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Welcome to

the GIS World

GIS concepts are not new! London cholera epidemic 1854

Cholera death

Water Sources

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Differences between CAD and GIS:

• CAD software generally does not create topology (Topology is the ability to determine connectivity, adjacency and other spatial relations between entities. For instance, if a series of lines are connected to form a closed polygon, the CAD program only recognizes this as a polygon under special circumstances; and cannot recognize that a point within that polygon is related to that polygon).

• While CAD systems are capable of using geo-referenced coordinates such as UTM or State Plane systems, many CAD drawings may instead use Cartesian coordinates with an arbitrary starting point. Many CAD systems did not have the capability of changing projection systems.

• The capability of linking attribute data to graphic entities. CAD entities can have data attached indirectly, such as layer names, color, width, length, and in some cases attribute and text information can be attached to point entities. However, this data is not readily available in a tabular format within the CAD program. But a GIS system is designed to directly link each graphic entity with a record in a data table, and in a GIS, the data table is more important than the graphic.

There are also several minor differences between CAD and GIS.

History of GIS (Computers-CAD-GIS)

Year Development/Stage

Before

Computers

Before computers became widely available, thematic maps on plastic Mylar sheets could be laid on top of each other, revealing more information about an area than was possible with any single paper map. There could be no database of information directly linked to the map and no automation of spatial querying.

In mid 1950 The first graphic system was the US Air Force's SAGE (Semi Automatic Ground Environment) air defense system. The system was developed at Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Lincoln Laboratory. The system involved the use of CTR displays to show computer-processed radar data and other information.

Dr. Patrick J. Hanratty known as "the Father of CADD/CAM" for his pioneering contributions to the field of computer-aided design and manufacturing, developed in 1957 PRONTO, the first commercial numerical-control programming system.

1950 thru

1960

The development of the GBF-DIME files by the U.S. Census Bureau in the 1960s marked the large-scale

adoption of digital mapping by the government. This system led to the production of the Census TIGER files, one of the most important socioeconomic spatial data sets in use today. Important geographic work was also being done at universities.

1959 The CalComp company is founded.

1960

McDonnell Douglas Automation Company (McAuto) founded. It will play a major role on CAD developments with the introduction of CADD program.

The first Computer-Aided Design programs used simple algorithms to display patterns of lines at first in two dimensions, and then in 3-D. Early work in this direction had been produced by Prof. Charles Eastman at Carnegie-Mellon University, the Building Description System is a library of several hundred thousands architectural elements, which can be assembled and drawn on screen into a complete design concept.

1966 A grid-based mapping program called SYMAP, developed at the Laboratory for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis at the Harvard Graduate School of Design, was widely distributed and served as a model for later systems.

History of GIS (Computers-CAD-GIS)

Year Development/Stage

1970

M&S Computing founded (later becomes Intergraph). At the begining it was a consulting firm that supported government agencies in using digital technology. Among these technologies were application oriented user interfaces that communicated with users in the language of their applications, rather than in programming terminology. The first Intergraph computer graphics system to apply these innovative computing concepts was used by the federal government for designing printed circuit boards.

There was also a significant amount of internal development at major automotive and aerospace firms like General Motors, Ford, Chrysler and Lockheed, which work hard, on CADAM.

In the 1970s Private vendors began offering off-the-shelf GIS packages. M&S Computing (later Intergraph) and Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI) emerged as the leading vendors of GIS software.

1975 Electronic Data System Corporation (EDS) is founded

1976 MCS introduced AD-2000, a design and manufacturing system for the first 32-bit computers.

1977 USGS develops the Digital Line Graph (DLG) spatial data format.

1978 Computervision introduced the first CAD terminal using raster display technology. In the late 70s, Computervision made a costly decision to build their own computer system. Once the new 32-bit systems replaced the old systems, Computervision was no more on the first line and switched to Sun Microcomputers. Finally it was acquired by Prime.

The Computer Graphics Newsletter, a 2 years old publication, change the owner and will become Computer Graphics World magazine.

Global Positioning System (GPS), the first experimental satellite Block-1 launched.

1980 As computing power increased and hardware prices plummeted in the 1980s, GIS became a viable technology for state and municipal planning

1981 IBM release the first personal computer (PC)

Year Development/Stage

1981 ESRI released Arc/Info, a standard package which ran on mainframe computers.

1982 CATIA Version 1 is announced as an add-on product for 3D design, surface modeling and NC programming.

Autodesk was founded by sixteen people in April 1982 in California by initiative of John Walker in idea to create a CAD program for a price of $1000 to can run on PC. John Walker has been running Marinchip Systems for two years before. The first version of AutoCAD was based on a CAD program wrote in 1981 by Mike Riddle called MicroCAD, changed later in Interact.

