CHAPTER 9: SOUTH AMERICA

(HISTORICAL PERIOD 4: 1450-1750 CE)

PART 1: AZTECS AND INCASPART 2: CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS AND THE

SPANISH CONQUISTADORS

PART 1: THE AZTEC AND INCAPART 2: CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS AND THE AGE OF EXPLORATION

Historical period 4 is all about how the Aztecs and the Incas were in South America……..and then Christopher Columbus and the rest of the Spanish conquistadors came and crushed them. Unit 4 is thus known as ‘Global Interactions’ because for the first time we now have the western hemisphere, North and South America, and the New World and it is from 1450-1750.

Don’t 4GET that Historical period 4 begins in 1450, NOT 1492, cuz that’s when the Muslim Ottoman Empire sacked Constantinople.

CHAPTER 8 THE AZTEC AND THE INCA (1300-1500)

LOCATION1. MesoAmerica= Mexico PLUS Central America2. Mesoamerica + South America = Latin America

------------The Aztecs were mostly in Mexico-------------The Incas were mostly on the left side of South America in the Andes Mountains.

In 1500’s: Spain and Portugal later COMPLETELY transformed South America by bringing in Catholicism Slavery

Spanish rule Massive patriarchy Diseases (like smallpox, chickenpox and measles) Horses, cows, goats, pigs and chickens Iron and steel Ships and cannons And guns……………………………………………

S.P.E.E.C.The Maya WILL NOT be on your IB Exam but….B4 the Maya were a group called the Olmecs . The only thing you need to know about them is that they used to build statues with really huge

heads, like Trey, Renel, Bandel and Kaila.

GENDER-RELATIONSActually, unlike the Spanish, the Aztecs and Incas treated men and women ALMOST the same. This is known as gender equality.

Men and women were different, but equal . 1. Men worshipped the sun/women worshipped the moon2. Men worked in the fields/ women with childcare3. Both men and women could be priests.

This is HUGE: This is completely different from almost every other religion we have studied. In Judaism women aren’t even allowed to read the Torah. The Islamic world treats women very badly, and even in Catholicism a woman can’t be a priest or the Pope.

RELIGIONWell, they were BOTH polytheistic and they were both major THEOCRACIES. (A theocracy is different from a democracy in that religion and religious figures are in charge….Kinda like the Brahmins in India) Hint: That would make a GREAT essay question

With the Maya, Aztec and Inca, they were all theocracies and the priests really ran the show. Yes, they both had Emperors and Kings but the priests wielded tremendous influence and more often than not the Emperor used a special relationship to God (or the Gods) to justify his rule and brutality. This is known as divine right to rule and appears all over AP World History (China, Rome, India, Aztecs, Incas, room 171 World History)

In fact, let’s take a look at the Aztec caste system. * remind me to show you scenes from the cartoon Road to el Dorado about the Gods!

THE AZTEC CASTE SYSTEM

KING

- Their #1 emperor was a guy named Montezuma :of course he said he was a descendant of the Sun God.

**If you go to Mexico, drink the water, and get diarrhea,……it’s called Montezuma’s Revenge (cuz we Europeans killed him and all his friends). The only time I ever got sick was when I drank tap water in the airport in Spain)

THE MAYA, AZTECS AND INCA ALL HAD MILLIONS OF SLAVES………………AND WOULD SACRIFICE THEM ON TOP OF RELIGIOUS PYRAMIDS AND THEN………………………………… EAT THEIR HEARTS…………. YUM!!!!

They had these HUGE temples in every city, and on top of these temples, the priests would cut off the slaves’ or prisoners’ heads and then take out their heart. And then…..LUNCH

You see, the Sun God required human blood every single day OR THE SUN WOULDN’T RISE. And so to appease him the Aztec priests (not the Incas) would kill a different slave on top of their pyramid every day the sun rose.

