week 9 the complex sentence
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E_English Grammar Course E_English Grammar Course
Chapter VI
The Complex Sentence
1. Subordination
2. Classifications of subordinate clauses
3. Subordinators
4. Nominal clauses
5. Adverbial clauses
6. Comparative and Comment clauses
IssuesIssues
SubordinationSubordination1
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SubordinationSubordination - Non-symmetrical relation held between two clauses: one clause is a constituent/ part of the other
SubordinationSubordination1
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SubordinationSubordinationi.e. one clause is -Non-symmetrical relation, a constituent/ part of the other
1 2 21[I like John [because John likes me] ]1 1[superordinate/ independent/ main clause ] 2 2 [subordinate/ dependent clause]
- Non-symmetrical relation held between two clauses: one clause is a constituent/ part of the other
SubordinationSubordination1
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SubordinationSubordination Hierarchy of clauses
X- Y- Z-( I think [ that you can do it { if you try} ] )
S V O A
Z = subordinate to YY = subordinate to XY & Z = dependent clausesX = independent clause
Let's checkLet's check
Do Exercise 11.1 (handout Week 9)
Classifications of subordinate clausesClassifications of subordinate clauses2
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Classifications of subordinate clauses
By structural type By functional type
Classifications of subordinate clausesClassifications of subordinate clauses2
2/2
By structural type Finite clause
Nonfinite clause
Verbless clause
See more in 11.2 - 11.5
Classifications of subordinate clausesClassifications of subordinate clauses2
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By structural type Finite clause
Nonfinite clause
Verbless clause
- contains a subject and a predicate- verb phrase having tense, person & number concord, & mood
Classifications of subordinate clausesClassifications of subordinate clauses2
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By structural type Finite clause
Nonfinite clause
Infinitive with to
Infinitive without to -ed participle
-ing participle
Classifications of subordinate clausesClassifications of subordinate clauses2
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By structural type Finite clause
Nonfinite clause
Infinitive with to
Infinitive without to -ed participle
-ing participle
Without S: The best thing would be to tell everybody.With S: The best thing would be for you to tell everybody.
Classifications of subordinate clausesClassifications of subordinate clauses2
2/6
By structural type Finite clause
Nonfinite clause
Infinitive with to
Infinitive without to -ed participle
-ing participle
Without S: Leaving the room, he tripped over the mat. With S: Her aunt having left the room, I declared my
passionate love for Celia..
Classifications of subordinate clausesClassifications of subordinate clauses2
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By structural type Finite clause
Nonfinite clause
Infinitive with to
Infinitive without to -ed participle
-ing participle
Without S: All I did was hit him on the head.With S: Rather than John do it, I’d prefer
to give the job to Mary.
Classifications of subordinate clausesClassifications of subordinate clauses2
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By structural type Finite clause
Nonfinite clause
Infinitive with to
Infinitive without to -ed participle
-ing participle
Without S: Covered in snow, he looked like a snowman.With S: We left the room and went home, the job finished.
Classifications of subordinate clausesClassifications of subordinate clauses2
2/9
By structural type Finite clause
Nonfinite clause
Verbless clause
1. Ellipsis of the verb ‘be’- Dozens of people died in the accident, many of them children.- Whether right or wrong, he always dominates the arguments.
Classifications of subordinate clausesClassifications of subordinate clauses2
2/10
By structural type Finite clause
Nonfinite clause
Verbless clause
2. Reduction of non-finite clauses- Too nervous to reply, he stared at the book in front of him
and dared not look up.
Classifications of subordinate clausesClassifications of subordinate clauses2
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By function Nominal clause
Adverbial clause
Comparative clause
Comment clause
SubordinatorsSubordinators3
3/1
Subordinating conjunctions
Simple subordinators
Compound subordinators
Correlative subordinators
See more in 11.6 - 11.9
SubordinatorsSubordinators3
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Subordinating conjunctions
Simple subordinators
Compound subordinators
Correlative subordinators
after, though, although, as, because, before, if, oncesince, that, until, when
where, while, etc.