1984 In October AutoCAD version 2 (Release 5) with text improvements, DXFIN and DXFOUT commands, new Inquire commands, Object Snap, named views, Isometric capabilities and new Attribute features.

1985 Keith Bentley founds Bentley Systems, Inc. MicroStation provides advanced computer-aided design on PC. MicroStation began as a clone of another CAD package. Originally named PseudoStation, the software developed by Bentley Systems allowed users to view IGDS drawings files without needing intergraph's software.The next version of PseudoStation was renamed MicroStation and added the ability to edit IGDS files. After Intergraph purchased 50% of Bentley Systems, a new version of MicroStation added proprietary extensions to the IGDS and renamed it DNG.

1986

Version 2.18 of AutoCAD, launched in January, included the full AutoLISP programming language. AutoLISP is an ASCII based language of interpreted type, originally derived from a shareware Lisp implementation called Xlisp. AutoLISP extended the variables and expressions feature to let users write and store LISP programs that implement custom commands.

AutoCAD reaches 50,000 copies sold world wide. AutoCAD has won since 1986 "The Best CAD Product" award from PC World magazine every year for the next 10 years.

1989 Intergraph launched MGE; ESRI released ArcView-I

1990 Autodesk ships in October AutoCAD Release 11 with network support features which allow the installation of a single copy of AutoCAD on a network server. Release 11 comes with the largest list of enhancements to date. Paper Space is used for the first time.

Bentley Systems announces that the installed base of MicroStation reaches 100,000. MicroStation expands to range of products.

History of GIS (Computers-CAD-GIS)

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Year Development/Stage

1991

Microsoft developed Open GL for use with Windows NT. Open GL is an API procedural software interface for producing 3D graphics and includes approximate 120 commands to draw various primitives such as points, lines, and polygons. Also includes support for shading, texture mapping, anti-aliasing, lighting and animation, atmospheric effects such as fogging and simulation of depth-of-field. Open GL, developed by Silicon Graphics, is a standard for the 3D color graphics programming and rendering.

1993 Windows NT was released , first version to use 32 bit virtual memory on 32 bit processor.

The first AutoCAD (Release 12) for Windows platforms. It required 8 MB RAM and 34 MB Hard Drive space for complete installation. The Windows version of AutoCAD includes 36 icons toolbox, allows multiple AutoCAD sessions, separate Render window, support for Windows GUI, DDE and OLE, as well as Drag-and-Drop and Bird's Eye view capabilities. The AutoCAD main menu has been eliminated; After initial configuration, AutoCAD displays the graphics screen. AutoCAD 12 for Windows was one of the most successful CAD programs ever.

1995

By the end of this year AutoCAD alone topped one million mark worldwide. The next two CAD systems (outside Autodesk) were Cadkey (with 180,000 copies sold) and MicroStation (with 155,000 copies).

1995 MicroStation 95 from Bentley includes a Basic programming tool and ODBC support. First delivered for Windows 95 platform. A Windows NT version available two years later.

1997

AutoCAD Release 14 for Windows is proved to be the best and more stabile version ever. It comes with a lot of improvements in both 2D and 3D. Includes ObjectARX 2.0, ActiveX Automation Interface which allows Visual Basic for Application to drive AutoCAD or to write asingle application that integrates AutoCAD with other ActiveX Automation compliant application, AutoVision is included.

AutoCAD pass 1.5 million copies sold worldwide and AutoCAD LT pass half million copies sold.

1999 First GIS day celebrated

2000 Bentley releases MicroStation/J v7.1. ; AutoDesk MAP 3D; Bentley MicroStation V8

After 2000 More than 5 million user of GIS

History of GIS (Computers-CAD-GIS)

GIS World

• GIS Users

• GIS Technology Providers and Developers

• Universities, GIS Educators and Researchers

GIS is a multi-billion dollar business

• 2004 software revenue topped $2 billion

• GIS Industry now at about $15 billion

Utilities

Regional /

Local Gov.

Other Resource

Management

Telecom

(20%)

(20%)

(15%)

(15%) (30%)

GIS Users

Where is GIS Used? GIS is everywhere! GIS can be used in many different fields, from transportation to defense; from crime control to water resources planning and management.

Sectors where GIS is used:

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User Profile GIS

User Profile

Earthquake Risk Analysis

(San Francisco, USA)

Crime Mapping & Crime Control (Vancouver, Canada) Municipal GIS

Municipal use is also a significant one. During the last two decades, GIS has become an essential tool in the planning and management of urban areas. It is obvious that using GIS facilitates municipal activities to provide better services to public. GIS could make our jobs and interdepartmental communication easier.

Municipal Responsibilities

Municipalities are responsible for planning, development and management of urban areas.

