wednesday, september 7 do now have isn and textbook out and open to page 8. journal in your...
TRANSCRIPT
WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 7Do Now Have ISN and textbook out and open to page 8.
Journal In your journal notebook, list and explain three factors that caused the downfall of Rome. Be sure you EXPLAIN!!! Try to do as much as you can without using your textbook.
1. Political Instability – transfer of power
2. Economic and social problems – taxes are high, unemployment
3. Weakening frontiers – Germanic tribes were pressing hard on the western borders
4. Constantine split the capitals – what was the new capital???
THE FALL OF ANCIENT ROME
•What does B.C.E. mean? - Before Christian Era or Before Common Era
•What does C.E. mean? Common Era
•Most things are measured in “did it happen before Christ was born or after”.
KEEPING TRACK OF TIME
Ancient Rome…
Located in present-day Italy (shaped like boot). Republic (elected leaders) in 509 B.C.E. Republic Expands to an empire over four periods:
509 B.C.E. – 264 B.C.E 145 B.C.E. – 44 B.C.E. 264 B.C.E. – 146 B.C.E 44 B.C.E – 14 C.E.
Lands include present day Italy, Spain, France, Switzerland, Greece, Northern Africa, Turkey, Middle East.
Christianity…
Empire saw origins and spread of Christianity. Romans persecuted Christians and martyred them. By 300 C.E. however, persecutions failed and many
became Christians (395 CE – official religion).
Legacy of Roman Empire…
Empire ended in 476 C.E. over many reasons. Greco-Roman Art Dome, Vault, Engineering Language (Latin) and Roman Numerals Stoicism, Law, Justice
Legacy of Roman Art
Influence by the art of the GreeksGreco-Roman art – Rome played a vital role
in passing of this tradition which had a major influence on Western Art
THURSDAY, SEPT 8
Journal One of the greatest Roman buildings was the Colosseum. List three things you know about the building.
Do now Have textbook and ISN out… You should have done 1.4 for homework. Have magazine handy.
What were the previous 3 pictures?
#1 – The Pantheon Rome, Italy
#2 – The U.S. Capitol Washington, DC
#3 – The Supreme Court Building Washington, DC
What were the previous 3 pictures?
#1 – The Colosseum Rome, Italy
#2 – Old Cleveland Municipal Stadium Cleveland, OH
#3 – Shea Stadium Flushing, NY
Recognize them now?
Anima Animal, Animate, Animosity Civis Citizen, Civics Legalis Legal, Law, Legality Militare Military Portare Portable, Portage
Monday, September 12
DO NOW Have textbook and ISN out
JOURNAL Latin was the language of ancient Rome. It is no longer spoken. Why do you think people still study it?
Other areas to consider…
Philosophy and Stoicism Divine influence Stoic – good character in life
Law and Justice Legal codes Justice, fair decisions
Citizenship Being “Roman” Responsibility
ROME’S EARLY HISTORY
Traced back to Aeneas [i-NEE-uhs] Greeks destroyed Troy in the Trojan War, Aeneas fled
with his followers When Aeneas reached Italy there were others
there and he formed an alliance with the Latins The Latins and Aeneas and his people fought off
the others and when they won Aeneas married the daughter of the king of the Latins
Romulus and Remus
Twin brothers – descendants of Aeneas Raised by a wolf Eventually a shepherd found them and adopted them Decided to build a city to honor the wolf who raised
them In a fight Romulus killed Remus and then named the
city Rome, after himself
Rome’s Early Kings
Romulus was the first king in 753 B.C. 7 kings, last three were not Roman, they were
Etruscans {i-TRUHS-kuhnz} – members of people who lived north of Rome, influenced by Greek colonies in Italy
Etruscan kings made great contributions Last king is said to be a cruel man and had many
people killed A group of nobles rose up against him – he was
overthrown in 509 BC
Early Republic
Republic – everybody elects leaders to govern them 509 BC Each year people elected rulers Rulers stayed in power for 1 year – keep people from
being too powerful
Challenges from Outside
After created the Republic, went to war – 50 years Won most wars but lost several battles – destroyed many
lives During wars, Romans chose dictators to rule Cincinnatus was a famous dictator – 458 BC
Famous because wasn’t eager to hold his power, resigned when the enemies were defeated
Who is a famous American leader who was not eager to have power???
