John 14:23John 14:23 - - Jesus answered and said Jesus answered and said unto him, If a man love me, unto him, If a man love me, he will he will keep my wordskeep my words: and my Father will : and my Father will love him, and we will come unto him, love him, and we will come unto him,

and make our abode with him.and make our abode with him.

Jude 1:3 - ye should Jude 1:3 - ye should earnestly contend for the earnestly contend for the faithfaith which was once which was once delivered unto the saints. delivered unto the saints.

Siloam Siloam InscriptionInscription: : Six lines Six lines carved in carved in stone in the stone in the wall of the wall of the Siloam tunnel Siloam tunnel south of the south of the Temple area Temple area of Jerusalem. of Jerusalem. Dates from Dates from Hezekiah Hezekiah (715–687 B.C. (715–687 B.C. confirming the confirming the accounts of 2 accounts of 2 Kngs 20:20 Kngs 20:20 and 2 Chron and 2 Chron 32:30).32:30).

The Location of the Siloam Inscription “[...when] (the tunnel) was driven through.  And

this was the way in which it was cut through:  While [...] (were) still [...] axe(s), each man

toward his fellow, and while there were still three cubits to be cut through, [there was heard] the

voice of a man calling to his fellows, for there was an overlap in the rock on the right [and on the

left].  And when the tunnel was driven through, the quarrymen hewed (the rock), each man toward his fellow, axe against axe; and the water flowed

from the spring toward the reservoir for 1200 cubits, and the height of the rock above the head(s) of the quarrymen was 100 cubits.”

Nineveh Nineveh cuneiformcuneiform

Dead Sea ScrollsDead Sea Scrolls

The large Isaiah scroll from cave 1 of the Dead Sea Scrolls (Isa 34:1–36:2). Col XXVII

The Faithful ScribeThe Faithful Scribe

Medieval ScribeMedieval Scribe

Geniza FragmentsGeniza Fragments

An example of An example of the many the many fragmentary fragmentary scrolls. This scrolls. This one is a one is a Jeremiah text Jeremiah text from cave 4 in from cave 4 in Qumran, Qumran, 4QJerc. Col. 4QJerc. Col. XXI (Jer XXI (Jer 30:17–31:4).30:17–31:4).

This is a This is a copy of copy of the Greek the Greek Minor Minor Prophets Prophets Scroll from Scroll from Nahal Nahal Herver Herver (8HevXiigr(8HevXiigr). Notice ). Notice that the that the script for script for Yahweh is Yahweh is in an in an archaic archaic alphabet. alphabet.

Even the Habakkuk commentary maintained the old Hebrew script over the

newer box Hebrew script for YHWH.

Judges 4:5–Judges 4:5–66

The New TestamentThe New Testament

The earliest The earliest extant copy of extant copy of the New the New Testament. P52 Testament. P52 ca A.D. 100–ca A.D. 100–150.150.

It covers John It covers John 18:31–33 18:31–33 (obverse) and (obverse) and John 18:36–38 John 18:36–38 (reverse).(reverse).

Discovered in the 1920’s and believed to date from AD 125

The Chester Beatty Papyri, found in Egypt before 1931:

Here is a Pauline Epistle

P66 (Bodmer II, ca P66 (Bodmer II, ca 200), the Prologue 200), the Prologue of the Gospel of of the Gospel of John.John.

Here is the Gospel Here is the Gospel of John preserved of John preserved in a codex (book) in a codex (book) with only some with only some minor damages minor damages around the edges. around the edges. It has 52 leaves It has 52 leaves preserved in their preserved in their entirety with the entirety with the remainder of the remainder of the book in fragments. book in fragments.

Luke with Codex and Luke with Codex and ScrollsScrolls

This 9th century

manuscript shows Luke with a codex in his hand

and scrolls at his feet.

The Codex: an The Codex: an Opistograph.Opistograph.

