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Name _________________________________________________

CLASSIFICATION – ESSENTIAL VOCAB1. Taxonomy The science of naming organisms2. Phylogeny The study of ancestry and relatedness3. Genus Classification taxon….KPCOFGS….related organisms4. Species Classification taxon...…most specific ...can breed/reproduce5. Binomial Nomenclature Classification, two part name, Genus and species6. Taxa/Taxon Classification group…KPCOFGS7. Prokaryotic Cells without a nucleus….primitive…bacteria8. Eukaryotic Cells with a nucleus….more evolved9. Multicellular Organism with many cells10. Unicellular Organism made of one cell…..bacteria and protist11. Autotrophic Organism that can synthesize its own food (photosynthesis)12. Heterotrophic Organism that can NOT synthesize its own food (consumer)13. Organism Any living thing14. Archaebacteria Oldest form of life…dating about 4 billion years ago…bacteria

that live in extreme environments15. Eubacteria Bacteria that live among organisms16. Microorganisms Small organisms….bacteria, protist17. Pathogen Any organism that causes disease or illness18. Resistance The ability to withstand a condition…bacteria19. Dichotomous Key Classification chart used to name and sort organisms20. Asexual Reproduction Cloning, one parent cell divided into two identical cells by mitosis21. Sexual Reproduction Variations, two parent cells combine to produce a different

offspring, meiosis22. Homeostasis Maintaining internal stability, balance, regulation (body temp.)23. Dynamic Equilibrium Homeostasis but with minor fluctuations (glucose levels) 24. Aerobic Respiration Synthesizing ATP with the use of Oxygen & Glucose25. Anaerobic Respiration Synthesizing ATP without the use of Oxygen, only Glucose26. Vaccination A dead pathogen put into the body to cause an immune response

by producing antibodies

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BELLRINGER:

Essential Questions:

1. Evaluate the history and purpose of taxonomy.

2. Explain the meaning and give examples of scientific names.

3. If Felis leo is the scientific name for a lion what could you infer about Felis tigre? Explain.

Classification

Classification & Taxonomy The naming and grouping of organisms based on similarities (in DNA, structure, etc.)

Aristotle’s System of Classification – Why was it wrong? Theories change!Prior to DNA knowledge….only based on structural similarities. Not always accurate, for example not all green organisms are plants! As the microscopes improved do did our knowledge of DNA and true relatedness so theories changed.

What is Linnaeus’ Classification System based on? Prior to DNA knowledge…..he based classification groups on similarities in structure (comparative anatomy such as homologous structures).

Binomial Nomenclature (Genus species)A two word naming system in Latin….made up of an organism’s Genus and species names.

Human is (Homo sapiens)

SUMMARY

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BELLRINGER:

Essential Questions:

1. Why is binomial nomenclature useful?

2. Explain the taxonomic classification chart; citing which taxa is largest, smallest, most related.

3. Members of the same species must be able to do what?

The Language of Scientific names vs. common names Scientific names are in Latin and composed of the taxon Genus and species. Common names are not useful worldwide since they are based on many different languages.

Taxonomic Rankings – Taxa

K

P

C

O

F

G

S

The largest taxa with the largest amount of organisms is __________Kingdom________

The smallest taxa with the smallest amount of organisms is _____species__________

Organisms in this taxa can breed and produce offspring ________species_________

If an organism belongs to the same class what other taxa does it have in common ______kingdom_________, ______phylum__________

In which taxa would DNA samples be the most common ________species________

SUMMARY

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BELLRINGER:

Essential Questions:

1. Give examples of differences and similarities among the kingdoms.

2. Name the 6 kingdoms from least to most complex.

3. Protista are a very large and diverse group. Can you think of why they may be separated into two kingdoms someday soon?

The Six Kingdoms -Put in Order from least complex and oldest to most complex and youngest.

1. Archaebacteria2. Eubacteria3. Protista4. Fungi5. Plantae6. Animalia

How are Evolutionary Relationships Determined

Structural SimilaritiesComparing anatomy, physical structures, bones, homologous structures to determine relatedness and common ancestry.

Breeding BehaviorComparing behaviors related to reproduction and development, such as attracting a mate to determine relatedness and ancestry.

Geographical DistributionComparing the location on Earth where organisms live and have lived to determine relationships and ancestry.

