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MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1)


In the context of human geography, places


1)


_______ A)


have changing properties. B)


are a synonym of region. C)


only have objective quality. D)


are static. E)


have fixed boundaries.

2)


These could have provided the preconditions for new agricultural practices, such as those that sparked the first agricultural revolution.


2)


_______ A)


new discoveries about soils B)


improved technologies C)


climatic changes D)


the unique characteristics of places E)


important migratory movements

3)


This ancient Chinese practice paid close attention to the location of sites in the landscape.


3)


_______ A)


Zen B)


Confucianism C)


Shinto D)


Taoism E)


feng-shui

4)


To help recognize wave activity around islands, Polynesians used


4)


_______ A)


"stick charts." B)


special belts. C)


palm leaves. D)


clay tablets. E)


shell necklaces.

5)


Use of the following is deemed of particular interest in Inuit navigation:


5)


_______ A)


kayaks B)


snowdrifts C)


building of rocky mounds D)


patterns in ice E)


habitat of marine animals

6)


The first people significantly to develop geographic knowledge were the


6)


_______ A)


Romans. B)


Chinese. C)


Mayans. D)


Phoenicians. E)


Greeks.

7)


The European Age of Discovery had its roots in this country.


7)


_______ A)


Portugal B)


France C)


Spain D)


Italy E)


Britain

8)


In the centuries after the fall of the Roman Empire, geographic knowledge was advanced primarily by


8)


_______ A)


Early Christians. B)


Greek scholars. C)


Charlemagne's scholars. D)


Scandinavian scholars. E)


Middle Eastern and Chinese scholars.

9)


The most important reason for European voyages of discovery was the desire


9)


_______ A)


to gain geographic knowledge. B)


to spread Christianity. C)


for economic gain. D)


to test new navigation techniques. E)


to spread European social and cultural values to the New World.

10)


The end of the European Age of Discovery was marked by


10)


______ A)


the voyages of Captain James Cook. B)


Magellan's voyage around the world. C)


Vasco de Gama's voyage to India. D)


Colombus' discovery of America. E)


Franklin's exploration of the Arctic.

11)


This Arab traveller described northern Africa to a medieval Italian audience, while captive in Rome.


11)


______ A)


Al-Battani B)


Al-Hassan al-Wazzan C)


Al-Idrisi D)


Ibn Battuta E)


Al-Husseini

12)


This early European geographer and philosopher argued that knowledge could be divided between the chronological and the chorological.


12)


______ A)


Kant B)


Ratzel C)


Heidegger D)


Von Humboldt E)


Ritter

13)


This famous German geographer emphasized a state of mutual interdependence between flora, fauna and people, which he called "the chain of connection".


13)


______ A)


Hettner B)


Von Humboldt C)


Ritter D)


Sauer E)


Ratzel

14)


Geographer Carl Sauer felt strongly that, in a particular landscape,


14)


______ A)


everything is interrelated. B)


physical elements always determine the nature of human elements. C)


it is impossible to describe accurately the geography. D)


there are more constraints than possibilities. E)


human elements always determine the nature of physical elements.

15)


Positivism


15)


______A)


is associated to the same era as environmental determinism. B)


was developed by Carl Sauer. C)


sought to bring metaphysics and religion into the scientific method. D)


had been discredited by the middle of the twentieth century. E)


was part of the quantitative revolution in social sciences.

16)


Which among the following celebrates difference and rejects universal principles?


16)


______ A)


modernism B)


determinism C)


postmodernism D)


positivism E)


social darwinism

17)


The following doctrine had significant weight during the nineteenth century in the discipline of Geography, and holds that human activities are controlled by the environment:


17)


______ A)


environmental determinism B)


environmentalism C)


naturalism D)


possiblism E)


social darwinism

18)


The increased scope and pace of the international financial system has been made possible in large part by


18)


______ A)


new information technologies. B)


offshore banking centres. C)


the global decline of communism. D)


the strength of the U.S. dollar. E)


policies of the World Bank.

19)


The regionalist Lega Nord party was formed in


19)


______ A)


Italy. B)


Scandinavian countries. C)


Switzerland. D)


The Basque country. E)


Corsica.

20)


This French explorer provided substantial illustrations of his accounts of travel along the St. Lawrence river.