• Public health

• Transportation (maintenance of streets and roads)

• Utility servicing

• Building safety and permitting

• Fire fighting and rescue service

• Education

• Regional planning

• Environment protection

• Economic development and social welfare

Local authorities are also responsible for the maintenance of cultural institutions, such as libraries, museums and sports centers. All these tasks can be overcome easily only by using a successful GIS.

GIS can be established very simply, but, when it comes to the real world!... • To create a perfect GIS is not easy mission. Any disharmony among the system components will affect the overall performance and efficiency of the system. • Today GIS is very popular, almost every city has one; however, the degree of productivity of them is discussable.

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GIS Software

SOFTWARE DISTRIBUTOR PLATFORM

ArcView, Arc/Info, ArcCad, ArcExplorer,

ArcFM, Atlas GIS ESRI Most Unix platforms, Windows

AutoCAD Map 2000,MapGuide World Autodesk Windows

Didger, Map Viewer, Surfer Golden Software Windows

DLGV32 USGS Windows

ERDAS IMAGINE ERDAS Windows, Most Unix platforms

ER Mapper, ER Viewer Earth Resource Mapping Windows, Unix

Geomatica PCI Geomatics Windows

MGE, Geomedia Intergraph UNIX, Windows

GRASS U.S. ACERL Linux, Sun Solaris, HP-UX, DEC-Alpha,

Windows

Idrisi Clark Labs, Clark University Windows

Manifold System Manifold.net Windows

MapInfo, MapMarker MapInfo Windows, Macintosh, Sun, HP

MicroStation GeoGraphics Bentley

DOS, Windows, CLIX, HP/UX, Sun Solaris,

DEC Alpha NT, Silicon Graphics, IBM

RS6000, and Macintosh Power

SAGE GIS DLSR DOS, Windows

Terrain Professional Maptech Windows

Contributing Disciplines

Geography Cartography

Remote Sensing Photogrammetry

Surveying Geodesy

Statistics Operations Research

Computer Science Mathematics

Information Science Management Science

How we can learn GIS?

GIS principles and methodology, spatial analysis techniques, GIS data construction, and a variety of other application capabilities.

There are four ways to learn GIS

1. Personal Effort (Start up the software, and read the manuals, books and papers. This can be quite hard work, as the reading documents are fairly complex)

2. Attending to several GIS Workshop or/and GIS Short Courses (Depending on the nature and duration of the workshop required, and the target audience, it may cost money)

3. Work-Based Learning at Job Sites (Any employment opportunity would be some of the advantages in order to get experience)

4. Taking a GIS Education (The best option)

GIS Department of The Graduate School of Natural and Applied Science has been established in 2003 Graduate Programs M.Sc. in Geographical Information Systems Non Thesis

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GIS Journals / Magazines

• International Journal of Geographical Information Science

• Cartography and Geographic Information Science

• Geographical Systems

• Transactions in GIS

• Geo Info Systems

• GEOWorld (formerly GISWorld)

• GIM International

Professional Organizations

• AAG: The Association of American Geographers.

• GITA: Geospatial Information & Technology Assoc. (formerly AM/FM)

• URISA: Urban and Regional Information Systems Association.

• ACSM: American Congress on Surveying and Mapping.

• ASPRS: American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing.

• UCGIS: University Consortium for Geographic Information Science

Some useful Web sites for GIS information

• U.S. Geological Survey (http://www.usgs.gov)

• Environmental Systems Research Institute (http://www.esri.com)

• URISA - Urban and Regional Information Systems Association (http://www.urisa.org)

• University Consortium on Geographic Information Science (http://www.ucgis.org)

• Association of American Geographers (http://www.aag.org/)

• Geographical Information Systems International Group (GISIG) (http://www.gisig.it)

• International Geographical Union (http://www.igu-net.org)

• Geographical Association (http://www.geography.org.uk)

KAYNAKLAR Web Sites: - http://gislounge.com/faqs-about-gis/ - http://www.usgs.gov/ - http://www.esri.com/what-is-gis - http://www.tec.army.mil/gis/ - http://www.intergraph.com/ - http://www.pb.com/software/Data-Mining-and- Modeling/Geographic-Data-Mining -Tools/MapInfo-Professional.shtml Chrismann, N., Exploring Geographic Information Systems. John Wiley and Sons., Inc., 298 p., 1997. Bonham-Carter, Graeme F., Geographic Information Systems for Geoscientists: Modeling with GIS. Pergamon/Elsevier Science Publications, 1994. De By, R., A., Principles of Geographic Information Systems. ITC Educational Textbook Series, 2000. Geographic Information Systems: A Management Perspective, Stan Aronoff, WDL Publications, Ottawa, Canada, 1989. Yomralıoğlu, T., Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri, Temel Kavramlar ve Uygulamalar, 2000.