Eze 2:10 And he Eze 2:10 And he spread it before spread it before me; and it [was] me; and it [was] written within and written within and without : and [there without : and [there was] written therein was] written therein lamentations, and lamentations, and mourning, and woe. mourning, and woe.

Rev 5:1 And I saw Rev 5:1 And I saw in the right hand of in the right hand of him that sat on the him that sat on the throne a book throne a book written within and written within and on the backside , on the backside , sealed with seven sealed with seven sealsseals

The “Big Three.”The “Big Three.”

Codex Sinaiticus (Aleph) is named Codex Sinaiticus (Aleph) is named after the monastery of St. after the monastery of St. CatherineCatherine

Codex Vaticanus takes its name Codex Vaticanus takes its name from the Vatican Library in from the Vatican Library in Rome, where it has been since Rome, where it has been since at least 1481. at least 1481.

Codex Alexandrinus was Codex Alexandrinus was presented in 1624 to the English presented in 1624 to the English royal library by Cyril Lucar, royal library by Cyril Lucar, patriarch of Constantinople, who patriarch of Constantinople, who obtained it in Alexandria. obtained it in Alexandria.

Codex SinaiticusCodex Sinaiticus

Lord’s Prayer in LukeLord’s Prayer in Luke

VaticanusVaticanus

The Gospel of JohnThe Gospel of John

And there are also many other things which Jesus did, And there are also many other things which Jesus did, the which, if they should be written every one, I suppose the which, if they should be written every one, I suppose that even the world itself could not contain the books that even the world itself could not contain the books that should be written.that should be written.

P72 (Bodmer P72 (Bodmer VII, VIII, VII, VIII, third/fourth third/fourth century) with century) with the ending of the ending of 2 Peter with 2 Peter with the scribe’s the scribe’s concluding concluding prayer for prayer for himself and himself and the reader. the reader.

Oxyrynchus PapyriiOxyrynchus Papyrii

Fragment from Fragment from MatthewMatthew

Codex Gigas Codex Gigas (A.D. 1204–(A.D. 1204–30). This is 30). This is sometimes sometimes called the called the ‘Djävulsbibeln’ ‘Djävulsbibeln’ because of this because of this picture on folio picture on folio 290. 290. This “Giant This “Giant Codex” measures Codex” measures about 40 inches about 40 inches across the two across the two pages and 36 pages and 36 inches high. The inches high. The hides of 160 hides of 160 asses were asses were required for its required for its production. production.

Codex Codex Guelferbytanus Guelferbytanus Pe a palimpsest Pe a palimpsest with a Gospel with a Gospel subscript subscript written in the written in the sixth century sixth century (Luke 24:31–37) (Luke 24:31–37) and written over and written over with a Latin text with a Latin text from Isidore of from Isidore of Seville.Seville.

Greek Gospel Greek Gospel MS 274: Tenth MS 274: Tenth century century containing the containing the ‘intermediate ‘intermediate ending of Mark’ending of Mark’

An early An early commentarycommentary!!

A minuscule A minuscule ms., Cod. ms., Cod. 747, written 747, written in 1164 in 1164 containing a containing a catena of catena of various various Fathers Fathers (Luke 2:1–7).(Luke 2:1–7).

Gospel of Gospel of John in John in minuscule minuscule fontfont

Fragment of Acts Fragment of Acts found in Oxyrrhynchusfound in Oxyrrhynchus

Early TranslationsEarly Translations

Earliest Latin Earliest Latin Manuscript Manuscript from the “Old from the “Old Latin” about Latin” about the 4the 4thth century. century. Codex Codex Vercellensis, Vercellensis, attributed to attributed to Eusebius, Eusebius, bishop of bishop of Bercelli. The Bercelli. The order of the order of the Gospels are Gospels are Matt, John, Matt, John, Luke, and Luke, and Mark.Mark.