SubordinatorsSubordinators3
3/3
Subordinating conjunctions
Simple subordinators
Compound subordinators
Correlative subordinators- ending with ‘that’: in that, so that, such that …- ending with optional ‘that’: now (that), provided (that), supposing (that), seeing (that)…- ending with ‘as’: so far as, as long as, so as (to do sth)…- ending with ‘than’: sooner than, rather than…- others: as if, as though, in case
SubordinatorsSubordinators3
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Subordinating conjunctions
Simple subordinators
Compound subordinators
Correlative subordinators
if… then, although… yet, as… as, so… as, so… thatno sooner… than, more/ less… than, the… the, whether… or
SubordinatorsSubordinators3
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Other indicators ofsubordination
Wh-element initial markers
Subject-operator inversion
No marker
SubordinatorsSubordinators3
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Other indicators ofsubordination
Wh-element initial markers
Subject-operator inversion
No markerI don’t know who knocked at the door last night.
SubordinatorsSubordinators3
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Other indicators ofsubordination
Wh-element initial markers
Subject-operator inversion
No markerHad it not been for your help, I would have died.
SubordinatorsSubordinators3
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Other indicators ofsubordination
Wh-element initial markers
Subject-operator inversion
No marker
1. nominal clausee.g. I suppose (that) you’re right.
2. comment clausee.g. You’re right, I suppose.
Do exercise 11.4 (handout Week 9)
Nominal clausesNominal clauses4
4/1
Nominal Clauses
Finite Non-finite
that clause
wh-interrogative clause
Yes - No interrogative clause
Nominal relative clause
to-infinitive nominal clause
nominal –ing clause
bare infinitive
See more in 11.13 - 11.19
Nominal clausesNominal clauses4
4/2
Finite Nominal Clauses
that clause
wh-interrogative clause
Yes - No interrogative clause
Nominal relative clause
- S: That you were wrong is undeniable.
- Od: I knew that I was wrong.
- Cs: The problem is that he refuses to
speak in court.
- Appositive: The fact that he hates English
makes it hard for him to study it.
- Cadj: I’m sure that things will improve.
Nominal clausesNominal clauses4
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Finite Nominal Clauses
that clause
wh-interrogative clause
Yes - No interrogative clause
Nominal relative clause
- Function as S, Od, Cs, Ap, Cadj,
& Cprep (They haven’t decided on who
wins the cup.)
- Leave a gap of unknown information
Nominal clausesNominal clauses4
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Finite Nominal Clauses
that clause
wh-interrogative clause
Yes - No interrogative clause
Nominal relative clause
- Is formed with if/ whether
e.g. Do you know if/ whether the teacher
has come yet?
Nominal clausesNominal clauses4
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Finite Nominal Clauses
that clause
wh-interrogative clause
Yes - No interrogative clause
Nominal relative clause
- S: What he is pursuing is fame.- Od: I want to see whoever in charge of this department.- Oi: She gave whoever came into the storea handful of sweets.- Cs: University is where you train for yourfuture career.- Co: You can call me whatever you like.- Ap: Tell me your nickname, that is, the way your friends often call you.- Cprep: Vote for whichever candidate youlike.
Nominal clausesNominal clauses4
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Non-finite nominal clauses
to-infinitive nominal clause
nominal –ing clause
bare infinitive
- S: To become an MC has always been my dream.- Od: John wanted her to open the door.- Cs: My wish is to stay here one more week.- Ap: His ambition to be a famous writer was fulfilled.- Cadj: I’m glad to help you.
Nominal clausesNominal clauses4
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Non-finite nominal clauses
to-infinitive nominal clause
nominal –ing clause
bare infinitive
- Function as S, Od, Cs, Ap, Cprep, & Cadj- Genitive case in formal stylee.g. I’m surprised at his making that mistake.- Objective or common case:e.g. I’m surprised at him making that mistake.
Nominal clausesNominal clauses4
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Non-finite nominal clauses
to-infinitive nominal clause
nominal –ing clause
bare infinitive
- ‘to’ is optional in case of ‘do’ proform.
E.g. All I did was (to) turn off the gas.