20)


______ A)


Radisson B)


Jacques Cartier C)


Frontenac D)


Chomedey de Maisonneuve E)


Samuel de Champlain

21)


David Thompson, who mapped the entire route of the Columbia River worked for


21)


______ A)


the Northwest Company. B)


the United States government. C)


the Hudson's Bay Company. D)


the government of British Columbia. E)


the Geological Survey of Canada.

22)


This explorer lost his life in his attempt to cross the Northwest Passage in the mid-nineteenth century.


22)


______ A)


Sir John Franklin B)


John FrobisherC)


David Thompson D)


Alexander McKenzie E)


Henri Hudson

23)


Which factor, other than global warming, has recently increased the attention paid to the Northwest Passage?


23)


______ A)


rising oil prices B)


mining developments in Nunavut C)


new navigation technologies D)


challenges to Canadian sovereignty in the Arctic E)


protection of Canada's Northern boundaries

24)


This renowned Canadian scholar was particularly interested in the role of the St. Lawrence as an axis of development.


24)


______ A)


Griffith Taylor B)


Desmond Morton C)


Donald Creighton D)


R. Cole Harris E)


Louis-Edmond Hamelin

25)


This group of Canadian painters is famous for its landscapes of the Canadian Shield.


25)


______ A)


The Automatistes B)


The Ontario Naturalists C)


The Montreal School D)


The Group of Seven E)


The Hyperrealists

26)


The first fully-fledged Geography Department in Canada was established at


26)


______ A)


the University of Toronto. B)


the University of British Columbia. C)


the Universit de Montr al. D)


McGill University. E)


the University of Ottawa.

27)


The primary requirement for data to be used in Geographic Information Systems is associated to the following question:


27)


______ A)


how. B)


where. C)


why. D)


what. E)


when.

28)


What is the time-consuming component of GIS work?


28)


______ A)


producing synthesis maps B)


putting the software in place C)


data capture D)


data processing E)


sorting out the different layers of information

29)


At the heart of geographic research is


29)


______ A)


analysis of data. B)


producing maps. C)


getting government grants. D)


publication in respected scholarly journals. E)


collection of facts.

30)


Which among the following statements best describes the basis on which regions can be defined?


30)


______ A)


Regions can be defined only after a boundary has been established. B)


Regions can be defined on the basis of any attribute. C)


Regions can be defined only on the basis of one, set-and-defined attribute. D)


Regions can be defined on the basis of any attribute or combination of attributes. E)


Regions can be defined only on the basis of combinations of attributes.

31)


Contour lines on topographic maps


31)


______ A)


are required to make sense of a three-dimensional map. B)


connect points of equal elevation. C)


cannot illustrate negative values. D)


cannot be used to make an isoline map. E)


were common on maps made before the nineteenth century, but are rarely used now.

32)


Chloropleth maps represent data with


32)


______ A)


dots. B)


equal value. C)


special symbols. D)


arrows of varying lengths. E)


tonal shadings.

33)


Which type of map projection presents the true shapes of landmasses, but distorts their relative sizes?


33)


______ A)


Dymaxion projection B)


Mollweide projection C)


Mercator projection D)


Peters projection E)


Robinson projection

34)


This modernist architect devised the Dymaxion projection.


34)


______ A)


Le Corbusier B)


Philip Johnson C)


Frank Lloyd Wright D)


Mollweide E)


Buckminster Fuller

35)


This kind of map projection is used in small-scale thematic maps.


35)


______ A)


Dymaxion projection B)


proportional projection C)


cartogram D)


Mercator projection E)


equivalent projection

36)


The Prime Meridian


36)


______ A)


forms an angle of 0 degrees with earth's equator. B)


was established by the Greeks. C)


passes through Greenwich, England. D)


is the international date change line. E)


is essentially a latitude line.

37)


This geographer believed that regional geography is geography. To him, the region "becomes a medal struck in the likeness of a people."


37)


______ A)


Carl Sauer B)


Alexander Von Humboldt C)


Friedrich Ratzel D)


H.C. Darby E)


Vidal de la Blache

38)


This component of geographical position was first estimated using clocks.


38)


______ A)


longitude B)


the standard meridian C)


latitude D)


polar bearing E)


the Equator

39)


Mental maps are associated to which of the following types of distance:


39)


______ A)


cognitive distance B)


absolute distance C)


socioeconomic distance D)


relative distance E)


topological distance

40)


Friction of distance is associated to the following type of relationship:


40)


______ A)


exponential B)


direct C)


power function D)


inverse E)


incremental

41)


The utility of a specific place


41)


______ A)


is unaffected by the friction of distance. B)


is the same for all people. C)


makes reference to its supply of natural resources. D)


varies directly with its distance from a person's primary place of residence. E)


is a measure of usefulness of that place for a certain person or group.

