webapplicationsecurity05 2010 100601100553 phpapp02

Web & Desktop

Application Security

Rafel Ivgi

Security-Art

1 Web & Desktop Application Security

Who am I?

• Over 12 years in development, technology and information

security.

• Published more than 100 articles in the field of information

security including MS04-025, MS05-005 .

• Was Head of information security research team “MCRC” at

“Finjan” in 2004.

• Graduate of 8200 technological unit, two times winning

partner of the “Israel Defense Award”.

Web & Desktop Application Security 2

Who am I?


Table Of Contents

• XSS – Introduction (Reflected XSS) – XSS – Introduction (Stored XSS)

– XSS-Shell

• XSS Worms – Introduction – XSS Worms - the future of SPAM

– XSS Worms - D.o.S attacks

– XSS Worms - Automated exploiting bots

• Request Validation

• White-list vs. Black-list filtering

• SQL Injection – Introduction – SQL Injection – The Practice

– SQL Injection – Taking over the

– SQL injection as a lead to other vulnerabilities

– SQL injection Harvesting tools

– SQL injection Prevention


Table Of Contents

• CSRF - Introduction – CSRF – The risks and common uses

– Tokens vs. Personal Information as a solution for CSRF

• Un-validated Redirects and Forwards - Introduction – Un-validated Redirects and Forwards – Common uses and

Risks

– Validating Redirects and Forwards

• Introduction to browser security – History stealing using CSS

– IE 8 anti XSS, is it really safe?

– Exploiting the Browser

– Exploiting the Browser – Logical exploits

– Exploiting the Browser – 3rd party extensions

• Smart D.o.S

• 0-day, Hotmail – Stored XSS


Penetration Test Methods

• Black box – In this type of penetration test, the attacker have no information regarding the system under observation.

• Gray box – in this type of penetration test, the attacker have some initial information regarding the system, such as:

– User and password combination to access inner parts of the system.

– Network architecture scheme.


Penetration Test Methods

• White box – in this type of penetration test, the attacker has all the information regarding the system, such as:

– Source code.

– DB access.

– Network architecture scheme.

– Admin user and password combination.


XSS – Introduction (Reflected XSS)

• XSS is a vulnerability which exists on the server side, but

poses a risk only for the server’s clients

• The “attack” occurs when a web server replies the user with

the exact raw data received from the user.

• In order to exploit the vulnerability: – the attacker supplies the user with a link

– once clicked, the user sends data to the server

– the server replies it

– the browser executes it


XSS – Introduction (Reflected XSS)

• The attacker may send malicious JS code that will execute in

the context of the given site.

• This code is able to: – Exploit the browser

– Steal cookies

– Perform GET and POST requests using the user`s credentials

– Perform content spoofing attacks

– Deface the site


XSS – Introduction (Stored XSS)

• Another vector of this attack is called “Stored XSS”, unlike

the previous vector, in this attack there is no need to

navigate the user to a specially crafted URL.

• This attack requires the attacker to find a permanent place

within the application that can store his code, for example: – blog`s comments

– user`s profile settings

– etc…


XSS-Shell

• XSS-Shell is an attack platform designed to be launched

from an XSS vector.

• The usage of this platform is as following: – The attacker sends the user a link referring to a vulnerable site

– Upon clicking this link the client`s browser runs the JS code of

the XSS-Shell platform

– This code hijacks the browser and starts receiving commands

from the server

– The attacker can send new commands that will be evaluated in

the client`s browser as long as this attack is active

– The client can stop the attack in two ways: • Manually navigate to the different site using the navigation bar • Closing the browser completely


XSS Worms

• In the age of social networks and mash web sites, a single

XSS attack in a major site can be turned into an army of

computers, just waiting for commands from the attacker.

• Using the power of JS code there is even no need to try and

exploit the browser, most uses of Bot-nets today are D.O.S

and SPAM attacks.


XSS Worms The Future of SPAM

• While SPAM attacks are still hard to launch using JS, there are several ways attackers use to achieve this goal.

• Mime injections is an uprising attack that allows an attacker to inject text into the mime headers of an outgoing mail and change the values of those headers before being sent.

