week 4_extra reading from world bank-handout

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ACase

StudyofanEmerging

Eco-CityinChina

THEWOR

LDBANK

PublicDisclosureAuthorized PublicDisclosureAuthorized PublicDisclosureAuthorized PublicDisclosureAuthorized

59012

Sino-SingaporeTianjinEco-City:

ACaseStud

yofanEmergingEco-C

ityinChina

TechnicalAssistance(TA)Report

November2009


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Selected

AbbreviationsAndAcrony

ms

ACEEE

AmericanCouncilforanEnergy

AusAID

AustralianAgencyfor

InternationalDevelopment

BETC

BusinessEnergyTaxCredit

BHNA

BinhaiNewArea

BRT

BusRapidTransit

CAGECE

CompanhiadeguaeEsgotodo

Ceara

CAPEX

CapitalExpenditure

CDM

CleanDevelopmentMechanism

CFL

CompactFlorescentLightBulbs

CHP

CombinedHeat&Power

CNCCP

ChinaNationalClimateChange

Program

CNG

CompressedNaturalGas

CNY

ChineseYuan

Co.

Company

DH

DistrictHeating

DHW

DomesticHotWater

EMAS

Eco-ManagementandAudit

Scheme

EP

EutrophicationPotential

ESC

O

EnergyServiceCompanies

EU

EuropeanUnion

GBEC

GreenBuildingEvaluation

Committee

GBES

GreenBuildingEvaluation

Standard

GEF

GlobalEnvironmentFacility

GHG

GreenhouseGas

GW

h

Gigawatts

GW

P

GlobalWarmingPotential

HV

AC

Heating,Ventilation,Air

Conditioning

ITS

IntelligentTransportSystem

IPC

C

IntergovernmentalPanelon

ClimateChange

JV

JointVenture

km

Kilometer

KPI

KeyPerformanceIndicator

l

Liter

LCC

LifeCycleCosting

LCE

LowerCarbonEmission

lcpd

LitersPerDay

LED

LightEmittingDiode

LEED

LeadershipinEnergyand

EnvironmentalDesign

LRT

LightRailTransit

LTD

Limited

m

Meter

ME

P

MinistryofEnvironmental

Protection

mg

milligram

ML

NR

MinistryofLandandNatural

Resources

mn

Millions

Mo

HURD

MinistryofHousingandUrban-

RuralDevelopment

MW

Megawatts

ND

RC

NationalDevelopmentand

ReformCommittee

NG

O

Non-GovernmentalAssociation

NMT

Non-Motorized

Transport

NRE

Non-RenewableEnergy

OD

OriginDestination

OPEX

OperationalEx

penditures

POCP

Photochemical

OzoneCreation

Production

PT

PublicTranspo

rt

PUB

PublicUtilityB

oard

PV

Photovoltaic

R&D

ResearchandD

evelopment

RETC

ResidentialEnergyTaxCredit

RMB

ChineseRenminbi

RW

RadioactiveWaste

SCE

StandardCoalEquivalent

SO2

SulfurDioxide

SSTEC

Sino-SingaporeTianjinEco-City

SSTECAC

Sino-SingaporeTianjinEco-City

Administrative

Committee

STEC

SingaporeTianjinEco-City

InvestmentHo

ldingsLtd.

TA

TechnicalAssistance

TBNA

TianjinBinhai

NewArea

tCO2

TonsCarbonD

ioxide

TDM

TravelDemandManagement

TECID

TianjinEco-CityInvestmentand

DevelopmentCompany

TEDA

TianjinEconomic-Technological

DevelopmentArea

TFTZ

TianjinFreeTradeZone

TOD

TransitOrientedDevelopment

TPD

TonsPerDay

UAFW

Unaccountedf

orWater

UK

UnitedKingdo

m

UN

UnitedNations

UNFCCC

UnitedNationsFramework

Conventionon

ClimateChange

USD

UnitedStatesDollars

WWTP

WastewaterTreatmentPlant


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xi

Sino-SingaporeTianjinEco-City:ACaseStudy

ofanEmergingEco-CityinChina

ThisreportdevelopedasnapshotpictureoftheSSTEC

projectatmid-year2009,afterthemasterplan

detaileddesignprocesses.Achievingtheappropriatesolutionswillrequirethisdetailedanalysis,and

willneedtobebasedonrelevantgoodChineseandinte

rnationalpractices,andlessonslearnedinthe

earlystagesofprojectimplementation.Thisreportisther

eforeonestepinacontinuousprocesstoadapt

SST

ECsplanstothechallengesandchangingneedsoftheproject.FortheBank,thenextstepisto

reportcanbeanalyzedingreaterdetail.

The

reportisorganizedinninechapters.

1.ChapterIprovidesthebroadercontextonchallengesofurbanenvironmentalmanagementin

China,andsummarizestheemergingpolicyresp

onses,includingvariouseco-cityinitiatives.

2.ChapterIIanalyzestheprojectfromacross-cuttingurbanperspective,withafocusonspatial

andurbanplanningissues.

3.ChaptersIIIthroughVIanalyzethekeysectors,specificallytransport,energy,waterand

wastewater,andsolidwaste.

4.ChapterVIIestimatestheGHGemissionreductionpotentialoftheprojectbyapplyingthe

5.ChapterVIIIprovidesanoverviewofthekey

institutional,financial,andriskmanagement

challengesfortheproject.