After killing the slave and chopping their heads off, the PRIESTS would cut out the heart, hold it up for all the peasants (You) to bow down to and worship. Then the priests would do their godly duty and eat the heart (with ketchup, tobassco sauce, and pickles)

Other animals besides Aztecs that were cannibals: PRAYING MANTIS

BLACK WIDOW SPIDER. ... SAND TIGER SHARK. ...

CHICKENS. ... CHIMPANZEES. ...

RABBITS. 5th Hour

When the Spanish come they will look at the Incas and Aztecs, and the Native Americans in North America, as SAVAGES. First of all, they’re NOT monotheistic and they don’t have Jesus. And finally, they are cannibals……………………………….

GODS: the big one was the Sun God) Here is a list of all there other gods (no goddesses)

I will call on your randomly and you will pronounce them (David and Rachel will go first) Huitzilopochtli. Huitzilopochtli (pronounced Weetz-ee-loh-POSHT-lee)

Tonatiuh. ... Tezcatlipoca. ...

Chalchiuhtlicue. ... Centeotl. ...

Quetzalcoatl. ... Xipe Totec.

POLITICAL STRUCTURE: The Aztecs were more like Rome, sending out local Governors to run conquered provinces. The Incas, on the other hand, were kind of like China, controlling everything from Cuzco, the

capital. The Incas didn’t have as many slaves as the Aztecs and they DEFINITELY didn’t eat their hearts (no ketchup)

HINT: If u ever get a question about bureaucracy or political structure, juts think of how Plantation High School is run (or even the United States)

AZTECS WERE JUST LIKE CHINA

- The Aztecs demanded TRIBUTE from all surrounding villages; jewelry, gold, clothing, animals, starbucks, skittles (In fact, 40% of all their money and food came from village tribute.)

- You also had to pay a tax after you were conquered, just like in Rome. (all empires really!!)

*An interesting thing about this concept of TRIBUTE is that any country that we study, any Empire, will collect TRIBUTE from its people, its territories and its conquered lands. Of course! What’s the fun of conquering someone if you can’t collect their TRIBUTE. Same thing with stealing their money or making them pay TAXES. I mean, that’s what it was all about. Sometime this money was gold and sometimes (Genghis Kahn and the Mongols) it was people!!!!!!

It’s basically subjects and citizens within those conquered areas either coming to the capital and giving the KING/CEASAR/EMPEROR their MONEY/GOLD/FOOD. It can also be simply seen as TAXATION. It’s really all the same thing. I have not received TRIBUTE from any of you in weeks!

SOME MAJORRRRRR DIFFERNECES BETWEEN SLAVERY IN LATIN AMERICA AND ELSEWHERE

- A slave's children were free (Yay!) (The slave could have possessions and even own other slaves.) How quaint!

- How to win your freedom: A slave could run away from their master, run outside the walls of the market and step on a piece of human excrement. We should try this strategy in class…)

- A master could not sell a slave without the slave's consent (Aw man!!!)

- MY FAVORITE:::: A father could sell his son into slavery if the son was declared incorrigible (bad behavior) by an authority (but dad, I’ll never steal the car again………….)

- Those who did not pay their debts could also be sold as slaves - An Aztec could become a slave as a punishment. A murderer sentenced to death could instead, upon

the request of the wife of his victim, be given to her as a slave.

** Remind me to show u scenes from Mel Gibsons’ movie Apocalypto, which has the best and most accurate sense of international slavery I can think of. You see, slavery in this world is not just about the Civil War.

ALSO, how do you control large empires??????????? Roads!!!!!!!!!!! The Aztecs and Incas had lots of roads. In fact, the Incas had 10,000 MILES OF ROADS!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

The Aztecs actually invented the wheel. Betcha didn’t know that!

If u look at the Incan empire you see that they were mostly high up in the ANDES MOUNTAINS. The Andes Mountains are on the left side of South America and are considered the HARDEST mountains in the world to cross, even more than the Himalayas. They don’t have Mt. Everest, but almost every peak is a steep 10,000 feet.