Chromosome Comparison Comparing the number and structure of chromosomes in organisms to determine relationships and ancestry.

BiochemistryComparing the DNA, amino acids, enzymes, proteins of organisms to determine relatedness and ancestry.

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BELLRINGER:

Essential Questions:

1. How do you find a common ancestor on a Cladogram?

2. If lines on a Cladogram are close together and connect at a point behind, what does that suggest about those organisms?

3. From the previous page, what characteristics would you expect related organisms to share?

Phylogeny A diagram showing the evolutionary relatedness among organisms and tracing back to a common ancestor.

Cladistics & CladogramThe study of phylogeny, ancestry, relatedness.

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BELLRINGER:

Essential Questions:

1. Give basic characteristics of a kingdom.

2. If an organism is a prokaryote what does that tell you about it?

3. Draw a phylogenetic tree depicting the evolution of the 6 kingdoms.

To determine an organism’s kingdom answer three questions:

1. Is the organism prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

ProkaryoticUnicellular organisms lacking a nucleus (bacteria only), simple

EukaryoticOrganisms with a nucleus, more complex

2. Is the organism unicellular or multicellular?

UnicellularOrganisms made of one cell, simple

MulticellularOrganisms made of many cells, complex

3. Is the organism autotrophic or heterotrophic (Nutrition Style)?

AutotrophicOrganisms like plants and algae that can convert gases into glucose through photosynthesis….make their own food…producers

HeterotrophicOrganisms like consumers that cannot convert gases into glucose….cannot make their own food

*The only prokaryotic kingdoms are ___Archaebacteria______ & ______Eubacteria_________

*The only unicellular kingdoms are _____Archaebacteria_______ , ________Eubacteria_______ & _______Protist________

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BELLRINGER:

Essential Questions:

1. Name an organism that could be both autotrophic and heterotrophic?

2. Why is this type of organism significant in evolution?

3. Explain why theories of classification have changed through the years.

Complete the table below.

Characteristic Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protist Fungi Plant Animal

Cell Type(Prokaryote or Eukaryote)

PRO PRO EUK EUK EUK EUK

Nucleus present (yes or no)

NO NO YES YES YES YES

Unicellular or Multicellular

UNI UNI UNI MUL MUL MUL

Nutrition Style (Autotroph or Heterotroph or Both)

HETERO MostlyHETERO

HETEROOrAUTO

HETERO

AUTO HETERO

Cell Wall (yes or no)

YES YES SOME YES YES NO

Locomotion(yes or no or some)

YES YES SOME NO NO YES

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BELLRINGER:

Essential Questions:

1. Compare and contrast the two types of sexual reproduction.

2. Compare and contrast the two types of respiration.

3. Give some examples of homeostasis in or organism.

LIFE FUNCTIONS – ALL ORGANISMS SHARENo matter how big or small (multicellular or unicellular), autotrophic or heterotrophic, prokaryotic or eukaryotic……all organisms do the following life functions…..just in different ways!

What is an organism?A living thing that is made of cells and carries out life functions listed below.

Review in evolutionary order the 6 kingdoms of life:Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protist, Fungi, Plant, Animal

All organisms are made of _____Cells_________

Life FunctionsReproduction(Sexual vs. Asexual)

Life process to produce offspring to continue that species. Sexual requires two different parents resulting in different offspring through meiosis. Asexual requires one parent resulting in a cloned identical offspring through mitosis.

Growth Life process to increase in cell size and/or number

Regulation(Homeostasis)(Dynamic Equilibrium)

Life process to maintain a balanced internal environment. Regulation of all other life functions. Dynamic Equilibrium includes small fluctuations to maintain stability.

Nutrition(Autotroph vs. Heterotroph)

Life process of obtaining nutrients for energy, either by autotrophic photosynthesis or by heterotrophic consuming.

Respiration(Aerobic vs. Anaerobic)

Life process of converting glucose nutrients into usable ATP/energy for all cells. Aerobic uses Oxygen and Anaerobic does not.

Transport Life process to circulate, move, absorb, distribute, diffuse molecules within an organism/cells.

Excretion Life process to remove metabolic cellular wastes.

Synthesis Life process to make/produce a larger molecule by the combining of smaller molecules.