6.ChapterIXoffersasummaryandconclusion.

xii

ExecutiveSummary

TableE.2:SummaryRecommendations

UrbanPlanningandSpatialDevelopment

SpatialStructureandUrbanDesign:ConsiderdividingsomeofSSTECs400mby400mblocksintosmallerunitstocreatevibrantneighborhoodsandaddspatialvarietythroughgoodurbandesign.IntegratedUrbanPlanning:Ensureintegratedplanningacrossallinfrastructuresectors;optimizeandsynchronizelanduseplanningwithinfrastructuresystemdesignto

planning,introducealearningapproachtodevelopingtheproject,andreducerisks.

EnergySector

Technical

GreenBuildings:(i)AstheGreenBuildingEvaluationStandard(GBES)largelyincorporatesexistingnationalandlocalbuildingstandardsandregulations,especiallyinheating.(iii)Introducecommissioningofenergysystemsinbuildings;and(iv)ConsiderintroducingaGBESaccreditationprogramsimilartotheLeadershipinEnergyandEnvironmentalDesign(LEED)programintheUnitedStates.

thedistrictheatingsystemfordomestichotwater;and(vi)UsingCHPplantsforbaseloadsandmeetpeakloaddemandbyheatonlyboilers.RenewableEnergy:Examinerenewableenergyoptionstochoosemorecost-effectiveoptionsbasedonlifetimecosts,particularlyforphotovoltaicpoweredpubliclighting

systems.Also,considerinstallingcentralizedsolarsystemsinpublicbuildings,anddeterminetheoptimalshareofdistrictheating-suppliedhotwaterrelativetosolarhotwater.

Policy

Institutions,Policies,andRegulations:Exploreaninstitutionalsetupthatwilleffectivelyandcontinuouslyaddresstheevolvingneedsandissuesofsustainableurbanenergyplanningandmanagementintermsofbothoperatingandregulatingtheenergysystem(particularwithrespecttotheGBES).EnhanceandIncentivizeSustainableEnergyActions:Adoptabroadersetofpoliciestofurtherincentivizesustainableenergyactionsamongcitizens,businesses,and

organizations.Thismightincludeasmartpricingandbillingsystemforelectricityuse,andgrants,low-interestloans,lineofcredits,rebates,bonusesfordensity,and

TransportSector

Technical

FurtherDataAnalysis:Givenitsimportancetotheoveralltransportationplan,reviewtheveracityofthetraveldemandmodel.Inparticular,verifythebasedatafromasmanydiversesourcesaspossible.Appropriatelyconsiderotherrelevantcomparators,particularlynewdevelopmentareaswithsimilardemographicsasthoseplannedforSSTEC.RoadDesignandUrbanForm:Enhancethelivabilityandmobilityintheeco-citybyconsideringdevelopingmorebutnarrowerroads,therebysubdividingtheplanned

400mby400mblocksandbetterpromotingnon-motorizedtravel.

tothetraveldemandmodel.Undertakeadetailedreviewofcapacitiesinroads,infrastructure,publictransport,cityparking,andotherrelevantareasagainstthemodeledmodalsplitforecasts.

ReviewLRTandBRTOptions:DevelopadetailedbusinesscasefortheLRTovertheBRToption.Thisshouldreview,inparallel,bothtechnologiesdesigns,capitalcosts,

recurrentcosts,capacities,andoperationalimpactstodeterminetheoptimaltechnicalandmostcosteffectivesolution.


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xiii

Sino-SingaporeTianjinEco-City:ACaseStudy

ofanEmergingEco-CityinChina

Policy

DevelopPhasing-InPolicy:DevelopapolicyforphasingingreenpublictransportconcurrenttoSSTECsdevelopmentthrough2020,focusingparticularlyoninvestmentcostsandprojectedcostrecoveryneedsduringthedevelopmentstages.TravelDemandManagement(TDM):DevelopapolicyforphasinginTDMstrategiesacrossallitsdimensionstoensurehigh-levelcoordinationofthecompeting

InstitutionalArrangements:IntroduceinstitutionalarrangementsthatsupportadequatetransportpolicyaswellasregulationandenforcementofTDMstrategiesandpublic

transportinitiatives.Thismightinvolveestablishinganewagency,operatingbusinesses,andregulatorystrategies.DevelopSecondaryIndicators:DevelopindicatorsthatbettercapturetheconstituentpartsofthegreentransportKPI,includingmeasurementsoftheshareofpublic

issues,suchascostrecoveryandaffordability.

WaterSecto

Technical

DesignofWaterDistributionSystem:Optimizethedesignsofdistributionsystems(waterandreclaimedwater)tominimizetotalcostsandenergyconsumption.

effective.DesalinatedWater:ReexaminetheneedfordesalinatedwaterandassesstheoptimaloperationoftheBejiangpowerplantasacogenerationplant.Unaccounted-forWater:ReassesstheUFWtargetof10percentasitisrelativelyhigh,especiallyforanewcity.IndustrialWastewater:Considerpre-treatmentofindustrialwastewater,whichwillresultinlowertreatmentcosts.SludgeDisposal:Revisitsludgedisposalplansasaneco-citysapproachshouldmorecloselyaligntocurrentgoodpracticeslikedigestionandcomposting;suchprocesses

arewidelyappliedindevelopedanddevelopingcountries,andthetechnologiesarewellproven.

tofacilitatepumpscheduling,pressurecontrol,andburstcontrol.WastewaterandStromWaterSystem:Designthewastewaterandstormwatersystemtoanticipatethelikelyimpactsofclimatechangeandrisingsealevels.

