Study Material of 9/7/2020For Class Nursery to KG II and IX to XII

Class NurserySubject Topic ExecutionEnglish Worksheet

Rain Rain go away Check WhatsApp Revision

Math Worksheet Check WhatsApp Hindi Letter ‘ड’ – 4 lines Write in the copy

Bengali নীচে�র ছবি� দেচে� নাম �চে�াঃ Pg ১২, ১৩

Read and repeat

Class KG ISubject Topic ExecutionEnglish Reading Book – Pg 40 “Piggy

on the railway line” Listen and repeat

Math Reading Book – less than: Pg 145

Do in the book

GK Oral sheet Check WhatsAppArt/Craft Pg 6 Do in the book

Class KG IISubject Topic ExecutionEnglish One and many – worksheet Check WhatsApp Math Few or many - worksheet Check WhatsApp Hindi ी� की मात्रा – worksheet Check WhatsApp

Bengali ই – কার দে�াচে� শটি শব্দ দে��ঃ Write in the copy

Class IXSubject Topic Summary Execution

English Language

Essay/composition A composition is the art creating a piece of writing on any topic or subject.

Structure of the composition:

Introduction ( you lay the foundation for your composition)

Body (it constitutes the main part of the essay)

Conclusion (final statement that leaves a lasting impression)

Kinds of essay/ composition:

Narrative composition

Descriptive composition

Argumentative composition

Reflective composition

A descriptive composition portrays people, places, things, moments and

Write a composition (350-400) on one of the given topics:

Your first day at school or,

Your father has decided to take the entire family on a luxury cruise from India to Malaysia. Describe the experience.

theories with vivid details to help the readers create a mental picture of what is being written about. It differs from a narrative in the sense that it does not require any dialogue or a storyline. In fact, a descriptive essay is a record of observed facts, which are impersonal in character.

A descriptive composition generally focuses on portraying one of the following:

A person

A place

An object

An experience

A memory

EVS Chapter 3 –How Ecosystems Work

What is the Water Cycle?

The water cycle is a way that water moves all around the Earth.

For example, water that resides in the ocean or in a lake. Some water on the surface of the ocean will evaporate due to heat from the sun. When it evaporates it turns into vapor water and goes up into the atmosphere. This vapor water gets together with a lot of other vapor water and turns into clouds. Clouds move about the earth with the weather and once they are so full of water they drop the water to Earth in some form of precipitation. It could be rain, snow, sleet, or hail. When the water hits the earth it may fall right back into the ocean or feed a flower or be snow on the top of a mountain. Eventually this water will evaporate and start the whole cycle again.

There are three main ways that water on land turns into vapor:

Evaporation - This is the main

Short Answer Question4. How is solar energy changed to chemical energy ?

By the process of photosynthesis solar energy changed to chemical energy .

5. What is photosynthesis?

Photosynthesis, the process by which green plants and certain other organisms transform light energy into chemical energy. During photosynthesis in green plants, light energy is captured and used to convert water, carbon dioxide, and minerals into oxygen and energy-rich organic compounds.

6. What is Food web?

A food web is a graphical representation of many food chains linked together to show the feeding relationships of different organisms in an ecosystem.

process by which water goes from the ground to vapor in the atmosphere. Around 90 percent of the water vapor in the atmosphere got there through evaporation. Evaporation takes place only on the water's surface. It takes energy in the form of heat. Hot water will evaporate more easily than cold water. The sun provides a lot of the energy for evaporation in the water cycle, primarily causing evaporation from the surface of the ocean.

Sublimation - This is when water moves directly to vapor from ice or snow without ever melting into water. Good conditions for sublimation to occur is when ice or snow is in very cold conditions, but it is windy and the sun is shining.

Transpiration - Transpiration is when plants release water on to their leaves that then evaporates into vapor. Plants will release a lot of water as they grow. Around 10 percent of the water vapor in the atmosphere is estimated to come from transpiration.

Water in the atmosphere

We see water in the atmosphere in the form of clouds. There is a small amount of water even in clear skies, but clouds are where water has started to condense. Condensation is the process of water vapor becoming liquid water. Condensation is a major step in the water cycle. The atmosphere helps to move water around the world. It takes water that evaporated from the ocean and moves it over land where clouds and storms form to water plants with rain.

Precipitation

Precipitation is when water falls from the atmosphere back to land. Once enough water gathers in a cloud droplets of water will form and fall to the earth. Depending on the temperature and weather this could be rain, snow, sleet, or even hail.

Water storage

A lot of the Earth's water does not take part in the water cycle very often., Much of it is stored. The Earth stores water in a number of places. The ocean is the largest storage of water. Around 96 percent of the Earth's water is stored in the ocean. We can't drink the salty ocean water, so fortunately for us, freshwater is also stored in lakes, glaciers, snow caps, rivers, and below the ground in groundwater storage.

Subject: Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice – William Shakespeare)Topic: Act II, Scene 8, Lines 1 to 26 (Solanio: ….. …… Or he shall pay for this ) [Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase provided]

Summary Questions & Answers

The scene shifts to Venice again and we are shown the manner in which Shylock receives the loss of his daughter and his money. He is uncertain which is the greater loss, but seems to think his gold is of more importance. In the meantime, a rumour arises that Antonio has suffered the loss by shipwreck of one of the rich cargoes, on which he was relying upon to repay the Jew before the bond expired. This situation suggests possibilities and prepares us for what Shylock may do when he has Antonio, whom he despised, in his power. This scene also depicts the depth of the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio.

(1) (Act II, Sc 8, Line 6-11)

SALERIO: He came too late, the ship was under sail,

But there the duke was given to understand,

That in a gondola were seen togetherLorenzo and his amorous Jessica;Besides, Antonio certified the duke,They were not with Bassanio in his ship.

(i) Who is ‘he’ in the above lines? What is a ‘gondola’? Where were Lorenzo and Jessica seen together? Where was the ship going to?

‘He’ is Shylock who along with the Duke came searching for Bassanio’s ship.

A ‘gondola’ is a traditional flat-bottomed Venetian rowing boat.

Salario and Solanio are talking. Salario tells Solanio that Gratiano is on the ship of Bassanio who is just ready to sail off from Venice. He further says that Lorenzo and Jessica were not in that ship.

Solanio says that Jessica and Lorenzo went out in a pleasure boat. Solanio informs Salerio that when Shylock came to know of the elopement of Jessica with Lorenzo, he went almost mad and cried out in fits of anger, sorrow and revenge. On this, Salerio says that the street boys chased Shylock and threw stones at him thinking that he was mad.

Solanio apprehends that it may cost Antonio very dear if he fails to pay back the money to Shylock in time. This is in view of the fact that he has sworn revenge because his daughter Jessica has eloped with a Christian taking his gold and Jewels.

Lorenzo and Jessica were seen together in a Gondola.

Bassanio’s ship was going to Belmont.

(ii) Who were in the ship? What was the purpose of this voyage? Who woke up the Duke? Why?

Bassanio and Gratiano were there in the ship.

Bassanio was sailing to Belmont to woo Portia’s hand in marriage.

Shylock woke up the Duke as his daughter had eloped with Lorenzo taking with her gold and jewels while fleeing.

Shylock wanted to catch his daughter whom he thought was sailing in Bassanio’s ship.

(iii) What was Shylock’s reaction to Jessica’s elopement? In what mood did the boys in Venice follow Shylock?