Syriac: This Syriac: This famous Codex famous Codex Syrus Syrus Cruetonianus is Cruetonianus is the first text to the first text to bring the bring the existence of the existence of the Old Syriac Old Syriac version to the version to the attention of attention of scholarship. scholarship. John follows John follows Mark on the Mark on the same page. It is same page. It is likely a fifth-likely a fifth-century century manuscript.manuscript.

An Armenian An Armenian manuscript manuscript containing containing double double parchment parchment folios. The folios. The script is the script is the “Mesropian “Mesropian uncial” and uncial” and thus considered thus considered to be tenth to be tenth century.century.

A Georgian A Georgian Manuscript: Manuscript: From the From the Monestery of Monestery of St. Catherine at St. Catherine at Mount Sinai. A Mount Sinai. A colophon colophon claims that the claims that the codex was codex was written in 974. written in 974. The text is Acts The text is Acts 14:4–10.14:4–10.

A Georgian A Georgian minuscule. Its minuscule. Its palaeographicpalaeographical indications al indications place it in the place it in the eleventh eleventh century.century.

The earliest texts which The earliest texts which circulated among the Arabic-circulated among the Arabic-speaking Monophysites in speaking Monophysites in Egypt were made from Egypt were made from Coptic, more exactly from Coptic, more exactly from the Boharic version.the Boharic version.

The Gospel of The Gospel of John in Coptic. John in Coptic. Written on Written on papyrus, this papyrus, this shows the text of shows the text of John 2:12–20. The John 2:12–20. The handwriting handwriting suggests that the suggests that the codex is from the codex is from the end of the fourth end of the fourth or the beginning or the beginning of the fifth of the fifth century. It is century. It is written in a written in a dialect between dialect between Sahidic and Sahidic and Akhmimic.Akhmimic.

Fragment of Acts in Fragment of Acts in the Sahidic dialect the Sahidic dialect of Coptic: Egyptian of Coptic: Egyptian 55thth century. century.

Ethiopic: This Ethiopic: This is a vellum is a vellum manuscript of manuscript of the 13the 13thth century. It century. It contains contains Matthew Matthew 3:11–4:3.3:11–4:3.

Ethiopic Ethiopic copy of copy of the the ancient ancient apocryphapocryphal book of al book of Enoch (c. Enoch (c. 1500).1500).

Coptic section Coptic section of the last of the last quire of Enoch quire of Enoch from the Nag from the Nag Hammadi Hammadi library.library.

Eighth-ninth Eighth-ninth Century Century Arabic Arabic vellum vellum codex. The codex. The text is of text is of Matthew Matthew 2:2–22.2:2–22.

Arabic Arabic copy of copy of Tatian’s Tatian’s DiatessaroDiatessaron.n.

Ghothic: Fifth or Ghothic: Fifth or sixth century. sixth century. The Gauls were The Gauls were of the Danube of the Danube and Black Sea and Black Sea area.area.

Nag HammadiNag Hammadi

The Nag Hammadi The Nag Hammadi books were books were discovered in Egypt discovered in Egypt since the Second since the Second World War east of World War east of the town of Nag the town of Nag Hammadi. Hammadi.

When When GosTomGosTom was was discovered it discovered it validated a previous validated a previous fragment of so-called fragment of so-called Sayings of Jesus, Sayings of Jesus, excavated at excavated at Oxrhynchus in 1897.Oxrhynchus in 1897.

The Nag Hammadi Library, a collection of thirteen The Nag Hammadi Library, a collection of thirteen ancient codices containing over fifty texts, was ancient codices containing over fifty texts, was discovered in upper Egypt in 1945. This discovered in upper Egypt in 1945. This immensely important discovery includes a large immensely important discovery includes a large number of primary Gnostic scriptures -- texts number of primary Gnostic scriptures -- texts once thought to have been entirely destroyed once thought to have been entirely destroyed during the early Christian struggle to define during the early Christian struggle to define "orthodoxy" "orthodoxy"

49) Jesus said, 49) Jesus said, "Blessed are the "Blessed are the solitary and elect, for solitary and elect, for you will find the you will find the Kingdom. For you are Kingdom. For you are from it, and to it you from it, and to it you will return." will return."

