Week #4 Quarter 2 (11/4) Homework: unit 4 cell cycle, mitosis and meiosis test Tuesday

To Do Today:• Complete meiosis handout• Review for cell cycle, mitosis

and meiosis unit test

Fact of the Day

Today in Biology

Biology Learning Goal:Overview of chapter 6 – Genes, DNA, Chromosomes and chromatidsWarm Up Question:1. Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces:

a. zygotes b. chromosomes c. DNA d. gamete

2. A cell with diploid number of 24 undergoes meiosis, how many are in each daughter cell

a. 6 b. 12 c. 24 d. 48

As an adult, you have more than 6 square meters (20 sq ft) of skin on your body — about the same are as a blanket for a queen-sized bed.

Week #4 Quarter 2 (11/5) Homework: unit 4 cell cycle, mitosis and meiosis test Tuesday

To Do Today:• Cell cycle, mitosis and

meiosis unit test

Fact of the Day

Today in Biology

Biology Learning Goal:Overview of chapter 6 – Genes, DNA, Chromosomes and chromatidsWarm Up Question:Humans have ______chromosomes?A person with 2 X chromosomes is a ___A person with XY chromosomes is a ___Crossing over occurs during ____________ phase.

46femalemale

Prophase 1

The Barbados Threadsnake is the smallest snake in the world. Sciensational.com

Week #4 Quarter 2 (11/6&7) Homework:None

To Do Today:DNA extraction Lab Activity - Begin coloring DNA model

Fact of the Day

Today in Biology

Biology Learning Goal:

Warm Up Question:What is DNA? Explain.

Your blood vessels, if laid end to end, would encircle the globe twice over.

Week #4 Quarter 2 (11/8) Homework: Have a great 3 day weekend progress rpt next week

To Do Today: Lab report directionsfinish coloring DNA

Fact of the Day

Today in Biology

Biology Learning Goal:Overview of chapter 6 – Genes, DNA, Chromosomes and chromatidsWarm Up Question: reflection and

turn in!What is something you

learned or found interesting while doing the DNA extraction lab activity.

Turtles and sea cucumbers can breathe through their butts

HISTORY OF GENETICS AND

DNA DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID

After Quiz Create title page for next unit pg 14Begin coloring DNA piecesTitle Page

DNA Structure handout (s)

6

5

Fri Nov 9To Do TodayScales pg. 1-complete to week 4Complete DNA structure pg. 15Introduction to DNA pg. 16Genetics and DNA video

Warm Up: complete reflection turn in

How did you do on test?How are you doing so far?

Home work: None

8

DNA structure

DNAIntroduction to DNA

1. What is genetics?2. 1/3 of the recipe for a human being is the same as a

______.3. 2/3 of our recipe is shared with ______.4. Basic building block of life is the _____.

5. _____ carries the recipe for life.6. What are genes?

7. What is genotype?8. What is phenotype?

9. How long is all our DNA if we could stretch it out?10. If we were to print a paper with A’s, T’s, G’s and C’s making our genetic code how many pages would it be?

How many letters?Analysis of genetics and structure of DNA http://www.dnatube.com/video/2341/Genetics--The-structure-of-DNA--PART-1

Page 16

Genes Genetics and DNA video

DNA HISTORY An experiment in 1928 by Frederick

Griffith: He removed DNA from one type of

bacteria & put it into a 2nd type of bacteria.

The 2nd bacteria took on the characteristics of the 1st bacteria.

QUESTION # 1

WHAT DID GRIFFITH’S EXPERIMENT INDICATE ABOUT DNA?

Page 31

AND THE ANSWER IS….

DNA CARRIES THE GENETIC INFORMATION THAT DICTATES AN ORGANISMS CHARACTERISTICS.

Page 31

THE STRUCTURE OF DNA•In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick were accredited to discovering the structure of DNA. •Watson, Crick, and Maurice Wilkins were awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine in 1962.

But should they have received the credit???

Page 31

Rosalind Franklin•Franklin refined the technique of X-ray crystallography to study DNA and produced the famous photo 51.•From photo 51 she determined that DNA had to be a double helix.•Her partner, Maurice Wilkins, shared photo 51 with Watson & Crick, who published the results before Franklin. •Franklin died in 1958.http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rjW-dZBPCsQ&feature=related

DNA is wound up in tight chromosomes which are located in the nucleusIts shape is a twisted double helix

• DNA is genetic material that carries information about an organism and is passed from parent to offspring. (Blueprint of life)

• Found in the nucleus of cells.

