Articleshttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-018-0090-7

© 2018 Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature. All rights reserved.

Well-to-refinery emissions and net-energy analysis of China’s crude-oil supplyMohammad S. Masnadi   1*, Hassan M. El-Houjeiri2, Dominik Schunack3, Yunpo Li3, Samori O. Roberts4, Steven Przesmitzki2, Adam R. Brandt   1 and Michael Wang5

1Department of Energy Resources Engineering, School of Earth, Energy & Environmental Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. 2Strategic Transport Analysis Team, Aramco Research Center - Detroit, Aramco Services Company, Novi, MI, USA. 3Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. 4Department of Physics, Morehouse College, Atlanta, GA, USA. 5Systems Assessment Group, Energy Systems Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA. *e-mail: masnadi@stanford.edu

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

In the format provided by the authors and unedited.

NAtuRE ENERgY | www.nature.com/natureenergy

2

Supplementary Figure 1. Carbon intensity supply curve of the selected fields versus the cumulative volumetric oil production percentage. Allocation method by energy approach is used to address the co-products.

3

Supplementary Figure 2. Trend of upstream GHG emissions of selected global oil fields versus crude API gravity. The marker size represents the volumetric production rate (bbl/d), and the fit line is a least-square line.

4

Supplementary Table 1. Public data sources used in this study. Field name Country Reference Dalia/Camelia Angola [1], [2] Kissanje Angola [3] Girassol Angola [4]–[6] Kuito Angola [7]–[10] Takula Angola [11]–[16] Kingfish Australia [17], [18] Cossack Australia [19]–[28] Azeri Azerbaijan [29]–[35] Jubarte 1 Brazil [36] Jubarte 2 Brazil [36] Frade Brazil [37]–[41] Lula-Iracema Brazil [42]–[49] Marlim Brazil [50]–[53] Marlim Sul Brazil [54]–[56] Roncador Brazil [57], [58] Sapinhoa Brazil [59], [60] Huizhou 21-1 China [61]–[69] Qinhuangdao 32-6 China [70]–[73] Bozhong China [74]–[83] Ansai China [84]–[87] Jingan China [88] Karamay China [89]–[91] Lamadian China [92] Saertu China [92], [93] Tahe China [94], [95] Xingshugang China [96], [97] Jiyuan China [98] Penglai 19-3 China [99] Suizhong 36-1 China [100] Fengcheng China [101], [102] Castilla Colombia [103], [104] Cano Limon Colombia [105]–[108] Quifa Southwest Colombia [109] Rubiales Colombia [110]–[112] Cusiana Colombia [106], [113]–[117] Mobim Congo [118], [119] Likouala Congo [120] M`Boundi Congo [120] Abuzar Iran [121]–[127] Ahvaz Iran [51], [128]–[136] Gachsaran Iran [137]–[142] Karanj Iran [143]–[147] Marun Iran [148]–[154] Agha Jari Iran [155]–[162]

5

Darkhovin Iran [163]–[165] Rag-e-Sefid Iran [51], [135], [166]–[170] Parsi Iran [144], [171] Tawke Iraq [120] Ahdab Iraq [172], [173] Halfaya Iraq [51], [174]–[177] Kirkuk (Baba Dome) Iraq [178]–[187] Khurmala Dome Iraq [188]–[192] Majnoon Iraq [51], [193]–[196] Rumaila (1 & 2) Iraq [148], [197]–[199] Taq Taq Iraq [200]–[204] West Qurna 1 (a & b), West Qurna 2 Iraq [205]–[215] Zubair 1 Iraq [216]–[220] Zubair 2 Iraq [51], [221]–[225] Akshabulak Central Kazakhstan [226] Tengiz Kazakhstan [227]–[237] Kalamkas Kazakhstan [228] Uzen Kazakhstan [238], [239] Magwa Kuwait [240]–[245] Minagish Kuwait [246]–[252] Raudhatain Kuwait [222], [225], [253]–[258] Burgan Kuwait [259]–[272] Sabriyah Kuwait [273]–[280] Umm Gudair Kuwait [51], [281]–[289] Ratawi Kuwait [290], [291] Waha Libya [292]–[296] Messla Libya [51] Bouri Libya [297]–[302] Cantarell Mexico [303]–[314] Chuc Mexico [315]–[317] Agbami Nigeria [318]–[322] Bonga Nigeria [316], [322]–[324] Escravos Beach Nigeria [316], [322] Obagi Nigeria [322], [325], [326] Pennington Nigeria [316], [322], [327] Usan Nigeria [316], [322], [328]–[330] Mukhaizna Oman [331]–[337] Nimr Oman [338]–[344] Safah Oman [345]–[350] Dukhan Qatar [351]–[357] Bul Hanine Qatar [358]–[361] Al Shaheen Qatar [362]–[370] Arlanskoye Russia [371], [372] Chaivo Russia [120], [373]–[380] Fyodorovskoye Russia [120] Malobalykskoye Russia [120]