- bare infinitive is obligatory when the
infinitive clause is initial
E.g. Turn off the gas was all I did.
Adverbial clausesAdverbial clauses5
5/1
Time
Place
Condition & concession
Reason or cause
Circumstance
Purpose
Result
Manner & Comparison
Proportion & Preference
See more in 11.20 - 11.34
Adverbial clausesAdverbial clauses5
5/2
Time
Place
Condition & concession
Reason or cause
Circumstance
Purpose
Result
Manner & Comparison
Proportion & Preference
- after, before, until, since, when + finite clause
- after, before, since, until, when(ever), while + V-ing
- once, until, when(ever), while + V-ed
- as soon as, once, when(ever), while + Verbless clause
Adverbial clausesAdverbial clauses5
5/3
Time
Place
Condition & concession
Reason or cause
Circumstance
Purpose
Result
Manner & Comparison
Proportion & Preference
- Introduced by ‘where’/ ‘wherever’
E.g. When I retire, I will travel around the world.
Where the fire had been, we saw nothing but rubble.
Adverbial clausesAdverbial clauses5
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Time
Place
Condition & concession
Reason or cause
Circumstance
Purpose
Result
Manner & Comparison
Proportion & Preference- Conditional clauses state the dependence of one circumstance
on another.
- Introduced by if, unless, provided that, providing that…
E.g. If you’re kind to her, she will do anything for you.
Adverbial clausesAdverbial clauses5
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Time
Place
Condition & concession
Reason or cause
Circumstance
Purpose
Result
Manner & Comparison
Proportion & Preference- Concessive clauses imply a contrast between two circumstances.
- Introduced by though, although, while, whereas, even if
E.g. Although he isn’t good-looking, people are still attracted
to him.
Adverbial clausesAdverbial clauses5
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Clauses of condition or concession
Alternative conditional-concessive clauses
Universal conditional-concessive clauses
Adverbial clausesAdverbial clauses5
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Clauses of condition or concession
Alternative conditional-concessive clauses
E.g. Whether they beat us or we beat them,we’ll celebrate tonight.
Combine conditional meaning withsubjunctive meaning
Adverbial clausesAdverbial clauses5
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Clauses of condition or concession
Universal conditional-concessive clauses
E.g. No matter how hard he tried, he could never summon enough courage to tell her the truth.
Indicate a free choice from among any number of conditions
Adverbial clausesAdverbial clauses5
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Time
Place
Condition & concession
Reason or cause
Circumstance
Purpose
Result
Manner & Comparison
Proportion & Preference
- introduced by because, since, as- I didn’t lend him the book because I needed it for my assignment. (adjunct)- They’ve lit a fire, because I can see smoke rising.
(disjunct of reason)
See more in 5.22
Adverbial clausesAdverbial clauses5
5/10
Time
Place
Condition & concession
Reason or cause
Circumstance
Purpose
Result
Manner & Comparison
Proportion & Preference
- express a fulfilled condition/ a relation between a premise
(in the subordinate clause) and the conclusion (in the main clause)
- introduced by because, since, as, & seeing that
E.g. Seeing that the weather has improved, we shall enjoy our game.
= The weather having improved, we shall enjoy our game.
Adverbial clausesAdverbial clauses5
5/11
Time
Place
Condition & concession
Reason or cause
Circumstance
Purpose
Result
Manner & Comparison
Proportion & Preference
- are adjuncts
- introduced by (in order) (for N) to, so as to, so that
E.g. I tiptoed into the room so as not to wake the baby up.
He tried to improve his English so that he could study abroad.
- has ‘putative’ meaning (modal auxiliaries are used)
Adverbial clausesAdverbial clauses5
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Time
Place
Condition & concession
Reason or cause
Circumstance
Purpose
Result
Manner & Comparison
Proportion & Preference
- are more factual than putative may contain an ordinary verb form
without a modal auxiliary
- introduced by so that/so (informal)
E.g. We planted many shrubs, so (that) the garden looked beautiful.
