ is molten rock material that exists below Earth’s surface.

20. Because minerals do NOT come from living things they are said to be ____________.

21._______ is a minerals ability to glow under ultraviolet light.

22.The softest known mineral is _______. The hardest known mineral is _______.

23.Explain the Mohs Hardness Scale.

24. Explain what affects the size of crystals formed from magma.

25. Explain why color alone cannot be used to identify most minerals.

26. Compare the difference between metamorphic rocks that are foliated versus nonfoliated.

27. Compare the difference between cleavage and fracture.

28.Define the word luster in terms of studying minerals.

29. Describe how halite(salt) deposits form.

30. Determine at least five different categories of characteristics that help identify minerals.

31. The repeating pattern of a mineral’s particles form a solid called a(n) ______.

a. element b.crystal c. compound d. stone

32. Identify the type of rock created by volcanic activity.

33.Identify the type of rock created by deposition and cemented together over time.

34.Identify the type of rock created by heat and pressure.

35. Explain what is occurring when metamorphic rock undergoes extreme temperatures.

Answer Key for questions above, place the answers on the back of your card for you to be able to check your answers.

1. a. extrusive rock2. b. diamond3. d.vein4. b. rock cycle

5. evaporation6. a. cooling7. a. grain8. density

9. heat10. geode11. natural12. gem13. texture14. the mineral’s streak15. igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic16. cool solution, hot solution, magma17. ore18. mineral’s cleavage19. magma20. inorganic21. fluorescence22. talc, diamond23. a scale of 1-10, mineral with higher

number will scratch mineral with lower number

24. the rate at which magma cools

25. different minerals may have the same color

26. foliated - grains arranged in parallel layers; nonfolitated - grains arranged randomly

27. cleavage - splits easily; fracture - irregular break

28. the way a mineral reflects light29. deposits form when seawater

evaporates30. streak, luster, density, crystal system,

hardness, cleavage, fracture31. b. crystal 32. igneous33. sedimentary34. metamorphic35. high heat causes melting

Nature of Science

Name___________________ Class________ Date________

Write true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false._____ 1. Science is both a way of gaining knowledge and a body of knowledge._____ 2. There is no place for imagination and creativity in science._____ 3. All science is based on evidence and logical thinking._____ 4. Any idea can be investigated through scientific inquiry._____ 5. Scientific investigations always follow the same sequence of steps.

_____ 6. A good experiment must have one factor that can be manipulated._____ 7. Data in the form of numbers is called qualitative data._____ 8. Taking many measurements and averaging the results may correct random errors in data._____ 9. If data from an experiment do not support a hypothesis, then the experiment is a failure._____ 10. A scientific theory is just an educated guess about why something occurs.

Critical Reading Read this passage based on the text and answer the questions that follow.

The Importance of Community in Science

Although each scientist may perform experiments in her lab alone or with a few helpers, she will write up her results and present her work to the community of scientists in her field. Initially, she may present her data and conclusions at a scientific conference, where she can talk with other scientists and get feedback on her work. Using what she learns, she may go on to write a professional paper about her research and submit it to a scientific journal. Before the paper is accepted for publication, several scientists who are experts in the same field will review it. This is called peer review. These other scientists may suggest changes to the paper, and they will recommend whether or not the paper should be published. Once a paper is published, other scientists can learn about the work and may incorporate the results into their own research. Some scientists may try to replicate the experiment to see whether they get the same results. In this way, the knowledge base of science builds toward a greater understanding of nature.

The scientific community influences the quality and type of research that is done by scientists. For example, other scientists help determine which research projects receive funding. Most scientific research is expensive, so a scientist must write a research proposal to a funding agency, such as the National Science Foundation, requesting money to pay for equipment, supplies, and salaries. Scientific proposals are reviewed by other scientists in the field. In many fields, the funding rate is low and the money goes only to the most worthy research projects.

The scientific community monitors scientific integrity. During their scientific training, students learn how to conduct good scientific experiments. They learn not to fake, hide, or selectively report data. They also learn how to fairly evaluate data and the work of other scientists. Considering how much

scientific research is done, there are very few incidents of scientific dishonesty. However, when such an incident occurs, it generally receives a lot of media attention. This may cause the public to mistrust scientists and scientific research in ways that are unfounded. Scientists who do not have scientific integrity are strongly condemned by the scientific community.

1. What is peer review, and why is it important? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. How does the scientific community influence the quality and type of scientific research that is done?___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. How does the scientific community promote scientific integrity? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Multiple Choice Circle the letter of the correct choice.

1. Which of the following is a valid science lab safety guideline?a. Do not eat or drink anything while in the lab.b. Wear a drawstring hoodie to protect yourself from chemicals.c. Wait to clean up any spills until you complete the lab procedure.d. Change the lab procedure if necessary to improve the

experiment.2. Which of the following is relevant to scientific inquiry?

a. moral judgments c. personal opinionsb. assumptions about nature d. none of the above

3. Which of the following ideas are basic to science?a. Rules of nature may be different elsewhere in the universe.b. Once accepted, scientific ideas are not subject to change.c. Natural events and processes have natural causes.d. all of the above

4. To be useful, a scientific hypothesis must

a. be true. c. be testable.b. be very specific. d. apply in all situations.

5. Scientists may collect data bya. doing experiments. c. making observations.b. taking measurements. d. all of the

above

Matching : Match each definition with the correct term.Definitions

_____ 1. testable, plausible explanation for a scientific question_____ 2. series of steps scientists use to investigate questions_____ 3. factor that must remain the same in an experiment so it does not affect the outcome_____ 4. factor in an experiment that the researcher changes_____ 5. scientific explanation that is supported by many observations_____ 6. factor measured as the outcome of an experiment_____ 7. useful representation of a real system that is simpler than reality

Name___________________ Class______________ Date________

Multiple Choice: Circle the letter of the correct choice.

Terms

a. hypothesis

b. theory

c. control

d. dependent variable

e. independent variable

1. A mathematical model is a(n)

a. definition that explains how the earth worksb. set of equations that represent natural processesc. physical representation of the subject being studiedd. model that cannot be tested

2. If a hypothesis explains all the data, there is a whole lot of data, and none of the data contradicts the hypothesis, the hypothesis becomes a(n)

a. lawb. conclusionc. theoryd. secondary hypothesis

3. If performing an experiment in the field, you shoulda. wear appropriate clothesb. bring enough food and waterc. tell others where you are goingd. all of the above

4. The lab instructor should be notified whena. anyone is hurt or anything is damagedb. you need an eraser to correct a mistake in your notebookc. you hear a joke and it made you laughd. there is never a need to notify the lab instructor

5. The way scientists approach their work is calleda. faith-basedb. scientific methodc. program managementd. scientific notation

6. To support or refute a hypothesis, scientists must collecta. influenceb. donationsc. opinionsd. data

7. When should you follow instructions in the lab?a. at the end of classb. alwaysc. when the teacher is lookingd. only when there is a fire

8. Which of the following best describe a hypothesis?a. A plausible explanationb. A questionable assumptionc. A pretty good guessd. The closest match

9. Which of the following is not a scientific model?

a. problematicb. conceptualc. mathematicald. physical

10.The goal of science is toa. disprove religious ideasb. find the absolute indisputable truthc. make tremendous inventions to advance humankindd. understand the natural world

11.An independent variablea. is the change that occurs because a measurement is not made

precisely.b. inconsistent with the results from other experiments.c. is the factor that will be manipulated.d. is the result of the experiments.

12.Which of the following is not an assumption that scientists must make?a. Natural laws are the same everywhere and at any time.b. Scientific ideas are less likely to be shown to be wrong the more

they have been tested.c. A scientific idea will be accepted if there is only a small amount

of evidence that goes against it.d. Scientific ideas can change or be thrown out, as needed.

True or False: Write true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false.

_______ 13. Always follow instructions in the lab

_______ 14. Never eat or drink in the lab

_______ 15. A scientific question does not need to be testable

_______ 16. An dependent variable can be manipulated

_______ 17. Science should not make moral judgments

Properties of Minerals

Notes: Question: How are minerals identified?

PROPERTIES OF MINERALS

mineral – naturally occurring, inorganic solid that has a crystal structure and a definite chemical composition; must have the following FIVE characteristics:

1. Must be formed by processes that occur in the natural world

2. Must be inorganic, meaning that it cannot come from materials that were once part of a living thing

3. A solid – with definite shape and definite volume

4. Particles that make it up line up in a repeating pattern which form a crystal

5. Has a definite chemical composition or range of compositions

Each mineral has certain characteristics that help identify it.