6

North Labatyuganskoye Russia [120] Novoyolkhovskoye Russia [381], [382] Povkhovskoye Russia [120], [383]–[385] Priobskoye North Russia [120] Priobskoye South Russia [120], [386]–[394] Prirazlomnoye Russia [120] Romashkinskoye Russia [120] Russkinskoye Russia [395] Samotlorskoye Russia [120] Talakanskoye Russia [120] Tevlinsko-Russkinskoye Russia [120] Ust-Tegusskoye Russia [120], [395] Vankorskoye Russia [120] Verkhnechonskoye Russia [120] South Russia Fields Russia [120] Vat-Yoganskoye Russia [120] Mamontovskoye Russia [120] Abu Hadriyah Saudi Arabia [120], [396] Safaniyah Saudi Arabia [120], [397] Abqaiq Saudi Arabia [120], [398], [399] Zuluf Saudi Arabia [120], [397], [400], [401] Qatif Saudi Arabia [120], [402] Shaybah Saudi Arabia [120], [403], [404] Khurais Saudi Arabia [120], [405]–[407] Khursaniyah Saudi Arabia [120], [396] Abu Sa`fah Saudi Arabia [120], [408] Berri Saudi Arabia [120], [396], [409]–[411] Ain Dar Saudi Arabia [120], [397], [412]–[414] Shedgum Saudi Arabia [120], [397], [413], [415] Uthmaniyah Saudi Arabia [120], [397], [413], [415], [416] Haradh Saudi Arabia [120], [397], [402], [413], [417] Hawiyah Saudi Arabia [120], [397], [413] Manifa Saudi Arabia [120], [418]–[420] Nuayyim Saudi Arabia [421], [422] Asab UAE [51], [423]–[428] Bab (Murban Bab) UAE [428]–[432] Bu Hasa UAE [429], [433]–[436] Fath UAE [358], [437]–[444] Umm Shaif UAE [428], [445]–[450] Upper & Lower Zakum UAE [450]–[456] Carito-Mulata Venezuela [457] Petromonagas (Cerro Negro) Venezuela [458]–[461] Boscan Venezuela [462]–[465] El Furrial Venezuela [466]–[470] Bitor Venezuela [460], [471] Petro San Felix Venezuela [471]

7

Petrocedeno (Sincor) Venezuela [472]–[474] Petropiar (Hamaca) Venezuela [475], [476] Tia Juana (Lago & Tierra) Venezuela [477]–[488] Tomoporo Venezuela [489] Orinoco Oil Belt Venezuela [421], [490]–[494] Leona Venezuela [495]–[499]

8

Supplementary References

[1] D. C. Morel, E. Zaugg, S. Jouenne, J. A. Danquigny, P. R. Cordelier, and others, “Dalia/Camelia Polymer Injection in Deep Offshore Field Angola Learnings and in Situ Polymer Sampling Results,” in SPE Asia Pacific Enhanced Oil Recovery Conference, 2015.

[2] D. Denney and others, “Polymer Injection in a Deep Offshore Field-Angola, Dalia/Camelia Field Case,” J. Pet. Technol., vol. 63, no. 6, pp. 89–91, 2011.