The Andes built their empire along these mountains and created roads going around them. In fact, their most famous city MACHU PICCHU, is known as CLOUD CITY and is in Peru.

- If u go to Peru, you can take a trolley up (boring!)- Or..u can hike up. It takes 4 days and you have to walk 26 miles (Eazy Peazy!)

In fact, the mountains were so formidable that the Incas HAD NO WRITTEN LANGUAGE. Instead they would use different colored cords called QUIPUS. The color and length of the cords determined the message. So saying something like “Simon only has a “B’ in World

History” would look something like this:

THE INCAS HAD A PROBLEM, HOWEVERIf u live on a mountain, how you gonna grow food?Well, the Incas practiced something called terraced farming. it looks something like this:

They would actually cut away parts of the mountain to make flat steps. The Chinese did this to grow rice on mountains as well. Remember: this kind of information can go under ENVIRONMENT, ECONOMIC, TECHNOLOGY, ETC. So can the information found below:

The Incas also had a crazy system of FORCED LABOR called the MITA SYSTEM. It went as follows:

1. Every village had to send 25% of all its men every 3 months. (1/4 of 2nd hour)2. When they came back, or died, the village would send the next 25%3. When the Spanish conquer the Incas they will implement this Mita System in the

silver mountains and on the sugar and tobacco plantations.

THE DEATH OF BOTH THE AZTECS AND THE INCAS CAME IN THE 1500’S WITH……………….CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS AND THE SPANISH CONQUISTADORS!!!!!

CHAPTER 9:HERE COME THE SPANISH

Spanish conquistadors:1. Christopher Columbus: landed in Cuba, the Bahamas and Haiti/Dominican Republic

2. Hernan Cortez: Killed the Aztecs in the 1500’s3. Fransisco Pizarro: Killed the Incas in the 1500’s

WHY DID THEY COME? THE 3 G’S: GOD, GOLD AND GLORY!!!!! God: They forced everyone to become Catholic. If u didn’t convert to Catholicism off with

ur head! Gold: seLf-explanatory. Actually, Latin America had a HUGE supply of silver

Glory: Fame

HOW DID THEY WIN? GUNS, GERMS AND STEEL!!!!! Guns (Their guns and cannons were just too much)

Germs (They brought smallpox and other diseases, which the Aztecs and Incas had no immunity to)

Steel (Their cannons and armor were also too much)

The Aztecs and Incas had no immunity to European diseases like small pox. It killed close to 50,000,000 people which was about 90% of the local population. Slavery killed the rest.

Fun Fact: The U.S Army wanted to get rid of Native Americans so badly that in the winter they gave Native American villages blankets…covered in Smallpo. We cured it in 1796

***ALSO HORSES. The Aztecs thought horses were just really huge dogs (Labradoodles). The ONLY large animal in South America, after the wooly mammoth went extinct, was the LLAMA, which can spit really far distances like John, Charles and Kyra.

MOST IMPORTANT PART: WHAT DID THE SPANISH CHANGEOK, so now u know that the AP Exam might ask you about :

1) COMPARE/CONTRAST and 2) PERIODIZATION.

2) Well, they may also ask u about HOW THINGS CHANGED,

HOW DID SPAIN ‘CHANGE’ LATIN AMERICA:1. They made people convert to Catholicism or………..off with ur head!2. They brought GUNS, GUNS, GUNS3. They brought HORSES, HORSES, HORSES

BIG CHANGE: THE SPANISH CASTE SYSTEM IN LATIN AMERICA: KNOWN AS THE ENCOMIENDA SYSTEM (Kind of like India)

THE ENCOMIENDA SYSTEMPENINSULARES: PEOPLE BORN IN SPAIN

CREOLES: YOU HAVE SPANISH PARENTS BUT YOU’RE BORN IN THE NEW WORLD MESTIZO: HALF SPANISH/HALF INDIAN

MULATTOE: HALF SPANISH/HALF SLAVESLAVES

FRESHMEN

BIG CHANGE: THE COLOMBIAN EXCHANGE

THE COLOMBIAN EXCHANGE :This is stuff that went from Europe to the Americas and from the Americas to Europe

WHAT DID EUROPE GIVE US? Sugar and tobacco

Also cows, goats, pigs and chickens (are any of u vegetarians?) Small pox

Turkeys, pumpkins and squash Also horses Slaves!!!!