● Color – used to identify a few minerals that have their own characteristic coloring

• Streak – color of a mineral’s powder

• Luster – how light is reflected from a mineral’s surface

• Density – each mineral has a characteristic density (d=m/v)

• Hardness – using the Mohs hardness scale, this scale ranks ten minerals from softest to hardest

● Crystal system – crystals grow atom by atom to form a particular structure – these structures are grouped into six different categories based on the number and angle of the crystal faces

• Cleavage – if a mineral breaks easily along flat surfaces

• Fracture – when a mineral breaks apart in an irregular way

Special properties can also be used such as magnetism and ability to glow under an ultraviolet light.

Activity

Earth Science and Its Branches

Name___________________ Class______________ Date________

Write true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false.

_____ 1. Earth science deals with Earth’s lands, oceans, and atmosphere._____ 2. Most Earth scientists specialize in studying one aspect of the planet._____ 3. Seismologists forecast major storms to save lives and property._____ 4. Oceanography can be accurately defined as the hydrology of the oceans._____ 5. Meteorologists collect data using technologies such as radar and satellites._____ 6. All the branches of Earth science are connected._____ 7. A lunar geologist might study minerals and rocks under the oceans._____ 8. Climatologists are interested in long-term changes in the atmosphere._____ 9. Environmental science is the study of how the environment affects people._____ 10. Astronomy is defined as the study of the geology of other planets.


Introduction to Earth Science

Earth science consists of many branches of knowledge concerning planet Earth. It deals with any and all aspects of Earth: its lands, interior, atmosphere, and oceans. Earth is a very large and complex set of systems. Therefore, most Earth scientists focus on just one aspect of the planet.

The main branches of Earth science are geology, meteorology, climatology, oceanography, and environmental science. Each branch has a different focus. For example, geology focuses on Earth’s solid materials and structures and the processes that create them. Geology, in turn, is divided into several branches, including mineralogy, planetary geology, marine geology, and seismology. Mineralogy, for example, is the study of the composition and structure of minerals. Seismology is the study of earthquakes and their causes. Because all of Earth’s systems are interconnected, researchers in different branches of Earth science generally must work together to answer complex questions.

Questions

1. What is Earth science? Why does Earth science have many branches? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Identify the main branches of Earth science. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. What is the focus of the branch of Earth science known as geology? How is geology divided into branches? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Why must scientists in different branches of Earth science generally work together to answer complex questions? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Multiple ChoiceCircle the letter of the correct choice.

1. The main branches of Earth science includea. Geology. c. climatology.b. Meteorology. d. all of the above

2. Which of the following questions would most likely be addressed by a geologist?

a. How do hurricanes form? c. What causes ocean currents?

b. What is the composition of rocks? d. How do human actions affect the climate?

3. A planetary geologist might study thea. minerals found inside Earth c. composition of

Earth’s surface.b. minerals and rocks on Mars d. all of the above

4. A marine geologist might studya. organisms that live in the ocean. c. movements of ocean

water.b. rocks on the ocean floor. d. none of the above

5. If a student wants to learn more about tornadoes, she should take a

class ina. Seismology. c. climatology.b. Meteorology. d. environmental

science.6. If an oil company wanted to hire a scientist to locate oil reserves in

rocks under Earth’s surface, the company would most likely hire a(n)a. Paleontologist. c. hydrologist.b. Geologist. d. ecologist.

7. Mineralogy is a branch ofa. Oceanography. c. astronomy.b. Seismology. d. geology.

Matching: Match each definition with the correct term.

Definitions

_____ 1. study of fossils_____ 2. study of Earth’s solid materials and structures and the processes that create them_____ 3. study of Earth’s atmosphere_____ 4. study of earthquakes and their causes_____ 5. study of weather and weather patterns_____ 6. broad science that deals with all aspects of planet Earth_____ 7. study of the effects of people on the environment

a. geologyb.

meteorologyc.

climatologyd.

paleontologye.

Environmental science

What is Earth Science?

Name___________________ Class______________ Date________


1.A contour line a.connects points of equal value b.must not cross another contour line. c.must create a loop with itself. d.all of the above

2.What is the goal of science? a.collect data. b.understand the natural world. c.provide answers to all questions. d.all of the above.

3.Which of the following is NOT part of the scientific method? a.determine scientific laws. b.question. c.experiment. d.collect data.

4.What are factors that must remain the same in an experiment called? a.controls. b.independent variables. c.dependent variables. d.conclusions.

5.Which of the following is an example of a physical model? a.sets of equations. b.weather predictions. c.a globe. d.climate projections.

6.What is not usually found in a map legend? a.scale b.north arrow c.title d.date

7.How much of the Earth's surface is covered in water? a.50% b.60% c.70% d.80%

8.What do paleontologists study? a.fossils. b.rocks. c.minerals. d.the moon.

9.What type of map shows changes in elevation on Earth's surface? a.Mercator projection b.gnomonic projection c.topographic map d.GPS

10.What is the study of water and its movement called? a.climatology. b.meteorology. c.geology. d.hydrology.

True or False


_______ 11. Once a theory has been accepted it can never be retracted. _______ 12. Scientists draw conclusions only from data collection. _______ 13. A theory can be used to predict behavior. _______ 14. The scientific community monitors scientific integrity. _______ 15. Scientific data is always quantitative. _______ 16. The public controls the quality and types of scientific research. _______ 17. Peer review is an important part of the publication process in science. _______ 18. Science can answer every question. _______ 19. Climate is an example of a system that is easy to model because all the factors are and their interactions are well understood. _______ 20. Scientists quite commonly fake data.

Mineral Formation & Resources

Notes:Question: What are the two ways minerals are formed?

geode – rounded, hollow rock that is often lined with mineral crystals

crystallization – process by which atoms are arranged to form a material with a crystal structure

Minerals can form two ways:

1. Crystallization of magma and lava – minerals form as hot magma cools inside the crust, or as lava hardens on the surface.

When these liquids cool to a solid state, they form crystals.

2. Crystallization of materials dissolved in water – when elements and compounds that are dissolved in water leave a solution (mixture in which one substance in dissolved in another), crystallization occurs.

Some minerals form when solutions evaporate pure metals that crystallize from hot water solutions underground often form veins, or a narrow channel or slab mineral that is different from the surrounding rock

Minerals are the source of gemstones, metals, and a variety of materials used to make many products.

gemstone – hard, colorful mineral that has a brilliant or glassy luster; once cut and polished it is called a gem

metals – minerals are the source of metals such as aluminum, iron, copper or silver

ore – a rock that contains a metal or other useful mineral that can be mined and sold at profit

To produce metal from a mineral:

1. rocks containing minerals must be located through prospecting

2. ore deposits are removed from ground through mining

3. rock is processed by smelting to produce metals

Activity

Quiz

Earth’s Surface

Name___________________ Class______________ Date________


_____ 1. Constructive forces can change a high mountain to a flat plateau._____ 2. A volcanic eruption can be a constructive or destructive force._____ 3. The ocean floor is a flat, featureless surface. _____ 4. Mountains rise when continents collide._____ 5. A stream flowing down a mountainside is a constructive force._____ 6. Continental margins consist of oceanic crust._____ 7. Many ocean trenches are located around the edge of the Pacific Ocean._____ 8. Changes in Earth’s surface always occur very slowly._____ 9. Old seafloor is destroyed at oceanic trenches._____ 10. The continental crust has been subject to destructive forces longer than the oceanic crust has.


Building up and Wearing Down Earth’s Continental Landforms

Earth’s continents are large land areas extending from high mountaintops to sea level. The oldest continental rocks are billions of years old, so the continents have had a lot of time for constructive and destructive forces to change them. Constructive forces cause physical features on Earth’s surface, known as landforms, to build up. Destructive forces cause physical features to wear down.

Landforms often build up when Earth’s crust deforms. This occurs when slabs of crust compress, pull apart, or slide past other slabs of crust. Crust deformation can result in the formation of hills, valleys, and other landforms. Mountains rise when continents collide and push up the crust. Volcanic mountains form when a slab of oceanic crust plunges beneath another slab of crust. This allows melted rock called magma to flow onto the surface, where it hardens to form solid rock. Over time, the hardened rock builds up to form a mountain. Landforms are also created when sediments are deposited. For example, a triangular deposit called a delta forms where a river or stream deposits sediments as it flows into a body of still water.

Volcanic eruptions are constructive forces when they cause mountains to form. However, explosive volcanic eruptions can be destructive forces if they blow apart mountains, leaving craters. Landforms are also worn down by the destructive forces of weathering and erosion. Water, wind, ice, and gravity are important agents of erosion. For example, water in streams and rivers flowing down mountainsides wears away rocks and creates valleys. Landslides are also destructive forces that wear away steep slopes.