• Tightly coiled DNA makes chromatin & chromatin makes chromosomes.

•Every organism’s DNA is different except clones & identical twins. •DNA contains the genetic code of the organism - the instructions that tell the cell and the whole living thing what proteins to produce. The proteins that a cell makes control what that cell does - the cell's function. This code is based on the code from that organism's parents.

• DNA is made of chemical building blocks called nucleotides. These building blocks are made of three parts: a phosphate group, a sugar group and one of four types of nitrogen bases. To form a strand of DNA, nucleotides are linked into chains, with the phosphate and sugar groups alternating.

The structure of DNA is a twisted double helix (twisted ladder).

Nitrogen Bases• There are two kinds of

nitrogen-containing bases - purines and pyrimidines.

• Purines:• Adenine and Guanine • Purines are the larger of

the two types of bases found in DNA

• Pyrimidines:• Cytosine and Thymine • Adenine and guanine are

found in both DNA and RNA

page 36

• Adenine always pairs with Thymine

A-T or T-ACytosine always pairs with Guanine

G-C or C-G

Mon Nov 19To Do TodayComplete video questions- photo 51Complete DNA extraction lab and handout----* turn in*---Complete pg 18- ID Genetic materialComplete pg 19- Structure of DNAComplete pg 20- Concept map

Warm Up- pick up concept map copy slide on onto back of concept map handout

Nitrogen Bases

There are two kinds of nitrogen-containing bases - purines and pyrimidines.Purines:•Adenine and Guanine •Purines are the larger of the two types of bases found in DNAPyrimidines:•Cytosine and Thymine •Adenine and guanine are found in both DNA and RNA

Page 21-back of concept map

AgendaOrganize notebook Check workWarm Up 1. Describe the 3 parts of a DNA nucleotide

2. Suppose a strand of DNA has the nucleotide sequence C C A G A T T G. What is

complementary strand?

Tue Nov 20

phosphate group, a sugar and a nitrogen base A, T, G, C

G G T C T A A C

Wed Nov 21To Do TodayComplete checking assignmentsNotebook organizedReview Practice Quiz

• Adenine always pairs with Thymine

A-T or T-ACytosine always pairs with Guanine

G-C or C-G

5

WATSON & CRICK

FRANKLIN & WILKINS

AMOUNT OF BASE PAIRS

DOUBLE HELIX

PURINE PYRAMIDINE REPLICATION

DNA PLOYMERASE

NITROGEN BASE PHOSPHATE 5 CARBON SUGAR

handout

7

AgendaReview puzzle due at end of periodFinish notes on DNA replicationHandout activity

Warm Up - page 38What is the complementary strand of the following RNA strand: 5' GCACGUUUACCGA 3' ?

a) 3' AUGCGUUUACCGA 3'  b) 3' CGUGCAAUGGCU 5'  c) 3' AGCCAUUUGCGUA 5'  d) 3' TACGCAAATGGCT 5'  e) none of the above.

Homework: Puzzle and handout due Wednesday

Tue Nov 29

How DNA decides our traits…

•A gene, is a section of the DNA strand that gives the code for one protein.•The proteins coded for in each gene dictate how an organism will develop: regulate cell processes, construct muscle & bone, fight diseases…

2

Protein Synthesis The production (synthesis) of

polypeptide chains (proteins) Two phases:

Transcription & Translation mRNA must be processed

before it leaves the nucleus of eukaryotic cells

3

Transcription

Translation

DNA

mRNA

Ribosome

Protein

Prokaryotic Cell

DNA RNA Protein

4

DNA RNA ProteinNuclearmembrane

Transcription

RNA Processing

Translation

DNA

Pre-mRNA

mRNA

Ribosome

Protein

Eukaryotic Cell

14

Anti-Parallel

Strands of DNA

First We Need RNA

Ribose Nucleic Acid Similar to DNA but: smaller and single stranded The sugar is ribose instead of

deoxyribose Contains all the same bases

except thymine is replaced with uracil (so RNA has G, C, A, U)

Tue Dec 6AgendaMake sure DNA fingerprinting Act. Is complete and turned inNotes on Transcription and Translation (RNA)

Warm Up page42Why do you think protein synthesis research has been focused to prokaryotes rather than eukaryotes?

Homework- Any missing work next Fri Dec 16

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=983lhh20rGY

There are 3 kinds of RNA used in protein synthesis:

•mRNA (messenger RNA)

•rRNA (ribosomal RNA)

•tRNA (transfer RNA)

Now that we know about DNA and RNA we can learn Protein Synthesis.