[3] “Kissanje Blend Crude Oil,” A Barrel Full. [Online]. Available: http://abarrelfull.wikidot.com/kissanje-blend-crude-oil. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[4] E. Zakarian, D. Larrey, and others, “A Systematic Investigation of Girassol Deepwater Field Operational Data to Increase Confidence in Multiphase Simulation,” in International Petroleum Technology Conference, 2007.

[5] “GIRASSOL FPSO Project,” Yogokawa America Inc. [Online]. Available: http://cdn2.us.yokogawa.com/suc-FPSOen.pdf. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[6] “Girassol,” Statoil Inc., 2010. . [7] U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), “Country Analysis Brief: Angola,” 2016. [8] S. G. Noonan, K. L. Decker, C. E. Mathisen, and others, “Subsea gas lift design for the

angola kuito development,” in Offshore Technology Conference, 2000. [9] C. Davison, P. Dyberg, P. Menier, and others, “Fast-Track Development of Deepwater

Kuito Field, Offshore Angola,” in Offshore Technology Conference, 2000. [10] K. Pearson and others, “Separator Profiling: Kuito FPSO Case Study,” in Abu Dhabi

International Conference and Exhibition, 2004. [11] C. J. Harrison, C. Cardoso, and J. R. Lopes, “Takula Oil Field, Offshore Cabinda, Angola,

West Africa,” in SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 1987, Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 1987, pp. 405–406.

[12] “Cabinda waterflood program one of the world’s largest,” offshore-mag, 2000. [Online]. Available: http://www.offshore-mag.com/articles/print/volume-60/issue-2/news/exploration/cabinda-waterflood-program-one-of-the-worlds-largest.html. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[13] “Chevron Makes Four Billion In Angola,” africaoilgasreport, 2012. [Online]. Available: http://africaoilgasreport.com/2012/12/in-the-news/chevron-makes-four-billion-in-angola/. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[14] “Takula,” SUBSEAIQ. [Online]. Available: http://www.subseaiq.com/data/Project.aspx?project_id=1324. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[15] G. King, T. Tokar, L. Littlefield, S. Newton, F. Oliveira, and others, “The Takula Field: A History of Angola’s First Giant Oil Field,” in 18th World Petroleum Congress, 2005.

[16] G. R. King et al., “Takula field: data acquisition, interpretation, and integration for improved simulation and reservoir management,” in SPE Reservoir Simulation Symposium, 2001.

[17] S. Ozimic, E. Nicholas, L. Pain, and V. Vuckovic, “Australian Petroleum Accumulations Report 3 Gippsland Basin, Victoria,” Dep. Prim. Ind. Energy Bur. Miner. Resour. Geol. Geophys. Aust. Gov. Publ. Serv. Canberra, 1987.

[18] Y. Cinar, “Numerical Simulation of CO 2 Injectivity in Kingfish Field, Gippsland Basin, SE Australia (CO2CRC Report Number: RPT05-0107).”

[19] “Supply record,” SBMoffshore. [Online]. Available:

9

SBMO_supply_record_original_20154.pdf. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017]. [20] “Cossack Pioneer,” Oilpro. [Online]. Available:

http://oilpro.com/equipment/3094/cossack-pioneer. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017]. [21] J. C. Mantecon, I. Andersen, D. Freeman, M. Adams, and others, “Impact of Dynamic

Simulation on Establishing Watercut Limits for Well Kick-off,” in SPE Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition, 2004.

[22] R. H. Kingsborough, A. F. Williams, R. R. Hillis, and others, “Borehole instability on the Northwest Shelf of Australia,” in SPE Asia-Pacific Conference, 1991.

[23] E. V Seymour and others, “Cossack Development-First Oil For Woodside,” in SPE Asia-Pacific Conference, 1991.

[24] “Guied to world crudes: Australia’s Cossack crude oil is light and sweet,” Oil & Gas Journal, 1997. [Online]. Available: http://www.ogj.com/articles/print/volume-95/issue-18/in-this-issue/refining/guide-to-world-crudes-australia39s-cossack-crude-oil-is-light-and-sweet.html. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[25] “Cossack,” Chevron. [Online]. Available: http://crudemarketing.chevron.com/crude/far_eastern/cossack.aspx. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[26] “Chevron, partners bring two new oil fields and new LPG facilities onto production on Australia’s North West shelf,” Chevron, 1995. [Online]. Available: https://www.chevron.com/stories/chevron-partners-bring-two-new-oil-fields-and-new-lpg-facilities. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[27] Woodside Energy Ltd, “Okha floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) facility,” 2013.