Policy

WaterConservation:Applywaterconservationpracticesandprogramsthataddressboththesupplyanddemandforwater.Considerappropriatetariffstructuresthatpromotewaterdemandmanagementwhileensuringcostrecovery,conservation,andequity.PublicInvolvement:Strengthenpublicawarenessandparticipation;publicinvolvementiscrucialtothesuccessofdemandmanagementandconservationprograms. RegulatoryOversight:Establishappropriateregulatoryoversight.Absentanindependentregulator,SSTECACwillneedtoestablisharegulatoryunittomonitorregulatory

compliancetoensuretherealizationoftheKPIsandotheremergingservicestandards.OperatingCompanyforWaterSectorServices:Considerusingoneoperatingcompanyforallwatersectorservices,includingenforcementofonsitewatertreatmentand

reuse.CoordinatedConstruction:Closelycoordinatecontractorsconstructionofdifferentsystemstoensuresynergisticand,whenpossible,simultaneoussysteminstallation.DevelopSecondaryIndicators:TocomplementthewatersectorKPIs,considerotherindicatorsfocusedonoperationalissues,includingenergyconsumptionandcost

recovery.

SolidWasteSector

Technical

WasteReduction:Considercomprehensivewastereductionstrategies,includingestablishingcollectionpointstogatherfoodresiduethatcanberecycled.

environment.

Policy

Recycling:Provideacomprehensiveprogramofincentives,education,andprohibitionofcertainmaterialsfromthewastestreamtoencourageresidentsandbusinessesto

recycle.Astheproposedrecyclingprogramishighlyambitiousandmainlybasedonsourceseparation,considertieredpricingofwastemanagementservicesthatchargealowerfeeforwastethatissourceseparated,whichshouldencouragerecycling.

xiv

ExecutiveSummary

Theseindicatorswouldapplytoallsub-sectors:energy,transport,waterandwastewater,andsolidwaste.

methodology.

Institution,FinanceandRiskManagement

InstitutionalIssues

IntegratedManagement:Ensurethattheintegratedvisionoftheeco-cityissustainedduringprojectimplementationbycontaininginstitutionalfragmentationacrossthevariousstakeholders(e.g.,JVCompany,TECIDanditssubsidiarycompanies).

canariseincomplexprojects,comprisingpublicandprivatesectorparticipants.Cross-JurisdictionalCoordination:DevelopandfullyaddressallinfrastructurelinkageswiththeBinhaiNewArea.Considerpossibleregionallinkagesand,whenever

possible,supportcross-jurisdictionalcoordination.

InvestmentandFinance

mismatches.

Earlyassessmentofdemandmanagementimpactsisalsoimportanttoavoidoverdesigninginfrastructuresystems.

environmentalbonds.

RiskManagement

KPIRegulationandEnforcement:EvaluateprogresstowardsmeetingtheKPIsonanongoingbasisthroughparticipatoryapproachesinvolvingcommunitiesandresidents.KPIasaManagementTool:Establishanexplicitriskmanagementframeworkwithanappropriatemonitoringandevaluationsystemlinkedtothephaseddevelopment

approach.IndependentEco-Audits:Introduceaneco-auditthatcouldindependentlymeasureandverifytheprojectscompliancewiththeoverallecologicalvisionand

development.


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116

Conclusion,GEFProjectandSummaryRecommendations

Table9.1:SummaryRecommendations

UrbanPlanningandSpatialDevelopment

SpatialStructureandUrbanDesign:ConsiderdividingsomeofSSTECs400mby400mblocksintosmallerunitstocreatevibrantneighborhoodsandaddspatialvarietythroughgoodurbandesign.IntegratedUrbanPlanning:Ensureintegratedplanningacrossallinfrastructuresectors;optimizeandsynchronizelanduseplanningwithinfrastructuresystemdesign

incrementalplanning,introducealearningapproachtodevelopingtheproject,andreducerisks.

EnergySector

TechnicalGreenBuildings:(i)AstheGreenBuildingEvaluationStandard(GBES)largelyincorporatesexistingnationalandlocalbuildingstandardsandregulations,especiallyconditioning,andwaterheating.(iii)Introducecommissioningofenergysystemsinbuildings;and(iv)ConsiderintroducingaGBESaccreditationprogramsimilartotheLeadershipinEnergyandEnvironmentalDesign(LEED)programintheUnitedStates.

Usingthedistrictheatingsystemfordomestichotwater;and(vi)UsingCHPplantsforbaseloadsandmeetpeakloaddemandbyheatonlyboilers.RenewableEnergy:Examinerenewableenergyoptionstochoosemorecost-effectiveoptionsbasedonlifetimecosts,particularlyforphotovoltaicpoweredpublic

lightingsystems.Also,considerinstallingcentralizedsolarsystemsinpublicbuildings,anddeterminetheoptimalshareofdistrictheating-suppliedhotwaterrelativetosolarhotwater.

PolicyInstitutions,Policies,andRegulations:Exploreaninstitutionalsetupthatwilleffectivelyandcontinuouslyaddresstheevolvingneedsandissuesofsustainableurbanenergyplanningandmanagementintermsofbothoperatingandregulatingtheenergysystem(particularwithrespecttotheGBES).EnhanceandIncentivizeSustainableEnergyActions:Adoptabroadersetofpoliciestofurtherincentivizesustainableenergyactionsamongcitizens,businesses,and

organizations.Thismightincludeasmartpricingandbillingsystemforelectricityuse,andgrants,low-interestloans,lineofcredits,rebates,bonusesfordensity,and

TransportSector

TechnicalFurtherDataAnalysis:Givenitsimportancetotheoveralltransportationplan,reviewtheveracityofthetraveldemandmodel.Inparticular,verifythebasedatafromasmanydiversesourcesaspossible.Appropriatelyconsiderotherrelevantcomparators,particularlynewdevelopmentareaswithsimilardemographicsasthose plannedforSSTEC.