WHAT DID WE SEND TO EUROPE? We sent potatoes, tomatoes and corn to Europe and china

The populations of Europe and china skyrocketed as a result!!!!!!(CHINA TODAY: 1.3 BILLION PPL INDIA TODAY: 1 BILLION PPL)

And the world was FLOODED with SILVER!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Gold: $1500 per ounce

Silver: $20.00 per ounceFairydust: priceless

Platinum: $1800 per ounce

It turns out that Peru and Bolivia had HUGE SILVER MINES. Well, who’s gonna mine them?

1. Well, first the Spanish used the Incan MiTA SYSTEM (BIG CHANGE…AND BIG CONTINUITY) -Every male in every village had to work for free every three months-They all worked either in the silver mines or the sugar plantations-When these people died (and most did die), the Spanish brought in…….slaves from West Africa.

Also, England LOVED Tobacco. So colonies like North Carolina, Virginia and Kentucky grew tobacco. Again, massive numbers of slaves were brought in.

BIG CHANGE: THE MIDDLE PASSAGE The Spanish and the Americans get SLAVESSS!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

The Middle Passage: The part of the Colombian Exchange where the slaves would come over from West Africa

-30,000,000 slaves in 100 years/20% died on the trip over-The conditions were beyond description-African leaders were bad too!

This is what the boats of the MIDDLE PASSAGE BOATS looked like

DON’T FORGET: Africa had been involved in the slave trade long before Europe got involved. African tribal leaders would take prisoners of war, or steal slaves from other villages.

They would sell them to North Africa, the Middle East (remember, the Middle East would take slaves as long as they weren’t Christians or Jews), as well as Europe. But when Europe got involved the slave trade really accelerated. In addition, the West African tribal leaders wanted the guns, gunpowder and other goods the Europeans were willing to trade.

As U can see, the conditions for the slaves was terrible. You had to sleep on the floor along with 200 other people. You had to go to the bathroom right there and you were not allowed on the deck of the ship for any fresh air. You died of disease, hunger, or water-borne diseases like cholera or dysentery. Probably you hoped for death.

BIG CHANGE: LATIN AMERICAN POPULATION B4 AND AFTERBEFORE COLUMBUS: 60-80 million AFTER COLUMBUS: 10 million

THE AZTECS OF MEXICO:They went from 10 million 1 to 1 million

THE CARIBBEAN ISLANDS:The native population went to almost zero!!The slave population jumped to the millions.

***In Haiti the local Tainos (tie-ee-nohs) would rather jump off the cliffs to their deaths than be enslaved by either the Spanish, the French or the British.

DON’T 4GET that ‘E’ for ‘ENVIRONMENT’ means: Diseases OR Migration Demographics Family and kinship (They died cuz of smallpox, slavery and mistreatment)

Vocabulary Word: Syncretic Religion: It’s when 2 religions join and become a new one that is a combination of both. This is what

happened when Catholicism came to South America.

For Example2. In Mexico City, one of the biggest holidays is the ‘Day of the Dead’ Festival. I know many of you

are failing IB Spanish so……. It is otherwise known as “Dia de los Muertos” . It really has very little

3. Example #2: Syncretic foods: Cajun cooking (boiled crawfish, fried oysters), - Conch chowder in the Bahamas- Jerk Chicken from Jamaica- Jerk Goat

- pickled pigs feet in..Publix

SPANISH MILITARY VS. AZTEC/INCAN MILITARYThe Aztecs and the Incas BOTH had MAJOR military empires. I mean, they conquered EVERYONE around them and incorporated them into their world. Of course you became either a citizen paying tribute, a soldier or a slave. But when the Spanish came in they simply replaced the awful old rulers with awful new ones.