[28] R. P. Iasky and A. Y. Glikson, “Gnargoo: a possible 75 km-diameter post-Early Permian--pre-Cretaceous buried impact structure, Carnarvon Basin, Western Australia,” Aust. J. Earth Sci., vol. 52, no. 4–5, pp. 575–586, 2005.

[29] Wood Mackenzie, “Azeri Chirag Guneshli Contract Area,” 2017. [30] U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), “Country Analysis Brief: Azerbaijan,”

2016. [31] “Azeri-Chirag-Deepwater Gunashli,” BP. [Online]. Available:

http://www.bp.com/en_az/caspian/operationsprojects/ACG.html. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[32] Today.AZ, “Recoverable reserves at Azerbaijan’s Azeri-Chirag-Gunashli fields estimated at nearly 1 billion tons,” 2009. [Online]. Available: http://www.today.az/news/business/55218.html. [Accessed: 15-Oct-2017].

[33] British Petroleum, “BP Azerbaijan 3Q 2009 Business Update,” 2009. . [34] SOCAR, “SOCAR website Azeri–Chirag–Guneshli.” [Online]. Available:

https://web.archive.org/web/20091016053609/http://socar.az/btc-az.html. [Accessed: 16-Oct-2009].

[35] Offshore Technology, “Azeri-Chirag-Gunashli Oilfield, Azerbaijan.” [Online]. Available: http://www.offshore-technology.com/projects/acg/. [Accessed: 15-Oct-2017].

[36] B. Daher Jr et al., “Jubarte Field-Development Strategy,” in Offshore Technology Conference, 2007.

[37] “Frade field fact sheet,” Chevron. [Online]. Available: http://www.chevron.com/articledocuments/latest/news_203789/1457697f-c289-4781-abce-5b3792c645e1/FradeFieldFactSheet.pdf.cvxn. [Accessed: 04-Aug-2014].

10

[38] “Agência Nacional do Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis, BMP x PAP - Produção de Petróleo,” Gás Natural e Água por Campo. [Online]. Available: http://www.bdep.gov.br/?id=441. [Accessed: 03-Aug-2014].

[39] J. M. Bergeron, N. Parvez, and others, “The Frade Development Asset: How Robust Project Management Drove the Asset From Economically Marginal to Chevron’s Cornerstone Development Project in Brazil,” in Latin American & Caribbean Petroleum Engineering Conference, 2007.

[40] D. Honeycutt, J. Chacon-Fonseca, S. Kumar, A. Nelson, and others, “Fast Track Well Surveillance and Application Integration Ready for First Oil: The Frade Story,” in SPE Digital Energy Conference and Exhibition, 2011.

[41] Y. Pan et al., “Pressure Transient and Production Data Analysis of Horizontal Well in Unconsolidated Formation in Frade, Brazil,” in SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, 2011.

[42] C. M. F. Nakano, C. Pinto, A. Carlos, J. L. Marcusso, K. Minami, and others, “Pre-Salt Santos Basin-Extended well test and production pilot in the Tupi area-the planning phase,” in Offshore Technology Conference, 2009.

[43] “Three super-giant fields discovered offshore Brazil,” Rich Minerals, 2008. [Online]. Available: http://www.richminerals.ca/m1.html. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[44] J. O. D. S. Pizarro, C. C. M. Branco, and others, “Challenges in implementing an EOR project in the pre-salt province in deep offshore Brasil,” in SPE EOR Conference at Oil and Gas West Asia, 2012.

[45] “Brazil’s QGEP: Carcara field wells could rival Lula’s output,” WorldOil, 2013. [Online]. Available: http://www.worldoil.com/news/2013/1/3/brazil39s-qgep-carcara-field-wells-could-rival-lula39s-output. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[46] R. O. de Moraes Cruz, M. B. Rosa, C. C. M. Branco, J. O. de Sant’Anna Pizarro, C. T. de Souza Silva, and others, “Lula NE Pilot Project-An Ultra-Deep Success in the Brazilian Pre-Salt,” in Offshore Technology Conference, 2016.