RoadDesignandUrbanForm:Enhancethelivabilityandmobilityintheeco-citybyconsideringdevelopingmorebutnarrowerroads,therebysubdividingtheplanned400mby400mblocksandbetterpromotingnon-motorizedtravel.

relatetothetraveldemandmodel.Undertakeadetailedreviewofcapacitiesinroads,infrastructure,publictransport,cityparking,andotherrelevantareasagainstthemodeledmodalsplitforecasts.

ReviewLRTandBRTOptions:DevelopadetailedbusinesscasefortheLRTovertheBRToption.Thisshouldreview,inparallel,bothtechnologiesdesigns,capitalcosts,recurrentcosts,capacities,andoperationalimpactstodeterminetheoptimaltechnicalandmostcosteffectivesolution.

117

Sino-Singapo

reTianjinEco-City:ACaseStudyofanEmergingEc

o-CityinChina

PolicyDevelopPhasing-InPolicy:DevelopapolicyforphasingingreenpublictransportconcurrenttoSSTECsdevelopmentthrough2020,focusingparticularlyoninvestmentcostsandprojectedcostrecoveryneedsduringthedevelopmentstages.TravelDemandManagement(TDM):DevelopapolicyforphasinginTDMstrategiesacrossallitsdimensionstoensurehigh-levelcoordinationofthecompeting

InstitutionalArrangements:IntroduceinstitutionalarrangementsthatsupportadequatetransportpolicyaswellasregulationandenforcementofTDMstrategiesand

publictransportinitiatives.Thismightinvolveestablishinganewagency,operatingbusinesses,andregulatorystrategies.DevelopSecondaryIndicators:DevelopindicatorsthatbettercapturetheconstituentpartsofthegreentransportKPI,includingmeasurementsoftheshareofpublic

issues,suchascostrecoveryandaffordability.

WaterSector

TechnicalDesignofWaterDistributionSystem:Optimizethedesignsofdistributionsystems(waterandreclaimedwater)tominimizetotalcostsandenergyconsumption.

effective.DesalinatedWater:ReexaminetheneedfordesalinatedwaterandassesstheoptimaloperationoftheBejiangpowerplantasacogenerationplant.Unaccounted-forWater:ReassesstheUFWtargetof10percentasitisrelativelyhigh,especiallyforanewcity.IndustrialWastewater:Considerpre-treatmentofindustrialwastewater,whichwillresultinlowertreatmentcosts.SludgeDisposal:Revisitsludgedisposalplansasaneco-citysapproachshouldmorecloselyaligntocurrentgoodpracticeslikedigestionandcomposting;such

processesarewidelyappliedindevelopedanddevelopingcountries,andthetechnologiesarewellproven.

systemstofacilitatepumpscheduling,pressurecontrol,andburstcontrol.WastewaterandStromWaterSystem:Designthewastewaterandstormwatersystemtoanticipatethelikelyimpactsofclimatechangeandrisingsealevels.

PolicyWaterConservation:Applywaterconservationpracticesandprogramsthataddressboththesupplyanddemandforwater.Considerappropriatetariffstructuresthatpromotewaterdemandmanagementwhileensuringcostrecovery,conservation,andequity.PublicInvolvement:Strengthenpublicawarenessandparticipation;publicinvolvementiscrucialtothesuccessofdemandmanagementandconservationprograms.RegulatoryOversight:Establishappropriateregulatoryoversight.Absentanindependentregulator,SSTECACwillneedtoestablisharegulatoryunittomonitor

regulatorycompliancetoensuretherealizationoftheKPIsandotheremergingservicestandards.OperatingCompanyforWaterSectorServices:Considerusingoneoperatingcompanyforallwatersectorservices,includingenforcementofonsitewatertreatment

andreuse.CoordinatedConstruction:Closelycoordinatecontractorsconstructionofdifferentsystemstoensuresynergisticand,whenpossible,simultaneoussysteminstallation.DevelopSecondaryIndicators:TocomplementthewatersectorKPIs,considerotherindicatorsfocusedonoperationalissues,includingenergyconsumptionandcost

recovery.

SolidWasteSector

TechnicalWasteReduction:Considercomprehensivewastereductionstrategies,includingestablishingcollectionpointstogatherfoodresiduethatcanberecycled.

theenvironment.

PolicyRecycling:Provideacomprehensiveprogramofincentives,education,andprohibitionofcertainmaterialsfromthewastestreamtoencourageresidentsandbusinesses

torecycle.Astheproposedrecyclingprogramishighlyambitiousandmainlybasedonsourceseparation,considertieredpricingofwastemanagementservicesthatchargealowerfeeforwastethatissourceseparated,whichshouldencouragerecycling.


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Conclusion,GEFProjectandSummaryRecommendations

Theseindicatorswouldapplytoallsub-sectors:energy,transport,waterandwastewater,andsolidwaste.

methodology.

Institution,FinanceandRiskManagement

InstitutionalIssues

IntegratedManagement:Ensurethattheintegratedvisionoftheeco-cityissustainedduringprojectimplementationbycontaininginstitutionalfragmentationacrossthevariousstakeholders(e.g.,JVCompany,TECIDanditssubsidiarycompanies).

thatcanariseincomplexprojects,comprisingpublicandprivatesectorparticipants.Cross-JurisdictionalCoordination:DevelopandfullyaddressallinfrastructurelinkageswiththeBinhaiNewArea.Considerpossibleregionallinkagesand,whenever

possible,supportcross-jurisdictionalcoordination.

InvestmentandFinance

mismatches.

PricingandDemandManagement:Payearlyattentiontooperationalissuessuchaspricinganddemandmanagementactivitiesthatcoulddirectlyimpactproject

environmentalbonds.