Shylock was outraged and was shouting in the streets for his daughter and the money and jewels she stole while eloping.

The boys of Venice were having fun mocking Shylock.

(iv) Do you think that Jessica’s elopement had any effect on Shylock’s attitude towards Antonio? Justify your statement.

Jessica’s elopement intensified Shylock’s hatred for Christians and his desire for revenge. Later when Shylock hears

the news of Antonio’s ships wrecking in the sea, he becomes very happy as now he could seek revenge.

(v) What news does Salerio give to Solanio which indicates that Antonio may fail to ‘keep his day’? What has Antonio done with all his fortunes?

Salerio met a Frenchman who said that a Venetian ship loaded with expensive cargo was wrecked in the English Channel. Solanio and Salerio are worried that this ship may be of Antonio in which case he would not be able to repay the loan money to Shylock.

Antonio has invested all his fortunes in business, though he had not invested all his money in one ship or in one part of the world.

(Act II, Sc 8, Line 12-26)

SOLANIO: I never heard a passion so confus’d,

So strange, outrageous, and so variable,

As the dog Jew did utter in the streets:My daughter!—O my ducats!—O my daughter!Fled with a Christian?—O my Christian ducats!—Justice! The law! My ducats, and my daughter!A sealed bag, two sealed bags of ducats,Of double ducats, stol’n from me by my daughter!And jewels; two stones, two rich and precious stones,Stol’n by my daughter!—Justice! Find the girl!She hath the stones upon her, and the ducats!

SALERIO: Why, all the boys in Venice follow himCrying,—‘His stones, his daughter, and his ducats.’

SOLANIO: Let good Antonio look he keep his day,Or he shall pay for this.

(i) What is your reaction to Solanio’s account of Shylock’s condition?

From Solanio’s description we learn that Shylock is shocked and has become mad on the account of the losses he has suffered. His daughter has run away with a Christian and has taken way a big portion of his money and jewels. Shylock is feeling deeply grieved by his daughter’s conduct. He is unable to exercise self-control and gives way to his grief and bitterness publicly in the streets.

(ii) What light does Solanio’s first speech throw on the character of Shylock?

The above mentioned speech of Solanio presents Shylock as a miser and greedy man. In his madness also he harps upon the idea of his lost wealth. He is hurt not so much by the loss of his daughter as by loss of his wealth.

(iii) What does Solanio’s last speech in the extract mean?

Solanio means to say that Antonio should pay the loan taken by him in time. If he fails to repay the loan in time he would have to pay a heavy penalty which would be a pound of his flesh.

(iv) What opinion do you form of Shylock’s daughter as described here by Shylock?

Shylock’s daughter Jessica has behaved in a most impertinent manner. She has brought disgrace and disrepute to her father by running away from her home. Her conduct becomes more disgraceful because she has run away with a big portion of

Shylock’s wealth.

(v) Does justice find the girl as demanded by Shylock?

No, justice is unable to find the girl. Actually Jessica and her lover have escaped from Venice.

Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution Chemistry CH-3

-Study of Acids, Bases and Salts

1)ACIDS:-An Acid is a chemical compound which on dissolution in water yields hydronium ions(H3O+) as the only positively charged ions.

All acids contain the Hydrogen ion(H+) as the only Positive Radical. However, H+ ions cannot exist by itself. In aqueous solutions, H+ ions combine with water to form Hydronium Ion[H3O+].

HCl↔ H+ + Cl-

H+ + H2O ↔H3O+

Or, HCl +H2O ↔ H3O+ + Cl-

HNO3 + H2O ↔ H3O+ + NO3

-

2)Classification of Acids:-

(i)On the basis of Source:-

(A)Organic Acids:- Acids which are present in animal and plant material are known as Organic Acids. These are weak acids.Examples:-

1. Ethanoic acid (CH3COOH) in Vinegar.

2. Lactic acid [CH3CH(OH)COOH] in Sour milk.

3. Citric acid (C6H8O7) present in lemons.

4. Methanoic acid (HCOOH) present in ant stings.

(B)Inorganic Acids(Mineral Acids):-

Q. What do you mean by Basicity of an Acid?Classify the acids on the basis of Basicity of an acid.A.Basicity of an acid:-It is the number of H+ or H3O+ ions which can be produced by one molecule of an acid in aqueous solution or it is the number of OH- of a base with which one molecule of an acid can react.On the basis of Basicity of an acid, acids are divided into 3 categories, they are listed below:-

(1)Monobasic Acids:- These are the acids which on complete

dissociation produce 1 H+ ion per molecule of the acid or contain 1 replaceable H+ ion per molecule.e.g.- HCl (aq)↔ H+ + Cl-

These acids ionize in 1 step in aqueous solutions. For example:-HNO3(aq)↔ H+ + NO3

-

They form only one type of salt (normal salt) since they have only 1 replaceable H+ ion,HCl + NaOH→ NaCl + H2OAcid Alkali Salt water

(2)Dibasic Acids:- These are the acids which on complete

dissociation give 2 H+ ions per molecule of the acid or contain 2 replaceable H+ ions per molecule.e.g. – H2SO4 ↔2H+ + SO4

2-

Sulphuric acidH2CO3↔ 2H+ + CO3

2-

Carbonic acid They ionize in 2 steps in aqueous solutions. For

example:-H2SO4 ↔ H+ + HSO4

-

HSO4- ↔H+ + SO4

2-

So, H2SO4↔ 2H+ + SO42-

They form 2 types of salts(acid and normal) due to the presence of 2 replaceable H+ ions.H2SO4 + NaOH →NaHSO4+ H2O(Acid salt)NaHSO4 + NaOH → Na2SO4+ H2O (Normal salt)

(3)Tribasic acids:- These are the acids which on complete

Acids which are derived from minerals are called Inorganic acids or Mineral Acids. Some of them are Strong Acids and some of them are Weak Acids.Examples:-

1. Carbonic acid (H2CO3) present in frizzy soft drinks.

2. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) found as the dilute acid in stomach

3. Nitric acid (HNO3) used in making fertilizers and explosives.

4. Sulphuric acid (H2SO4) used in making fertilizers, paints and detergents.

(ii)On the basis of chemical composition:-

(A)Hydracids:-These are the acids containing hydrogen and a non-metallic element other than oxygen.Examples:- HCl , HBr , HI

(B)Oxy Acids:- These are the acids containing oxygen in combination with another element and hydrogen.Examples:- HNO3 , H2SO4 , H3PO4 , CH3COOH

(iii)On the basis of strength:-

Strength of an Acid depends on the concentration of Hydronium ions[H3O+] present in aqueous solution of an acid.

Two types, i.e. (A)Strong Acids:-Acids which dissociate almost completely in aqueous solutions, thereby producing a high concentration of

dissociation give 3 H+ ions per molecule of the acid or contain 3 replaceable H+ ions per molecule.H3PO4 ↔3H+ + PO4

3-

They ionize in 3 steps.H3PO4↔ H+ + (H2PO4)-

(H2PO4)-↔ H+ + (HPO4)2-

(HPO4)2-↔ H+ + (PO4)3-

They form 3 types of salts:-(a)One acid salt having 2 replaceable H+ ions.H3PO4 + NaOH → NaH2PO4 + H2OMonosodiumDihydrogenphosphate

(b)One acid salt having 1 replaceable H+ ions.H3PO4 +2NaOH→ Na2HPO4 + H2ODisodium Hydrogenphosphate

(c)One normal saltH3PO4 + 3NaOH →Na3PO4+ H2OTrisodiumphosphate

Q. What is the degree of dissociation of an acid?A. The degree of dissociation ‘α’ (also known as degree of ionization), is a way of representing the strength of an acid.