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BELLRINGER:

Essential Questions:

1. What happens if an organism fails to maintain homeostasis?

2. Which life function is not necessary for the individual but it is for the survival of the species? Explain.

3. Homeostasis and Regulation are synonyms explain.

How do different organisms accomplish the same function:

Comparing Unicellar Organisms

Organelles Small cellular parts with specific functions, able to complete life functions in unicellular organisms.

Vs. Multicellular Organisms

Cells-tissues-organs-systemsMany cells make up tissues….many tissues make up organs…and many organs make up systems. Multicellular organisms require more than cells to perform life functions since not all cells are in direct contact with their environment.

Life Function Organelles Organs/System

Respiration Mitochondria Lungs/Respiratory

Nutrition Cell Membrane, Food Vacuole

Stomach/Digestive

Excretion Cell Membrane, Waste Vacuole

Kidneys/Excretory

Transport Cytoplasm Blood/Circulatory

Reproduction Nucleus Testes & Ovaries/Reproductive

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BELLRINGER:

Essential Questions:

1. Give examples and characteristics of the former Monerans.

2. What types of environments would you find Archaebacteria in?

3. Explain how the reproduction rate of bacteria allows them to evolve quickly.

The Prokaryotes

ArchaebacteriaProkaryotic, Unicellular, Heterotrophic, Anaerobic Organisms. First organisms to appear on Earth about 4 billion years ago. Live in extreme harsh environments.

EubacteriaProkaryotic, Unicellular, Heterotrophic, Organisms. Found in air, water, soil, and other organisms. Some are decomposers, some are disease causing.

The role of Eubacteria in our Environment:

Beneficial DecomposersAKA nitrifying bacteria and denitrifying bacteria because they convert Nitrogen wastes into usable nitrogen for soil and plants.

PathogenicBacteria that cause disease, illness, and death.

-Ways to control PathogensWashing/good hygiene, freezing, canning, salt preservatives, antibiotics

-The problem with Resistant Pathogens (MRSA)Bacteria that have mutated and are stronger than others….able to resist antibiotics….reproduce and pass on their mutation and resistance is passed on to their offspring.

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BELLERINGER:

Essential Questions:

1. Give examples of life functions that single celled Protists do as well as multi celled animals.

2. Compare an organelle to a human organ in function.

3. Compare an organelle to a human system in function.

The Eukaryotes

Protista (Protists)Eukaryotic, Unicellular, Heterotrophic (animal like), Autotrophic (plant like), mostly live in water. Ameba, Paramecium, Algae

-adaptations:structures for locomotion in animal like-cilia, pseudopods, flagellamay live in colonies for safety in numbers

Fungi (Fungus) Eukaryotic, Multicellular, Heterotrophic by absorbing decaying materials (decomposers)

-adaptations:Reproduce asexually by spores

Plantae (Plants)Eukaryotic, Multicellular, Autotrophic by Photosynthesis, have Cell Walls.

-adaptations:Produce flowers and smells to aid in sexual reproduction.

Animalia (Animals)Eukaryotic, Multicellular, Heterotrophic, Locomotive. Most have specialized organs and systems for life functions.

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BELLRINGER:

Essential Questions:

1. Why are viruses not considered living?

2. Explain what a vaccination is and give an example.

3. Discuss objections to people being vaccinated…or forced vaccinations for their children.

ONLY THE LIVING ARE CLASSIFIED!!!!

WHAT ABOUT VIRUSES?

Viruses are not classified…they are exceptions…why?Viruses are not made of cells and therefore are not considered a living organism, BUT they can reproduce!

Viruses as Pathogens & ExamplesViruses cause disease, illness, death. Polio, Measles, Mumps, HIV, Meningitis, FLU

Viruses in Health and Medicine

Vaccinations A dead pathogen injected into an organism to cause an immune response. WBC’s produce specific antibodies to destroy the antigen in the vaccine. Memory WBC’s retain the antibodies to fight future attacks.

SUMMARY

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BELLRINGER:

Essential Questions:

1. How many choices are at each level of a dichotomous key?

2. Why is it useful to classify organisms?

3. Give an example of a genus and species name of an organism.

What is a Dichotomous Key?A biological key consisting of characteristics used to sort and name organisms based on similar characteristics. A tool used to classify organisms.

SUMMARY