42)


Which type of space refers specifically to connections between points in space?


42)


______ A)


dynamic space B)


topographic space C)


isostatic space D)


topological space E)


interactive space

43)


Topological space refers to which specific principle of spatial interaction?


43)


______ A)


intervening opportunity B)


contagious expansion C)


spatial diffusion D)


complementarity E)


connectivity

44)


Social distance is a form of


44)


______ A)


absolute distance. B)


relative distance. C)


objective distance. D)


human distance. E)


economic distance.

45)


In his work on the production of space the following scholar found that space is a cultural and social creation:


45)


______ A)


Jacques Lacan B)


Henri Lefebvre C)


Claude Levy Strauss D)


Michel Foucault E)


Gilles Deleuze

46)


This concept draws its meaning from human activity and experience. It makes reference to a location that has meaning to individuals or groups.


46)


______ A)


grid coordinate B)


place C)


scale D)


relative location E)


space

47)


An activity, deliberate or unintentional, that enables space to develop meaning.


47)


______ A)


production of space B)


spatial intervention C)


place making D)


urban planning E)


design

48)


The spatial diffusion of phenomena typically tends to follow which type of curve?


48)


______ A)


straight line B)


inverse C)


power function D)


S shaped E)


exponential

49)


The well-known expression "think global, act local" refers to the concept of


49)


______ A)


diffusion. B)


space. C)


place. D)


interaction. E)


scale.

50)


The spread of SARS from China to Toronto in 2003 is an example of


50)


______ A)


hierarchical diffusion. B)


expansion diffusion. C)


random diffusion. D)


contact diffusion. E)


relocation diffusion.

51)


The movement of exotic animals to Canadian zoos is an example of


51)


______ A)


stochastic diffusion. B)


contagious diffusion. C)


hierarchical diffusion. D)


expansion diffusion. E)


relocation diffusion.

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false. 52)


In contrast to other branches of geography, human geography is relatively unconcerned with people's relationship with their environments.


52)


______

53)


Polynesians used surprisingly complex mathematics in their travels around the Pacific Ocean 1500 years ago.


53)


______

54)


In Canada's Arctic regions the high latitudes favour star navigation.


54)


______

55)


In the Canadian Arctic women have shown an exceptional grasp of location and navigation.


55)


______

56)


Although he was a citizen of Britain, John Cabot's voyage to North America was funded by Venetian merchants.


56)


______

57)


Islamic scholars were able to draw on Chinese writing and cartography brought back by traders.


57)


______

58)


In his study of the interdependence between all living beings in the environment, geographer Carl Sauer produced a new concept called "the chain of connection."


58)


______

59)


Use of the Christaller model of settlement size and distribution was common during the era of "areal differentiation" in the history of Geography as a discipline.


59)


______

60)


The postmodernist approach rejected the universal and general principles of positivism.


60)


______

61)


At least one third (over 2 billion people) of the world's population is directly tied to global systems of production and consumption.


61)


______

62)


One of globalization's major impacts is the homogenization of places.


62)


______

63)


Early maps from Canada's aboriginal peoples have been little mentioned in the history of Canadian cartography.


63)


______

64)


Sir John Franklin made the first successful crossing of the Northwest Passage in the 1840s.


64)


______

65)


Sir John Franklin's two ships have recently been found in Canada's High Arctic.


65)


______

66)


The earliest Canadian topographic maps were published in the early twentieth century.


66)


______

67)


The Canadian Geographical Society was the first geographical society established in Canada.


67)


______

68)


Griffith Taylor founded the first university Geography Department in Canada.


68)


______

69)


Canada's ecumene occupies only a small share of the total area of the country.


69)


______

70)


The primary requirement for data to be used in GIS is that the locations for the variables are known.


70)


______

71)


It is unanimously agreed that GIS technology represents a very significant advance in geographers' understanding of places and regions.


71)


______

72)


Isopleth maps connect data points that have equal value.


72)


______

73)


The most controversial of the various types of map projections discussed in the text is the Mercator projection.


73)


______

74)


A map with a representative fraction of 1/ 1 000 000 is a large-scale map.


74)


______

75)


The Dymaxion projection produces no significant distortion to the major land masses of the Earth.