It is defined as the ratio of the number of ionized molecules and the number of molecules dissolved in water.

It can be represented as a decimal number or as a percentage.

One can classify strong acids as those having ionization degrees above 30%, weak acids as those with α below 30%, and the rest as moderate acids, at a specified molar concentration.

Q. What are the differences among Monobasic, Dibasic and Tribasic Acids:-A.

hydrogen ions[H+] or hydronium ions[H3O+] are known as “STRONG ACIDS”. e.g. –

1. HCl 2. H2SO4

3. HNO3

(B)Weak Acids:-Acids which dissociate only to a small extent, thereby producing a low concentration of hydrogen ions[H+] or hydronium ions[H3O+] are known as “WEAK ACIDS”.e.g. –

1. Acetic acid (CH3COOH)

2. Carbonic acid (H2CO3)3. Hydrocyanic acid

(HCN)

(iv)On the basis of concentration:-

Concentration of an acid depends upon the percentage or amount of an acid dissolved in water.

Two types, i.e. (A)Concentrated Acid:-

An acid having relatively high percentage of acid in its aqueous solution is called a “Concentrated Acid”.

(B)Dilute Acid:-An acid having a relatively low percentage of acid in its aqueous solution is called a “Dilute Acid”.

EVS Topic – Ch –4: Managing soil and land.

Today we will discuss about recycling of timber and paper.

Q 13.What do you mean by recycling of timber ,its advantages and drawbacks ?

The process of turning waste timber into usable products is recycling of timber.

ADVANTAGES: I) ecofriendly.: No more trees need to cut

down . Ii) Very affordable. Iii) Moisture content is recycled. DRAWACKS: I)Trimming of building may result in

pieces of wood that do not meet building codes.

Ii) Though the price may be less that new wood, the process of selecting usable pieces of salvaged wood, pulling out nails, and refinishing for a new use can e laborious and time –consuming.

Iii) A reliable supply of usable wood may be hard to come by for builders.

Iv) Not all pieces of wood in a dismantled building wiil fit in a new building.

Q14 . What is scrap paper ?write the steps of recycling of papers.

Scrap paper is considered the paper suitable for recycling .

The steps of recycling of paper: i) The paper is taken from the bin to a

recycling plant or recycling centre where it is separated into types and grades and sent to the paper mill.

ii) At the mill, all the paper is stored in a ware house until it is needed.

iii) In a big paper machine , the paper is chopped into tiny pieces, mixed with water and chemicals and heated up to break it down into organic plant material, fiber.

Iv) Deinking : by washing the pulp with chemicals .

V) Refining and bleaching: for whiten and brighten it up by different chemicals.

vi) water is added to the pulp and sprayed onto a large metal screen in continuous mode.

Vii) As it moves through the paper –making machines, press rollers squeeze out more water, heat them dry and coat them up.

Viii) Large rollers make paper into large thin sheets. They are then finished into rolls.

Subject: Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice – William Shakespeare)Topic: Act V, Scene 1, Lines 241to 285(End of scene)[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]

Summary

o Bassanio then begs pardon of Portia and assures her that never afterwards in his life will he commit the same mistake again.

o When Antonio stands surety for Bassanio on his above promise, Portia at once gives a ring to Antonio and tells him to give it to his friend Bassanio and ask him to preserve it.

o On seeing the ring Bassanio is extremely surprised as it happens to be the same ring that he gave to the lawyer. Portia says that she got the ring from the same lawyer. At this time Nerissa produces another ring and tells that she got it from the lawyer’s clerk.

o Portia then explains the whole mystery by telling Bassanio and Gratiano that the lawyer was nobody other than

Portia herself and the lawyer’s clerk was none other than Nerissa. Portia further tells that she and Nerissa have just returned from Venice a few moments before Bassanio and the others arrived. Portia then hands over a letter to Antonio which contains the news that all the missing ships of Antonio have reached the harbour and none of his merchandise was lost. Nerissa delivers the deed of gift of Shylock’s property to Lorenzo and Jessica.

o Last of all Portia says that if anybody had still any doubt in his mind she would satisfy everybody fully at the dinner table.

o Gratiano, at the end, says that says that he will fear Nerissa’s ring most and he will try his level best to guard it with his life.

Questions & Answers(Act V, Sc1, Line 267-273)Bassanio: Were you the doctor, and I knew you not?Gratiano: Were you the clerkAntonio: Sweet lady, you have given me life, and living

For here I read for certain, that my shipsAre safely come to road.

Portia: How now, Lorenzo?My clerk hath some good comforts too for you.

(i) Where does this scene take place? What had Portia directed Antonio to give to Bassanio just moments before the above words were spoken?

The scene takes place in the avenue to Portia’s house at Belmont.Portia gave Antonio the ring she had given to Bassanio at the time of marriage and asked him to give it to Bassanio and make him promise that he would preserve it. She had earlier made Bassanio promise that he would not part with the ring on any account but her husband had given it to the lawyer who saved his friend Antonio from death.

(ii) Portia had just given Antonio, Bassanio and Gratiano a letter to read. Who had written this letter? What does Bassanio learn about Portia from this letter?

Portia says the letter that came from Padua was written by Bellario, a lawyer. Bassanio learns that it was his wife who had pretended to be a lawyer and saved Antonio. Nerissa was her clerk.

(iii) What good news does Portia have for Antonio? How does he respond to it?

Portia gives the good news that Antonio will find three of his argosies at the harbour laden with rich cargo and hearing this Antonio is too surprised to react.

(iv) To whom does Portia refer as ‘My clerk’? What ‘good comforts’ does the ‘clerk’ have for Lorenzo?

Portia refers to Nerissa as her clerk. She says that she has a special gift for Lorenzo and Jessica from the rich Jew. It is a special deed of gift which makes clear that after his death, all his possessions will be inherited by Jessica and Lorenzo.

(v) How was Bassanio persuaded to give away the ring that Portia had given him at the time of their marriage? What does this reveal of Bassanio’s relationship with Antonio?

Portia, who had played the role of a lawyer defending Antonio had asked for the ring, that Bassanio had received from her earlier, as an appreciation of her role in saving his friend. Bassanio, at first refused to part with it saying his wife would be upset if he gave the ring away. He was supposed to keep it as a token of faith. Portia said he was giving a lame excuse as all husbands do and pretended to be disappointed when he did not part with it even after she had saved his friend from the clutches of death. Antonio persuaded him in the name of friendship and for the lawyer’s service. Bassanio later sends the ring to Portia. This shows that Bassanio held high respect and love for Antonio that he gave the ring away in spite of Portia’s request of not parting with it ever in life.

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Ques: Explain the meaning of “manna”. (Act V, Sc 1, Line 277-278)Ans: The Bible tells us how the Israelites complained when they had nothing to eat when they were wandering in

the wilderness on their way from Egypt to the Promised Land. God sent them ‘small round things’ miraculously from heaven to feed them. The Jews picked them up from the ground and ate them like bread. They called these ‘manna’.

