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Name: ____________________
Date:___________
Period: _____
Biology Midterm Study Guide
Introduction to Biology and Biochemistry
What to study?
· Notes from introduction to biology, the chemistry of life, properties of water, carbon chemistry, and biological macromolecules
· Bell works
· Video tutorials
· Quizzes
· Assignments
· Lecture Notes
What will the questions be like? What can I expect?
· Matching
· Multiple Choice
· Short Answer
· Graph analysis
· Fill in
· True/False
Introduction to Biology
The study of life
1. Define biology: _________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Identify the possible benefits from studying biology: __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. List the 8 characteristics.
4. Define:
Eukaryotic Cell
Prokaryotic Cell
In studying nature, scientists make observations and then form a hypothesis
5. Define the following:
a. Experimental group:_____________________________________________________________________
b. Control group: __________________________________________________________________________
c. Independent variable: ___________________________________________________________________
d. Dependent variable: _____________________________________________________________________
e. Qualitative data: ________________________________________________________________________
f. Quantitative data: _______________________________________________________________________
g. Hypothesis: ____________________________________________________________________________
The Chemistry of Life
Matter consists of chemical elements in pure form and in combinations called compounds
6. How does an element relate to a compound? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
7. Which 4 elements make up 96% of all living matter?
a. ____________________
b. ____________________
c. ____________________
d. ____________________
An element’s properties depend on the structure of its atoms
8. Label the parts of the atom. The _________________ and __________________are always in the center of the atom. Scientists call the center of the atom the ____________. The _________________ are always found whizzing around the center in areas called _________________________.
9. Using your periodic table, calculate the number of protons, neutrons, electrons and valence electrons found in the following elements:
H p + = ________ n 0 = ________ e - = ________ # of valence e - = ___________
C p + = ________ n 0 = ________ e - = ________ # of valence e - = ___________
N p + = ________ n 0 = ________ e - = ________ # of valence e - = ___________
Op + = ________ n 0 = ________ e - = ________ # of valence e - = ___________
P p + = ________ n 0 = ________ e - = ________ # of valence e - = ___________
The formation and function of molecules depend on the chemical bonding between atoms
10. Ionic bonding occurs between a ____________________ element and a ________________________ element. Describe what happens to the valence electrons in an ionic bond.
11. Covalent bonding occurs between a ____________________ element and a ____________________ element. Describe what happens to the valence electrons in a covalent bond.
a. Draw an example of a covalent bond using a lewis dot diagram.
b. Describe how polar covalent bonds are different from nonpolar covalent bonds. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
12. What is a hydrogen bond? How is this different from a covalent bond? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chemical reactions make and break chemical bonds
13. Chemical reactions change ____________________ into ______________________.
14. Label the products and the reactants in the following photosynthesis reaction:
15. Balance the following equations:
a. ____ KClO3 ____ KCl + ____ O2
b. ____ K3PO4 + ____ HCl ____ KCl + ____ H3PO4
c. ____ C3H8 + ____ O2 ____ CO2 + ____ H2O
Properties of Water
Polar covalent bonds in water molecules result in hydrogen bonding
16. Bonds between water molecules are: ___________________
17. Bonds between atoms within a water molecule are: _________________
18. Draw multiple water molecules bonded together in the container below. Label hydrogen bonds, negative ends, positive ends, and covalent bonds.
Special properties of water that contribute to Earth’s sustainability for life
17. List the special properties of water in the box below:
18. Why is water in the solid state less dense than in the liquid state? Sketch it.
19. Identify each statement below as true or false.
a. _____ In a water molecule, electrons are shared equally between the hydrogen atoms and oxygen
atom.
b. _____ Because of its polarity, water can move from the roots of a plant up to its leaves.
c. _____ Water changes temperature easily.
d. _____ Unlike most substances, water expands when it freezes
20. Water’s specific heat is _____________ (high or low?). This means it takes a ____________ time to heat water up and a ___________ time to cool water down
21. Draw and label the picture asked for in the space below--
a. Draw a picture of water travelling up the roots of a plant to its leaves.
b. Label the properties that allow water molecules to be pulled up to the leaves.
c. Include the words adhesion and cohesion with a short definition and how they apply to this property—capillary action.
Acidic and basic conditions affect living organisms
22. Describe an acid and a base below. Discuss ion concentration and pH range for each:
Acid
Base
23. What is a buffer? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life
Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds
24. Define organic chemistry: __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
25. What is an organic substance? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
26. Describe the Stanley Miller Experiment and why it was important to biological discoveries: ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Carbon atoms can form diverse molecules by making 4 other bonds
25. What other elements bond with carbon most frequently? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
26. What are the most common structures/skeletons that carbon molecules form in living organisms? (there are 3) _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
27. What is an isomer? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
28. There are 3 types of isomers. Use your book or notes to list and draw an example of each type of isomer below:
29. Define hydrocarbon: _____________________________________________________________________________________________________
A few chemical groups are key to the functions of biological molecules
30. What are functional groups? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
31. List the 7 most common functional groups:
32. Circle and label as many functional groups as you can from each of the molecules depicted below:
Aspirin
Acetaminophen
Caffeine
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules
Macromolecules are polymers built from monomers
33. What is a monomer? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
34. What is a polymer? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________
35. Polymers are built through a process known as ______________________________.
a. A ____________________________ (AKA condensation reaction) occurs when two monomers bond together through the _________ of a water molecule
36. Polymers are broken down into monomers through a process known as ___________________________.
a. Polymers are disassembled to monomers by _________________, a reaction that is essentially the reverse of the dehydration reaction.
Carbohydrates serve as fuel and building material
37. What are the functions of a carbohydrate? _______________________________________________________________________________
38. What are the 3 main types of carbohydrates? Circle the monomer of a carbohydrate.
a. _________________________
b. _________________________
c. _________________________
39. What is the formula of a monosaccharide? ____________________
40. What is the name of the bond that holds monosaccharides together?
41. Give two examples of each type of carbohydrate below:
Monosaccharide
Disaccharide
Polysaccharide
Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules
42. What are the functions of a lipid? ________________________________________________________________________________________
43. What are the 3 most common types of lipids to living organisms?
a. _______________________
b. _______________________
c. _______________________
44. Circle and label the chemical groups that make up each of these types of lipids in the table below.
a.
b.
c.
Proteins include a diversity of structures, resulting in a wide range of functions
45. What are some of the functions of proteins? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
46. An enzyme is a type of protein. What does it do? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
47. Name the monomer of a protein: ______________________
48. Label the parts of the monomer below:
49. There are 4 levels of protein structure. Draw a picture and describe each level.
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary
Nucleic acids store, transmit, and help express hereditary information
50. What is the function of a nucleic acid? ____________________________________________________________
51. The two types of nucleic acids are _________________ and ________________.
52. Describe the differences between the types of nucleic acids below:
DNA
RNA
53. Name the monomer of a nucleic acid? __________________________
54. Label the parts of the monomer below:
55. What are the 4 types of nitrogenous bases in DNA?
a. __________________
b. __________________
c. __________________
d. __________________
56. Describe what is meant by complementary base pairing. Be sure to discuss what base pairs bond with each other. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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