Protein Synthesis is the process of making a protein from DNA.

It has 2 parts: Transcription and Translation.

Transcription- (scribe)•The synthesis of mRNA from a DNA blueprint.•This occurs in the nucleus, then the mRNA travels out of the nucleus.

TranslationoThe information in the mRNA is translated by a ribosome (made of rRNA), who “reads” it.o Transfer RNA (tRNA) enters the ribosome to drop off an amino acid.oA chain of amino acids then exits the ribosome and folds into a protein.

How does the tRNA match up to the mRNA:Codon & Anticodon

CODON: three consecutive nucleotides in mRNA. Each codon codes for a single amino acid.

ANTICODON: three consecutive nucleotides in tRNA that pair to a codon.

DNA

RNA

Protein

DNAReplication

Transcription

Translation

How DNA determines everything in our body.

ProteinSynthesis

copy

28

Transcription

Translation

The mRNA is read by sections of 3 letters called Codons.

Start & Stop CodonsSTART CODON= tells the

ribosome to start translating the mRNA.

STOP CODON= tells the ribosome to stop translating the mRNA.

Protein Synthesis

40

Messenger RNA (mRNA)o Carries the information for a specific

proteino Made up of 500 to 1000 nucleotides

longo Sequence of 3 bases called codono AUG – methionine or start codono UAA, UAG, or UGA – stop codons

41

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

methionine glycine serine isoleucine glycine alanine stopcodonprotein

A U G G G C U C C A U C G G C G C A U A AmRNA

startcodon

Primary structure of a proteinaa1 aa2 aa3 aa4 aa5 aa6

peptide bonds

codon 2 codon 3 codon 4 codon 5 codon 6 codon 7codon 1

42

Transfer RNA (tRNA)o Made up of 75 to 80 nucleotides longo Picks up the appropriate amino acid

floating in the cytoplasm o Transports amino acids to the mRNAo Have anticodons that are

complementary to mRNA codonso Recognizes the appropriate codons on

the mRNA and bonds to them with H-bonds

43

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

amino acidattachment site

U A Canticodon

methionine amino acid

44

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)o Made up of rRNA is

100 to 3000 nucleotides long

o Made inside the nucleus of a cell

o Associates with proteins to form ribosomes

45

Ribosomeso Made of a large and small subunito Composed of rRNA (40%) and

proteins (60%)o Have two sites for tRNA

attachment --- P and A

46

Ribosomes

PSite

ASite

Largesubunit

Small subunit

mRNAA U G C U A C U U C G

47

TranslationSynthesis of proteins in the cytoplasm

Involves the following:1. mRNA (codons)2. tRNA (anticodons)3. ribosomes4. amino acids

48

TranslationThree steps:1. initiation: start codon (AUG)2. elongation: amino acids linked3. termination: stop codon (UAG, UAA, or UGA).

Let’s Make a Protein !

49

mRNA Codons Join the Ribosome

PSite

ASite

Largesubunit

Small subunit

mRNAA U G C U A C U U C G

50

Initiation

mRNAA U G C U A C U U C G

2-tRNA

G

aa2

A U

A

1-tRNA

U A C

aa1

anticodonhydrogen

bonds codon

51

mRNAA U G C U A C U U C G

1-tRNA 2-tRNA

U A C G

aa1 aa2

A UA

anticodonhydrogenbonds codon

peptide bond

3-tRNA

G A A

aa3Elongation

52

mRNAA U G C U A C U U C G

1-tRNA

2-tRNA

U A C

G

aa1

aa2

A UA

peptide bond

3-tRNA

G A A

aa3

Ribosomes move over one codon

(leaves)

53

mRNAA U G C U A C U U C G

2-tRNA

G

aa1

aa2

A UA

peptide bonds

3-tRNA

G A A

aa3

4-tRNA

G C U

aa4

A C U

54

mRNAA U G C U A C U U C G

2-tRNA

G

aa1aa2

A U

A

peptide bonds

3-tRNA

G A A

aa3

4-tRNA

G C U

aa4

A C U

(leaves)