In Merchant of Venice, in the last scene, when Portia informs that Nerissa has some good news for Lorenzo and Jessica, Nerissa hands them a deed of gift to them from Shylock by which they shall become the heir to the entire wealth of Shylock after his death. On hearing this news, Lorenzo exclaims that Portia and Nerissa drops “manna in the way of starved people”.

Ques: What does “inter’ gatories” mean? (Act V, Sc 1, Line 281)Ans: The word “inter’ gatories” means a series of questions. A witness had to swear upon oath that he would

answer all these questions faithfully. The phrase “charge us there upon inter’ gatories” is a legal phrase that belongs to the court of Queen’s Bench; Portia slips back to the legal language she has used so successfully in court.

Ques: Why is the scene of the Ring Episode important in the play?Ans: Since the play ‘The Merchant of Venice’ is a comedy, the conclusion must be of joy and peace. The tragedy,

pain and peace, is over. All the characters are reunited happily and are celebrating their good fortunes in the idyllic setting of Belmont. The beautiful night scene with Lorenzo and Jessica is full of lyricism, love and music. The setting is soothing and tranquil.

The ring episode provides the welcome relief needed after the tension of the Trial scene. Shakespeare ends his play by telling us what becomes of his characters. So we learn that Antonio’s ships have returned safely and his wealth is restored. Lorenzo and Jessica are happily settled as they are going to receive a fortune from Shylock. Bassanio learns to appreciate the value of his wife. Nerissa and Gratiano are happily united.

The stories of the caskets, the bond, the trial scene, the Lorenzo-Jessica story and the ring story are all completed. Good has triumphed over evil. Harmony is restored and the audiences as well as the readers are left in a pleasing frame of mind.

Class XISUBJECTS TOPICS SUMMARY EXECUTIONEnglishLanguage

Letter – Formal The heading: the name and address of the person you are writing to must be included beneath your own address. In formal letters “block style” of address is preferred.

Salutation: If the person you are writing to is known to you, you may begin “Dear Mr.”Or “Dear Mrs.” In all other instances you should begin “Dear Sir” or “Dear Madam”. Or “Sirs”.

Subject: complain in brief.

The body: A formal or business letter has four parts;

You are Rohan/ shruti, living at D-10 Vansant Vihar, New Delhi. Write a letter to the superintendent Delhi municipal corporation complaining against the scarcity of water in your area.

D-10, VasantVihar,New Delhi.5th June,2020

Receiver’s address.

Sir, [Sub: Complaining about the scarcity of water.] With due respect I would like to draw your kind attention towards the scarcity of water in our area.We have been facing this problem for a

Reference: The letter should begin by referring to a letter you have received, an advertisement or the reason that has prompted you to write.Information: In the second paragraph it is necessary to supply more detailed information that is related to the reference.Purpose: Here you must give the reason why you are writing the letter. This must be stated clearly and ensure that it is relevant to the question that has been set.Conclusion: round off the letter with some polite remark.The subscription: when a letter has begun with, dear sir/ sirs/ Madam you should end with : Yours faithfully or yours truly. When, however, you address a person by name , you must conclude with the words “ Yours sincerely”.

long time. There is an acute water shortage in r our area. Because of which the residents of our locality are facing problems. They have no water at their homes. That taps remain dry most of the days. Open the water pressure/flow is very low. Therefore, the residents have to suffer a lot. Many a times the residence have to get the service of the private tankers to fulfill their daily water demands and pay more money for this. The situation is getting from bad to worst every single day. It has become difficult for them to what clothes and complete the domestic chores. Sometimes even go to office without taking bath.

We have complaint many times but no action has been taken yet.I hope that you will take immediate and effective steps to solve this problem.

Yours faithfully,Shruti.

Geography GEOGRAPHY AS A DISCIPLINE

INTRODUCTION:Geography is a fascinating area of study which provides immense possibilities toacquire knowledge and helps us to know the present day world.Geography is primarily concerned with the study of the earth's surface,where all forms of life, including human life exist. It is also concerned with the humanactivities which take place on the surface of the earth.What is Geography? In simple words, geography is the description of the earth. Inother words, geography seeks to describe variations in relief, climate, drainage, vegetation,soil etc. in different parts of the world.The word Geography is the combination of two Greek words viz. Gen' meaning 'theearth' and ‘graphos' meaning 'to write or describe'. Thus, the literal meaning of Geographyis "to write about the earth including all that appears upon it.Eratosthenes (276-194 B.C.)was aGreek geographer who lived in Alexandria (Egypt)was the first scholar to coin the word 'Geography' in 234 B.C)to describe the earth. Richard Hartshorne, "Geography is concerned with the description and explanation of areal differentiation of the earth's surface. Areal differentiation or variations in the phenomena over the earth's surface is not the only concern of geography; rather it goes further to study the associations with the other factors which cause these variations. For example, there are regional variations in the cropping pattern which are associated with variations in soils, climates, demands in the market, capacity of the farmers to invest and technological inputs available to the farmers. Geography also tries to probe causal relationship between any two phenomena.With this view in mind, Hettner gave his definition of geography in these words, "Geography studies the differences of phenomena causally related in parts of theearth's surface."As a well organized discipline, geography is concerned with three sets of questions namely what, where and why.What? There are certain questions which are related to identification of the natural and cultural features found over the surface of the earth. These questions pertain to what?Where? There are some other questions which are related to distributions of the natural and cultural features over the earth's surface. Such questions are about

Where?Why? This set of questions is related to the explanations or the causal relationships between features and the processes and phenomena. This aspect of geography is related to the question Why?

EVOLUTION OF GEOGRAPHY:Geography is often called the mother of all sciences.Thales of Miletus, a Greek geographer, gave the size and shape of the earth in sixth century B.C. Eratosthenes (276-194 B.C.) was the first scholar to measure accurately the circumference of the earth. His calculation of the circumference of the earth is 46,250 km which is very near to the modern calculations with advanced technique.Claudius Ptolemy(90-168 A.D.) gave latitudes and longitudes and drew a very accurate map of the then known world. Strabo was a Roman geographer who gave a detailed account of the world in17 volumes.

Many others added much to the astronomical knowledge and gave rise to classical treatises. Some of the so called discoveries by the western scholars were known to Indian scholars several hundred years before. For example, Aryabhatta pronounced the theory of heliocentric universe a century before Copernicus. He discovered the relative movements of the earth and the sun.The Arab geographical literature came to the world in 800A.D. Al Biruni (973-1039 A.D), AL-Idrisi (1099-1180 A.D.), Ibn-Batuta (1304-1368 A.D.) and Tbn-Khaldun (1332-1406 A.D.) were the main Arab scholars who made efforts to enrich geography) Al-Biruni wrote 27 books on geography.The explorations and discoveries by Marco Polo (1254-1324), Christopher Columbus(1451-1506), Vasco-de-Gama (1460-1524), Ferdinand Magellan (1480-1521) and Captain James Cook (I728-T779) had a great bearing on the geographical knowledge.By the end of eighteenth century and the beginning of nineteenth century, two great German geographers Alexander Von Humboldt (1769-1859) and Karl Ritter (1779-1859) added new dimension to the subject of geography through their travels and writings. Priorto them Imanuel Kant (1724-1804) also of Germany, gave a place of pride to geography inthe overall framework of organised objective of knowledge)He enumerated five such fieldsof geography; mathematical geography; moral (cultural) geography; political geography;commercial geography and theological (religious) geography. He was the first scholar todiscuss the origin of the earth on scientific basis when he postulated his NebularHypothesis in 1755.In the second half of the twentieth century, it was felt that geography is a dynamic subject and is fast changing in its content and scope. Thus the subject could not be boundin a permanent definition and no definition of the subject could be considered final. Walter Isard of University of Penasylvania, USA evolved a new and hybrid discipline celled Regional Science. It brought geography closer to social sciences and mathematics and led to the quantitative revolution in geography. Thus a new branch of geography, known as quantitative geography developed particularly during the second half of the twentieth century.Along with quantitative revolution, another revolution, known as Information Revolution, appeared on the scene in 1970s and its impact was felt widely in 1990s, Remote sensing techniques came to be used for a large variety of purposes as they provided immense information in the form of satellite imageries.Artificial satellites came into use in 1980s. They are capable of taking photographs with greater precision and sharpness and are far better than those taken by the aircraft.They have helped geographers todevelop Geographic Information System (GIS), Land Information System (LIS) and Global Positioning System (GPS) as location decision, administrative and managerial tools Geography of the twenty first