Manuscripts in Manuscripts in England:England:

LindisfarLindisfar

nene GospelGospel c. A.D. c. A.D. 700. 700. Anglo-Anglo-Saxon Saxon interlineainterlinear (added r (added about about A.D. A.D. 950).950).

(the 9th (the 9th century century Codex Codex SangallensiSangallensiss contains a contains a Greek text Greek text with a Latin with a Latin interlinear interlinear (Luke 2:51–(Luke 2:51–3.7)3.7)

Here is Here is Archbishop Archbishop Aelfric’s Aelfric’s Anglo-Saxon Anglo-Saxon Bible Bible containing a containing a curious curious miniature of miniature of the Creation the Creation of Eve. of Eve.

A copy of the John A copy of the John Wycliffe (c. 1330–Wycliffe (c. 1330–84) Bible 84) Bible translated from translated from the Vulgate into the Vulgate into Germanic English: Germanic English: the text of Acts 1 the text of Acts 1 and the “field of and the “field of blood.”blood.”

Note the textual Note the textual correction where correction where “be” is inserted “be” is inserted before the “MOUP before the “MOUP OF DAVID.” OF DAVID.”

Alle ye that traueilen & ben Alle ye that traueilen & ben chargid come to me & I chargid come to me & I schal fulfille you. Take ye my schal fulfille you. Take ye my yok on you & learne ye of yok on you & learne ye of me for I am mylde and meke me for I am mylde and meke in herte: and ye schulen in herte: and ye schulen finde rest to youre soulis/ for finde rest to youre soulis/ for my yok is softe & my charge my yok is softe & my charge liyt.liyt.

Matt 11:28–30Matt 11:28–30

Beautiful Manuscripts Beautiful Manuscripts of Medieval Europeof Medieval Europe

Codex Codex BrixianuBrixianus: An s: An old old Latin Latin ms. ms. From From the the sixth sixth century.century.

In medieval In medieval monasteries, all monasteries, all 150 Psalms were 150 Psalms were meant to be meant to be recited every recited every week, and so the week, and so the PSALTER, a PSALTER, a manuscript of the manuscript of the Book of Psalms, Book of Psalms, became a became a standard part of standard part of monastic life. monastic life.

The “B” is for The “B” is for “Beatus vir,” “Beatus vir,” “Happy is the “Happy is the Man,” the first Man,” the first words of the first words of the first psalm. psalm.

English English PsalterPsalter

Illustrations Illustrations to Psalm 51to Psalm 51

John 1:1 from John 1:1 from the Book of the Book of Kells, one of the Kells, one of the most splended most splended Western Western manuscripts of manuscripts of the early Middle the early Middle Ages. Origin: Ages. Origin: Scotland, Scotland, Ireland, Ireland, northern northern England?England?

Canon Tables: Canon Tables: consist of consist of parallel lists of parallel lists of numbers of numbers of Eusebian Eusebian sections where sections where the same the same episode of the episode of the life of Christ is life of Christ is related in related in several of the several of the Gospels.Gospels.

The Golden The Golden Gospels of Gospels of Ephternach: Ephternach: Codex Aureus Codex Aureus Epternacensis, Epternacensis, contemporary contemporary to Otto the to Otto the Great as Great as Emperor of Emperor of the Holy the Holy Roman EmpireRoman Empire

The The Armenian Armenian people of people of Western Asia Western Asia were the were the earliest earliest nation nation converted to converted to Christianity. Christianity. Their Gospel Their Gospel books, often books, often decorated in decorated in gold and blaze gold and blaze of vivid colors, of vivid colors, were cherished were cherished possessions of possessions of the Church and the Church and the community.the community.