Ribosomes move over one codon

55

mRNAG C U A C U U C G

aa1aa2

A

peptide bonds

3-tRNA

G A A

aa3

4-tRNA

G C U

aa4

A C U

U G A5-tRNA

aa5

56

mRNAG C U A C U U C G

aa1aa2

A

peptide bonds

3-tRNA

G A A

aa3

4-tRNA

G C U

aa4

A C U

U G A5-tRNA

aa5

Ribosomes move over one codon

57

mRNAA C A U G U

aa1

aa2

U

primarystructureof a protein

aa3

200-tRNA

aa4

U A G

aa5

C U

aa200

aa199

terminator or stop codon

Termination

58

End Product –The Protein!n The end products of protein synthesis

is a primary structure of a proteinn A sequence of amino acid bonded

together by peptide bonds

aa1

aa2 aa3 aa4aa5

aa200

aa199

SUMMARY OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS A section of DNA opens Free floating nucleotides connect up to one side of

the DNA making mRNA (Transcription). The mRNA travels out of the nucleus & into the

cytoplasm. A ribosome “reads” the mRNA and pairs the codon

of mRNA with the anticodon of tRNA, which drops off amino acids to make a chain. (Translation)

The chain of amino acids exits the ribosome and folds up = protein!

Wed Dec 7Agenda1. Protein Synthesis activity 2. Protein Synthesis Worksheet3. What is your DNA analysis? Activity

Warm Up page42Which RNA are codons and anticodons attached to?

Homework- Quiz FridayAny missing work next Fri Dec 16

Fri Dec 9

2. Unlike DNA, RNA containsa. the sugar deoxyribose b. the nitrogen base

uracilc. a phosphate group d. nucleotides

Home work: None

Amino Acid Shape & Color

Amino Acid Shape & Color

Lysine Orange Square Valine Blue Triangle

Asparagine White Diamond Alanine Red Star

Arginine Blue Circle STOP Red Octagon

Serine Red Triangle Tryosine Yellow Triangle

Isolucine Green rectangle Trytophan White triangle

Methionine Yellow square Cysteine Brown Oval

Threonine Green star Leucine Pink square

Glutamic Acid Purple Circle Phenylanine Pink circle

Aspartic Acid Black diamond Glutamine Purple rectangle

Glycine White oval Histidine Red circle

Proline Brown Triangle

ProteinsProteins are made of 20 different amino acids.The sequence of amino acids varies between each protein, and tells it how to fold, giving the protein its shape.

MUTATIONS (an error in DNA) CAN OCCUR WITH JUST A SINGLE BASE PAIR

CHANGE.

BASE SUBSTITUTION- when a TA pair is replaced by a GC pair in DNA.

-If it occurs in a specific location, for instance, in the CFTR gene, it will cause

cystic fibrosis.BASE DELETIONS & INSERTIONS- when

base pairs are added or removed from the gene.

What if something goes wrong in coding?

MUTATIONS OCCUR DURING DNA REPLICATION. MUTATIONS (an error in DNA)

USUALLY THE ERROR IS EDITED OUT BY THE DNA POLYMERASE (proof-reader), AND FIXED BY THE REPAIR ENZYMES.

MUTAGENS- An environmental factor that damages DNA and are most likely to blame for mutations.

EX: ultra violet rays & chemicals in cigarette smoke nuclear radiation

Mutation is the alteration of DNA sequence, whether it be in a small way by the alteration of a single base pair, or whether it be a gross event such as the gain or loss of an entire chromosome. It may be caused through the action of damaging chemicals, or radiation, or through the errors inherent in the DNA replication and repair reactions. One consequence may be genetic disease. However, although in the short term mutation may seem to be a BAD THING, in the long term it is essential to our existence. Without mutation there could be no change and without change life cannot evolve. If it had not been for mutation the world would still be covered in primeval slime!

WHAT IS DNA MADE UP OF? NUCLEOTIDES STRUNG TOGETHER IN A

PARTICULAR ORDER. Each nucleotide contains : Deoxyribose (5- carbon

sugar)PhosphateNitrogen base

-Adenine-Guanine-Thymine-Cytosine

HOW IS THE STRUCTURE OF DNA ORGANIZED The sides of the DNA “ladder” are alternating

sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate. The steps (rungs) of the DNA “ladder” are the

pairs of nitrogen bases. adenine always pairs with thymine (A-T) cytosine always pairs with guanine (G-C)

GIVEN THE FOLLOWING:ADENINE -CYTOSINE -THYMINE -ADENINE -GUANINE -GUANINE -CYTOSINE -THYMINE -

STATE WHAT NITROGEN BASE WOULD PAIR WITH THESE NITROGEN BASES.