75)


______

76)


Latitude measures angular distance, while longitude measures linear distance.


76)


______

77)


In typical classifications of Canadian regions, the Canadian Shield and the North are often confused.


77)


______

78)


From a conceptual point of view, region minimizes the variation of an attribute within its boundaries, and maximizes variation relative to neighbouring regions.


78)


______

79)


The geographical term "situation" refers to a place's location relative to other places and human activities.


79)


______

80)


Most of the time, most people will try to maximize the net utility of a location.


80)


______

81)


Henri Lefebvre suggested that socioeconomic systems are associated to different types of space.


81)


______

82)


Cognitive space can be described in terms of behavioural space.


82)


______

83)


According to the late author Mordechai Richler, Canada was better known for its spaces than for its places.


83)


______

84)


Place making refers to the building of the infrasructure that constitutes the physical manifestation of human occupation of space.


84)


______

85)


Hierarchical diffusion, even though it can be faster, is not always as thorough in reaching all locations as contagious diffusion.


85)


______

86)


At a very local scale, the expansion diffusion process is more important than the hierarchical process.


86)


______

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

87)


Define the term "human geography" and briefly expand on its interest to the Canadian public.


87)


_____________

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper. 88)


Write an essay that discusses the interdependence of places, the interdependence of geographic scales, and why interdependence is a two-way process.


89)


Explain the main features of the Inuit approach to navigation.


89)


_____________

90)


Present some of the Arab explorers' main contributions to the advancement of the discipline of Geography.


90)


_____________

91)


Describe the contributions to the study of geography of these two German scholars: Immanuel Kant and Alexander von Humboldt.


91)


_____________



Outline some of the advances and changes which occurred in the discipline of Geography in the twentieth century.


93)


Explain the notion of environmental determinism. Briefly explain its place and importance in the evolution of Geography as a discipline.


93)


_____________



Present some major steps in the evolution of Geography as a profession and academic discipline in Canada since 1870.

95)


Present and briefly discuss some ways in which the significance of place is increased by the new mobility of money, labour, products and ideas.


96)


Identify four of the themes originating between 1930 and 1970 that have remained important in Canadian Geography.


96)


_____________

97)


List and briefly describe five applications of geography, i.e., the various types of work that geographers can do.


97)


_____________



Discuss the nature and uses of Geographic Information Systems.

99)


While making reference to the relevant basic tools employed by geographers explain the main steps involved in the process of geographical research.

100)


Present and explain three commonly used types of map projections.


101)


Explain the objective of the Dymaxion projection and list its principles.


101)


____________



Identify and briefly expand on each of the four important points that characterize the concept of region.

103)


Present Henri Lefebvre's contribution to contemporary geographical thinking about the concept of space.

104)


While providing a relevant example for each, write an essay that explains the four basic concepts of spatial interaction.

105)


While providing a specific example for each, explain three different patterns of spatial diffusion.


1)


A 2)


D 3)


E 4)


E 5)


B 6)


E 7)


A 8)


E 9)


C 10)


A 11)


B 12)


A 13)


B 14)


A 15)


E 16)


D 17)


A 18)


A 19)


A 20)


E 21)


C 22)


A 23)


A 24)


C 25)


D 26)


A 27)


B 28)


C 29)


A 30)


D 31)


B 32)


E 33)


C 34)


E 35)


C 36)


C 37)


E 38)


A 39)


A 40)


D 41)


E 42)


D 43)


E 44)


B 45)


B 46)


B 47)


C 48)


D 49)


E 50)


A 51)


E 52)


FALSE 53)


FALSE 54)


FALSE 55)


TRUE 56)


FALSE 57)


TRUE 58)


FALSE 59)


FALSE 60)


TRUE 61)


FALSE 62)


FALSE 63)


TRUE 64)


FALSE 65)


FALSE 66)


TRUE 67)


FALSE 68)


TRUE 69)


TRUE 70)


FALSE 71)


FALSE 72)


TRUE 73)


FALSE 74)


FALSE 75)


FALSE 76)


FALSE 77)


TRUE 78)


TRUE 79)


TRUE 80)


TRUE 81)


TRUE 82)


TRUE 83)


TRUE 84)


FALSE 85)


TRUE 86)


TRUE 87)


88)


89)


90)


91)


92)


93)


94)


95)


96)


97)


98)


99)


100)


101)


102)


103)


104)


105)

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