RiskManagement

KPIRegulationandEnforcement:EvaluateprogresstowardsmeetingtheKPIsonanongoingbasisthroughparticipatoryapproachesinvolvingcommunitiesandresidents.KPIasaManagementTool:Establishanexplicitriskmanagementframeworkwithanappropriatemonitoringandevaluationsystemlinkedtothephaseddevelopment

approach.IndependentEco-Audits:Introduceaneco-auditthatcouldindependentlymeasureandverifytheprojectscompliancewiththeoverallecologicalvisionand

development.

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Sino-Singapo


o-CityinChina

Annex1

KeyPerformanceIndicators(KPI)forSSTEC

TableA1.1:QuantiativeKeyPerformanceIndicators

KPIAreaandDetailsIndicativeValueTimeframeDomesticStandardsDomesticBenchmarksInternationalBenchmarks

Comments

NaturalEnvironment

AmbientAirQuality

NoofdaysperyearinwhichambientairqualitymeetsorexceedsChinasNationalAmbientAirQualityGradeII

Immediate

NationalStandardforAmbientAirQualityGB3095-1996

169

Eco-GardenCityStandard

170

Eco-CityStandard(forNorthChina)

171

EnvironmentProtectionModelCityStandard

172

310

ChinaPlan:75%ofmajorcitiesinChinameetingNationalGradeIIStandard:

173

TJ:298(2005);320(2007);

174

BHNA:314(2007);Plan

175

BJ:246(2007);Everydayduring2008Olympics(totalof17days);Plan:tomeetGB3095-1996by2010

176

-SameasEnvironmentProtectionModelCityStandard,higherthaneco-cityandeco-GardencitystandardSameasthetargetof

TianjinandBHNAfor2010;Lowerthanactual

Tianjin(320days)andBHNA(314days)in2007;Notethatthisisa

targetthatcannotbefullycontrolledbyactionstakeninSSTECalone;

No.ofdaysperyearinwhichSO2andNOxcontentintheambientairshouldnotexceedthelimitsstipulatedforChinaNationalAmbientAirQuality

Immediate


--

TomeetthestandardstatedinthePRCsNationalStandardGB3095-1996

By2013177


--


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120

Annex1:KeyPerformance

Indicators(KPI)forSSTEC


Comments

NaturalEnvironment

QualityofWaterBodies

TomeetGradeIV

surfacewaterqualitystandardstatedinthePRCsNationalStandardGB3838-2002

By2020

NationalStandardforSurfaceWaterQualityGB3838-2002

178

Eco-CityStandard179

:tomeetGB3838-2002and

nolowerthanGradeV

TJPlan:surfacewaterqualityinthebuilt-upareasshouldmeetGradeVandaboveby2010

180,181

BJPlan:waterqualityof

thecentralcityandnewdevelopingareashouldmeettheNationalStandardby2010

182.

AveragemeetingGB3838-2002rateofChinesecities:86.50%(2007)

183

-Giventhatonly22.2percentofwaterbodiesinBHNAmeetthenationalstandardin2006184,relatively

ambitioustarget;Comparableto

NationalStandardGB3838-2002Notethatthisisa

targetthatcannotbefullycontrolledbyactionstakeninSSTECalone;

Waterfromtapsattainingdrinkingwaterstandards

100%Immediate

NationalStandardforDrinkingWaterQualityGB5749-2006;Eco-GardenCity

Standard185

:100%meetingGB5749-2006;

SH:99.95%(2005);Shenzhen:99.56%(2008);Guiyang:100%(2009)

-SameasEco-GardenCityStandardSamelevelhasbeen

achievedbyothercitiesinChina,i.e.Guiyang

Noisepollutionlevelsshouldmeetthestipulatedstandardsfordifferentfunctionalzones

100%Immediate

NationalStandardforNoiseGB3096-2008;Eco-CityStandard

186:

100%meetingGB3096-2008;Eco-GardenCity

Standard187

:95%meetingGB3096-2008;

TJ:82.4%(2005);Plan:90%(by2010);95%(by2015)

188

BHNA:80%(2005);Plan:90%(by2010);95%(by2015)BJ:AllareasmeetGB3096-

2008exceptforClass4areawhichisbelowthestandardbyexceeding8.2dBduring

thenightin2007

-SameasEco-CityStandard;HigherthanEco-GardenCityStandardHigherthantargetof

TianjinandBHNAfor2015.

CarbonemissionperunitGDP

150ton-CperonemillionUSdollars

Immediate

NonationalstandardNonationalstandardCountry-widetargetsby2012:USA:122Japan:59EU:103Singapore:350

(2006)

SSTECKPIaimstooncurrentnationalcarbonemissionperunitGDPaverage;Thisindicator

howeverisnormallyonlyappliedatthecountrylevelduetomeasurementproblemsatthecitylevel;

121

Sino-Singapo


o-CityinChina


Comments

Natural

Environment

Netlossofnaturalwetlands0Immediate

NonationalstandardNational11thFiveYearPlan

forForestrystates:50%ofnaturalwetlandsand70%ofimportantwetlandsshouldbeprotected189

-HigherthanthetargetsputforwardinNational11

thFive

YearPlan;

Man-madeEnvironment

Proportionofgreenbuildings190100%Immediate

NationalStandardforGreenBuildingGB50378-2006TechnicalManual

forGreenBuildingEvaluation

191

GardenCityStandard192

:buildingsandgreenbuildings

China:Greenbuilding:lessthan1%ofexistingbuildings(current);100%forOlympicsbuildings:16%ofexistingbuildingsincitiesandtowns(2008);71%ofnewlybuiltbuildings(2007).

