Name: ___________________________Period: _______

Biology Week #12Week of: November 3rd-7th

Day Root Words In-Class Homework

11/3: Monday

Word:Definition:

As in:-

Picture: -Organize Binder/Goals-Notes on Homeostasis-Grade Graph-Begin Macromolecule Notes

11/4: Tuesday

Word:Definition:

As in:-

Picture:-Finish Notes-Macromolecule Detective

11/5: Wednesday

Word:Definition:

As in:-

Picture:

- LATE ARRIVAL!-Food ID Lab

11/6: Thursday

Word:Definition:

As in:-

Picture:

-Dog Vomit Lab

11/7: Friday

Word:Definition:

As in:-

Picture: -Food Lab Quiz-Quiz over Macromolecules!-Turn in week 12 packet

mrlscience.weebly.com or clundgren@oprfhs.org

Macromolecules Notes

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Name: ___________________________Period: _______Problem: What are macromolecules and why are they important?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

A macromolecule is: _________________________________________________

Why are macromolecules important: _____________________________________

Macromolecule

Elements

Present Function

Monomer (building blocks) Polymer Examples

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Nucleic Acids

Conclusion: What are macromolecules and why are they important?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

Macromolecules Detective- Use your notes to answer the Questions.

1. What three elements make up carbohydrates? _______ _______ _______2. What is the basic shape of a carbohydrate? _______________________________

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Name: ___________________________Period: _______3. What types of food contain carbohydrates? ________________________________

_________________________________________________________________4. Which of the following are words used to describe carbohydrates (Circle them)?

Sugar Nucleic Acid Polysaccharide Saturated FatProtein Monosaccharide Disaccharide Unsaturated FatAmino Acids DNA RNA

5. What three elements make up lipids? _______ _______ _______6. What is the basic shape of a lipid? _________________________________7. What types of food contain lipids? ______________________________________

_________________________________________________________________8. Which of the following are words used to describe lipids (Circle them)?

Sugar Nucleic Acid Polysaccharide Saturated FatProtein Monosaccharide Disaccharide Unsaturated FatAmino Acids DNA RNA

9. What four elements make up proteins? _______ _______ _______ _______ 10. What types of food contain proteins? ____________________________________

_________________________________________________________________11.Which of the following are words used to describe proteins (circle them)?

Sugar Nucleic Acid Polysaccharide Saturated FatProtein Monosaccharide Disaccharide Unsaturated FatAmino Acids DNA RNA

12.What five elements make up nucleic acids? _____ _____ _____ _____ ______ 13.What is the only element found in nucleic acids and no other macromolecules?

_______14.Which of the following are words used to describe nucleic acids (circle them)?

Sugar Nucleic Acid Polysaccharide Saturated FatProtein Monosaccharide Disaccharide Unsaturated FatAmino Acids DNA RNA

Food ID LabPre-lab: ENTIRE PAGE 1Forensic scientists will often analyze substances to identify their unknown content. In this lab, we will test different solutions to determine their macromolecule content.

Test 1 – Starch (REAGENT – LUGOLS IODINE, POSITIVE TEST – DARK BLUE/BLACK)To test for starch, we will be using Lugol’s iodine. Lugol’s iodine or Lugol’s solution is named after the French physician J.G.A. Lugol. Lugol's iodine solution is often used as an antiseptic (cleans cuts) and disinfectant (cleans), for emergency disinfection of

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Name: ___________________________Period: _______drinking water, and as a reagent (solution) for starch detection in laboratory and medical tests. Lugol’s iodine will turn a specific color when in the presence of starch. This is called a positive result for the starch test. When starch is NOT present the Lugol’s iodine will not change from its original color. This is a negative result for the starch test.