century is set to enter a new era of Spatial Information Technology (SIT). In fact SIT has become the main source of information and information processing since the last quarter of the twentieth century. Environment has always been one of the major themes of geography large scale pollution of environment since the last quarter of the twentieth century has become a matter of serious concern for various disciplines including geography. In certain areas pollution of air, water and land has reached critical stage. This calls for an urgent need toimprove the situation. Geographers, by virtue of their basic training can contribute a lot to save the environment from pollution and deterioration. Thus a new branch of geography, known as Environmental Geography has emerged in the recent past.

Subject: Eng Literature (The Tempest – William Shakespeare) Topic: Act I, Scene 1, Lines1 to 32 (Gonzalo: ….. If he be not born to be hanged, our case is miserable)[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]

Act I, Scene 1 :: SUMMARY – Entire sceneThe play opens with an angry tempest (storm) at sea. It is accompanied by thunder and lightning. A ship is caught in the storm. It drifts on the rising waves at the mercy of the howling wind. The ship’s master enters the scene with the Boatswain (an officer in-charge of ropes, sails and masts etc) to encourage the sailors to face the tempest boldly otherwise the ship was bound to be driven to the land to dash against some rock. The sailors come out very gladly and attend to the lowering of the topsail. There are very important passengers on the ship. They are Alonso, the King of Naples; Sebastian, his brother; Ferdinand, his son; Antonio, the usurping duke of Milan (who has taken over Prospero’s dukedom); Gonzalo, the counselor and several courtiers. Alonso sees the ship in trouble. He comes out of his cabin and gently asks the sailors to behave in a manly way. The Boatswain does not like this interference and asks the king and his courtiers to stay inside their cabins. The Boatswain keeps on issuing orders. The sailors try their best to avoid the disaster. The passengers show their anxiety about the safe passage of the ship. There is an exchange of harsh words between the sailors and the courtiers, but all this proves to be of no avail. Gonzalo’s fine counseling (advice) fails here. The King’s power is of no use against the powerful tempest. The sailors are completely wet. They seem to be disappointed. They are dead tired. They lose all hope of saving the ship from being driven to the land and getting destroyed. The king and his son Ferdinand bend on their knees to pray to God and Gonzalo also decided to pray with them.

In the meantime the ship dashes against a rock. People in confusion pray to God for mercy. In this general confusion, Gonzalo expresses a wish to die on land and not be drowned in the sea.

Summary Questions & AnswersSHORT SUMMARY OF THE ENTIRE SCENE

o The play starts with the scene of a severe storm at sea. Alonso (King of Naples), Sebastian (Alonso’s brother), Ferdinand (Alonso’s son), Gonzalo, Antonio (the usurping Duke of Milan) are in a ship in the midst of the storm.

o The mariners are trying their best to control the vessel from running aground and are totally following the orders of their Master, the Boatswain. They have scant success.

o The mariners become extremely unhappy and annoyed when most of the passengers arrive on the deck thereby hampering their effort to save the ship. There is serious confrontation between them and the passengers who are part of the King’s entourage.

(1) GONZALO: Nay, good, be patient.(Line 15-26)

BOATSWAIN: When the sea is! Hence. What cares these roarers for the name of the king? To cabin: silence! Trouble us not.

GONZALO: Good, yet remember whom thou has aboard.BOATSWAIN: None that I more love than myself. You are a

councillor; if you can command these elements to silence, and work the peace of the present, we will not hand a rope more;

use your authority. If you cannot, give thanks you have

lived so long, and make yourself ready in your cabin for the mischance of the hour, if it so hap. [To the Mariners]

Cheerly, good hearts! [To Gonzalo] Out of our way, I say!

(a) To whom is the boatswain speaking? What does he mean by ‘None that I more love than myself’?

The Boatswain is speaking to Gonzalo, the honest old councilor of the Duke of Milan

o The mariners could not save the ship.

SUMMING-UP:

(i) Vivid description of the scene which gives a realistic description of terror and confusion of a tropical storm.(ii) Shows Shakespeare’s accuracy of knowledge in describing the naval operations and also matters of seamanship.

(iii) The opening scene justifies the title – The Tempest.

UNANSWERED QUESTIONS:

(i) The King always travels with his entire fleet including his soldiers. Where were the other ships?

(ii) Why was the ship in that area? Where was it coming from or going where?

(iii) The ship broke apart. What happened to those who were in the ship?

We shall get all the answers in due course.

By using the words – ‘None that I love more than I love myself’ means that for the Boatswain nobody is dearer to him than his own life.

(b) What were the conditions that made the boatswain react in this way?

The Boatswain reacts in this way because the storm is at sea and Alonso, King of Naples; Sebastian, his brother; Ferdinand, his son; Gonzalo; Antonio, the usurping Duke of Milan; on board are in distress and in panic. Thus they have rushed to the deck, interrupting the work of the mariners.(c) What hope does Gonzalo take from the attitude of the boatswain?

The insolent and authoritative attitude of Boatswain makes Gonzalo feel comforted. He tells that there are no signs that the Boatswain will be drowned. But his facial appearance and attitude shows that he is destined to die on land by hanging, which, in effect means, that all on board will be saved. Otherwise all the persons on board are doomed.

(d) How can they ‘make yourself ready in your cabin’? For what were they asked to make ready themselves?

In order to make themselves ready in their cabin, the passengers on board must prepare for death which they will possibly soon have to meet.They can retire to their cabins and offer prayers to the Almighty to save them from drowning.

(e) What does the boatswain say when he is asked to be patient? What does he order to the royal party?

When the boatswain is asked to be patient and remain calm, he says that he will be patient only when the storm will be over and the sea will be calm, but as long as the storm blows and there is danger to the ship, he cannot think of being patient. He orders the royal party to go to the cabin and leave the mariners to their work.

(2) GONZALO: I have great comfort from this fellow. (Line 27-36)Methinks he hath no drowning mark upon him; his complexion is perfect gallows. Stand fast, good Fate, to his hanging. Makethe rope of his destiny our cable, for our own doth littleadvantage. If he be not born to be hanged, our case ismiserable.

(a) Why does Gonzalo regard the Boatswain in the midst of danger?

In the midst of danger, Gonzalo regards the boatswain because he feels that the Boatswain is a source of comfort and is bent upon to do his work sincerely which, in this case, is saving the ship and its passengers from the severest of raging storm.