[47] Reuters, “Petrobras’ Tupi field to produce 500,000 bpd by ’20,” 2008. [Online]. Available: https://www.reuters.com/article/petrobras-tupi/petrobras-tupi-field-to-produce-500000-bpd-by-20-idUSN1231462720080612. [Accessed: 15-Oct-2017].

[48] Offshore Technology, “Tupi Oilfield, Brazil.” [Online]. Available: http://www.offshore-technology.com/projects/tupi-oilfield/. [Accessed: 15-Oct-2017].

[49] WorldOil, “Brazil’s QGEP: Carcara field wells could rival Lula’s output,” 2013. [Online]. Available: http://www.worldoil.com/news/2013/1/3/brazil39s-qgep-carcara-field-wells-could-rival-lula39s-output. [Accessed: 15-Oct-2017].

[50] “CARB draft MCON inputs, July 10th, 2014 workshop,” Air Resources Board, 2014. . [51] P. Mann, L. Gahagan, and M. B. Gordon, “Tectonic setting of the world’s giant oil and

gas fields,” 2003. [52] D. Denney and others, “Marlim Field: Mature-Field Optimization,” J. Pet. Technol., vol.

64, no. 1, pp. 82–83, 2012. [53] R. A. Lorenzatto, R. Juiniti, J. A. T. Gomes, J. A. Martins, and others, “The marlim field

development: Strategies and challenges,” in Offshore Technology Conference, 2004. [54] “Marlim Sul, Brazil,” Offshore Technology. [Online]. Available: http://www.offshore-

technology.com/projects/marlim/. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017]. [55] M. V Acosta et al., “Deepwater Horizontal Openhole Gravel Packing in Marlim Sul Field,

Campos Basin, Brazil-Completion Project Learning Curve and Optimization,” in SPE

11

Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, 2005. [56] M. G. F. Da Silva, A. Calderon, E. P. da Motta, and others, “The Keys to Successfully

Acidizing Horizontal Injection Wells in the Marlim Sul Field,” in SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, 2004.

[57] H. P. Moro, G. da C. Maia, D. H. M. Lage, E. Bordieri, and others, “Roncador Module IV: A Successful Case of Heavy Oil Projects in Ultradeepwaters,” in OTC Brasil, 2013.

[58] A. L. Garcia, M. D. Bocos, M. K. Mihaguti, and others, “Roncador field development: an Overview,” in Offshore Technology Conference, 2000.

[59] “Petrobras brings deepwater Sapinhoa oil field online,” Offshore-mag, 2013. [Online]. Available: http://www.offshore-mag.com/articles/print/volume-73/issue-12/top-5-projects/petrobras-brings-deepwater-sapinho-oil-field-online.html. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[60] A. Wilson and others, “Sapinho{á} Field, Santos Basin Presalt: From Design to Execution and Results,” J. Pet. Technol., vol. 68, no. 10, pp. 49–50, 2016.

[61] W. Zhu, “Huizhou 21-1 and Huizhou 26-1 Oilfield Engineering Facilities (in Chinese),” China Offshore Platf., vol. 6, 1994.

[62] L. Qing, “Fine Oil Reservoir Management and Management to Improve Oilfield Development Benefit (in Chinese),” Inn. Mong. Petrochemical, vol. 14, 2009.

[63] “Nanhai Light,” Chevron. [Online]. Available: http://crudemarketing.chevron.com/crude/far_eastern/nanhai_light.aspx. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[64] L. Wei, “Practice of HSE Management in Huizhou Oilfield (in Chinese),” Mod. Occup. Saf., 2014.

[65] “Nov. 02. - China’s CNOOC To Export 1 Million Bbl Nanhai Light,” Evaluate Energy, 2002. [Online]. Available: http://evaluateenergy.com/Universal/View.aspx?type=Story&id=44087. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[66] L. Qingping, Z. Haishan, and L. Xinzhong, “The Current State and Future of Deep Water Subsea Production Technology,” Chinese J. Eng. Sci., vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 76–84, 2016.