1. What are the uses for Lugol’s iodine?

2. How do you know if there is starch presence using Lugol’s iodine? (READ ABOUT THE POSITIVE TEST)

Test 2 – Simple Sugar (REAGENT – BENEDICT’S SOLUTION, POSITIVE TEST – YELLOW ORANGE COLOR WHEN HEATED FOR ABOUT 5 MINUTES)To test for simple sugar presence we will be using Benedict’s solution. The solution is named after an American chemist, Stanley Rossiter Benedict. Benedict's reagent (solution) is used as a test for the presence of all monosaccharides (simple sugars). The same as Lugol’s solution, the Benedict’s solution will change color under the presence of simple sugars. This is a positive test result for simple sugar presence. If the Benedict’s solution does not change from its original color, this is considered a negative test result for the presence of simple sugars.

3. How do you know if there is a POSITIVE test result for sugar?

Test 3 – Protein (REAGENT – BIURET SOLUTION, POSITIVE TEST –VIOLET PURPLE)To test for protein presence we will be using Biuret Solution. Biuret is a form of urea (chemical compound) and used in the Biuret protein test. The Biuret test will also return a positive result in color change. A negative test result for protein will not have a change from the original color of the solution.

4. Which reagent shows the presence of protein?

5. How do you know if there is a POSITIVE test result for protein?

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Name: ___________________________Period: _______Procedure: We will use the 3 different tests to determine what is a positive test result and what is a negative test result. We will test solutions of known content along with water as a control to compare the difference in results.

Test 1 – StarchProcedure: 1. Add several drops of starch solution to one of the depressions in a

clean spot plate.2. Add several drops of water to another depression.3. Add a few drops of iodine indicator to each of these liquids.4. Record your observations in Data Table 1.

Test 2 – Protein TestProcedure: 1. Add several drops of protein solution in one of the depressions in

a clean spot plate.2. Add several drops of water to another depression.3. Add about 10 drops of Biuret solution to each depression.4. Record your observations in Data Table 1.

Test 3 – Simple SugarProcedure: 1. Pour sugar solution into a clean test tube until it is about 2.5cm

high. 2. Pour about the same amount of water into a second test tube. 3. Add a full dropper of Benedict’s solution to each test tube.4. Heat both tubes in the beaker of water on the hot plate. 5. When the time is up, remove test tubes with clamps and place in test tube rack.6. Record your observations in Data Table 1. 7. Wait for the tubes to cool. Then wash with a soapy brush.

Data Table 1: Test Results of Color ChangeLugol’s Color

BeforeAdding Lugol’s

Color AfterAdding Lugol’s

Benedict’s Color BeforeAddingBenedict’s

Color AfterAddingBenedict’s

Biuret’s

Color BeforeAddingBiuret’s

Color AfterAddingBiuret’s

Starch (will test positive)

Yellow/ brown

Sugar (will test positive)

Bright blue

Protein (will test positive)

Blue

Water (will test negative)

Yellow/ brown

Water (will test negative)

Bright blue

Water (will test negative)

Blue

Lab Analysis Day 1: Using your test results and knowledge from above, and the chart below answer the following questions:

Substance Lipid (Fat) Test

POSITIVE – MARK LEFT ON PAPER

Starch/Lugol’s Test

Simple Sugar/Benedi

ct’s Test

Protein/Biuret’s Test

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Name: ___________________________Period: _______Mountain Dew No mark on

the paperYellow Brown Yellow/Orange Blue

Chicken Broth Mark left on paper

Yellow Brown Bright Blue Violet/Purple

Olive Oil Mark left on paper

Yellow Brown Bright Blue Blue

Grape Juice No mark on the paper

Yellow Brown Yellow/Orange Blue

1. Which of the substance(s) tested contain fat?

2. Which of the substance(s) tested contain starch?

3. Which of the substance(s) tested contain simple sugar?

4. Which of the substance(s) tested contain protein?

Food Labels

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Name: ___________________________Period: _______

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Name: ___________________________Period: _______

1. Does this food item have a lot of carbohydrates in it? How do you know?

2. Does this food item have a lot of lipids in it? How do you know?

3. Does this food item have a lot of proteins in it? How do you know?

4. Does this food item have a lot of nucleic acids in it? How do you know?

5. Is this a healthy snack choice? How do you know?

6. Would this snack help me maintain homeostasis? Why?Biochemistry Lab — A Case of Possible Pooch

Poisoning8

Name: ___________________________Period: _______Introduction:You are a crime scene investigator working on a case of possible poisoning.