49.93%ofexistingbuildings

Singapore:buildingareaexceeding2,000m

2should

be100%greenbuilding.

ComparetocurrentChinassituation,SSTECtargetof100%ishigh;HigherthanGarden

CityStandard;Samelevel(100%)

wasachievedbyBeijingOlympicsbuildings.

LocalplantsindexImmediateEco-GardenCity

Standard193

--SameasEco-Garden

CityStandard

Publicgreenspacepercapita2percapitaBy2013

Eco-CityStandard194

Eco-GardenCity

Standard195

uparea;GardenCityStandard

196:

smallandmediumcities

197

2010);meets16-18(by2020)197

Singapore:8Curitiba,Brazil:51

(2005)199

SameasEco-GardenCityStandard;HigherthanEco-CityStandardandGardenCityStandards;HigherthanTianjins

targetby2015;LowerthanBeijings

target(15)by2010;

LivingStyle

Percapitadomesticwaterconsumption

percapita

By2013

Nationalstandardofwaterquantityforcityresidential

municipality

200

Tianjinquotaofwaterquantityforcitys

TJ:130.4(2006)BJ:110~130(2007)

WuhanPlan201

:170(by2010)SH:160(2003);Plan:180(by

2020)Hunanprovincequota:160Ningxiaprovincequota:90-

130Xiamencityquota:150-180HK:203

Singapore:154Cologne:137

Amsterdam:154Sydney:254Tokyo:268LosAngeles:

440202

Indicatorsetslowertargetthancurrent

TianjinandBeijingslevel;Lowercomparedto

otherprovincesandcitiesquota,butatupperendofTianjinquota;Targetisadvanced

comparedwithinternationalpractices


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122




Comments

LivingStyle

Percapitadomesticwaste

generation

capita

By2013

CodeforPlanningofUrbanEnvironmentalSanitationFacilitiesGB50337-2003:0.8-1.2

TJ:1.10(2007)BJ:1.18(2007);Ningbo:1.2(2007);Wuhancentraldistrict:1.21

(2008)

South-EastAsia:0.74(2000)

203204

Singapore:0.89(2007)EastAsia:1.01

(2000)205

Japan:1.1South-CentralAsia:0.57(2000)

206

USA:2.18

IndicatorsetslowerwastegenerationtargetrelativetopracticesinothermajorChineseand

internationalcities.

Proportionofgreentrips207

By2013

GardenCityStandard208

:Proportionofpublictransportation(bus,trammediumcities

Tianjin(2000):91.5%TianjinPlan:75-80%(by

2020);BHNAPlan:65-75%(by

2020)TEDA:47.8%

209(projectedin

2008)Shanghai(2006):56%Beijing(2006):64%Chongqing(2006):88%HongKongSAR(2001)

83.8%

RiodeJaneiro85%Bogota85%Lima84%Moscow73.7%Curitiba71%Warsaw71.4%Budapest66.9%SaoPaulo66.4%Amsterdam66.1%Prague64.4%Vienna64.0%Berlin60.8%

Targetfor2013istoolowconsideringcurrentChinesecontextwheretripmodeofwalkingandTargetfor2020is

higherthanTianjinplanandsameascurrentHK. By2020

Infrastructure

OverallsolidwasterecyclingrateBy2013

NonationalstandardBJPlan:separation&collectionrate60%;comprehensiveutilizationrateofindustrialsolidwaste80%by2010.

BJ2008Olympicsvenue:50%Shenzhen:45%(by2010)

210

Singapore:51%(2006);Plan:60%(by2012)Seattle,Wash.

(USA):48%

(2007);Plan:60%(by2012)

HigherthancurrentpracticesinChina;SameasSingapores

targetby2012

Provisionoffreerecreationalandsportfacilitieswithinwalkingdistanceof500m

100%By2013

NationalLivableCityGuideline

211promotes

provisionoffreesportsfacilitieswithinwalkingdistanceof1,000mandfreeopenparkswithin500m

--HigherthanNationalGuideline

123

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Comments

Infrastructure

Treatmenttorender

hazardousanddomesticsolidwastesnon-toxic

100%Immediate

Eco-CityStandard212

:90%Eco-GardenCity

Standard213

:90%GardenCityStandard

214:

60%

EnvironmentProtectionModelCityStandard

215:

treatmentofdomesticsolidofhazardoussolidwastes:100%

TJ:81%(2005);TJPlan:216

BHNA:100%(2005)BJcurrent:93%;BJPlan:

99%forcentraldistricts,80%for

217

AverageofChinesecities:67.58%(2007)

218

-HigherthanEco-CityStandard;Eco-GardenCityStandard,andGardenCityStandard;

HigherthanBeijingstargetfor2010;However,samelevel

asalreadyachievedinBHNA;

Barrier-freeaccessibility100%Immediate

NationalBarrier-freeCityStandard

219:100%

fornewlybuiltpublicbuildingsandresidentialbuildings

BeijingOlympicsFacilities:90%

Developedcountries:almost100%

SameasNationalBarrier-freeCityStandard;Higherthanlevel

achievedatBeijingOlympicsfacilities.Sameascurrent

developedcountrieslevel

Servicesnetworkcoverage100%By2013

CentralSewageTreatment:Eco-CityStandard

220:

Eco-GardenCity

Standard221

Tapwater:Eco-GardenCity

Standard222

GardenCityStandard223:

90%CentralHeating:Eco-CityStandard

224:

Gas:GardenCityStandard

225:

80%

CentralSewageTreatment:TJ:75%(2005);TJPlan:

2015)BHNA:59%(2005)CentralHeating:TJ:83.2%(2005);TJPlan:

BHNA:75%(2005);

SewerCoverageSingapore:100%

(current)226

Tokyocenterarea:100%(2006)TapWaterTokyocenterarea:

100%(2006)

HigherthanEco-CityStandard;Eco-GardenCityStandard,andGardenCityStandard,Higherthanplansfor

TianjinandBHNASameastargetsin

developedcities

overseas;

Management

ProportionofpublichousingBy2013

NonationalstandardChinaNationwideoverallgoal:15-20%by2010

227Internationalaspublichousingacrosscountries(HongKongSAR:50%;Singapore:80%)

Comparabletonationaltarget


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124




Comments

EconomicSustainability

RenewableenergyusageBy2020

NonationalstandardChina:7%(current):Plan:

228;

229

;Olympicsvenue:26.9%

(2008)-CityPlan:

50%(by2020)

Finland:25%;Sweden:33.3%;Holland:20%(by

2020);EU:20%(by

2020).

Higherthancurrentnationallevelandplanfor2020;Sameastargetsby

EUandHollandfor

2020.Lowerthanthelevel

achievedbyBeijingOlympicsvenueandCaofeidiantargetby2020

Watersupplyfromnon-traditionalsources

By2020

NonationalstandardBHNA:ReclaimedWater:9%(2008);Plan:40%(by2010).Desalinatedseawater:14%(2008);

230

(current)

HigherthancurrentpracticesinChinaHigherthan

Caofeidiantargetin2020Sameascurrent

Singaporelevel

TechnologicalInnovation&

Employment

NumberofR&Dscientistsandengineersper10,000laborforce

By2020

Nonationalstandard231

BJplan:220(by2020)232

;

233

USA:92(2002);Japan:101;Germany:68;France:71(2003)

Higherthannationaltargetby2010.LowerthanBeijing

andShanghaitargetfor2020Stillmuchlowerthan

overseascountries

Employment-housing

equilibriumindex234By2013

Nonationalstandard--SSTECdistinctiveindicator

Note:TJ(Tianjin);BHNA(BinhaiNewArea);TEDA(TianjinEconomicandDevelopmentArea);BJ(Beijing);SH(Shanghai);HK(HongKongSAR).

TableA1.2:QualitativeKeyPerformanceIndicators

KPIAreaKPIDetails

CoordinatedNaturalEcologyMaintainasafeandhealthyecologythroughgreenconsumptionandlow-carbonoperations

CoordinatedRegionalPoliciesAdoptinnovativepoliciesthatwillpromoteregionalcollaborationandimprovetheenvironmentofthesurroundingregions

SocialandCulturalCoordinationPreservehistoricandculturalheritageandprotectscenicresources

CoordinatedRegionalEconomyPromotethereasonabledivisionoffunctionsattheregionallevel

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Annex2

Annex2summa

rizesoffindingsfromastocktakingstudy,undertakenbytheChineseAcademyof

2

35

PartIsummariz

eseco-citydevelopmentinfourcities,namelyCa

ofeidianEco-CityinTangshan,

ShenzheninGua

ngdongprovince,YangzhouinJiangsuprovince,and

HuaibeiinAnhuiprovince.Part

IIlistsanadditio

nal18citiesundergoingecologicalurbandevelopment,whichincludecitiesofvarious

scalesfromChin

aseasterntowesternregions.Together,these22citiesrepresentmostofthenational

piloteco-citiesth

usfarrecognizedbytheMinistryofEnvironmentalProtectionandMinistryofHousing

andUrban-Rural

Development(FigureA2.1andFigureA2.2).

Miyuncounty,Yanqingcounty,Taicangcity,Zhangjiagang

city,Changshucity,Jiangyincity,Rongchengcity,Yantian

district,M

inhangdistrict,andAnjicounty

Shenzhen,Qingdao,Nanjing,Hangzhou,Weihai,Yangzhou,

Suzhou,Shaoxin

g,Guilin,Changshu,Kunshanand

Zhangjiagang

FigureA2.1:NationalEco-CitiesandEco-CountiesapprovedbyMEP(left)

F

igureA2.2:NationalEco-GardenCitiesapprovedbyMoHURD(right)

A.Case1:Cao

feidianEco-City,Tangshan

Introduction

CaofeidianEco-Cityrepresentsanotherlarge-scalenewdevelopmentthataimstodirectfasturban

growthinanecologicalway.CaofeidianEco-Cityislocated5km

tothenortheastofCaofeidian

IndustrialAreaandCaofeidianport.Itis80kmfromTangshancitycenter,120kmfromTianjin,and

220kmfromBeijing.AsamajoreconomicgrowthcenterinTangshan

andHeibeiprovince,Caofeidian

IndustrialAreaw

asoneofthenationaldemonstrationprojectsforacirculareconomyapprovedbythe

NDRCin2005,andaimstopromoterecyclingofresourcesandzero-releaseofpollutantsinitsfour

leadingindustrie

s,includingrefinedsteel,equipmentmanufacturing

,chemicalindustry,andmodern


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132

NoLocationUrbanpopulation

EcoAwardsbyMoHURD

EcoAwardsbyMEPKeyInitiatives

1QingdaoLargestindustrialcityofShandongprovince

2,760,000NationalGardenCity;PilotofEcologicalGardenCity

NationalEnvironmentalProtectionModelCity;NationalEcoDemonstrationArea

Eco-cityconstructionplanin2003,withafocusonJiaozhouBaycoastlineprotection;SeawaterDesalinationIndustryDevelopmentPlanofQingdaoin2005:watersupplyfromdesalinationwillaccountforonefourthofthecitystotalwaterdemandby2010;Aneweco-citywithanareaof75km

2targeting

highendandgreenindustryisplannedtoconstructinNorthernpartofQingdao.