AND THE ANSWER IS…

ADENINE -CYTOSINE –THYMINE -ADENINE -GUANINE -GUANINE -CYTOSINE –THYMINE -

THYMINEGUANINEADENINETHYMINECYTOSINECYTOSINEGUANINEADENINE

OR

A – TC – GT – AA – TG – CG – CC – GT - A

DNA

RNA

Protein

Replication

Transcription

Translation

How DNA determines everything in our body.

DNA REPLICATION

http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/chapter3/animation__dna_replication__quiz_1_.html

DNA REPLICATION Before a cell can divide

(mitosis) it must make an exact copy of its DNA (interphase).

If it doesn’t make an exact copy you could end up with a nose coming out of your ear!!!

DNA Replication is how DNA makes more of

itself.Enzymes aid in this

process.

What is an ENZYME?? An enzyme is a complex protein

that speeds up a reactionThere are 2 important enzymes

used in DNA replicationPolymeraseHelicase

HELICASE: unzips the DNA moleculePOLYMERASE:

Bonds the complementary nucleotides that are floating around in the nucleus to the existing DNA strand

Making a new DNA is like making a new zipper by using the old zipper

as a model.  A zipper is a little simpler than DNA because a zipper only has one kind of tooth, and DNA

has four (A, T, C, G).

    The first thing the DNA does is unwind, then it un-zips to pull the two strands apart.

The REPLICATION FORK is the point at which the chains separate.

HELICASE!!!What helps it unzip?

•Because the nitrogen bases fit together only in specific pairs, the free nucleotides line up in the proper order all by themselves! 

•There are free floating nucleotides in the nucleus.

•Polymerase bonds the paired bases to make exact copies of the DNA.

And when this is done, there are two exact DNA molecules!  Each with one old strand and one new strand!  Do you see how the new DNA strands are

exact copies of  old strands?

Summary of DNA Replication :

1. DNA is unzipped by helicase and the two strands are exposed. The REPLICATION FORK is the point at which the chains separate.2. Free floating nucleotides come over and properly line up (attach) with their partner (A with T, and G with C).

3. Polymerase bonds the paired bases together.

4. The result is two exact daughter molecules of DNA, each with one old strand and one new strand.

AgendaDNA extraction activity-due at end of periodComplete and turn in handouts – puzzle and replication – due at end of period.Warm Up - page 38If the sequence of bases on one side of a DNA molecule is TTAGCCT, the correct sequence of the letters on the complementary side of the DNA molecule is:A.   AGGCTAA C. AGGCTAAB. AATCCGA D. AATCGGA Homework: Nonehttp://www.brainpop.com/science/cellularlifeandgenetics/dna/

Wed Nov 30

How DNA determines traits…

•A gene is a section of the DNA strand that gives the code for one protein.•The proteins coded for in genes dictate how an organism will develop, regulate cell processes, construct muscle & bone, fight diseases…

RNA Ribonucleic Acid Similar to DNA but: Single stranded Sugar is ribose instead of

deoxyribose Contains same bases except

thymine is replaced with uracil (so RNA has G, C, A, U)

There are 3 types of RNA:•mRNA (messenger RNA) – carries code out of the nucleus

•tRNA (transfer RNA) – reads code and carries amino acids to mRNA

•rRNA (ribosomal RNA) – part of structure of a ribosomal

HOW IS THE STUDY OF DNA BEING USED TODAY? PHARMACUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

Uses bacteria to produce medicines & enzymes for food production.

-Chymosin (used to make cheese)

-Insulin-Vaccines-Identifies new potential

medicines

AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGYIntroduces new traits into plants for specific benefits.

-growing plants with more nutrients

-plants being more resistant to pests

-grow more food on less land

TO HELP THE ENVIRNONMENT-fewer chemical applications-reduced killing of beneficial insects-less need to add fertilizers-reduced chemical runoff in lakes & streams.-decreased soil erosion

INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY-Oil-eating bacteria-Biodegradable plastic-Silk-Vitamins

DNA FINGERPRINTING Technique used to identify individuals

IN CLOSING DNA contains the instructions for making an

organism, including YOU!!!! Your DNA determines how you look, what blood

type you have, even your tendency to get some diseases.

Each chromosome contains a strand of DNA Almost every cell in your body contains the same

DNA & same genes.

QUESTION #3

WHAT CELLS IN YOUR BODY DO NOT CONTAIN ALL OF YOUR DNA.

AND THE ANSWER IS…

YOUR GAMETES (only have half) AND MATURE RED BLOOD CELLS (don’t have any).