• The vulnerability is mostly common in “Contact Us” forms which lack input validation on fields such as:

– From – To – Subject – Date and so on…


XSS Worms the future of SPAM

• Correct usage of this vulnerability will allow the attacker to

craft their own email and send it to their victims using the

vulnerable third party site.

• This method of SPAM will also bypass the “Secure Domain

Tokens” that validates the senders domain.

• The attacker can use a XSS worm to take advantage of such

Inject-able sites in order to produce a SPAM network with no

Trojan Horses or any kind of backdoor tools.


XSS Worms the future of SPAM


Original message

Manipulated message – old

email headers becomes hidden

text

XSS Worms D.o.S attacks

• D.o.S attacks are fairly easy to deploy.

• Consider a XSS worm on Facebook.com

• Every user that logs in will get a command from the server.

• This command will cause the browser to send a Post request

to CNN.com

• Considering the amount of users Facebook has

simultaneously, CNN will be down within a few minutes.


XSS Worms Information Gathering

• Beyond malicious attacks on third party sites, the attacker

may use their worm to gather sensitive information from their

victims

• The attacker can harvest the following details using the XSS

alone: – Password (using a perfect phishing attack)

– Name

– Age

– Email

– Friend list (that will also be attacked to become future victims)


XSS Worms Automated exploiting bots

• Another usage of an XSS worm is to automatically scan and

exploit other vulnerabilities.

• In order to achieve this goal the attacker needs to exploit

one of the victim`s browser and execute a backdoor that will

act as the server.

• The server will then be used by all the other victims or,

“Fetchers”.



• The Fetchers will send a request to the server asking for a

new list to attack.

• The server will then use Google or any other search engine

to get a list of sites that suit the attack and return it to the

fetcher.

• The fetcher now asks the server for the content of a certain

site on the list.

• Once the value returns, the fetcher parse out the inner link

from this page.



• The fetcher checks for patterns on those links for known vulnerabilities such as SQL Injections.

• For each pattern found, the fetcher tries to exploit the machine using preset values.

• Successful exploitations will cause the attacked machine to report itself to the attacker thus entering to the attack circle.

• This may have a low ratio of success but when talking about an XSS Worm in the sufficient magnitude and considering the fact that this process is fully automatic the result is highly satisfying for the attacker


Request Validation

• One way of preventing these attacks is to use automated

tools like Request Validation from Microsoft.

• This tool blocks HTML characters on every GET and POST

request to the server.

• While such tools seemingly pose a good solution, the

attacker only has to break them once.


Request Validation

• By Googling “how to break .NET request validation” one

solution using inline CSS to run JS pops up.

• However, in most cases the attacker cannot get to the stage

where they write inline CSS because the input is not

reflected within a HTML tag.


White-list vs. Black-list filtering

• Automated tools cannot be trusted on their own, the

application must have a built in inner filtering mechanism.

• There are two concepts when talking about filtering

mechanisms: – Black list

– White list



• Black-list filtering goes over the input and checks to see if

any preset “Bad Keywords” appear.

• If so, the application either removes them from the input or

throws an exception saying the input is invalid.

• The problem with this mechanism is that it`s not 100% proof.

The application will never cover all types of encoding the

methods of attacks.



• White list filtering on the other hand sets a template for each

type of field in the system.

• Every input is then compared to the template using regular

expression.

• The incompatible parts of the input are removed and the

application is left with a clean value that is known to be safe.



• Vulnerable

• Secure


SQL Injection – Introduction

• SQL Injection is a vulnerability which exists on the server

side and poses a risk to the Database server of the

application.

• The attack occurs when a web server passes the exact raw

data received from the user to the Database server.

• In order to exploit the vulnerability: – The attacker must identify an input to the application that is

involved in a database query

– Once found, the attacker can manipulate this argument in order

to change the nature of the original query



• The following VB code generates a SQL statement using a

parameter from the user

• In case the value is in the correct template, the application will

work as planned

Select lname, fname FROM users WHERE id=‘1’

Dim SSN as String

Dim SqlQuery as String

SSN = Request.QueryString(“ID")

SqlQuery = "SELECT lname, fname FROM users WHERE id = '" + ID + "'"

Select lname, fname FROM users WHERE id=‘1’



• On the other hand, the following input will completely change the nature of this query:

1’ or ‘1’=‘1

• The statement will appear as following:

• The outcome of the last statement will always result in the

value: “true”.