(b) What reasons does Gonzalo give when he says that none in

the ship will die of drowning?

Gonzalo is almost sure that none in the ship will die by drowning. His says that there is no mark on the face of the boatswain that indicates that he will die by drowning. On the other hand, the lines on his face are strong indications that he will be hanged to death. Therefore, there shall be no danger of the ship’s sinking.

(c) Explain the following: “Stand fast, good Fate, to his hanging. Make the rope of his destiny our cable, for our own doth little advantage. If he be not born to be hanged, our case is miserable”.The stated lines mean that if the will of destiny is to be carried out, then the ship will not get wrecked and all the passengers will be saved. The safety of the passengers, therefore, depends upon the will of fate being carried out in the case of the boatswain. If, however, the boatswain is not to die by hanging, then the passengers are also very unsafe because in that case the ship is likely to sink.

(d) What order does the Boatswain give to the sailors when he re-enters? What does he say about the crying of the fellows inside the cabin?

The boatswain orders the sailors to bring the topmast lower and bring the ship close to a stationary position with the help of the main sail. He says that the fellows inside the cabin are moaning and crying in their distress louder than his voice and louder even than the roaring of the storm.

Class XIISUBJECTS TOPICS SUMMARY EXECUTIONBiology Topic –Chapter -

5: Human Health & Diseases

Health is state of complete physical, mental and social well being rather than only physical fitness or the absence of disease. Now, what is disease? The condition of improper functioning or any condition which interferes with the normal functioning of one or more organs of the body and causes disorder of mind or body.

Today we will discuss about some communicable diseases.

Execution Part :

DISEASES Congenital Acquired Infectious or Communicable Chronic Acute NonInfectious or Non Communicable Nutritional Deficiencies Degenerative Occupational Alergies AddictivesMental

Communicable diseases: Pathogens: Disease causing organisms like viruses , bacteria, ,

fungi , parasitic protozoa, helminthes and certain arthropoda.Viral Diseases1. Common cold:It is caused by rhinovirus.Transmits through inhalation of droplets. Containing virus, produced from cough or sneezes.Symptoms:It includes nasal congestion, sore throat, and headache, and Runny nose, lack of appetite and general feeling of lack of energy.Prevention:i) By inhaling steams.ii)taking painkillers(as prescribed by doctors)iii) Taking extra fluids to cool the body and by keeping the temperature of patient down.

Geography CLIMATE INDIAN MONSOON REGIME:Following aspects of monsoonal rainfall will help in understanding the monsoons in a better way:

A. The onset and advance of the monsoon.

B. Rain-bearing system and rainfall distribution.

C. Break in the monsoon.D. The retreat of the monsoon.

THE ONSET AND ADVANCE OF THE MONSOON:The land mass, particularly in the north-west India gets intensely heated duringsummer season causing a very low pressure area there. The Indian Ocean remainscomparatively cooler leading to high pressure condition there. This causes a north-wardshift in the position of the ITCZ and the south-east trade winds cross the equator and,after deflection, these winds enter India as south-west monsoon winds.The shift in the position of the ITCZ is also related to the withdrawal of the westerly jet stream from the south of the Himalayan range.The easterly jet stream is caused by the summer heating of the Himalayan and the Tibetan highlands. These highlands occupy a vast area of 4.5 million square kilometers with an average altitude of more than 4,000 meters. As these highlands are heated in summer due to northward shift of the sun, a clockwise circulation of the wind takes place in the middle of the troposphere. This results in two main streams of air from this

Q1. What is Break in Monsoon?A1. When the south-west monsoon fails to bring rainfall fortwo or more weeks and there is a dry spell in the rainy season, it is called the break inthe monsoon. This break may be caused either by failure of the tropical depressions orby dislocation of the monsoon trough (ITCZ) over north India.

Q2. When monsoon enters in India?A2. Monsoon arrives at Kerala on 1st

June. Then it bifurcated into Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea branch.The Arabian Sea branch reaches at Mumbai on 10th June.The Bay of Bengal branch reaches at Kolkata on 10th June.On 15th of July, it spreads all over the India.

Q3. What do you understand by the term LOO?A3. Loo: Hot, dry and oppressing winds blowing in the northern plains from Punjab to Bihar with higher intensity between Delhi and Patna.

Q4. What do you understand by the term October Heat?A4. In the month of October There is clear sky, low humidity and the weather becomes fresh and pleasant in the north. But the air becomes almost stagnant in the Deccan. The sultry and oppressive weather is referred to as October Heat.

landmass. One of these streams goes towards the equator while the other is deflected towards the pole; The equator ward flow enters India as easterly jet stream while the pole ward stream goes to East-Central Asia as westerly jet stream.The south-west monsoon sets in over the Kerala coast by 1 June and reaches Mumbaiand Kolkata by 10-13 June. It spreads all over the sub-continent by 15 July.RAIN-BEARING SYSTEM AND RAINFALL DISTRIBUTION:The monsoon rainfall is nevercontinuous but comes as wet spells followed by dry spells. The tropical depressions fromthe Bay of Bengal cause rainfall in the northern plain of India while the west coast ofIndia receives rainfall from the Arabian Sea current of the monsoon. The intensity ofrainfall on the west coast of India depends uponthe off-shore meteorological conditions and the position of the equatorial jet stream along the eastern coast of Africa.The frequency and the tracks of Bay of Bengal depressions depend upon the position of ITCZ which is generally known as the monsoon trough. A change in the position of ITCZ causes a change in the axis of the tropical depression which brings about a change in the intensity and distribution of rainfall. The amount of rainfall decreases from west to east-north-east over the west coast and from east-south-east towards north-west over the Indian plain and the northern peninsula.BREAK IN THE MONSOON:When the south-west monsoon fails to bring rainfall for two or more weeks and there is a dry spell in the rainy season, it is called the break in the monsoon. This break may be caused either by failure of the tropical depressions or by dislocation of the monsoon trough (ITCZ) over north India. Over the west coast, we experience dry spell when the winds blow parallel to the coast. In the western part of Rajasthan, the inversion of temperature prevents rain-bearing winds from rising up and a dry spell is experienced.THE RETREAT OF THE MONSOON:The south-west monsoon starts

Q 5. What is western disturbance? In which part do they cause precipitation in India? What is the use of this rainfall?A5. Western disturbance originates in West Asia and in areas near the Mediterranean sea. They travel eastward across Iran and Pakistan and reach India during winter season. The Jet stream plays an important role in bringing theses disturbance to India. On an average, four to five such depression visit India during December to February. Western disturbance causes rainfalls in north western part of India include Punjab, Rajasthan, and Haryana. It helps to wheat cultivation on that part.

retreating by 1 st September from the western strip of Rajasthan and, by 15 th

September, it retreats from most parts of Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan and Gujarat. It retreats from most parts ofIndia by mid-October, except the southern peninsula. The retreating monsoon picks up moisture from the Bay of Bengal and establishes itself over Tamil Nadu coast inthe month of December and causes rainfall there.It is clear from that the time of advance and retreat is different indifferent areas. The monsoon reaches north-western part of the country last of all and retreats from this area first of all. In Punjab, the monsoon reaches on 1 July and retreats from there by mid-September leaving just two and a half months of rainy season there. In contrast to this, the monsoon reaches the Coromandel Coast in the beginning of June and retreats from there in mid-December. Thus, the duration of monsoon activity is about six and a half months there.RHYTHM OF SEASONS:1. The Winter Season or cold weather

season.2. The Summer Season or hot weather

season.3. The Rainy Season or south-western

monsoon season.4. The season of retreating monsoon.

