Citation:

2 Diseases caused by biotic agents. Chapter 2. Pages 5-30. In: Charles E Palm (editor). 1968. Plant-Disease Development and Control. Principles of Plant and Animal Pest Control. Volume 1. Publication No. 1596. Agricultural Board, National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences, Washington DC, 205 pages. ISBN 6860085

Keywords: fungi as plant pathogens, the main grouping of fungi, sexuality of fungi, interaction of fungus and host, fungus penetration, spores, environment and spores, characteristics of fungus pathogens that influence control, bacteria as plant pathogens, types of bacterial diseases, mechanisms of pathogenesis, dissemination, survival, and environmental influences, characteristics of bacterial pathogens that influence control, viruses ad plant pathogens, the nature of viruses, types of virus diseases and their effects, virus transmission, controlling virus disease, nematodes as plant pathogens, parasitic seed plants as plant pathogens