PowerPoint Presentation

Educational

Technology

Topic 1

Week 1

1.1 Concepts of Educational Technology

Technology - techne (Greek)

Meaning:

Skill in using knowledge systematically until achieving the usual practice of performing a task.

It encompasses process and ideas.

Instructional technology :

A systematic way to develop, implement and evaluate the whole process of teaching and learning in terms of specific objectives based on research, education and human communication and use of human resources and non-human to produce more effective teaching.

Education Technology:

the study and ethical practice of facilitating learning and improving performance by creating, using and managing, appropriate technological processes and resources

Is very broad in education to the extent that the concept of educational technology encompasses an educational organization itself. The concept and meaning can be discussed from various angles.

1.2 Educational Technology Domain

Instructional Technology domain 1977

AECT - (Association for Educational Communication and

Technology)

Instructional technology :

Is a complex and integrated process involving people, procedures, ideas, devices and organization for analyzing problems and designing, evaluating and managing the solution to the problems in situations where the learning process id focused and controlled.

Instructional technology domain is divided into three functions:

Teaching management functions

Development function of teaching

iii. Function of learning resources

Technology domain:

Initiated by development functions of teaching, followed by function of learning resources.

Teaching management function acts as the primary management of both these functions.

1.2.1.1 Teaching Development Function

To analyse learning and design problems, implement and evaluate solutions to these problems.

It involves a process that consists of several stages.

First stage:

Conceptualising theoretical model for solving the problems.

Conducted to obtain scientific information on students, teaching and learning, learning resource and so on.

1.2.1.2 Function of Learning Resources

Used separately or together to facilitate the teaching and learning process.

Application level and logistics, learning resources are selected, used and disseminated

Anything that store and transmits information to

students.

Message contains information received by the

students.

e.g. lesson, instruction, and others

1.2.1.3 Function of Teaching Management

Main function:

to supervise and control the development of learning resources so as instructional technology can function effectively.

Personnel management:

responsible in issues related to the recruitment, supervision and evaluation of employees.

Main purpose:

To create a good relationship as well as too improve communication between employees.

1.2.2 Educational Technology Domain 1994

Five domains:

Design domain

Development domain

Use domain

Management domain

- Evaluation domain

Four main areas:

a). Instructional systems design

b). Message design

c). Instructional strategies

d). Pupil characteristics

Design domain

- the process to determine the instructional system

component, characteristics and needs for learning

Instructional systems design:

An organized or systematic procedures for analyzing, designing, building, implementing and evaluating instructional materials, an educational unit, a course or a curriculum that would help or improve the students learning and teachers teaching.

- Is the development or construction.

Involves the process of translating the design specifications.

Consist of printed materials, audio-visual materials,

computer-based materials and multimedia materials

2. Development domain

Use is the act of using methods and instructional

models, materials and media tools and environment to

enhance the learning process.

3. Use domain

Involves control of the instructional technology through planning, organization, coordination and supervision of the resource center or technology education to enable organized and effective teaching and learning.

4. Management domain

Is the process to determine the suitability and effectiveness of teaching and learning or educational programs such as student achievement assessment, evaluation of the use of media, evaluation of the design and construction of teaching material and evaluation of programs or educational media project

5. Evaluation domain

1.3 Principles of Educational Technology

The use of technology in teaching and learning is only a supporting material for teachers to teach and not a substitute for teaching.

The using of educational technology is to help teachers teach and help students learn a subject content more effectively.

It is used for teaching and learning and not for entertainment or to show the ability of teachers to use technology, also not to waste time while waiting for the learning of pupils over.

Educational resources selected based on their appropriateness in terms of topics and learning objectives, student background, class size and physical condition of the classroom.

Educational resources should be used to achieve the objectives and the development of teaching and learning, either for

i. introduction of the topic,ii. educational development which includes explanation of concept, oriii. closing or conclusioniv. assessment on the understanding of the topic.

The use of educational resources must be planned in three stages, namely:

Before use - planning time and manner relate to the

topic being taught

During use - planning reviews and emphasising the

important aspects that will accelerate the process of

learning

3. After use - planning further activities / enrichment

and reinforcement

1.4 Role and Importance of Educational

Technology in Teaching and Learning

Technology education is a media application, system, and technical approach towards teaching and learning environment. One of the main role and approaches of educational technology are to promote positive learning environment, changes in the decision-making level, changes in the system or changes in the approach to teaching and changes in learning experience.

1.4.1 Changes in Decision Making Level

Accordingly, Malaysia school syllabus or curriculum are established by the Ministry of Education. The syllabus has been drafted based on student skill levels in different age groups. During the planning of this syllabus or curriculum, this curriculum planners will collaborate with instructional designers to determine the use of educational technology in the school curriculum.

For example

In the implementation of PPSMI Teaching and Learning of Science and Mathematics in English, the curriculum has been outlined and media sources produced in tandem. This can help teachers in choosing media sources that suits to be used in the classroom. Apart from saving teachers time, it also makes learning more effective and systematic.

1.4.2 Changing the System or Teaching

Approaches

Accordingly, Malaysia school syllabus or curriculum are established by the Ministry of Education. The syllabus has been drafted based on student skill levels in different age groups. During the planning of this syllabus or curriculum, this curriculum planners will collaborate with instructional designers to determine the use of educational technology in the school curriculum.

1.4.3 Changing the Learning Experience

Important to make effective learning, and can change student behavior.

Careful planning and rigorous shall be arranged so that it can help students get the learning experience based on the objective set by the teacher based on the curriculum that was enacted.

Plans such as the use of appropriate media either using computer applications, simulations, demonstrations or any other materials to help students understand the learning should be determined so that the critical and creative thinking can be generated in the classroom so that pupils are able to apply the learning in their daily lives.

1.4.4 Promoting a Positive Learning

Environment

Use of effective technology in teaching can stimulate positive learning environment (effectively) and attract students.

Use the latest technology such as the use of laptops, slide to boost student attention optimally if carried out systematically.

There are a variety of learning approaches that can be implemented in the classroom using educational technology in order to generate an effective learning environment.

Among the approaches that can be practiced to promote a positive learning environment are cooperative, collaborative learning, team approach and an individual approach.

1.4.5 Promoting Cooperative Approach

Is involves students working together and be responsible for each member of the group.

All members must work together in groups to solve a given problem.

The teacher is responsible for ensuring that each student in the group work together well.

Social skills are critical among members of the group to help the group achieve its objectives and maintain positive relationships.

For example

In science, teachers give assignments to students to find any information related to the Solar System. Pupils are given time to collect information in the library and computer labs. The findings are presented in class using media applications produced by pupils. These activities can produce students who have high self-confidence, ICT literate and able to communicate effectively.

1.4.6 Promoting Collaborative Approach

Requires the involvement of all team members. It requires challenging ideas, support and improve an idea to consensus group. In this approach, students will gather ideas or data, share experiences, discuss among themselves, and solve problems together.

Each team member are committed to perform a given task and ready to help each other to improve their academic performance.

EDU3053

Lecture 1