Challenges within Rome
Society was in 2 groups plebeians [pli-BEE-uhnz] – common people Patricians [puh-TRI-shuhnz] - nobles
Plebeians were peasants and craftspeople Patricians were only ones who could be elected 494 BC plebeians formed a council and elected their
own leaders Scared the Patricians and thought the government would
fall apart if the two didn’t get along
Roman Government
To calm the angry plebeians the patricians made some changes:
Created new offices that could be held by plebeians Gradually the distinction between the two began to
disappear Rome developed a tripartite [try-PAHR-tyt] –
government of three parts
Magistrates
1st part of Rome’s government 2 most powerful were called consuls Elected each year to run the city; were 2 so one wouldn’t
be too powerful
Below the consul were other magistrates elected for one year
Some were judges
Senate
Council of wealthy and powerful Romans that advised the city’s leaders
Held office for life Had 300 members by the time the republic was
created By 200 BC the senate had the most power over the
government
Assemblies and Tribunes
Protected the common people – had 2 branches 1 branch – assemblies – both groups took part in this
Primary job was to elect the magistrates
2 branch – tribunes – veto actions by other officials
Civic Duty
Rome’s government would not have worked without participation from the people
Citizens were encouraged to do what they could do to make sure the city prospered EX. Attend assembly meetings and vote
Wealthy and powerful citizens also thought it was their duty to hold office
Checks and Balances
Restrictions on leaders Gov. officials could restrict other gov. officials One consul could block the actions of the other Laws proposed by Senate had to be approved by
magistrates and ratified by assemblies
Written Law
Many people were unhappy at first because the laws were not written down
450 BC – Rome’s first written law code on 12 bronze tables or tablets
Displayed in the Forum
The Roman Forum
Heart of the city of Rome Important government buildings and temples Popular meeting place Lay in the center between 2 hills – Palatine and
Capitoline
Growth of Rome
Grew in response to outside threats 387 BC Gauls attacked Rome and took over the city Rome had to give the Gauls a lot of money to leave Rome was successful due to organized army
Legions – groups of 6000 soldiers Divided into groups of 100
Farming and Trade
Before Rome conquered Italy most Romans were farmers
As Rome grew, many left farm for Rome Owners of farms didn’t live on them – lived in Rome
and had others work their farms Trade expanded as well
Rome Grows Past Italy
As Rome’s power grew, other countries see Rome as a threat to their own power and declare war on them
Rome defeats their opponents and gain their territory throughout the Mediterranean
Punic Wars
Series of wars against Carthage, a city in northern Africa
Went to war 3 times between 264-146 BC War began when Carthage sent its armies to Sicily, an
island southwest of Italy Romans sent an army to the island After 20 years, Romans forced enemies out and took
Sicily
Punic Wars Continued
218 BC Carthage tried to attach Rome Hannibal lead an army in Rome
Hannibal was never able to capture Rome Rome attacked Carthage so Hannibal had to go
protect 140BC Senators were worried about Carthage’s
power again Rome attacked Carthage and defeated them and
burned the city
Later Expansion
During Punic Wars, Rome took control of Sicily, Corsica, Spain, and North Africa – controlled most of the western Mediterranean
120s Rome conquered the southern part of Gaul and Greece and parts of Asia
Even though conquered Greece, were greatly changed by this – Greece influenced much of Rome
Crisis
Tiberius and Gaius served as tribunes Wanted to create farms for the poor to make them feel a
part of society Tiberius wanted farms to be on public land that the
wealthy had taken over – the wealthy didn’t like this Conflict lead to riots and Tiberius was killed Gaius was killed a few years later while trying to sell
food to the poor Romans Changed Roman politics – violence was a weapon
Marius and Sulla
Late 100s BC Roman Army needed more troops Gaius Marius encouraged poor people to join the army
Before only people who had property could be in the army
Marius was a good general and people were loyal to him and he had a lot of power
Marius and Sulla Cont.
Lucius Cornelius Sulla became consul in 88 BC and came in conflict with Marius which lead to civil war
What is a civil war? Sulla won and named himself dictator and used his
power to punish his enemies
Spartacus
Spartacus – former gladiator Lead slaves to rise up and demand freedom Spartacus was killed in battle and the revolution failed
Calls for Change
Rome was a dangerous place by 70s BC Cicero tried to stop the chaos in the government He wanted Romans to give more support to the
government but it did not change Caesar – great leader, conquered Gaul and had
alliances
Caesar’s Challenges
Pompey and Crassus – Rome’s influential people, Caesar made alliances
Caesar became so powerful that people were jealous People wanted Pompey to control Rome alone Caesar and Pompey fought and Caesar eventually
killed Pompey and made himself dictator for life Many were concerned the wanted to become king of
Rome Senators attached Caesar because afraid of his
power
End of Republic
Who will now take power – Marc Antony or Augustus They were worried about killing Caesar’s killers They eventually kill some of Caesar’s killers Octavian (Augustus) returns to Rome Antony marries Octavian’s sister then divorces her for
Cleopatra Octavian was NOT happy Leads to Civil War
Drama
Octavian and Antony fight and finally Antony and Cleopatra have to retreat and kill themselves so they won’t be taken prisoner by Octavian
Octavian then becomes Rome’s ruler Octavian then gives up his rule (not really, but he says
he does) He is named Augustus (revered one) End or the Republic and start of the Empire
Religion
Freedom of Worship -when conquered people allowed them to keep their own religion Ex – Greek gods and Roman gods are the same but with
different names Only banned religions when it was a political problem
Clashes with the Jews
Romans thought Jews insulted them by not praying to their gods but didn’t ban Judaism
Jews created conflict by rebelling against Roman rule Several battles, but Jews were defeated Hostility continued and the Jews were forced out of
Jerusalem and the Romans built another city there
Christianity
Based on Jesus of Nazareth Jews lead structured lives – followed laws closely When Romans took over Judea (where Jews lived)
they thought the Messiah would come soon
Jesus
Jesus of Nazareth – the Jewish Messiah lived the first century AD
Most of what we know of him is in the New Testament of the Bible
Born in Bethlehem Crucified and Resurrected His teachings are in the New Testament and were
spread for miles and miles by Apostles
Fear of Christianity
Romans feared Christianity so they banned it
Christians began to meet in secret and continued to spread their faith
Constantine became Christian and he spread their faith
Fall of Rome
We know many reasons Rome fell: Political instability, Division of the Empire, External and
Internal threats, corruption Eastern Empire grew, despite the fall of Rome
Justinian
Justinian was an emperor who ruled from 527-565, reuniting the old Roman Empire was his passion
Other passions were law and the church Ordered removal of out of date or unchristian laws
and organized the laws and the Justinian Code Simplified Roman law and helped make things more
fair
Justinian
Was successful but made enemies Theodora was his wife and convinced him to stay
and fight his enemies Crushed riots and ruled effectively for rest of his life Eastern empire declined after his death Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople ending
the Eastern Roman Empire