welcome to cisco academy
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Welcome to Cisco Academy. Chapter 1 Introduction to Networking. Objectives. Understand Safety Rules Provide common knowledge base PC Hardware Build bridge between understanding of PC hardware and Networks similarities Develop understanding of Boot Process - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Welcome to Cisco Academy
Chapter 1
Introduction to Networking
Objectives
• Understand Safety Rules• Provide common knowledge base
– PC Hardware
• Build bridge between understanding of PC hardware and Networks similarities
• Develop understanding of Boot Process• Appreciate importance of Networks• Identify network characteristics• Introduce Binary Numbering System• Appreciate importance of Bandwidth
Specific Objectives & Tasks
• Identify four primary components of PC architecture• Identify PC subsystem components• Install a NIC• Configure PC for different network types• Develop understanding of Binary Number System• Convert Decimal to Binary & Binary to Decimal• Identify units of Information• Be able to discuss need for Networks• Be able to identify Network Devices• Use analogies to understand bandwidth
PC Components
• Transistor – amplifies or opens/closes circuit• IC – does specific task; contains transistors• Capacitor – stores energy in electrostatic field• Connector – plugs into a port or interface• LED – semiconductor device that emits light
PC Components
B u s B u s
K eyb oard /M ou seS eria l/P ara lle l P ort
N ICM on ito r
In te rfaces
B u s
R A MR O M
F L A S HE P R O M
M em ory
B u s
A L UO /S S u p erviso r
C P U
B u s B u s
H ard D iskD iske tte
C D -R O MZ IP
S to rag e
Boot Processes
• Boot Instructions – stored in ROM until used• Software Applications – stored in RAM after
loading• RAM and ROM – talk to CPU through the bus• Saved Information – flows from RAM to storage
device• Exported Information – flows from RAM through
bus to external device such as the printer
Web Browsers and Plug-Ins
• IE– Integrated with other MS products– Takes up more disk space– Uses, does e-mail, file transfers
• Communicator– First popular browser– Takes less disk space– Same as IE
Popular Plug-Ins
• Flash/Shockwave Player
• Adobe Acrobat Reader
• Windows Media Player
• Quicktime
• Real Player
Stop
• Do Lab
NIC
• Network Interface Card– printed circuit board that provides network
communication capabilities to and from a personal computer
• A.K.A. LAN Adapter– Can be designed for Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI
(IMPORTANT)
• Requires:– IRQ, I/O Address, Upper Memory address in Win 95,98,
NT
Network Card Selection Criteria
• Type of Network– Ethernet, FDDI, Token Ring
• Type of Media– Twisted Pair, Fiber Optic, Coaxial Cable
• Type of Bus– PSI or ISA or PCMCIA (lap top)
• Half duplex or full duplexing• 10 mbs or 100 mbs
TCP/IP Configuration
Stop
• Do Lab
Binary
• Decimal System– Base 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
• Binary System– Base 2 0 1
• Computer works in Binary– Two states - On/Off; Current/No Current– Computer translates from decimal to binary and from
binary to decimal• NOTE: ASCII is a binary code
Units of InformationB= bytes; b = bits
Bit (0,1)
b
Binary Digit
1 bit 1 bit On/Off
Op/Clos
Byte
B
8 bits 1 byte 8 bits Letter or number
Kilobyte
KB
1,024 bytes
Approx
1000 bytes
Approx
8000 bits
10-page report = 10 KB
Megabyte
MB
1,024 KB 1 million bytes
8 million bits
Floppy = 1.4 MB
Gigabyte
GB
1,024 MB 1 billion bytes
8 billion bits
Hard drive = 8 GB
Stop
• Do Lab
Binary
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
2**9 2**8 2**7 2**6 2**5 2**4 2**3 2**2 2**1 2**0
512 256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Decimal
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
10**9 10**8 10**7 10**6 10**5 10**4 10**3 10**2 10**1 10**0
1 B 100 M 10 M 1 M 100000 10000 1000 100 10 1
Stop
• Do Lab
Terms to Know
• Bit a 0 or 1 – a Binary digiT
• Byte 8 bits – approximately 1 character
• KB, MB, GB, TB, kbps, kBps, Mbps– All measures of storage
• Hz, MHz, GHz– All measures of computer operation - cycles
Networks
• A network is an entity - an intricately connected system of objects or people.
• Networks are all around us, even inside us.
• Your own nervous system and cardiovascular system are networks.
• There can several types of networks
• Think of some
Networks Accomplish Many Tasks
• Avoid duplication of equipment and resources
• Allow us to communicate efficiently
• Enable us to manage computing resources
• Support shared resources
Network Types
• LAN– Building, Campus (group of building)
• MAN– Metropolitan Area
• WAN– Entire world – can even include outer space
IP Addressing
• IP address is used to identify PC to network (at layer 3 of OSI model)
• IP address is used to send traffic over WAN• IP address is usually in dotted decimal format
(does not have to be)– 123.122.234.255
– In binary 01111011.01111010.11101010.11111111
– In hex 7B 7A EA FF
Subnet Masking
• Used with IP address to determine which LAN to use to send packet on its way
• Takes form of– 255.255.0.0– 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
• Router uses ANDING to determine which LAN is associated with the IP address– ANDING is a BOOLEAN Algebra process
ANDING
• IP address is 10.10.0.26• Subnet mask is 255.255.0.240• Anding
– 00001010.00001010.00000000.00011010
– 11111111.11111111.00000000.11110000
– 00001010.00001010.00000000.00010000
– 10.10.0.16
• Host 10.10.0.26 is a member of LAN 10.10.0.16
LAN Characteristics
• Operate within a limited geographic area
• Allow multiple access to high bandwidth media
• Control private (autonomous) networks
• Provide full-time connectivity to local services
• Connect physically adjacent devices
WANS
• Operate over wide geographic areas
• Allow access over serial interfaces operating at lower speeds
• Provide full-time and part-time connectivity
• Connect devices located over wide geographic areas
• WANS connect LANS
Bandwidth
• Measure of how much information can flow from one place to another in a given amount of time
• Two types – digital and analog
• Cisco course deals with digital bandwidth
• Measured in BITS (b) per second
Analogies for Bandwidth
• Pipe line– Bandwidth is pipes– Network devices are valves; fittings; packet is water
• Highway– Bandwidth is lanes– Packets are vehicles; network devices are signals, on
ramps, etc.
• Audio Systems– Network devices are telephones, CD-ROMS– Packets are music
Bandwidth is Important
• It is finite
• It can save money
• It is key measure of network design and performance
• It is key to understanding Internet
• The demand for it increases constantly
Throughput
• The formula is Estimated Time = Size of File / Bandwidth
• Throughput is always less than Bandwidth
• Bandwidth is used to design networks
• Throughput is used to evaluate network performance
Media
• Coaxial Cable– 50 ohm and 75 ohm
• Twisted Pairs– Shielded and Unshielded
• Fiber Optics– Single Mode and Multi Mode (62.5/125)
• Wireless