The Incas incorporated something like 10,000,000 peoples into their empire. And the Aztec capital of Tenochitlan (which is today’s Mexico City) had 500,000. This was like Paris pr London, and when the Spanish saw it they thought, “Is THIS the city of gold? And that’s what the cartoon “Road to El Dorado” is all about. Hernan Cortez thought that Tenochitlan was the fabled city of El Dorado. Just like when Ponce de Leon went looking for the “Fountain of Youth” and founded St. Augustine near Daytona Beach instead. (The oldest city in North America: founded in 1516)

WHY DID COLUMBUS GO LOOKING FOR AMERICA IN THE 1 ST PLACE?

Actually, he wasn’t. Christopher Columbus was only looking for a quicker route to China. As usual, Europe was OBSESSED with everything Chinese. DON’T 4GET, Columbus knew the earth was round, just not how big. He legitimately though by making a left from Spain and Portugal he would hit------China. *That’s why he named the islands of the Caribbean the West Indies, cuz he thought he was near India.

Even after Christopher Columbus ‘discovered’ America he and all of the explorers who came after him were still only looking for one thing: a way to get to China. They thought they could go through New York, and then Canada, and then the North Pole to get to China. This was called the Northwest Passage.

They were wrong. The North Pole was covered in ice but they didn’t know that at the time.

Sad Note: because of Global warming the Northwest Passage now exists. Very sad! That is, the North Pole has so little ice that a ship can go from here to China during the summer. In fact, we have even found polar bears who have actually drowned because there’s such little ice.

Portugal was the first country to make a move and create a GLOBAL TRADING EMPIRE 1. A guy from Portugal named Henry the Navigator set up a school for sea captains and navigators on the Atlantic coast. Portugal is right on the Atlantic after all. 2. The Portuguese then sent a guy named Vasco de Gama all the way from Europe to the tip of South Africa. He gets caught in so many storms down there that when he gets back alive, the king of Portugal names the tip of South Africa the Cape of Good Hope. It still has that name today.

Fun Fact: The tip of South Africa has the most Great White sharks in the world. They like the cold water. And morons still go surfing and get eaten up every year

3. Then they send a guy even further, all the way AROUND Africa, to India through the Indian Ocean. When they do that, they’re like “You know what, let’s start Portuguese cities in India and even further in South East Asia near China!” This is how Portugal got involved in international trade.

Fun Fact: A guy named Magellan makes it all around the world, but he dies on his ship in the Philippines. His crew makes it back to Europe though. His crew is the first EVER to go all the way around the world. This is called circumnavigating the globe.

WHY WERE EUROPEANS SO GOOD AT SAILING? Cartography: really good at making maps. I get lost at Sawgrass! Navigation: The compass and the astrolabe, a device to measure constellations at night. Better ships and innovation in ship design: the Nina, the Pinta and the Santa Maria They understood global wind patterns like the Gulf Stream in the Atlantic (that’s why it takes 8 hours to fly to Paris but only 7 hours to fly back!)

Don’t 4GET that India has the SUMMER MONSOONS!! DON’t 4GET: Trade is everything! Also, any time AP asks you a question: the answer is wind and ships

Next, Spain gets involved:1. King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella were very Catholic people. In fact, it was they who kicked all the Jews and the Muslim armies out of Spain in 1491. You had a choice if you were Jewish; convert to Catholicism or be killed. This was known as the Spanish Inquisition. That’s not very nice of them. Is that very Christian?

