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Name ______________________________________________ Class Period _________

The EnlightenmentVocabulary

❧ ______________________________ - a list of basic _______________________ rights that a

government must ____________________________________.

❧ Constitutional monarchy – a form of government in which the

____________________ power is _________________________ by a basic set of laws.

❧ Despotism – rule by a _____________________________________.

❧ ___________________________ – a period from the late 1600s to the late 1700s in

Europe, in which people changed their ___________________________________ on life.

❧ Natural rights – rights that belong to people “__________ ____________________”

simply because they are human beings.

❧ ____________________ ___________________ - a concept that there is a universal

order built into nature that can guide moral thinking.

❧ Religious tolerance – the ______________________________________ of different

religious ________________________ and _______________________________.

❧ Social __________________________ – an __________________________________ in which

people give _______________________________ to a ___________________________________ in

exchange for its protections.

❧ _________________________________ of powers – the division of powers among

____________________________ of government

The Enlightenment

❧ The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement of the 17th and 18th

centuries which sought to replace “____________________________” and apply

“_____________________________” to society, in order to better understand society

and improve it.


The Enlightenment❧ Logic – the process of determining an argument as valid or not.

❧ People began to analyze ____________________________________ and politics.

❧ Five Central Concepts of The Enlightenment:

❧ _________________________ - the methods of natural science should be used

to understand all aspects life.

❧ _________________________ - society centered around natural laws of

human society as well the natural world.

❧ _________________________ - a person who lives by nature’s law finds

__________________________, not misery.

❧ ________________________ - focused on the confidence in human power and

human reason improves society.

❧ ________________________ - freedoms should not merely granted but

expected.

Absolutism

❧ Absolutism – a form of _____________________________________

government that places all power in the hands of the

__________________________.

❧ Kings rule by “_________________________________________________”,

the idea that rules received their power directly from God.

Therefore, citizens were expected to willingly accept all

decisions of the king.


The Enlightenment❧ Citizens did not have any guaranteed ________________________________ because

the king could do anything he wanted to.

Describe two issues Parliament had with James II.Issue #1 Issues #2

Challenging Absolutism

❧ The Enlightenment challenged absolutism and brought about the

development of _____________________________________ governments.

❧ A ____________________________was the name given to the meetings where artists,

writers, and philosophers met to _________________________________ and promote

the new ideas of the Enlightenment.


The Enlightenment


The EnlightenmentThe Outlier: Thomas Hobbs (England)

❧ Huge supporter of ______________________ ____________________________ in

England.

❧ Wrote a book, _______________________________, during the English Civil

War.

❧ Argued that people were _______________________ and self-serving.

❧ Said that there should be a ______________________________________ – agreement

between the government and the people that they should work together.

❧ His idea of the social contract was that you needed a strong

_____________________________________________ in control. Without this, it would lead

to _________________________ and ____________________ among the people.

John Locke (England)

❧ Locke believed people had “_________________

________________________________”: rights belonging to all people.

❧ “____________________________________________________”: Individuals are

born with a ____________________________________, a person’s thoughts are

shaped by ____________________________.

❧ Locke believed the ________________________________________________ was

an agreement between the citizens and their government, and the

government’s responsibility is to

______________________________________________________________ of the people.

❧ Locke said that if government did not protect these rights, then people had

the right to ___________________________________ government and create a new one.


The Enlightenment❧ Locke believed in “consent of the governed,” or the belief that govt. gets its

____________________________________________________________ from the people.

❧ Inspired ______________________________________________________________________ in the

writing of the Declaration of Independence.

Baron de Montesquieu (France)

❧ Focused on the organization of government by creating a

__________________________________________________ that

allowed each branch to check the other’s powers.

(_______________________________________________)

❧ Had the idea for the _____________________ branches of

government: executive (monarch), legislative (Parliament), and

judicial (courts).

❧ Influenced the _________________________________________.

Voltaire (France)

❧ He was concerned about the rights of citizens - focused on the freedom

of _____________________ and freedom of

_______________________.

❧ He advocated for the _________________________________ of church

and state, meaning religion should be kept out of all government affairs,

and government should stay out of religion. This is because of the power of the

Catholic Church (_________________) in European govt.

❧ Inspired the U.S. Bill of Rights.

Cesare Beccaria (Italian)


The Enlightenment❧ Son of an aristocrat and went to Catholic school.

❧ Focused on rights of the ______________________.

❧ Against ___________________ and secret trials.

❧ Book On __________________ and ______________________.

❧ Laws – to keep order, not ____________________ crimes.

❧ Right to a ____________________ trial and punishments should fit the crime.

Jean Jacque Rousseau (France)

❧ Rousseau believed that society was corrupt, so government

should protect the “general will” of the people.

❧ The government should implement policies beneficial to all

people by basing decisions on

______________________________________________________________________.

❧ The social contract should create a government limited by what

the majority of the people want.

❧ This idea forms the foundation of

“___________________________________________________________” – government gets its

power from what the _______________________________ want.

❧ Ideas are largely __________________________________ by the writers of the

U.S. Constitution.

Madame Geoffrin (France)


The Enlightenment

❧ Leading sponsor of ________________________.

❧ Welcomed diversity of thinkers in home – princes, politicians, artists, writers,

and philosophers

❧ ____________________________________ support to the encyclopedist.

Olympe de Gouges (France)

❧ Different – butcher’s daughter with little education.

❧ Book _______________________________ ______ ________ __________________________

______ _____________________________ and the Female.

Age of Reason(18th century Enlightenment)

Natural laws apply to government as well as science!

Rights to Life, Liberty, and Property

A FAIR society is based on REASON, not “Divine Right”

REVOLUTION!!!


The Enlightenment

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