Questions

1. What are continents and landforms? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Compare and contrast constructive and destructive forces. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. How can volcanoes and rivers be both constructive and destructive forces? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


1. How old are the oldest continental rocks?a. about half a million years old c. a few million years oldb. 100 million years old d. billions of years old

2. Crustal deformation occurs when Earth’s crusta. pulls apart. c. pushes together.b. slides past another crust. d. all of the above

3. Crustal deformation may result in the formation ofa. Hill c. valleys.b. Mountains d. all of the above

4. Deltas form whena. oceanic crust plunges beneath continental crust.b. sediments are deposited.c. continents collide.d. volcanoes erupt.

5. The East African rift valley is forming where crust isa. Compressed. c. pulled apart.b. pushed together. d. deposited by water.

6. The ocean basins are all younger thana. 180 million years old c. 100 million years old.

b. 80 million years old. d. 18 million years old.

7. New seafloor forms whena. sediments are deposited. c. volcanic activity occurs.b. the crust is uplifted. d. none of

the above

Matching Match each definition with the correct term.

Definitions

_____ 1. mountain range that runs through much of the ocean basin_____ 2. any force that wears down landforms_____ 3. deep valley on the ocean floor_____ 4. any force that causes landforms to grow_____ 5. continental crust that extends downward to the seafloor_____ 6. large land area that lies above sea level_____ 7. physical feature of Earth’s surface

Terms

a. constructive force

b. landform

c. continent

d. destructive force

e. mid-ocean ridge

f. ocean trench

Name___________________ Class______________ Date________


1. For the most part, ____________ are much older than ____________.a. ocean basins, continentsb. continents, ocean basinsc. volcanoes, continentsd. ocean basins, volcanoes

2. Ocean basins are all younger thana. 65 million yearsb. 180 thousand yearsc. 4.4 billion yearsd. 180 million years

3. Which is not an important force of erosion?a. iceb. heatc. waterd. wind

4. Which of the following are typically found in elevated regions in the mid ocean?

a. ridgesb. canyonsc. basinsd. trenches

5. Crustal deformation occurs when two slabs of crusta. collideb. slide past each otherc. pull apartd. all of the above

True or False


_______ 6. The oldest continental rocks are millions of years old.

_______ 7. Earth's surface is constantly changing

_______ 8. Mountains rise when continents collide

_______ 9. The continental margin is made of oceanic crust.

_______ 10. Destructive forces cause landforms to grow

Classifying rocks

Notes: Question: What are the three main groups of rocks?

Geologists look at the mineral composition, color and texture of a rock, which can contain a mixture of minerals and other materials or only a single mineral.

rock-forming minerals – 20 minerals that make up most of the rocks of Earth’s crust

Color – provides clues to the rock’s mineral composition

• granite – light colored rock having high silica content

• basalt – dark colored rock that is low in silica

Texture – the look and feel of the rock’s surface which is made up of particles of minerals or other fine rocks called grains

• Grain size

• Grain shape

• Grain pattern

Geologists classify rocks into three major rock groups based on how they form: Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic Rocks.

Igneous – created when magma or lava cools and crystallizes

Sedimentary – rock material that forms where rocks are broken down into smaller pieces or dissolved in water as rocks erode or the remains of plants and animals are pressed and cemented together

Metamorphic – forms when existing rock is changed by heat, pressure or chemical reactions

Forces deep inside the Earth and at the surface produce a slow cycle that builds, destroys and changes the rocks in the crust.

rock cycle – series of processes that change one type of rock into another type of rock

Activity

Quiz

Where in the World are you?

Name___________________ Class______________ Date________


_____ 1. The direction called “northeast” is 90 degrees from north._____ 2. Earth’s magnetic north pole is also called “true north.”_____ 3. Any location on Earth’s surface can be located by its latitude and longitude._____ 4. The equator falls halfway between the north and south poles._____ 5. The international dateline is located at 120 degrees east longitude._____ 6. Another word that has the same meaning as relief is terrain._____ 7. To find a stationary object on Earth’s surface, you must know its direction._____ 8. Elevation on Earth is always measured relative to sea level._____ 9. A compass needle always points toward 90 degrees north latitude._____ 10. The line called the prime meridian is perpendicular to the equator.


Describing Location

Any location on Earth’s surface—or on a map of Earth’s surface—can be described by latitude and longitude. Latitude and longitude are expressed in degrees. Each degree is divided into 60 minutes, and each minute is divided into 60 seconds.

Latitude is a measure of the distance north or south of the equator. The equator is the imaginary line that circles Earth halfway between the north and south poles. All lines of latitude circle the planet parallel to the equator. The latitude of the equator is 0 degrees. The latitude of the north pole is 90 degrees north, and the latitude of the south pole is 90 degrees south.

Longitude is a measure of the distance east or west of the prime meridian. The prime meridian is an imaginary line that is perpendicular to the equator. It circles the planet and passes through the north and south poles. It also passes through Greenwich, England. All lines of longitude circle the planet perpendicular to the equator and pass through both poles. The longitude of the prime meridian is 0 degrees. On the opposite side of Earth, the longitude of the international dateline is 180 degrees.

Another aspect of location is elevation. Elevation is the height of a place above or below sea level. It is always measured relative to sea level, which is the average height of the ocean’s surface. It is also the midpoint between high and low tides. Sea level is the same everywhere on Earth. The elevation of surface features, or landforms, is called topography. Relief, or terrain, is the topography of all the major features of a region.

Questions

1. What is latitude? Describe the line of latitude that is 45 degrees north. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. What is longitude? Describe the line of longitude that is 90 degrees east. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Define elevation, and explain how it is measured. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


1. Which method of determining location is used to find the location of an earthquake?

a. Elevation c. triangulationb. street address d. latitude and longitude

2. How far is Earth’s magnetic north pole from its geographic north pole?a. 11.5 degrees c. 22.5 degreesb. 45.0 degrees d. 90.0 degrees

3. Each degree of latitude or longitude is divided intoa. 10 minutes. c. 30 minutes.b. 60 minutes. d. 90 minutes.

4. The line that is 0 degrees latitude is known as thea. international dateline. c. prime meridian.

b. Equator. d. none of the above

5. Which of the following locations could be in the United States?a. 120° east, 40° south c. 120° east, 40° northb. 120° west, 40° north d. 120° west, 40° south

6. Which statement about sea level is true?a. It varies throughout the day. c. It differs from place to

place.b. It is the elevation of the ocean floor. d. It is halfway between

high and low tides.7. Which of the following is the best definition of topography?

a. elevation of landforms c. distance from the equatorb. point of triangulation d. direction on a map


Definitions

_____ 1. distance north or south of the equator_____ 2. distance east or west of the prime meridian_____ 3. height above or below sea level_____ 4. position on Earth’s surface_____ 5. figure on a map that shows direction_____ 6. device with a magnetic needle that is used to find direction_____ 7. which way an object is moving

Termsa. elevationb. longitudec. compassd. directione. locationf. compass roseg. latitude

Name___________________ Class______________ Date________


1. How many degrees is Earth's magnetic north pole offset from its geographic north pole?

a. 0 c. 5.5b. 11.5 d. 22.5

2. On a map, are the lines that run parallel to the equator called?a. lines of longitude c. lines of contourb. lines of latitude d. lines of borealis

3. What is the longitude of the prime meridian?a. 0 c. 37b. 90 d. 180

4. A figure drawn on a map or nautical chart that shows the locations of north, east, south, and west is called a

a. Sightline c. compass roseb. Compass d. standard line

5. Elevation is the height above or belowa. Mt. Everest c. the groundb. sea level d. Death Valley

6. On a compass rose, SE meansa. Solar Electricity c. South Eastb. Sun Ends d. Sort of East

7. What feature on a map shows the ratio of map distance to actual earth distance?

a. map legend c. contour lineb. map symbol d. map scale

8. ESE is most accurately described as lying betweena. E and W c. N and Sb. E and S d. E and SE

9. What is the minimum number of points needed for triangulation?a. 1 c. 2b. 3 d. 4

10.What is the reference point for lines of latitude?a. the equator c. the prime meridianb. the International Date Line d. the North Pole

True or FalseWrite true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false.

_______ 11. Earth's geographic north pole is the point where the axis of revolution intersects the planet's surface in the north.