2. Queen Isabella just wanted 3 things: A. To make everyone CatholicB. To find a quicker route to ChinaSo, she sent Spanish conquistadors after Columbus to conquer South America

AP VOCABULARY WORDS (LONG RESPONSE AND MULTIPLE CHOICE)

Everything below simply explains HOW the 13 colonies, England, Spain and everyone else did BUSINESS. All of the vocabulary terms are associated with making money, trading with

people, doin’ business and HOW they’re gonna colonize North and South America and…TAKE OVER THE WORLD!!!!!! After all………………….we now have a NEW hemisphere, don’t we?!!!!! Gotta figure out how to run iT!

AMERICAN 13 COLONIES………………………………….DEFINITIONS:1. A MONOPOLY: When one company controls the whole market and that is the ONLY

business around. In America we don’t like monopolies. AT&T used to be so big that we broke it up. That’s why we have Sprint, Verizon and T-Mobile! GO METRO!P.S. That’s why in the game ‘Monopoly’ the objective is to own ALL of the properties.

1. Royal Chartered Companies: Europe set these companies up and gave them permission to do business in the Americas. The biggest thing that they traded in was silver.

They would take the silver from Latin America and use it to buy stuff in China. Actually, China and Japan got so much silver that their money started to become worthless. This is known as inflation and is a really big deal.

For example: A Ferrari used to cost $20,000. Now it costs $200,000. That’s because your dollar buys less than it used to. This is known as inflation. A Snickers bar used to cost 5 cents. Now it’s over $1.00

The worst inflation in history is in the African country of Zimbabwe. Their economy sucks so bad that it literally takes 100,000,000 Zimbabwe Dollars to buy a coke. China and Japan had terrible INFLATION because of all the silver and gold coming in from Latin America.

Another consequence, unfortunately, is that Mexico and Peru lost all their silver. Now they are very poor countries with a lot of problems.

But these companies also traded in tea or spicesExamples:1. The British West Indian Company2. The British Tea Company3. The Dutch East India Company4. The Dutch Philippines Company5. The Jamestown Tobacco Company

2. Joint Stock Companies: Companies where people could buy shares of stock. If the company made money, so did the shareholders.

For example:-Google ($700 per share)-Coca Cola ($40 per share)

-Facebook ($75 per share)-Apple (Almost $1000 per share!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!)

3. Mercantilism: The idea that colonists are only supposed to trade with the mother country, and that the colonists only exist to support the homeland.

For example: -Mexico was only allowed to trade with Spain-The 13 colonies were ONLY allowed to trade with England.

MORE DIFFICULT DEFINITIONS. In the context of the new global circulation of goods, there was an intensification of all existing regional trade networks that brought prosperity and economic disruption to the merchants and governments in the trading regions of the Indian Ocean, Mediterranean, Sahara, and overland Eurasia.

MR. SHTRAKHMAN’S DEFINITION:In other words the new Atlantic trading system, and really the discovery of the New World, really cost traditional Asian, African and Middle Eastern merchants a lot of money. Still, they made do and regional markets continued to make cash. Markets in Afro-Eurasia did well because they continued using their age old established business and commercial practices.

Don’t 4GET that when I give you “AP NOTES” this is the language that MIGHT be on the AP Exam, so you should be able to read it. (Litterasy rocxks)

REQUIRED MARITIME (SEA AND OCEAN) EMPIRES YOU NEED TO KNOW:a. Portuguese: WE LEARNED IT

b. Spanish: SOUTH AMERICAc. Dutch: WE’LL TACKLE THIS LATER

d. French: CANADA AND SOME ISLANDS IN THE CARIBBEAN (HAITI)e. British: THE 13 COLONIES

FINAL DEFINITIONS IN AP LANGUAGE 1. Imperial expansion relied on the increased use of gunpowder, cannons, and armed trade to establish large empires in both hemispheres. (DUH, WE KNOW THIS)

1. Rulers used tribute collection and tax farming to generate revenue for territorial expansion. (LIKE THE AZTECS)**I’m not saying Starbucks will get you an A but………