• An attacker does the same manipulation in the login SQL

statement.

• By making sure the statement will always result in “true”, the

attacker is able to instantly log in to the system.


Select lname, fname FROM users WHERE id=‘1’ or ‘1’=‘1’

SQL Injection – The Practice

• In addition to login credentials the attacker can also go after

the information within the Database itself, for example Credit

Cards.

• The attacker can use several vectors when trying to read

data from the SQL server.


SQL Injection – The Practice Error Based SQL Injection

• When comparing columns of different types, the SQL server throws an exception.

• In this exception it explains exactly why the statement failed, for example:

– the attacker can compare the value of the @@version parameter, which is string, to an integer value

• the server in response will say the value of @@version (and the value itself!) cannot be treated as an integer.


SQL Injection – The Practice Error Based SQL Injection


SQL Injection – The Practice Union Based SQL Injection

• In case the server does not output errors or if the attacker would like a faster way to get the data out of the server the SQL Union statement comes to hand

• The following query will act as the test case:

select name from users where user_id=‘100’

• the attacker can control the value of user_id and may manipulate the query as following:

select name from users where user_id=‘-1’ union all select password from users where user_name=‘admin’

• instead of the name of the current user logged in, the application will output the password of the admin user.


SQL Injection – Taking Over the

Machine

• An attacker can do more than just read, insert and modify

records into the Database.

• With the right permissions, an attacker is able to run binary

code on the actual server running the SQL engine.

• For example, in MSSQL the procedure xp_cmdshell can be

used to run the code it gets as a parameter with the

permissions of the user running the SQL Server.


SQL Injection – Taking over the machine

• In SQL Server 2005 the function was disabled for security

issues, but of course Microsoft left a Reconfigure function

that can turn it back on.

• The SQL query will look as following:

; EXEC sp_configure 'xp_cmdshell',1;

RECONFIGURE;

EXEC master.dbo.xp_cmdshell 'cmd.exe dir c:';


SQL Injection – Taking over the machine

• Another form of action is to use the msiexec function that

downloads a MSI package and installs it using system privileges.

• Once the attacker has control over the machine they can

then use it as a “Bot” in order to automatically exploit other

vulnerable sites.


SQL injection as a lead to other

vulnerabilities

• Once the attacker has control over the Database server they

can with great ease manipulate the system and create

additional security holes.

• For example, the attacker can change data in the SQL

Server to bypass all of the input validations against XSS

attacks.

• This is why the application must always filter the input it gets,

and should not consider certain sources as safe.


SQL injection Harvesting tools

• There are a few key applications that make the usage of SQL injections practically automated.

• The number one application will be Pangolin.

• Pangolin is designed to extract data from almost every type of SQL server:

– MSSQL – MySQL – Oracle – DB2 and more…



• In addition to data extraction Pangolin has the ability to: – Execute code on the remote machine

– Write files to the remote host

– Directory and file manager

– Registry editor

– Custom SQL statements and more…


SQL injection Prevention

• Just like with XSS, there are plug-ins that attempt to prevent these attacks, along with many WAF products in the market.

• The problem with these products remains the same, it cannot be a single line of defense. These products get broken.

• The application must have a filtering module that prevents these attacks on its own.

• In the case of SQL Injection the most important part is to encode the parameter before sending it to the SQL Server so that characters like ‘ will have no affect.



• A common problem is the parameters that are not bound by quotes, like integers, these parameters must be validated as an integer before sent further on in the application.

• Another vector of prevention is the use of parameterized queries inside stored procedures.

• This way the variables cannot be treated as SQL CODE but only as values of those variables.

• Once this is done, no matter what the attacker sends as an input, it could never be parsed as a part of the SQL statement.



• To add another layer of security, it is recommended to break

down the stored procedures into smaller units of code.