_______ 12. The South Pole is located at 180 degrees south.

_______ 13. The International Date Line is located at 180 degrees.

_______ 14. All longitude lines pass through both the North & South poles

_______ 15. The topography of a region is the height or depth of that feature relative to sea level.

_______ 16. One degree latitude is divided into 100 minutes. One minute latitude is divided into 100 seconds.

_______ 17. One degree longitude is divided into 60 minutes. One minute latitude is divided into 60 seconds.

_______ 18. At the Prime Meridian a new day will dawn 12 hours after it arrived at the International Date Line.

_______ 19. A compass needle aligns with geographic north.

_______ 20. The equator has a latitude of 0 degrees.

Rock Groups NotesQuestion: How do sedimentary rocks form?

Rocks are classified into three major groups on how they form:

IGNEOUS ROCKS

Formation: May form on or beneath Earth’s surface.

● Extrusive rocks – igneous rocks formed from lava that erupted onto Earth’s surface ● Intrusive rocks – rock that formed when magma hardened beneath Earth’s surface

Texture: Geologists determine whether an igneous rock is extrusive or intrusive based on its texture; small, hard to see crystals indicate extrusive, large and interlocking crystals indicate intrusive

Composition: can sometimes be determined by color of rock

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

sediment – small, solid pieces of material that come from rocks or remains of living things such as shells, leaves, bones and stems; mostly formed through a series of processes which include:

● erosion – form sediment by particles getting carried away from their source by wind and water

● deposition – process by which sediment settles out of the water or wind carrying it● compaction – process that presses sediment together growing thick layers that build up

over millions of years● cementation – process in which dissolved minerals crystallize and glue particles of

sediment together

METAMORPHIC ROCKS

Heat and pressure deep beneath Earth’s surface can change any rock into metamorphic rock.

foliated – metamorphic rocks that have their grains arranged in parallel layers or bands

nonfoliated – mineral grains are arranged randomly

Activity

Quiz

Modeling Earth’s Surface

Name___________________ Class______________ Date________

Write true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false._____ 1. Locations on a globe are determined using rectangular coordinates._____ 2. A flat map is most accurate over a large area._____ 3. All compass directions are curved lines on a Mercator projection._____ 4. A conic projection best depicts the area where the cone touches the globe._____ 5. Gnomonic projections are often used to map the poles._____ 6. Mercator projections are no longer used._____ 7. Robinson projections are still commonly used._____ 8. Winkel Tripel projections are used by the National Geographic Society._____ 9. Locations on a map are determined using polar coordinates._____ 10. The oldest type of projection is a Mercator projection.

Critical Reading: Read this passage based on the text and answer the questions that follow.

Map Projections

Earth’s surface is curved, whereas maps are flat. To represent a curved surface on a flat map requires the use of some type of projection. There are several commonly used types of projections.

The oldest type of projection is a Mercator projection. Mercator projections are still commonly used today. A Mercator projection is made by wrapping a flat piece of paper around a globe at the equator to make a cylinder. The paper touches the globe at the equator, but the distance between the globe and paper increases toward the poles. The features of Earth’s surface are projected outward onto the cylinder. When the cylinder is unrolled, the result is a flat Mercator projection. A Mercator projection is most accurate near the equator. Here, the shapes and sizes of features are correct. However, the features get stretched out near the poles. For example, on a Mercator projection Greenland is stretched out to look almost as big the United States.

Other types of projections include conic, gnomonic, Robinson, and Winkel Tripel projections.

● A conic projection uses a cone rather than a cylinder to project Earth’s curved surface onto a flat map. It best depicts the area where the cone touches the globe. This area depends on the choice of the map maker.

● A gnomonic projection projects Earth surface onto a flat map from a single point. The projection is most accurate for features near that point. The poles are often mapped this way.

● A Robinson projection creates an elliptical rather than rectangular

map. Lines of latitude are represented by straight lines, whereas lines of longitude are represented by curved lines. This projection has less distortion near the poles than a Mercator project.

● A Winkel Tripel projection uses mathematical formulas to create a flat map of Earth’s curved surface. This type of projection is distorted at the edges. The National Geographic Society uses Winkel Tripel projections.

Questions

1. What are projections? Why are projections used to make maps of Earth’s surface? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Describe how a Mercator projection is made. What is a disadvantage of Mercator projections? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. List and briefly describe two other types of map projections. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


1. Using a globe to represent Earth’s surface avoids distortions of thea. sizes of continents. c. shapes of land

masses.b. distances between places. d. all of the above

2. To find the shortest distance between two points on a globe, you find the length of the

a. arc that connects them. c. meridian closest to them.

b. straight line between them. d. none of the above3. A radar map may be used to show

a. Topography. c. weather.b. Climate. d. two of the above

4. A Mercator projection is most accurate at

a. the poles. c. the equator.b. 45 degrees north. d. 45 degrees south.

5. A gnomonic projection is always centered ona. the equator. C. a single point.b. the north pole. D. the south pole.

Matching : Match each definition with the correct term.Definitions_____ 1. map that uses colors to show elevations of large areas_____ 2. map that is created by projecting Earth’s surface on a cylinder_____ 3. map that shows terrain and vegetation_____ 4. map that is created by projecting Earth’s surface on a cone_____ 5. map that shows elevations using contour lines_____ 6. map that has an elliptical shape because only latitude lines are projected while meridians are curved_____ 7. map that is created by projecting Earth’s surface from a single point

Termsa. Mercator projectionb. satellite-view mapc. conic projectiond. relief mape. gnomonic projectionf. topographic map

Name___________________ Class______________ Date________


1. The shape of planet Earth is closest to aa. Circle c. sphereb. Cone d. rectangle

2. A map that uses contour lines to reveal landforms is a(n)a. radar map c. weather mapb. topographic map d. global map

3. Which coordinate system is best for curved surfaces?a. Mercator c. Cartesianb. longitude and latitude d. polar

4. Which projection has correct features at the equator, but highly distorted features near the poles?

a. Mercator c. Robinsonb. Gnomonic d. Conic

5. Which projection results in a map that is an ellipse rather than a rectangle?

a. Mercator c. Robinsonb. Gnomonic d. Conic


_______ 6. The shortest distance on a globe is the length of an arc.

_______ 7. In a Mercator projection, compass directions are not straight lines, but a straight line is the shortest distance between the two points.

_______ 8. The National Geographic Society uses the Winkel Tripel Projection

_______ 9. Maps are models.

_______ 10. A location on a globe must be determined using polar coordinates because a globe is curved.

Plate Tectonics Task Cards: Use these questions and answers to make Flashcards for review.

1._____ first proposed the theory of continental drift.

a. H. Hess b. A. Wegener c. A Einstien d. N. Bohr

2.The relatively soft layer of the upper mantle is the ______.

a.inner core b. asthenosphere c. outer core d. lithosphere

3.How do underwater mountain ranges form?

a. continental driftb. convection currentsc. strike-slip faultsd. seafloor spreading

4.Oceanic crust consists mainly of rock called ____.

a.granite b. basalt c. fluorite d. agate

5.Continental crust consists mainly of rock called ____.

a.granite b. basalt c. fluorite d. agate

6.Wegener had all of the following evidence EXCEPT ___.

a.land features b. climate change c. seafloor spreading d.fossils

7. J. Tuzo Wilson proposed that the lithosphere is broken into separate sections called ____.

8.A ______ boundary is a boundary between two plates that move away from each other.

9.List the three main layers of Earth.

10.Identify the three layers the mantle is divided into.

11.The supercontinent that began to break apart about 225 million years ago is called ____.

12.Determine what many geologists think is the major driving force of plate tectonics.

13.When two plates of oceanic crust collide, one plate is subducted beneath the other forming a _____.

14.When two plates collide, what determines which plate comes out on top?

15.list the three types of heat transfer that occur in Earth’s processes.

16._______ is the measure of how much mass there is in a volume of a substance.

17.Most divergent plates occur along _____.

18.Breaks in Earth’s crust where rocks have slipped past each other are called _____.

19.The layer of rock that forms Earth’s outer “skin” is the ____.

20.A ____ occurs when a deep valley is formed along a divergent boundary that develops on land.

21.The ______ includes all of the crust and the upper part of the mantle.

22.List the three types of plate boundaries.

23.Determine the name of the process that continually adds new material to the ocean floor.

24.Determine how temperature and pressure change as you go deeper into the Earth.

25.Explain the evidence Hess used in his theory of seafloor spreading.

26. Describe what happens when two continental plates collide.

27.Explain how the magnetic stripes form on the ocean floor.

28.Explain the Theory of Plate Tectonics.

29. Describe how plates move at a transform boundary.

30.Compare the difference between the inner and outer core of Earth.

31.Explain at least two highlights of the Theory of Plate Tectonics.

32.Explain what direct evidence is used to help geologists learn about Earth’s interior.

33. What is the inner most layer of the Earth called.

34.What is the outer most layer of the Earth called.