A Gospel A Gospel Lectionary Lectionary gives the gives the readings for readings for use in Church use in Church services. This services. This is the opening is the opening of an eleventh-of an eleventh-century century Synaxarion, or Synaxarion, or Lectionary for Lectionary for the movable the movable feasts from feasts from Easter Easter onwards. The onwards. The illustration illustration shows the shows the Resurrection. Resurrection.

The Manerius The Manerius bible was bible was made in made in France, France, perhaps in perhaps in Troyes, c. Troyes, c. 1180, by a 1180, by a scribe who scribe who identifies identifies himself as himself as coming from coming from Canterbury in Canterbury in England. The England. The initial for initial for opening of opening of Exodus shows Exodus shows the finding of the finding of the baby the baby Moses in the Moses in the bulrushes.bulrushes.

Gutenberg BibleGutenberg Bible

A A reconstruction reconstruction of of Gutenberg’s Gutenberg’s printing press printing press reconstructed reconstructed in the printing in the printing museum in museum in Mainz.Mainz.

Possibly the most Possibly the most outstanding outstanding contribution to contribution to civilization in the civilization in the second millennium second millennium was Johann was Johann Gutenberg (c. Gutenberg (c. 1400–68). He 1400–68). He discovered and discovered and perfected the art perfected the art of printing in the of printing in the Western alphabet. Western alphabet.

The Complutensian The Complutensian Polyglot: printed in Polyglot: printed in 1514–17. Here the 1514–17. Here the text is of Gen text is of Gen 24:50–62 with the 24:50–62 with the Greek LXX version Greek LXX version in the left, the Latin in the left, the Latin Vulgate in the Vulgate in the center, the Hebrew center, the Hebrew text in the right and text in the right and the Aramaic version the Aramaic version with Latin with Latin translation below. translation below. The column on the The column on the far right shows the far right shows the roots of the roots of the compound Hebrew compound Hebrew words.words.

When the When the Polyglot was Polyglot was being printed being printed (But not yet (But not yet published published thanks to Leo thanks to Leo X) in Spain, X) in Spain, the brilliant the brilliant humanist, humanist, Desiderius Desiderius Erasmus, was Erasmus, was working with working with his own his own edition of the edition of the Greek Greek Gospels Gospels around 1511. around 1511.

The Johannine The Johannine CommaComma

1 John 5:7--91 John 5:7--9

1John 5:7-AV For there are three that bear record in heaven, the Father, the Word, and the Holy Ghost: and these three are one.

William William TyndaleTyndale

15341534 - From the New Testament published by - From the New Testament published by Marten Emperowr of Antwerp Marten Emperowr of Antwerp

"I defy the Pope "I defy the Pope and all his laws: and all his laws: and if God spare and if God spare me I will one day me I will one day make the boy make the boy that drives the that drives the plough in England plough in England to know more of to know more of Scripture than the Scripture than the Pope does."Pope does." - - William TyndaleWilliam Tyndale

TyndaleTyndale’s ’s New New TestameTestamentnt

Tyndale Tyndale for the for the first first time time went went back to back to the the original original Hebrew Hebrew and and Greek Greek

After Tyndale's, a number of other After Tyndale's, a number of other versions were produced. Among versions were produced. Among them were the Coverdale Bible, the them were the Coverdale Bible, the Matthews Bible, the Great Bible, the Matthews Bible, the Great Bible, the Geneva Bible, and the Bishops' Bible. Geneva Bible, and the Bishops' Bible. In 1611 the King James Version was In 1611 the King James Version was published to provide a Bible which published to provide a Bible which could be used by both Anglicans and could be used by both Anglicans and Puritans. Marginal notes reflecting Puritans. Marginal notes reflecting any particular theological bias were any particular theological bias were removed, and the language used removed, and the language used was that of the people. was that of the people.