2RongchengCLC

Shandongprovince675,000NationalGardenCity

NationalEnvironmentalProtectionModelCity;NationalEcoCity

Eco-cityConstructionPlanin2004;Promoteuseofsolarenergyandinsulationmaterialsinbuildings;constructlargescalewindfarmsincoastalareas.

3MiyunCountyNortheastBeijing150,000NationalEnvironmentalProtectionModelCity;NationalEcoCounty

MinyunEco-cityConstructionPlanin2005,withafocusonwaterresourceprotection,developmentofeco-agricultureandeco-tourism;10%revenuewassetasideforeco-countyconstructioneachyear.

4WeihaiShandongprovince4,100,000PilotofEcologicalGardenCity

NationalEnvironmentalProtectionModelCity;NationalEcoDemonstrationArea

WeihaiEco-cityConstructionPlanin2005;Planforcomprehensivemanagementofwatershedpollution.

5HangzhouCapitalofZhejiangprovince

4,100,000PilotofEcologicalGardenCity

NationalEnvironmentalProtectionModelCity

HangzhouEco-cityConstructionPlanin2003;RegulationsonEstablishmentofAnEcologicalCompensationMechanismin2005:ecologicalcompensationfundwasestablished;EnergyConservationPlanofHangzhouin2007:proportionofsolarenergyandrenewableresourcesuseinnewbuildingswillreach25%by2010.

6SuzhouHistoriccityin Jiangsuprovince2,400,000NationalGarden City;

PilotofEcologicalGardenCity;

NationalEnvironmental ProtectionModelCity;

NationalEcoDemonstrationArea

Eco-cityConstructionPlanningFrameworkin2003;Suzhou CircularEconomyDevelopmentPlanin2004.

7ShaoxingHistoriccityinZhejiangprovince

640,000NationalGardenCity;PilotofEcologicalGardenCity


Eco-cityPlanningFrameworkin2002;WaterConservationPlan:leakagerateofwatersupplynetworkdecreasedto4.94%in2008;RegulationsOnTheImplementationofCircularEconomy.

8JiangyinCLCJiangsuprovince550,000-NationalEnvironmentalProtectionModelCity;NationalEco-city

JiangyinEco-cityConstructionPlanin2005;Specialfundsonenergy-savingandcirculareconomydevelopmentwereestablishedin2007.

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NoLocationUrbanpopulation

EcoAwardsbyMoHURD

EcoAwardsbyMEPKeyInitiatives

9TaicangCLCJiangsuprovince290,000-NationalEnvironmentalProtectionModelCity;NationalEco-city

CyclularEconomicDevelopmentPlanofTaicangCityin2004;TaicangWater-savingPlan(2008-2020);Constructsewagetreatmentplantineverytownandsmallsewagetreatmentfacilitiesinremotevillages;Reformofwatermanagementsystem,i.e.,setupwaterinvestmentcompany

10GuiyangCapitalofGuizhouprovince

2,300,000--GuiyangMasterPlanofCircularEconomyandEco-cityin2003;RegulationonConstructionofCircularEconomyandEco-cityin2004.

11ChengduCapitalofSichuanprovince

4,400,000-NationalEnvironmentalProtectionModelCity

Eco-cityConstructionPlanin2007;OpinionsonDevelopmentofCircularEconomyin2005;ImplementationofCleanProductionProgramsin2006

12WanzhouDistrict

Chongqingmunicipality

660,000--Anewcitywith14km2wasconstructedformigrantsafterthe

ThreeGorgesreservoirwaslaunched;ImplementingOpinionsonCircularEconomy;ComprehensiveWorkProgramsofEnergy-savingandEmissionReduction.

13BeichuanCounty

Sichuangprovince85,000(planned)

--ReconstructedinnewsiteafterWenchuanEarthquakeaccordingtoMoHURDsecocitystandards.

14ZhuzhouHunanprovinceincentralChina

800,000--NationalPilotofComprehensiveReformonConstructingResource-savingandEnvironment-friendlySocietyin2007(Changsha,ZhuzhouandXiangtan);OpinionsonPriorityDevelopmentonUrbanPublicTransportin2007:promotedioxideemissionspermitssystem;Strategyofcirculareconomy.

15SanyaTropicaltourismcityinsouthernHainanprovince

250,000NationalGardenCity

NationalEcologicalDemonstrationArea

SanyaEco-cityConstructionPlanin2009;11thFive

YearPlanofBuildingEnergyConservation:promotingIntegratedSolarHotWaterSystemandsolarlighting.

16GuilinFamoustourismcityinGuangxiprovince

600,000NationalGardenCity;PilotofEcologicalGardenCity


GuilinEcologicalConstructionPlanunderpreparation

17WuhanCapitalofHubeiprovince

6,600,000--NationalPilotofComprehensiveReformonConstructingResource-savingandEnvironment-friendlySocietyin2007;Greengasmotorvehicles,updatevehiclesusingCNGengineandEuro4standardengine;developtrolleybuses,BRTandurbanrail;WuhanWater-savingPlan(2002-2010);Medium&LongtermPlanofCircularEconomy.

18HuanrenCounty

HistoriccityinLiaoningprovince

300,000(totalpopulation)

-NationalEcologicalDemonstrationArea

HuanrenEco-countyConstructionPlan:focusoncirculareconomy,eco-tourism,useofwindpowerandhydropower.

week 4_extra reading from world bank-handout

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