35.Rocks that are found on the coast of NC are older or younger than rock found at the Mid-Atlantic ridge.

36. What kind of boundary is found where the two plates are moving away from each other.

37. What kind of boundary is found where the two plates are moving together and one sinks below the other.

38. What kind of boundary is found where the two plates are moving past each other in different directions.

Answer Key for questions above, place the answers on the back of your card for you to be able to check your answers.

1. b.A. Wegener2. b.asthenosphere

3. d.seafloor spreading4. b.basalt

5. a.granite6. c. seafloor spreading7. plates8. divergent9. crust, mantle, core10. lithosphere, asthenosphere, lower

mantle11. pangea12. heat from earth’s interior13. trench14. density15. radiation, conduction, convection16. density17. mid ocean ridges18. faults19. crust20. rift valley21. lithosphere22. divergent, convergent, transform23. seafloor spreading24. both increase25. molten material, magnetic stripes,

drilling samples

26. the collision squeezes crust into mountain ranges

27. rocks lie in pattern that shows record of reversals of Earth’s magnetic field

28. states that pieces of Earth’s crust are in constant, slow motion

29. two plates slip past each other in opposite directions

30. inner - dense ball of solid metal; outer - molten material that moves creating Earth’s magnetic field

31. plates float on top of asthenosphere, convection currents rise cause plates to move, changes in Earth’s surface (volcanoes, mountain ranges, deep ocean trenches)

32. rock samples drilled from deep inside Earth.

33. inner core34. crust35. older36. divergent37. convergent38. transform

Topographic Maps

Name___________________ Class______________ Date________

Write true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false._____ 1. Each contour line on a topographic map represents a specific elevation._____ 2. Every other contour line is labeled._____ 3. The contour interval is a horizontal distance._____ 4. If land is almost flat, contour lines will be close together.

_____ 5. The innermost concentric hatched loop on a topographic map encloses the lowest point of a depression._____ 6. Contour lines can be used to determine the direction that a stream is flowing._____ 7. Contour lines on a bathymetric map represent distance from shore._____ 8. Topographic maps show three dimensions of Earth’s surface._____ 9. The horizontal distance between adjacent contour lines is constant._____ 10. On a bathymetric map, the lowest-numbered contour lines represent the deepest ocean floor.Critical Reading Read this passage based on the text and answer the questions that follow.

Reading Topographic Maps

A topographic map uses contour lines to show the three-dimensional shape of the land. Contour lines reveal the locations of hills, valleys, and other surface features. To read a topographic map, you should know that:

● Each contour line represents a specific elevation and connects all the points that have that elevation. Every fifth contour line is bolded and labeled with its elevation.

● Contour lines run next to each other but never intersect.● Adjacent contour lines are separated by a constant difference in

elevation, called the contour interval. The map legend gives the contour interval.

● Closely-spaced contour lines indicate a steep slope. They show that the elevation changes quickly over a short horizontal distance. Contour lines that seem to touch indicate a very steep rise, such as a cliff or canyon wall. Broadly spaced contour lines, in contrast, indicate a gentle slope.

● Contour lines that form concentric closed loops indicate hills. Smaller loops represent higher elevations.

● Hatched concentric loops indicate depressions. Hatch marks are short, perpendicular lines inside a loop. Smaller hatched loops represent lower elevations.

● A group of V-shaped contour lines indicates a stream valley. The narrow part of the Vs point uphill. Water always flows from higher to lower elevations, so the Vs also tell you the direction the water is flowing.

Questions

1. What do contour lines represent? ________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

2. What can you learn from the spacing of contour lines? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. How can you identify hills and depressions on a topographic map? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Explain how contour lines show the location and direction of streams. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


1. The distance between adjacent contour lines indicatesa. Slope c. rock depth.b. horizontal distance. d. none of the

above2. If you could walk along a contour line, you would be walking

a. up and down hill. c. down a gentle slope.b. continuously upward. d. always at the same

elevation.3. Contour lines can be used to reveal the locations of

a. Hills. c. valleys.b. level areas. d. all of the above

4. V-shaped contour lines always pointa. North. c. uphill.b. Downhill. d. two of the above

5. On a contour map, a cliff is represented by contour lines thata. seem to touch. c. actually intersect.b. are equally spaced. d. are

perpendicular.6. The smallest closed contour line of a hill represents the

a. top of the hill. c. lowest elevation.b. bottom of the hill. d. two of the above

7. What could you learn from a bathymetric map?

a. depth of ocean water c. types of rocks

on the ocean floorb. locations of mountains on the ocean floor d. two of the

above


Definitions

_____ 1. landform represented by contour lines that form closed loops_____ 2. type of map that shows depths below sea level_____ 3. difference in elevation between adjacent contour lines_____ 4. type of map that shows rock units and other rock features_____ 5. line representing elevation_____ 6. type of map that shows terrain_____ 7. landform represented by hatched contour lines that form closed loops


1. A bathymetric map showsa. depths below sea level c. tree heights

Termsa. bathymetric mapb. contour intervalc. contour lined. geologic mape. topographic mapf. depressiong. hill

b. distance away from the equator d. heights above sea level

2. A geologic map primarily showsa. rock types of a region c. elevation of a regionb. geometry of a region d. depth of a region

3. At which scale would features appear at their actual size?a. 1:24,000 c. 1:100,000b. 1:01:00 d. 1:250,000

4. If a hill has an elevation of 100 ft. and there are 5 contour lines, what is the contour interval?

a. 100 ft. c. Each interval is different.

b. 500 ft d. 20 ft.5. Which of the following represents a basin on a topographic map?

a. index contours c. contour intervalsb. hatch lines pointing in d. map legends

6. If two contour lines appear to touch it meansa. there are at least two elevations at that location.b. the elevation does not change at that location.c. the contour interval is too small.d. the slope is very steep.

7. On a topographic map, Vs that point uphill indicatea. there is a stream channel. c. there is a rise in

elevation.b. the contour interval is too small. d. the slope is very steep.

8. On a geologic map, different colors indicatea. different elevations.b. different rock types.c. different structural features, such as faults and folds. d. landscapes above and below sea level.

True or False Write true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false.

_______ 9. A feature would appear bigger on a map with a scale of 1:24,000 than on one with a scale of 1:100,000?

_______ 10. The distance between contour lines does not always need to be equal

_______ 11. If you walk along a contour line you will be walking uphill.

_______ 12. A contour line must close on itself.

_______ 13. Steep contour lines indicate water.

_______ 14. A relief map uses contour lines to show elevation.

_______ 15. A contour line connects points of equal elevation.

_______ 16. On a bathymetric map, the 200 meter contour is below the 300 meter contour.

Fill in the Blanks

Fill in the blank with the term that best completes the sentence.

17. Oceanographers use ____________ maps to depict the features beneath a body of water.

18. ____________ can never cross with another on a topographic map.

19. The geologist was busy making a ____________ that showed the location of the rock layers within the county.

20. The difference in elevation between contour lines is called the ____________ .

Earth’s Interior

NotesQuestion: How have geologists learned about Earth’s interior structure?

Geologists have used two main types of evidence to learn about Earth’s interior:

1. Direct evidence from rock samples – rocks drilled from deep inside Earth allow geologist to make inferences about conditions

2. Indirect evidence from seismic waves – seismic waves produced by earthquakes allow scientists to measure the speed in which they travel giving clues to the structure of the planet.

Three main layers of Earth vary greatly in size, composition, temperature and pressure. They are:

«« THE CRUST »»

● layer of solid rock that forms Earth’s outer “skin”● includes both dry land and ocean floor● oceanic crust consists mostly of basalt

• continental crust, or the crust that forms the continents, consists mainly of granite

«« THE MANTLE »»

● layer of solid, hot rock 40 kilometers beneath the surface● divided into layers:

lithosphere – uppermost part of mantle and the crust for a ridge layer about 100 kilometers thickasthenosphere – softer part of mantle below the lithosphere which is hotter and under increased pressure

● lower mantle – solid material extending all the way to Earth’s core

«« THE CORE »»

● made mostly of the metals iron and nickel● consists of two parts:

○ outer core – layer of molten metal that surrounds inner core○ inner core - dense ball of solid metal

● movement of liquid outer core creates Earth’s magnetic field

Activity

Quiz

Satellites and Computers

Name___________________ Class______________ Date________

Write true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false._____ 1. Satellites are useful for monitoring global changes._____ 2. A geostationary satellite circles Earth from pole to pole._____ 3. Communications satellites have polar orbits._____ 4. A satellite in a polar orbit circles Earth at the same speed that Earth rotates._____ 5. Satellites can be used to measure temperatures of the land and oceans._____ 6. Satellites can be used to locate a person’s exact location on Earth’s surface._____ 7. GPS was first developed for military purposes._____ 8. A GPS receiver uses triangulation to determine its own location._____ 9. A polar orbit is closer to Earth’s surface than a geostationary orbit._____ 10. Satellites can detect changes in sea level.Critical ReadingRead this passage based on the text and answer the questions that follow.