2. Competition over trade routes, state rivalries, and local resistance all provided significant challenges to state consolidation (coming together) and expansion. (SELF-EXPLANATORY)

3. As new social and political elites changed, they also restructured new ethnic, racial, and gender hierarchies. (THE CASTE SYSTEM WITH PENINSULARES, CREOLES AND SLAVES)

4. Traditional peasant agriculture increased and changed, plantations expanded, and demand for labor increased. These changes both fed and responded to growing global demand for raw materials and finished products. LIKE SLAVERY for sugar, tobacco and cotton!!!!!)

5. As merchants’ profits increased and governments collected more taxes, funding for the visual and performing arts, even for popular audiences, increased.

How many of YOU like to go to the Opera, ballet or the Theatre?!!

CHAPTER ASSIGNMENTS

AZTEC AND INCAA. List 3 comparisons (similarities or differences) between the Aztecs and the Incas?

1. Compare and Contrast the Aztec caste system and the Spanish caste system

2. Compare and Contrast Aztec religion and Spanish religion:

3. Compare and Contrast Aztec bureaucracy to Incan government:

4. What was the Mita system?

5. How did the Aztecs, Maya and Incas approach slavery and how does this compare to Spain, Portugal and the rest of Europe?

6. How did the Aztec and Inca treat the female gender relative to Portugal?

AND NOW THE SPANISH COMEB. Explain ‘GOD, GOLD AND GLORY’:

C. Explain ‘GUNS, GERMS AND STEEL’:

D. WHY were these explorers looking for China?

E. What was the Colombian Exchange (I promise u this will be a Long Response Question in May) Let this be your Study Guide.

F. Define Montezuma, Tenochitlan and Terreced FarmingG. Define syncretic religion, Northwest Passage

H. Explain WHY Spain and Portugal even got involved in exploration:

I. What was the Middle Passage?

J. How did the Spanish change the ENTIRE DEMOGRAPHICS of Latin America?

AP HOMEWORK1. Why doesn’t America like monopolies? (not the game)2. Why would England or Holland ALLOW ‘royal-chartered companies’?3. What’s the car company I use to show INFLATION?4. What are some really expensive joint-stock companies today?5. Define ‘mercantilism’:6. What are the 5 MARITIME empires and what does ‘maritime’ even mean?7. Make sure you can UNDERSTAND all the AP Notes!!!

GEOGRAPHY ASSIGNMENT: GRAB A MAP OFF THE WALL AND LABEL THESE COUNTRIES AND THEIR CAPITALS.

SOUTH AMERICA1. VENEZUELA:2. COLOMBIA:

3. PERU:4. BOLIVIA:

5. CHILE:6. ARGENTINA:7. PARAGUAY:8. URUGUAY:

9. BRAZIL:10.ECUADOR:

11.CUBA:12.HAITI:

13.THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC:14.JAMAICA:

15.THE BAHAMAS:

16.GRENADA:17.MEXICO:

18.GUATEMALA:19.HONDURAS:20.NICARAGUA:21.COSTA RICA:

22.PANAMA:23.EL SALVADOR:

CARACAS HAVANA ST. GEORGE

PORT AU PRINCE BOGOTA QUITO LA PAZ AND SUCRE KINGSTON BRASILIA

SANTO DOMINGO NASSAU BUENOS AIRESMONTEVIDEO ASUNCION LIMA

SANTIAGO SAN JOSE

PANAMA CITY MEXICO CITY

SAN SALVADOR GUATEMALA CITY

TEGUCIGALPA MANAGUA

AP STUDENTS: The essay 4 this chapter will be on how South America CHANGED after the Spanish and Portuguese came!!!!

Next Chapter: 9 Revolutions! (American, French and Haitian)Next Chapter: 10 Industrial revolution (USA, Japan, China)Next Chapter: 11 Africa!!!!