• Each with its own permissions, to avoid a scenario of one

stored procedure having both read and write permissions.

• In addition, the parameters should be sanitized inside the

stored procedures as a last line of defense.


CSRF - Introduction

• Cross Site Request Forgery (CSRF) is a client side attack

that takes advantage of insecure web applications.

• To understand this vulnerability let us take a website that

has a user management section: – The credentials for the site are saved in the cookie.

– The site has a Change Password form.


CSRF - Introduction


CSRF – The risks and common uses

• The form has one input, the new desired password.

• The attacker also discovered an XSS vulnerability in a high

traffic third party site.

• The attacker can use this XSS and cause the victim to

generate a post to the original form on the first site.

• The browser will then send an HTTP POST request to the

first server, it will automatically include the cookie that it had

saved and the password will change as the attacker desired.



• The attacker can make the user post any form (rather GET

or POST method) without the user having any way of

controlling the event.

• The user has no way of knowing about the event occurring

(without the use of sniffing or analysis tools).



• Most attackers choose the obvious forms to exploit: – Password change

– Password reminder question change

– Email change

– Money transfer


Tokens vs. Personal Information as a

solution for CSRF

• Tokens work in the following way: – The user requests a page.

– The server generates a random token and appends it as a

hidden field to the form.

– The user fills out the form and submits it back to the server.

– The server can now compare the token it has saved and the

one received by the user in order to verify the submit process

was legitimate.


Tokens vs. Personal Information as a

solution for CSRF

• Personal Information is used to validate the request is legitimate and human generated.

• Two ways are generally used in this method: – Old password – Security question

• The problem with this method of action is that it is not 100% secure, personal information can be found out by the attacker and then the security mechanism has no meaning.

• Combining both methods and adding a Captcha mechanism is the best way to defend against this type of attacks.


Unvalidated Redirects and Forwards - Introduction

• Many sites today use redirections and forwards to third party

sites.

• Each unvalidated redirection or forward to third party sites

are potentially an attack vector waiting to be exploited.

• There are a few risks – when talking about

– unvalidated referrals.


Unvalidated Redirects and Forwards –

Common uses and Risks • The number one use of this unvalidated feature will be to

implement an XSS attack on a third party site.

• This XSS cannot affect the referring site, it still uses that

site`s credibility to unleash the attack.



Common uses and Risks • For example, the following link bypasses the Facebook

redirect checks:

• Or coded to the more practical way:

• In a more unobvious way:

http://www.facebook.com/l.php?u=http://attacker_site.com&

h=781d3

http://www.facebook.com/l.php?u=%68%74%74%70%3a%

2f%2f%61%74%74%61%63%6b%65%72%5f%73%69%74

%65%2e%63%6f%6d&h=781d3



Common uses and Risks • Another vector of attack is Content Spoofing.

• If the attacker can control the content of a frame inside a

major news web server, they could then create false posts of

information that will endanger the credibility of the site in

addition to the profit generated to the attacker.


Validating Redirects and Forwards

• The application must validate the URL before forwarding the

user thus assuring the link is safe.

• In case the application cannot validate the URL it should

prompt the user of the redirection before forwarding it.


Introduction to browser security

• These days many attackers have realized that owning a

BotNet that can be used to send Spam or to Perform Credit

Card frauds and Identity theft is highly profitable.

• In order to create these BotNets the attacker uses a number

of methods to get the most off of the users they catch in their

webs.


History stealing using CSS

• One of the most sophisticated logical ways to focus your attack and gather information on a victim is to steal the browser`s history.

• This can be done quite easily by any Trojan Horse or Spyware software but what if the attacker does not want to infect every user with his backdoor?

• A good private 0-day vulnerability should not be “wasted” on random victims.

• What if the attacker could know in advance if the potential victim has a specific online bank account and only then use the exploit and infect the machine…



• Stealing the entire history without running code on the

machine is currently not possible.

• However it is possible to determine whether a user did or did

not visit a specific URL.