GPS and GIS

GPS, or Global Positioning System, is a system for locating exact positions on Earth’s surface. It was originally developed by the U.S. military to help soldiers locate their positions on battlefields. The system is now widely used throughout the world. GPS is based on a network of more than two dozen satellites that constantly orbit Earth. A GPS receiver on the surface uses information from the satellites to determine is own position. The receiver detects radio signals from at least four nearby GPS satellites. There are precise clocks on each satellite and in the receiver. The receiver measures the time it takes for the radio signals from each satellite to reach it. It uses these times, together with the constant speed of radio waves, to calculate its distance from each satellite. Then the receiver uses the four distances to triangulate its exact location on Earth’s surface.

A related technology is Geographic Information Systems, or GIS. GIS uses exact geographic locations from GPS receivers, along with any type of spatial information, to create maps and images. The spatial information might be numbers of people, types of plants or soils, presence of groundwater, or levels of rainfall. Geologists use GIS to make maps of natural resource distributions, among many other uses.

Questions

1. What is GPS?

___________________________________________________________________2. How does a GPS receiver determine its exact location?

_______________________________________________________________________________

3. What is GIS? How does it use GPS? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


1. Satellites are used fora. Navigation. c. communications.b. storm tracking. d. all of the above

2. Of the following uses, a satellite in a polar orbit is most likely to be used for

a. monitoring weather changes in a given area.b. observing how weather is changing globally.c. relaying communications signals.d. two of the above

3. Which U.S. government agencies gather data with satellites?a. National Aeronautics and Space Administrationb. National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administrationc. United States Geological Surveyd. all of the above

4. Which type of signals does a GPS receiver receive from satellites?a. Microwave c. radiob. Magnetic d. light

5. Which information does a GPS receiver use to determine its distance from a satellite?

a. speed of radio waves c. time to receive signals

b. strength of magnetic field d. two of the above

Matching : Match each definition with the correct term.

Definitions

_____ 1. system of satellites used to locate positions on Earth’s surface_____ 2. type of satellite orbit that remains at an altitude of several hundred kilometers above Earth’s surface_____ 3. system that links GPS data with any type of spatial information to create maps and images_____ 4. small object that orbits a larger object_____ 5. type of satellite orbit that remains at an altitude of 36,000 kilometers above Earth’s surface

Terms

a. satellite

b. GPS

c. GIS

d. geostationary orbit

e. polar orbit

Name___________________ Class______________ Date________


1. GPS stands fora. Glacial Positioning Systemb. Global Positioning Satellitesc. Global Positioning Systemd. Global Placement System

2. What does GIS stand for?a. Geographic Initiating Serviceb. Geographic Information Systemc. Geologic Igneous Sedimentaryd. Gravitational Incline Slope

3. What government organization is in charge of launching satellites?a. CIAb. FAAc. NASAd. ATF

4. A satellite in a polar orbita. is excellent for observing and predicting weather.b. stays in the sky over the same spot.c. makes one complete orbit around Earth about every 24 hours.d. orbits at a distance of more than 30,000 km.

5. A satellite in a geostationary orbita. stays in the sky over the same spot.b. makes one complete orbit around Earth about every 90 minutes.c. is best for observing the polar regions.d. is not as good for communications as satellites in other types of orbits.

6. GPS was developed toa. assist with scientific investigations.b. provide detailed information on maps.c. aid in the development of computer software.d. assist with the military.

7. GISa. was invented so that scientists could create better geological maps.

b. is used to create maps containing any sort of spatial information.c. needs six satellites to accurately determine a position.d. is important for creating weather maps.

8. Maps made by computersa. are indistinguishable from those made by mapmakers.b. are made directly from satellite images with no processing.c. contain the same amount of information as maps that are created

without computers.d. are very important for creating images from other planets.

9. Satellites can be used toa. get a snapshot of what Earth is like right now.b. study the way Earth changes over time.c. learn about other planets.d. all of the above.

10.GPS isa. an example of a technology developed by the government that is now

used in the public sphere.b. most useful within 50 degrees north and south of the equator.c. best in urban areas and of much less use in remote locations.d. a communication between a locator satellite and a receiver on the

ground.

True or False


_______ 11. Satellites can determine the height of the ocean.

_______ 12. A satellite orbits at 3,600 km above Earth in a geostationary orbit.

_______ 13. GPS needs at least six satellites to accurately determine a position.

_______ 14. All but one of Earth's satellites are man-made.

_______ 15. In a geostationary orbit, the satellite orbits the Earth every 90 minutes

Convection in the Mantle

NotesQuestion: What causes convection currents in Earth’s mantle?

To explain how heat moves from Earth’s core through the mantle, you need to know how heat is transferred.

There are three types of heat transfer:

Radiation – the transfer of energy through empty space; has no direct contact between heat source and an object.

Example: Sunlight warming Earth’s surface

Conduction – heat transfer by direct contact of particles of matter. Example: Metal spoon heating up in a pot of hot soup.

Convection – transfer of heat by the movement of a heated fluid (includes liquids and gases).

Heat transfer by convection is caused by differences in temperature and density within a fluid.

Density – measure of how much mass there is in a volume of a substance.

Example: heating water on a stove – as water on bottom gets hot, it expands, becomes less dense and rises; when the surface water starts warming up it becomes denser and moves to bottom causing a convection current, or the flow that transfers heat

Convection currents flow in the mantle – heat source is the Earth’s core and from the mantle itself. These currents have been acting like a conveyor belt moving the lithosphere above for the past four billion years!

Activity

Matter Matters

Name___________________ Class______________ Date________

Write true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false._____ 1. Electrons orbit the nucleus of an atom._____ 2. An electron cloud is a region where electrons are likely to be._____ 3. All subatomic particles are about the same size._____ 4. The mass of an atom is the combined masses of its protons and neutrons._____ 5. Isotopes of a given element differ in their numbers of electrons._____ 6. Carbon-13 is an ion of the element carbon._____ 7. Hydrogen bonds are relatively weak bonds._____ 8. The oxygen side of a water molecule has a slightly positive charge._____ 9. In covalent bonds, atoms always share electrons equally._____ 10. The non-metallic ion in an ionic bond is negatively charged.Critical Reading Read this passage based on the text and answer the questions that follow.

Elements, Atoms, and Isotopes

A chemical element is a substance that cannot be made into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means. Examples of elements include hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and iron. The smallest unit of a chemical element is an atom. An atom has all the properties of the element.

Atoms, in turn, consist of smaller particles, called subatomic particles. At the center of an atom is a nucleus (plural, nuclei). The nucleus consists of subatomic particles called protons and neutrons. Protons have a positive electrical charge. Neutrons are about the same size as protons but have no electrical charge. In other words, they are electrically neutral. Electrons are tiny subatomic particles that have a negative electrical charge. They are not found in the nucleus. They orbit the nucleus at various energy levels in a region known as the electron cloud.

Because electrons are minuscule compared with protons and neutrons, they contribute virtually nothing to the mass of an atom. Instead, the mass of an atom depends almost completely on the number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus. In fact, atomic mass is calculated as the number of protons plus the number of neutrons in an atom.

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom determines what element the atom is. That’s because each element has a unique number of protons in the nuclei of its atoms. However, atoms of a given element can differ in their numbers of neutrons. Atoms of an element with different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes. For example, atoms of carbon always have 6 protons, but they may have 6, 7, or 8 neutrons. This means that there are

three isotopes of carbon: carbon-12 (6 protons + 6 neutrons), carbon-13 (6 protons + 7 neutrons), and carbon-14 (6 protons + 8 neutrons).

Questions

1. Relate atoms to elements. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Describe the structure of atoms. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. What are isotopes? Give an example. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


1. Particles that make up atoms includea. Protons c. neutrons.b. Electrons. d. all of the above

2. Which statement about neutrons is false?a. Neutrons have no electrical charge.b. Neutrons are about the same size as protons.c. Neutrons are located in the nucleus of an atom.d. The number of neutrons is the same in all atoms of an element.