The past weekend there was a pot luck dinner at Ms. Smith’s house. Different

teachers brought different foods. Mr. Messer brought steamed chicken with

herbs, Ms. Smith brought salad with oil and vinegar dressing, Mr. Hill brought

rolls, and Mr. Lundgren made a fruit salad. But they had to rush off to write an

emergency Biology test and Ms. Smith’s dog Caesar the bull dog and his furry

friends Duke the Lab, Lucky the Goldendoodle and Chance the pit bull got into

the food and ate it. All the dogs had to be rushed to the emergency vet with

high fevers and constant vomiting. Someone tried to poison your science

teachers, WHO DID IT?

Purpose:1. Determine what each doggy consumed? (Carbohydrate—sugar or starch,

fat, or protein)

2. Determine if your results show any similarities between the four patients after testing for each of the four macromolecules?

Prelab: 1. Describe what organic molecule each of the food items are. If it is a

carbohydrate distinguish between a simple sugar and a complex carbohydrate such as starch.

Food Item Organic Molecule Teacher who brought this

ChickenSalad Dressing

Dinner RollsFresh Fruit

Procedure: Each group will receive a sample of each patient’s vomit and will be

required to run all four tests on each sample.

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Name: ___________________________Period: _______ Pipette 3-4 drops into the spot plate and add iodine to test for the

presence of starch. If starch is present the color should turn ___________________

Pipette 3-4 drops into the spot plate and add biuret to test for the presence of protein. If protein is present the color should turn ___________________

Place 2-3 drops on the green paper for the lipid test. If lipid is present the paper should ______________________

Use the remaining vomit sample for the simple sugar test. Add benedict’s solution and heat carefully for 2 min. in a hot plate and then allow the test tube to cool down. If simple sugar is present the color should turn ___________________________

Once you are finished with all of the tests please rinse all equipment with water and place everything upside down

Results:Simple

Sugar TestStarch Test Lipid Test Protein

TestTube #

Contents

Initial Color

Final Color

(+) or (-)

Final Color

(+) or (-)

Final Color

(+) or (-)

Final Color

(+) or (-)

1 Caesar

2 Lucky

3 Duke

4 Chance

Conclusion and Analysis Questions:

1. What was the purpose of this lab?

2. Fill out the chart below about what each dog ate.

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Name: ___________________________Period: _______Dog Macromolecules consumedCaesar

Lucky

Duke

Chance

3. Do your results show any similarities between the four patients?

4. What macromolecule did they have in common?

5. What food could it be?

6. Was this a case of poisoning?

7. Who was the poisoner?

8. Describe any errors of experiment and why your results were altered or could have been altered.

9. Explain how an understanding of macromolecules can help forensic scientists and police detectives.

Macromolecules Textbook ReadingMany parts of cells are so large that they are known as macromolecules, which means “giant molecules.” Macromolecules are made from thousands or even

hundreds of thousands of smaller molecules.

Most macromolecules are formed by a process known as polymerization (pah lih mur ih ZAY shun), in which large compounds are built by joining smaller ones together. The smaller units, or monomers, join together to form polymers. The monomers in a

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Name: ___________________________Period: _______polymer may be identical, like the links on a metal watch band; or the monomers may be different, like the beads in a multicolored necklace. The figure below illustrates the process of polymerization. You can think of polymerization like playing with Lego’s. The monomers are the individual pieces. The object you create is the polymer. Another way to think about polymerization is to consider the monomers as “building blocks” and the polymer as the finished macromolecule.

Monomer → Polymerization → Polymer

1. Describe the relation of polymerization in making macromolecules. __________

____________________________________________________________

Biochemists sort the macromolecules found in living things into groups based on their chemical composition. The four major groups of macromolecules found in living things are carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. As you read about these molecules, compare their structures and functions.

Carbohydrates are compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of energy. Plants, some animals, and other organisms also use carbohydrates for structural purposes. The breakdown of sugars, such as glucose, supplies immediate energy for cell activities. Many organisms store extra sugar as complex carbohydrates known as starches. As shown in Figure 2–14, the monomers in starch polymers are sugar molecules.