• All the attacker needs to do is to generate a list of specific

“interesting URLs” such as: – Bank login pages

– Social network login pages

– Common search engines and search values



• Once the list is prepared the attacker can dynamically add a

new HREF html tag referring to a link on the list.

• It is known that once you click a link it changes color.

• What is unknown is the fact that the color of the link can be

checked using CSS.

• Then the attacker can simply define a JS loop that checks

for each link if the color is set to the default color or not, in

other words - has it been visited or not.


IE 8 anti XSS, is it really safe?

• Microsoft created a mechanism that should protect the users

from class-1 XSS vulnerabilities.

• The feature was broken in IE8 beta 2, by Mr. Rafel Ivgi, in

several different ways.

• The most critical method was fixed in the final release of the

product but there are still ways to bypass this defense.



• One of these ways is CRLF.

• CRLF (Carriage Return and Line Feed) is a very significant

sequence of characters for programmers.

• These two special characters represent the End Of Header

marker (EOH) for many Internet protocols.

• In the HTTP protocol, two sequences of these characters are

used as a separation between the headers and message

content.



• CRLF is considered class-1 XSS.

• The difference is that in CRLF you can manipulate the HTTP

headers in additions to the HTML page.

• This means that the attacker can override the encoding

header of the original page and set it to UTF-7

• Once this is done, the XSS can be encoded using UTF-7

and the XSS-filter does not block the request.

• The browser of course renders the page and runs the XSS

as it should.


Exploiting the Browser

• Attackers have found that exploiting the browser is the most

effective way to achieve a wide spread of computers under

their control (Botnet).

• All the attacker needs is one high traffic website with a

stored XSS or SQL Injection vulnerability.

• The attacker will then use this vulnerability to append some

code that will exploit a private vulnerability in the browser

and install a backdoor application.


Exploiting the Browser – Logical exploits

• Logical exploits take advantage of insecure design rather

then exploiting a classic overflow vulnerabilities.

• An example to a logical weakness would be the use of

NetBIOS through Internet Explorer

• Allows reading files on the local machine, bypassing all the

domain restrictions and browser protections.

• This was vulnerable up until 6 months ago on all windows

operating systems from 9x to windows 7 using any version of

Internet Explorer.


Exploiting the Browser – 3rd party

extensions

• Browser vendors are in an ongoing battle with security

researchers to keep the browser secure and unexploitable: – Flash

– Adobe acrobat reader

– Automated download acceleration software

– Network sniffing and analysis tools


Smart D.o.S

• A new kind of D.o.S has started to spread.

• This method uses a feature in the current web browsers that

is made to prevent users from surfing to malicious websites.

• Firefox for example checks using Google's Safe Browsing

whether the site currently requested is safe or not.

• In case the result determines that the site is malicious the

browser automatically blocks the connection to the site.


Smart D.o.S

• An attacker can find a vulnerability in a competitive website

for example and plant a public malicious code within the

site’s pages.

• Within a short time, Google will index the site in question and

discover the exploiting code.

• It will then automatically update the Google Safe Browsing

database

• From now on every attempt to view the site will result with

the following sight:


Smart D.o.S


Smart D.o.S

• After the site has been indexed as malicious it is highly

difficult to undo the process: – The webmaster must find all the instances of the appended

code and remove it.

– The vulnerability that was used must be blocked or fixing the

problem will only be affective for a short period of time.

– Contact Google and demand another indexation of the site.

• Most webmasters don’t have the skills to do the above which

then requires the hiring of a specialist.

• All in all the company under attack has lost a few days of

internet activity and spent a lot of money dealing with the

outcome of the attack.


0-Day Exploit, Hotmail – Stored XSS


0-Day Technique, Bypassing Microsoft

Request Validation • Extensive research leads us to another solution, apparently

in the Unicode table the Characters ‘<‘ and ‘>’ appear twice: – u001C and uFF1C for <

– u001E and uFF1E for >

• The ones starting with FF are not filtered by Microsoft`s tool.

• Meaning this line of defense is broken and every site using it

is now vulnerable to the same attack.


Questions?


Contact Information:

• Jody Keyser

• [email protected]

• www.aliadocorp.com

• 1-888-373-0680

Thank You


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