The Authorized The Authorized or “King James” or “King James” version, version, published in published in 1611 was 1611 was based upon the based upon the Byzantine Byzantine “majority text,” “majority text,” and more and more specifically the specifically the Textus Textus Receptus Receptus derived from derived from Erasmus’s Erasmus’s work. work.

Italics added in 1612Italics added in 1612

Textual CriticismTextual Criticism

Streeter’s Stemma.

Note the Byzantine text in this theory, arose during the fourth century through the recensional activity of Lucian of Antioch.

TFORNOTISOFTUMULTTHEGODBUTOFPEACTFORNOTISOFTUMULTTHEGODBUTOFPEACEASINALLTHECHURCHESOFTHESAINTSTHEEASINALLTHECHURCHESOFTHESAINTSTHEWOMENINTHECHURCHESLETBESILENTNOTFWOMENINTHECHURCHESLETBESILENTNOTFORITISPERMITTEDTOTHEMTOSPEAKBUTLETORITISPERMITTEDTOTHEMTOSPEAKBUTLETTHEMBESUBJECTASALSOTHELAWSAYSBUTITHEMBESUBJECTASALSOTHELAWSAYSBUTIFANYTHINGTOLEARNTHEYWISHATHOMETHFANYTHINGTOLEARNTHEYWISHATHOMETHEOWNHUSBANDSLETTHEMQUESTIONASHAEOWNHUSBANDSLETTHEMQUESTIONASHAMEFORITISFORAWOMANTOSPEAKINACHURMEFORITISFORAWOMANTOSPEAKINACHURCHORFROMYOUTHEWORDOFGODWENTFORCHORFROMYOUTHEWORDOFGODWENTFORTHORTOYOUONLYDIDITREACHIFANYONETHITHORTOYOUONLYDIDITREACHIFANYONETHINKSAPROPHETTOBEORASPIRITUALPERSONNKSAPROPHETTOBEORASPIRITUALPERSONLETHIMCLEARLYKNOWTHINGSWHICHILETHIMCLEARLYKNOWTHINGSWHICHI

GODISNOWHEREGODISNOWHERE

Mark 10:40: “…but it is for Mark 10:40: “…but it is for those for whom it has been those for whom it has been prepared,” or “”it has been prepared,” or “”it has been prepared for others”prepared for others”

I Thess 2:7I Thess 2:7

(we were gentle) (we were gentle) (P65), Aleph, B, C, D, (P65), Aleph, B, C, D, F, G, I, Old Latin, F, G, I, Old Latin, Vulgate, Boharic, Vulgate, Boharic, Ethiopic, Origen (1), Ethiopic, Origen (1), Ephaem, Cyril, Ephaem, Cyril, Jerome, Augustine, Jerome, Augustine, AmbrosiasterAmbrosiaster

(we were babes) (we were babes) Aleph ©, A C (b), D (p,c) Aleph ©, A C (b), D (p,c) K(p) L(p) P(p) 33, Syr-p, K(p) L(p) P(p) 33, Syr-p, Sahidic, Armenian, Sahidic, Armenian, Clement, Origen, Clement, Origen, Chrysostom, Theodore of Chrysostom, Theodore of Mopsuestia.Mopsuestia.

The 14The 14thth century minuscule codex 109. century minuscule codex 109.

Example of a huge boo-boo. (Luke 3:23–38)Example of a huge boo-boo. (Luke 3:23–38)

So… this scribe produced a So… this scribe produced a manuscript where the manuscript where the geneology no longer ends geneology no longer ends with “Adam the Son of with “Adam the Son of God,” for God is now stuck God,” for God is now stuck in the middle, appearing as in the middle, appearing as the son of Aram. The the son of Aram. The Source of the entire race is Source of the entire race is not God, but Phares.not God, but Phares.

The Textus The Textus ReceptusReceptus

(Speaketh (Speaketh Archaeus)Archaeus)

The Westcott-The Westcott-HortHort

(Oldes is Bestus)(Oldes is Bestus)