3. An ion always hasa. a positive or negative electrical charge.b. the same number of electrons as protons.c. the same number of electrons as neutrons.d. none of the above

4. A carbon atom with 8 neutrons is the isotope calleda. Carbon-11. c. carbon-12.b. Carbon-13. d. carbon-14.

5. In ionic bonds, atoms of a metala. give up electrons c. receive electrons.b. accept electrons. d. share electrons.

6. Hydrogen bonds area. Intermolecular. c. covalent.b. Ionic. d. polar.

7. Molecules of water are

a. Covalent. c. polar.b. Ionic. d. two of the above

Matching : Match each definition with the correct term.Definitions

_____ 1. center of an atom_____ 2. chemical bond in which electrons are transferred between atoms_____ 3. atom of an element with a different number of neutrons_____ 4. chemical bond in which electrons are shared between atoms_____ 5. particle that results when an atoms gains or loses electron(s)_____ 6. bond between oppositely charged ends of two different molecules_____ 7. smallest particle of a compound that still has the properties of that compound

Name___________________ Class______________ Date________

Termsa. covalent bondb. hydrogen bondc. iond. ionic bonde. isotopef. moleculeg. nucleus


1. How many oxygen atoms are in a silicon-oxygen tetrahedron?

a. 2 b. 3

b. 4 d. 5

2. What is the lightest of all the elements?

a. Hydrogen b. helium

b. Neon d. carbon

3. What particles make up the nucleus of an atom?

a. protons only c. neutrons only

b. neutrons and electrons d. protons and neutrons

4. Which is not an element?

a. Hydrogen c. water

b. Argon d. uranium

5. Which is the average of the mass numbers of an element's isotopes?

a. atomic number c. energy levels

b. atomic mass d. molecular mass

6. Electrons are

a. important components of an atomic nucleus.

b. the main reason the atomic mass of different atoms is different.

c. the main reason an element may have different isotopes.

d. found in a cloud.

7. Carbon atoms

a. have 6 protons and 6, 7 or 8 neutrons

b. have 6 neutrons and 6, 7 or 8 protons.

c. have 6 neutrons and 6, 7 or 8 electrons.

d. have 6 protons and 6 neutrons.

8. To create a positive ion from a negative ion, there must be

a. a loss of at least two electrons.

b. a gain of at least two electrons.

c. the addition of protons in the nucleus.

d. the addition of neutrons in the nucleus.

9. With a polar molecule,

a. the substance is always cold enough to be in the solid state.

b. an atom shares one or more electrons with another atom.

c. the electrical charges are always equal.

d. one side has a slightly positive charge and the other has a slightly negative

charge.

10.With a hydrogen bond,

a. a hydrogen atom is bonded to another hydrogen atom, possibly with another

atom; as in water.

b. the positive side of one polar molecule is attracted to the negative side of another

polar molecule.

c. electrons are transferred between atoms.

d. an atom shares one or more electrons with another atom.


_______ 11. Protons have a positive electrical charge.

_______ 12. The number of protons plus neutrons gives the atom its atomic mass

_______ 13. When an atom either gains or loses electrons, this creates an molecule.

_______ 14. A covalent bond is the weakest of all chemical bonds

_______ 15. Electrons are always negatively charged

Continental Drift and Seafloor Spreading

NotesQuestion: What two scientists help discover evidence to explain how the planet

looks today.

Alfred Wegener (1910) hypothesized that at one time all the continents were once joined together in a single landmass, he named Pangea, and have since drifted apart – now known as continental drift.

Wegener gathered the following evidence to support his hypothesis:• Evidence from land features such as mountain ranges lining up on continents when pieced together• Evidence from fossils, or traces of ancient organisms preserved in rock, show the same animals and plants occurred on the now separated land masses• Evidence from climate change where Wegener showed scratches on rocks make from glaciers in places with much more mild climates today

Wegener could not provide a satisfactory explanation for the push or pull of the continents, therefore his hypothesis was rejected… until Harry Hess (1960) proposed a radical idea suggesting a process of sea-floor spreading.

Sea-floor spreading – sea floor spreads apart along both sides of a mid-ocean ridge as new crust is added. Ocean floors move like a conveyor belt, carrying continents along with them.

Evidence of Hess’s theory of sea-floor spreading included:• Evidence from molten material which looked like pillow-shaped rocks formed if molten material erupts and hardens quickly• Evidence from magnetic stripes – rocks that lie in a pattern showing a record of reversals of Earth’s magnetic field• Evidence from drilling samples reveal that the farther from a ridge the rocks were taken, the older they were

Eventually the ocean floor sinks into deep, underwater canyons called deep-ocean trenches where subduction takes place which allows part of the ocean floor to sink back into the mantle, over tens of millions of years.

Activity

Minerals and Mineral Groups

Name___________________ Class______________ Date________

Write true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false._____ 1. The mineral silver contains silver and carbon atoms._____ 2. A mineral has a specific chemical composition._____ 3. Minerals are identified on the basis of their physical properties._____ 4. Silicate minerals make up over 90 percent of Earth’s crust._____ 5. Most minerals belong to the native elements group._____ 6. Carbonates consist only of carbon and oxygen._____ 7. Table salt is an example of a halide mineral._____ 8. Phosphate minerals are similar in structure to silicate minerals._____ 9. Gypsum is a common sulfide mineral._____ 10. Pyrite, or “fool’s gold,” is a common sulfate mineral.Critical Reading Read this passage based on the text and answer the questions that follow.

What Is a Mineral?

To be classified as a mineral, a substance must be a crystalline solid. It also must be inorganic and form through natural processes. In addition, it must have a definite chemical composition. Each of these properties is described next.A crystalline solid is a substance that forms crystals. A crystal is a solid structure in which atoms or ions are arranged in a regular, repeating pattern. A given mineral always forms crystals with the same pattern of atoms or ions.An inorganic substance is a substance that is not made by living things. (Organic substances, such as carbohydrates and proteins, are made by living things.) Both diamond and coal consist mainly of carbon. Diamond is a mineral, but coal is not. Coal looks like a mineral, but it is organic. It is a rock made of once-living things.Minerals are made by natural processes that occur on or under Earth’s surface. For example, diamond is created deep in Earth’s crust when carbon is put under extreme pressure. Artificial “diamonds” can be made in a lab, by placing carbon under high pressure. However, artificial “diamonds” are not really minerals.Some minerals, including gold and diamond, are made of single elements. But most minerals are chemical compounds that are made of two or more elements. Different minerals may contain many of the same elements. Elements commonly found in minerals include oxygen, silicon, and calcium. However, each mineral has a specific chemical composition. For example, halite is made of equal numbers of sodium and chloride ions. Quartz is always made of one silicon atom for every two oxygen atoms.

Questions

1. What is a mineral? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Describe a crystalline solid. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Contrast organic and inorganic substances. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Diamond and coal both consist of carbon. Why is diamond a mineral whereas coal is not? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


1. All mineralsa. form crystals. c. are inorganic.b. form naturally. d. all of the above

2. Minerals are divided into eight major groups based on theira. physical properties. c. chemical

composition.b. crystalline structure. d. color and

luster.3. The basic building block of all silicate minerals is called a silica

a. Tetrahedron. c. pyramid.b. Sphere. d. salt.

4. Which of the following minerals is a native element?a. Gold c. fluoriteb. Magnetite d. muscovite

5. Which of the following minerals is an oxide?a. Turquoise c. hematiteb. Azurite d. halite

6. The most common carbonate mineral isa. Coal. c. silver.b. Calcite. d. diamond.

7. Which statement about phosphate minerals is false?

a. They are built of tetrahedra l c. There are very

few of them.b. They contain phosphorus. d. Most of them

are rare.

Matching Match each definition with the correct term.Definitions

_____ 1. minerals containing just one element_____ 2. solid in which the atoms are arranged in a regular repeating pattern_____ 3. way that light reflects off a mineral’s surface_____ 4. mineral’s tendency to break along flat planes_____ 5. color of a mineral’s powder_____ 6. minerals that form salts_____ 7. largest mineral group

Name___________________ Class______________ Date________


1. A crystal is a solid in which the atoms are arranged in a ____________, ____________ pattern

a. regular, non-repeating c. irregular, repeatingb. regular, repeating d. irregular, non-repeating

2. About how many minerals are found in the Earth's crust?a. 2000 c. 3000b. 4000 d. 5000

3. Silicates make up over ____ of the Earth's crust.a. 95% c. 90%b. 50% d. 45%

4. The chemical composition of hematite isa. Fe2O3 c. Fe3O2b. Fe2O3C d. H2O3

Termsa. streakb. silicatesc. crystald. halidese. native elementsf. cleavageg. luster

5. The most magnetic mineral is?

a. Hematite c. magnetiteb. Halite d. uranium

6. The elements that make up 98.5% of Earth's crust area. gold, silver, copper, titanium, and the other metals.b. oxygen and siliconc. oxygen, silicon, gold, silver, copper, titanium, and aluminumd. oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium, and

magnesium7. The two most abundant elements in common minerals are?

a. calcium & manganese c. silicon & oxygenb. iron & magnesium d. carbon & potassium

8. Which of the following is a part of the definition of a mineral?a. Liquid c. conditionb. Inorganic d. organic

9. The pattern in which a mineral breaks is calleda. Cracking c. strikeb. Breaking d. fracture

10.The different appearances of different types of silicates are due to the different

a. ways the tetrahedrons combine together.b. conditions in which the minerals form.c. chemical compositions, such as the presence or absence of

silica.d. shapes of the tetrahedrons.