THE WINTER SEASON OR COLD WEATHER SEASON:

(DECEMBER TO FEBRUARY) The sun shines vertically between

the equator(23 September) and the Tropic of Capricorn(23 December). The winter season begins to set in by about the middle of October when the Sun rays do not fall vertically on any part of the subcontinent.

Temperature: The average temperature is below 21°C. January is the coldest month. At high altitudes of the north snow falls happen.

Weather Conditions: Clear skies, fine cool weather, light northerly winds and low humidity are characteristics of this season.

Pressure: As a result, a high pressure develops the land cools faster than the sea.

Winds: Winds start blowing from the high pressure area over the land to the low pressure area over the sea in a general North-East direction. These are offshore winds and normally do not bring rain.

Winter Rainfall: Tamil Nadu receives rain from the North-East monsoon as the winds pick moisture when crossing the Bay of Bengal and some parts of Punjab, Haryana, Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, northern Rajasthan, Uttarakhand and western Uttar Pradesh receive light-to-moderate and at times even heavy rainfall (5 to 7 cm), due to the westerly depressions (temperate cyclones), coming from the Mediterranean sea.THE SUMMER SEASON OR HOT

WEATHER SEASON:(MARCH TO MID-JUNE)

Due to the apparent movement of the sun northwards, vertical rays fall on the Tropic of Cancer. The belt of maximum temperature moves northward during March and April from the southern parts of the peninsulatowards the Northern Plains.

Temperature: The southern parts of the Peninsula and the coastal plains have a maximum temperature of about 35°C.Mostparts of the Northern Plains have a maximum temperature exceeding 40°C.

Weather Conditions: Very hot and humid. Dust storms with strong winds are common in Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh where they are known as Northwesters and Loo, and in West Bengal and Assam where they are known as Kalbaisakhi and Bardoichila respectively.

Mango Shower: Towards the end of the summer, there are pre-monsoon showers which are a common phenomenon in Kerala and coastal areas of Karnataka. Locally they are known as mango showers since they help in the early ripening of mangoes.

Loo: Hot, dry and oppressing winds blowing in the northern plains from Punjab to Bihar with higher intensity between Delhi and Patna.

THE RAINY SEASON OR SOUTH-WESTERN MONSOON SEASON:

(JUNE TO SEPTEMBER) The intense heat causes a low

pressure over the Northern Plain. It is intense enough to attract the moisture-bearing winds from the Indian Ocean. Thus, the south-east trade winds from the Southern Hemisphere are attracted towards India.

On crossing the equator they are deflected to their right and blow over the Indian subcontinent as the south-west monsoon winds.

There are main two branches of Indian monsoon, The Arabian Sea branch and The Bay of Bengal branch.

The Arabian Sea Branch of the South-WestMonsoon

Arabian Sea branch approaches the south-west coast of India by the first week of June.

The Western Ghats force the moist air to rise quite high. Heavy rain (i.e. 200-250 cm) falls on the windward slopes of the Western Ghats. While the leeward side receives only 60 cm of rainfall; the rain shadow area receives still less.

After crossing the Ghats, the monsoon winds cross the plateau and reach Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand and Odisha giving moderate rainfall. Part of this wind enters through the Narmada valley and causes good rainfall in the Chota Nagpur area.

The Bay of Bengal Branch of the South-WestMonsoon

These winds passing over the Ganga and Brahmaputra delta strike against the lower ranges the Himalayas Chittagong and Assam hills, and then rise and cause very heavy rainfall in West Bengal, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh and the southern slopes of the Khasi-Jaintia Hills.

In this region, Cherrapunji, situatęd on the windward slopes of the Khasí Hills, (receives anannual rainfall of over 1,250 cm which is one of the heaviest in the world.

A small amount of precipitation, about 25 cm, is received on the

eastern slopes of the Aravalis as they form a barrier, but Thar on the western side lies in the rain shadow for the South-West monsoon's Bay of Bengal branch and receives little or no rainfall.

The normal duration of the monsoon in most parts of India is 100 to 120days but in Rajasthan it is 45 to 50 days, while it is a maximum of six months in Kerala.

THE SEASON OF RETREATING MONSOON:

(OCTOBER AND NOVEMBER) With the apparent movement of the

sun south ofthe equator, the low-pressure area over the northwestern part of India weakens and the South-West monsoon starts withdrawing from the subcontinent by the beginning of September.

By the beginning of September, it withdraws from Rajasthan then Punjab and Haryana bymid-September and by the first week of October; the monsoon withdraws from most parts of north India. By mid-October, it withdraws from Central India and by early November, southern India sees the last of the retreating monsoon.

There is clear sky, low humidity and the weather becomes fresh and pleasant in the north. But the air becomes almost stagnant in the Deccan. The sultry and oppressive weather is referred to as October Heat.

Commerce Chapter- Principles of Management

In previous study material I have given you features of Principles of Management.Today I am going to give you the 14 Principles of Management given by Henry Fayol..

Principles of Management given by Henry Fayol:1. Division of work : According to

Fayol if work is divided into small tasks and assigned to trained specialist then it will help in taking the advantage of specialization. Because of this principle and organization is divided into separate departments like production, sales, finance, marketing etc.

2. Authority and responsibility : Authority means the right to give Orders and obtain obedience. On the other hand responsibility

means obligation to complete the assign task on time. According to Fayol there must be a balance between authority and responsibility. Otherwise and organisational goals cannot be achieved.

3. Discipline : It is a sincerity and obedience towards organisational rules and regulations, necessary for the smooth functioning of anorganisation. According to Fayol, good superiors at all levels, fair agreements helpful in maintaining discipline.

4. Unity of command :The principle of unity of command states that each participant in a formal organisation should receive order and is answerable to only one superior. If employee gets order from to Superior at the same time it will result in confusion and chaos.

5. Unity of direction :It implies that there should be one head and one plan for a group of activities having the same objective. All the related activities should be put under one group and they should be in the control of one manager.

6. Subordination of individual interest to general interest: Sometimes and individual starts giving priority to his own interest but according to fair in all situations companies interest should supersede the interest of the individual.

7. Remuneration of employees : According to Fayol the quantum and methods of remuneration payable to all employees should be fair and reasonable. It should be satisfactory to both employers and employees which gives them a reasonable standard of living and should be within the paint capacity of the company

8. Centralisation and decentralization : The concentration of decision-making

authority is called centralisation where as its dispersal among more than one person is known as decentralization. According to Fayol an Organisation should strive to achieve a proper balance between centralisation and decentralization according to size of organisation, ability of superiors, ability of subordinates etc.9 Scalar chain .: According to Fayol ,scalar chain refers to the chain of authority and communication that runs from top to bottom and should be followed by managers and their subordinates.Gangplank refers to an arrangement in which to managers who are working at the same level can communicate with each other directly for quick communication.10. Order : According to this principal there should be an orderly arrangement and specific place for everything (material order) and everyone ( social order) in the organisation. 11. Equity : This principal emphasizes kindliness and Justice in the behaviour of managers towards workers. There should be no discrimination against anyone on account of sex, religion, language, cast or belief. An equal opportunities should be available for all.12. Esprit De Corps : it means union is strength. Fayolemphasised on teamwork. This spirit brings harmony in the groups and they strive to work hard to achieve the target of an organisation. For these managers should replace 'T' with ‘We’ in all his conversations

13. Stabilty of Personnel: According to this principle ,Fayol insisted that an employee must be kept at a post for a minimum fixed tenure. This would help him to produce effective results, ensure stability and prove his abilty.