Adverbial clausesAdverbial clauses5
5/13
Time
Place
Condition & concession
Reason or cause
Circumstance
Purpose
Result
Manner & Comparison
Proportion & PreferenceClauses of manner – (exactly) as, (just) as
(Just) as a moth is attracted by a light, (so) he was fascinated by her.
Adverbial clausesAdverbial clauses5
5/14
Time
Place
Condition & concession
Reason or cause
Circumstance
Purpose
Result
Manner & Comparison
Proportion & PreferenceClauses of comparison – as if, as though
He looks as if he is going to faint.
He treated me as though I were a child (unreal)
Adverbial clausesAdverbial clauses5
5/15
Time
Place
Condition & concession
Reason or cause
Circumstance
Purpose
Result
Manner & Comparison
Proportion & Preference
Clauses of proportion express a ‘proportionality’ or equivalence
of tendency between two circumstances
E.g.
As he grew older, (so) his enthusiasm for the cause decreased.
The more he went deeper into the forest, the more scared he felt.
Adverbial clausesAdverbial clauses5
5/16
Time
Place
Condition & concession
Reason or cause
Circumstance
Purpose
Result
Manner & Comparison
Proportion & Preference
Clauses of preference are introduced by rather than/ sooner than
E.g. Rather than go there by air, I’d take the train.
Rather than sitting here complaining, we should act.
Rather than a new shirt, he bought a dictionary.
Let's checkLet's check
Do exercise 11.9 (handout Week 9)
Comparative & comment clausesComparative & comment clauses6
6/1
Comp-element S: More people eat at KFC than any other fastfood restaurant.
Cs: I’m healthier than most people of my age.
Od: She eats much more than me.
Oi: Santa has brought more children joy than anybody else.
A: She works harder than my brother.
See more in 11.37 - 11.44
Comparative & comment clausesComparative & comment clauses6
6/2
Ellipsis in Comparative Clause
1. Optional ellipsis
James enjoyed the cake more than Susan enjoyed the cake.
James enjoyed the cake more than Susan enjoyed it.
James enjoyed the cake more than Susan did.
James enjoyed the cake more than Susan.
2. Obligatory ellipsis (of object)
- James enjoyed the cake more than Susan enjoyed.
+ James know more about the theatre than Susan knows.
See more in 11.39
Comparative & comment clausesComparative & comment clauses6
6/3
Ambiguity
He loves the dog more than his wife.
through ellipsis
with ‘too’ & ‘enough’
He’s too ill to move.
Comparative & comment clausesComparative & comment clauses6
6/4
Comment Clauses Features
Forms
See more in 11.45 - 11.46
Comparative & comment clausesComparative & comment clauses6
6/5
Comment Clauses Features
Forms- can be either disjuncts or conjuncts
- may occur initially, finally, or medially
- have a separate tone unit
E.g. The Smiths, as you probably know, have
been our neighbor for twenty years.
Comparative & comment clausesComparative & comment clauses6
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Comment Clauses Features
Forms
(1) Like a main clause
At that time, I believe, he didn’t understand a thing.
Comparative & comment clausesComparative & comment clauses6
6/7
Comment Clauses Features
Forms
(2) Like an adverbial clause (with as)
I’m a perfectionist, as you may know.
Comparative & comment clausesComparative & comment clauses6
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Comment Clauses Features
Forms
(3) Like a nominal relative clause as conjunct
What is more, we lost all our hope and courage.
Comparative & comment clausesComparative & comment clauses6
6/9
Comment Clauses Features
Forms
(4) To-infinitive clause as style disjunct
To be honest with you, I didn’t understand a thing he said.
Comparative & comment clausesComparative & comment clauses6
6/10
Comment Clauses Features
Forms
(5) –ing clause as style disjunct
I’m concerned, speaking as a linguist, about the language
of the young people today.
Comparative & comment clausesComparative & comment clauses6
6/11
Comment Clauses Features
Forms
(6) –ed clause as style disjunct
Stated bluntly, he had no chance of winning.
Let's checkLet's check
Do exercise 11.11 (handout Week 9)
HomeworkHomework
Exercises 172-176 WorkbookHandout Week 9