11.Fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine are found ina. halide minerals. c. phosphate minerals.b. sulfide minerals d. oxygenate minerals.

12.Phosphate minerals are like silicates except thata. phosphorous substitutes for oxygen.b. phosphorous, arsenic or vanadium substitutes for oxygen.

c. phosphorous substitutes for silicon.d. phosphorous, arsenic or vanadium substitutes for silicon.

True or False


_______ 13. Most minerals are native elements

_______ 14. Minerals are crystalline structures

_______ 15. Most minerals fit into one of two mineral groups.

_______ 16. Silicates are by far the largest mineral group.

_______ 17. Table salt is also known as halite.

Theory of Plate Tectonics

NotesQuestion: What are the three types of plate boundaries?

J. Tuzo Wilson (1965) was a Canadian scientist that proposed the lithosphere is broken into separate sections called plates.

Wilson combined information from continental drift, sea-floor spreading and Earth’s plates into a single scientific theory, or a well-tested concept that explains a wide range of observations.

Theory of plate tectonics explains the formation, movement and subduction of Earth’s plates.

Theory highlights:

• plates float on top of the asthenosphere• convection currents rise in the asthenosphere and spread out beneath the lithosphere• convection currents cause plates to move, producing changes in Earth’s surface• changes in Earth’s surface include volcanoes, mountain ranges and deep ocean trenches

The edges of the plates meet at lines called plate boundaries.

When rocks slip past each other along these boundaries faults, or breaks in the Earth’s crust occur. Three types of boundaries:

transform boundary – place where two plates slip past each other, moving in opposite directions (frequent Earthquakes)

divergent boundary – two plates move apart, or diverge; usually occur at the mid-ocean ridge

• rift valley – occurs when a deep valley is formed along a

divergent boundary that develops on land

convergent boundary – place where two plates come together, or converge, causing a collision

• when two plates of oceanic crust collide, or when an oceanic plate collides with a continental plate, one plate is subducted beneath the other forming a trench; when two continental plates collide they form mountains

Activity

Mineral Identification

Name___________________ Class______________ Date________

Write true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false._____ 1. Minerals can be identified only by their chemical properties._____ 2. Every mineral has its own unique color._____ 3. All quartz is clear like glass._____ 4. The streak of a given mineral does not vary._____ 5. Some minerals do not have the property of streak._____ 6. Sparkly luster is a type of metallic luster._____ 7. The density of a mineral is calculated by multiplying its mass times its volume._____ 8. On the Mohs hardness scale, diamond has a value of 1._____ 9. A mineral breaks where its chemical bonds are weakest.

Critical Reading Read this passage based on the text and answer the questions

that follow.

Color, Streak, and Luster

Diamonds are popular gemstones because of the way they reflect light. Their luster makes them appear very sparkly. Turquoise is prized for its color. It is a striking greenish blue. The color of minerals and how they reflect light are two physical properties that may help to identify minerals.

Although the color of a mineral is easy to observe, color alone is rarely very useful for identifying minerals. One reason is that different samples of the same mineral may vary in color. For example, different samples of quartz may be colorless (clear) or purple. Purple quartz contains tiny amounts of iron that give it its color. Many minerals are colored by chemical impurities in this way. Another reason that color alone may not be very useful is that different minerals may be the same color. For example, both gold and pyrite (“fool’s gold”) are yellowish gold in color, but the two are different minerals.

A more useful property for identifying many minerals is streak. Streak is the color of a mineral’s powder. To check a mineral’s streak, scrape a piece of the mineral across an unglazed porcelain plate. Streak is a more reliable property than color for mineral identification because a given mineral’s streak does not vary. Even minerals that are the same color differ in the color of their streak. For example, gold has a golden yellow streak, whereas pyrite has a blackish streak. Streak cannot be used to identify all minerals because not all minerals leave a streak of powder when scraped across unglazed porcelain. Quartz is an example of a mineral that does not have streak.

Luster describes how light reflects off a mineral’s surface. Mineralogists have special terms to describe luster. First, they divide all minerals into those with

metallic luster and those with non-metallic luster. Minerals with metallic luster are opaque and shiny. Pyrite is an example. All other minerals have non-metallic luster. There are six different types of non-metallic luster, including adamantine luster, which appears sparkly. Diamond has adamantine luster. Other types of non-metallic luster are earthy luster, which appears dull and clay-like; pearly luster, which appears pearl-like; resinous luster, which appears resin-like, as in tree resin; silky luster, which appears soft looking with long fibers; and vitreous luster, which appears glassy.

Questions

1. Why is color alone rarely very useful for identifying minerals? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. What is streak, and how can you check a mineral’s streak? Why is streak more useful than color for identifying minerals? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. What is luster? Outline how minerals are classified on the basis of luster.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


1. Physical properties of minerals includea. chemical makeup. b. bonding.b. Fracture. d. all of the above

2. Which of the following properties may vary for different samples of a given mineral?

a. color b. lusterb. Streak c. hardness

3. Which mineral has a resinous luster?a. Diamond c. quartzb. Sulfur d. none of the above

4. Minerals with higher specific gravity have greater

a. Volume. c. fracture.b. Density. d. mass.

5. No other mineral can scratch the minerala. Talc. c. quartz.b. Diamond. d. corundum.

6. If a mineral has cleavage it breaksa. into pieces with jagged edges. c. along smooth curved surfaces.b. along smooth flat surfaces. d. into splinters like wood.

7. If a mineral bubbles when exposed to a weak acid, it has the property ofa. Radioactivity c. magnetism.b. Reactivity. d. acidity.

Matching Match each definition with the correct term.Definitions_____ 1. sparkly non-metallic luster_____ 2. softest mineral_____ 3. amount of mass per unit volume_____ 4. hardest mineral_____ 5. glowing under ultraviolet light_____ 6. break in a mineral that is not along a cleavage plane_____ 7. glassy non-metallic luster

Name___________________ Class______________ Date________

Termsa. densityb. fluorescencec. talcd. fracturee. vitreousf. adamantineg. diamond


1. A glassy appearing mineral would have a luster that isa. Silky b. pearlyb. Vitreous d. earthy

2. A mineral that splits into even sheets shows which of the following properties?

a. low density c. consistent streakb. good cleavage d. triclinic crystal shape

3. Color variety in minerals is caused bya. chemical impurities c. change in temperatureb. the number of crystals d. the crystalline structure

4. Diamond has which of the following types of luster?a. Metallic c. adamantineb. Glassy d. pearly

5. A mineral has a mass of 240 grams and a volume of 60 cubic centimeters. What is its density?

a. 14400g/cm3 c. 4g/cm3b. 8g d. 4cm3/g

6. What mineral fizzes when it comes in contact with hydrochloric acid?a. Quartz c. pyriteb. Gypsum d. calcite

7. What would you use the Mohs scale for?a. to determine a mineral's hardnessb. to find the mass of a mineralc. to calculate the density of a minerald. to determine a mineral's fracture

8. When a mineral is rubbed across an unglazed porcelain plate. What mineral property is being tested?

a. Hardness c. lusterb. Color d. streak

9. Minerals that exhibit fluorescence

a. have a characteristic fluorite structure.b. have a distinctive smell.c. glow under ultraviolet light.d. give off radiation that can be measured with a Geiger counter.

10.Minerals will breaka. where their chemical bonds are weakest.b. along flat planes.c. in one direction.d. in patterns such as fibrous, splintery, or smooth-curved.

11.Fluorite isa. harder than apatite but softer than calcite.b. harder than gypsum but softer than apatite.c. harder than calcite but softer than feldspar.d. harder than feldspar but softer than apatite.

12.A mineral with vitreous luster looksa. pearly.b. glassy.c. resinous.d. none of the above.

True or False Write true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false._______ 13. The same mineral can have different shapes.

_______ 14. Corundum can scratch topaz but will be scratched by diamond.

_______ 15. Many minerals are colored by chemical impurities.

_______ 16. Color is a more reliable property than streak because color does not vary.

_______ 17. Fracture is a break in a mineral along certain planes.

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