14. Initiative: According to this principle Fayol suggested that employees at all levels should take initiatives or actions without any force or boundations.

Subject: Eng Literature (The Tempest – William Shakespeare) Topic: Essay Questions (EQ-6)Question No. 5:

Give a sketch of the character of Ariel.

Answer:

Ariel is a unique creation of Shakespeare’s. In the portrayal of this character, Shakespeare’s genius shines to the greatest advantage. Ariel is a link between the human and supernatural worlds; hence there is a unique blend in him of the natural and supernatural. He is a spirit, but he moves in the human sphere; he combines spirit-like qualities with human attributes, and therein lies the originality of this portraiture.

A Spirit of the Air:

Ariel, as the very name implies, is a spirit of the air. But being also an elemental spirit, he is equally at home in all elements; he penetrates into the earth, mixes with fire and dives into the sea. He changes himself into all shapes from fire to a water-nymph, from a harpy to Ceres. He is swift in his motion; he drinks the air before him while running. He performs at the behest of Prospero with incredible promptitude. He is always present wherever he is needed, always finds out what is most urgent to know, keeps good discipline among the lesser spirits. In other words, he is Prospero’s attendant spirit, his right hand.

His Longing for Freedom:

Like all attendant spirits, Ariel has a great longing for freedom. He is moody and sulky, unwilling to serve Prospero. Prospero has to remind him how he had once delivered him from the curse of Sycorax, and not fewer than seven times in the play he has to reiterate his promise of freedom. At the same time, this longing for freedom is not at variance with the pleasure that Ariel takes in the performance of his duties and Prospero’s appreciation of it. He feels flattered when Prospero says, ‘well done, my brave spirit.’ This conduct of Ariel is additional confirmation of the paradoxical key-note of the play that ‘true freedom consists in service.’

Human Touches in Ariel:

Though Ariel a spirit of the air, he has some human attributes. He shows consideration, tactfulness, reverence and admiration for his master, whose order he carries out as quickly as lightning. He values highly the love of Prospero and is at pains to merit it. He feels flattered at Prospero’s appreciation of his services. His description of the shipwrecked party as they lay distracted “brimful of sorrow and dismay,” so much so that Prospero’s affection would become tender if he beheld them, shows a tender, human pity. “Mine would, sir, were I human” this is what he says to his master, describing the pitifulness of the scene. Prospero had to confess:

Hast thou, which are but air, a touch, a feeling (Act V, Scene 1, Line 21-24)Of their affections, and shall not myself, One of their kind, that relish all as sharply,Passion as they, be kindlier moved than thou art?

A Tricksy Spirit:

Like all spirits Ariel too has a love for playing pranks. In the course of the play he becomes more and more a tricky spirit. Being invisible to all eyes, he stirs up strife between the drunken Stephano and Trinculo by shouting ‘Thou liest’ in the midst of their conversation and so makes them come to blows. Later on, he decoys them into the ‘filthy-mantled pool’ before Prospero’s cell, by luring them to it with his music. His taking away the mysterious banquet in the form of a harpy belongs to the same category of work. The tone in which he speaks to his master becomes more and more playful and roguish, like that of a mischievous child. When finally be acquires freedom, he resolves to sail on the bat’s back in pursuit of summer. In all these respects, he is also a fairy of popular superstition.

Affection to Prospero:

Although Ariel is compelled to serve Prospero, there seems to be a certain amount of affection between the two. It is interesting to contrast the Prospero’s terms of endearment applied to Ariel, ‘my dainty Ariel’, ‘my bird’, ‘my Ariel’ with terms of abuse hurled at Caliban. Ariel, it must be remembered, is a spirit and therefore, in theory, not capable of feeling human emotions. He seems, however, to want Prospero to love him.

Ariel : Do you love me, master? No?

Prospero: Dearly, my delicate Ariel.

Role of Ariel:

One of Ariel’s key roles in The Tempest is to provide music. His melodies are heard throughout the island and they can control the action of the characters. Caliban is frequently lulled by airs: ‘…. That give delight …’ (Act III, Scene 2, Line 134) and Ferdinand is lured to his meeting with Miranda by Ariel’s music. Ariel’s songs are so fully integrated into the text that they become part of the dialogue. In Act I, Scene 2, Lines 377-383, the song gives Ferdinand the directions he must follow: ‘come into these yellow sands,’ and the second song helps to convince Ferdinand that his father, Alonso, has been drowned.

Full fathom five thy father lies,Of his bones are coral made.

In Act II, Scene 1, Lines 295-300, Ariel’s song rouses Gonzalo and tells him a little about the plot which Antonio and Sebastian have hatched. And in the final scene of the play, Ariel’s singing emphasizes his spirit, nature and the delight he takes in his promised freedom. Ariel is a spirit and therefore incapable of feeling human emotions. His non-human nature excites the audience’s admiration and his music gives pleasure, but his character lacks the depth and complexity of Caliban’s.

A/c-12, 09/07/20, Topic- Dissolution Model Sum..Sonya and Mayank are partners, who shared profit as 3:2. Following is the balance sheet as on December 31, 2014

Balance Sheet as on December 31, 2014

Liabilities Amount Assets Amount (`Rs.) (Rs`)

Creditors 28,000 Cash in hand 10,500Bills payable 20,000 Cash at Bank 30,000Profit & Loss A/c 13,500 Stock 7,500Sonya’s Capital 32,500 Sundry debtors 21,500Mayank’s Capital 11,500 Less : Provision for bad debt 500 21,000 Land & Building 36,500

1,05,500 1,05,500

The firm was dissolved on December 31, 2014. Close the books of the firm with the following information:(i) Debtors realized at a discount of 5%.(ii) Stock realized at Rs. 7,000.(iii) Building realized at Rs. 42,000.(iv) Realization expenses amounted to Rs.1, 500.(v) Creditors and bills payable are paid in full. Prepare necessary ledger accounts.

Solution: Books of Sonya and Mayank Realization AccountDr. Cr.

Particulars Amount Particulars Amount (Rs.`) (Rs`)

Assets transferred Provision for bad debts 500Stock 7,500 Creditors 28,000Sundry assets 21,500 Bills payable 20,000Land & Building 36,500 BankBank Debtors 20,425Creditors 28,000 Stock 7,000Bills payable 20,000 Land & Building 42,000 Realisation [Expense] 1,500 Profit transferred to (3 : 2)Sonya’s Capital 1,755Mayank’s Capital 1,170

1,17,925 1,17,925

Capital AccountsDr. Cr

Particulars Sonya Mayank Particulars Sonya Mayank (`Rs.) (Rs`) (Rs`) (Rs`)

Bank 42,355 18,070 Balance b/d 32,500 11,500 Profit & Loss A/c 8,100 5,400 Realisation (Profit) 1,755 1,170

42,355 18,070 42,355 18,070

Bank AccountDr. Cr.

Particulars Amount Particulars Amount (`Rs.) (`Rs.)

Balance b/d 30,000 Realisation 49,500Cash 10,500 Sonya’s Capital 42,355

Realisation 69,425 Mayank’s Capital 18,070

1,09,925 1,09,925