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Name: ___________________________Period: _______

2. What are the elements found in carbohydrates? _______________________3. What are the main uses of carbohydrates? ___________________________

____________________________________________________________

Simple Sugars (single sugar molecules) are also known as monosaccharides (mahn oh SAK uh rydz). Besides glucose, monosaccharides include galactose, which is a component of milk, and fructose, which is found in many fruits. Ordinary table sugar, sucrose, consists of glucose and fructose. Sucrose is a disaccharide, a compound made by joining two simple sugars together.

4. How is sucrose built?________________________________________________________________________________________________

Complex Carbohydrates The large macromolecules formed from monosaccharides are known as polysaccharides (mono = 1, poly = many). Many animals store excess sugar in a polysaccharide called glycogen, which is sometimes called “animal starch.” When the level of glucose in your blood runs low, glycogen is broken down into glucose, which is then released into the blood. The glycogen stored in your muscles supplies the energy for muscle contraction and, thus, for movement.

5. How do animals use complex carbohydrates such as polysaccharides? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Plants use a slightly different polysaccharide, called starch, to store excess sugar. Plants also make another important polysaccharide called cellulose. Tough, flexible cellulose fibers give plants much of their strength and rigidity. Cellulose is the major component of both wood and paper, so you are actually looking at cellulose as you read these words!

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Name: ___________________________Period: _______6. How do plants use complex carbohydrates such as cellulose?

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Lipids are a large and varied group of biological molecules that are generally not soluble in water (that is, they do not dissolve, they will float on top of water for the most part). Lipids are made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms. The common categories of lipids are fats, oils, and waxes. Lipids can be used to store energy. Some lipids are important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings. Steroids synthesized by the body are lipids as well. Many steroids, such as hormones, serve as chemical messengers.

7. What are the elements found in lipids? ______________________________8. What are the main uses of lipids? __________________________________

____________________________________________________________

Many lipids are formed when a glycerol molecule combines with compounds called fatty acids, as shown in Figure 2-15. If each carbon atom in a lipid's fatty acid chains is joined to another carbon atom by a single bond, the lipid is said to be saturated. If there is at least one carbon-carbon double bond in a fatty acid, the fatty acid is said to be unsaturated. Lipids whose fatty acids contain more than one double bond are said to be polyunsaturated. If the terms saturated and polyunsaturated seem familiar, you have probably seen them on food package labels. Lipids that contain unsaturated fatty acids, such as olive oil, tend to be liquid at room temperature. Other cooking oils, such as corn oil, sesame oil, canola oil, and peanut oil, contain polyunsaturated lipids.

9. What is the difference between saturatedand unsaturated fats?____________________________________________________________________________________

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Name: ___________________________Period: _________________________________________

Proteins are macromolecules that contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Proteins are polymers of molecules called amino acids, shown in Figure 2–17. Amino acids are compounds with an amino group (–NH2) on one end and a carboxyl group (–COOH) on the other end. Covalent bonds called peptide bonds link amino acids together to form a polypeptide. A protein is a functional molecule built from one or more polypeptides. Some proteins control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes. Others form important cellular structures, while still others transport substances into or out of cells or help to fight disease. Proteins are among the most diverse macromolecules. The reason is that amino acids differ from each other allowing many different structures to be formed.

10. What are the elements found in proteins? ____________________________

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Name: ___________________________Period: _______11. What are the main uses proteins? __________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Nucleic Acids are macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus. Nucleic acids are polymers assembled from individual monomers known as nucleotides. Nucleotides consist of three parts: a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group (–PO4), and a nitrogenous base, as shown in Figure 2–16. Some nucleotides, including the compound known as adenosine triphosphate (ATP), play important roles in capturing and transferring chemical energy. Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information. There are two kinds of nucleic acids: ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). As their names indicate, RNA contains the sugar ribose and DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose.

12. What are the elements found in nucleic acids? _________________________

13. What are the main uses of nucleic acids? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Name: ___________________________Period: _______

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