[67] M. Yonghai, “Feasibility Study on Selective Chemical Water Blocking in Huizhou 21-1 Oilfield in East China Sea,” Fault-block Oil Gas F., 1994.

[68] J. Huiren, “Analysis of Gas Drainage in Huizhou 21-1 Oilfield,” China Offshore Oil Gas, 1994.

[69] L. Wei, “Study on Fine Reservoir Engineering of Huizhou 21-1 Oilfield,” China Offshore Oil Gas, vol. 3, 1999.

[70] “ChevronTexaco Ships First Oil Cargo From China’s Bohai Oilfield,” People, 2001. [Online]. Available: http://en.people.cn/200112/13/eng20011213_86559.shtml. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[71] “CNOOC brings Qinhuangdao oilfield online offshore China,” Oil & Gas Technology, 2015. [Online]. Available: http://www.oilandgastechnology.net/upstream-news/cnooc-brings-qinhuangdao-oilfield-online-offshore-china. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[72] “CNOOC boosts oil production from Qinhuangdao field,” Oil & Gas Journal, 2015. [Online]. Available: http://www.ogj.com/articles/2015/03/cnooc-boosts-oil-production-from-qinhuangdao-field.html. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[73] Y. Su, T. Li, C. Huo, and others, “Innovation and Practice of Reservoir Architecture Detailed Characterization and Remaining Oil Potential Tapping Technology in High

12

Water-cut Stage of Large Offshore Fluvial Heavy Oilfield,” in SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, 2015.

[74] “CNOOC Bozhong 25-1 / 25-1 South Oilfield A platform put into operation (in Chinese).” [Online]. Available: http://finance.sina.com.cn/stock/hkstock/hkstocknews/20060523/15032590177.shtml. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[75] “CNOOC announced the outstanding performance of the new oil field in Bozhong 19-4 (in Chinese),” Money, 2010. [Online]. Available: http://money.163.com/10/0809/17/6DLMOO0U00253K1M.html. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[76] H. Liu and Y. Ning, “BA-34-1 Gas Reinjection Project,” J. Oil Gas Technol., vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 322–324.

[77] Z. Yan, “Bozhong 28-2 South oil field complex production resumed to 39 million barrels (in Chinese),” Energy Power, vol. 7, 2011.

[78] F. Y. Wang, Y. B. Li, H. S. Zeng, and Y. L. Shi, “Factors to control GOR and its exploration implications in Bozhong Depression,” Bohai Bay Basin China Offshore Oil Gas, vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 289–296, 2006.

[79] K. K. Lee et al., “First-Ever Vessel-Based Large-Scale Propped Fracturing Treatment in a Tight, Deep, Hot Formation in Bohai Bay Yields Multiple Fold Oil Production Increase,” in International Petroleum Technology Conference, 2008.

[80] J. Liu, H. Liu, F. Huang, and others, “Compact Control System for Offshore Marginal Oilfield Platform,” in The Twentieth International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference, 2010.

[81] W. Yunxian et al., “The Pulse Water Injection Research and Application in Offshore Oilfield,” in IPTC 2012: International Petroleum Technology Conference, 2012.

[82] X. Min, “Analysis of reservoir Properties & Sensitivity In BZ25-1S block,” Master Degree Thesis, 2007.

[83] Z. Haiyan, W. Weimin, W. Shimin, and H. Juan, “Development practice of BZ34O2/4 oi lfield and some cognitions,” China Offshore Oil Gas, vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 322–324.

[84] T. Li and others, “Water injection development and stable production technology in Ansai extra low permeability oilfield,” in International Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition in China, 2000.

[85] W. Zhiyu, “Evaluation of horizontal well development in Ansai extra low permeability oilfield,” in IOGCEC: International Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition in China, 1998.

[86] M. Tao, Z. Song, Z. Wu, and others, “Development of ultra-low permeable reservoir in Ansai Oil Field,” in International Meeting on Petroleum Engineering, 1995.

[87] L. Zhongchun, J. Hou, G. Zhenhuan, Y. Wu, and others, “The Feasibility Studies of Natural Gas Flooding in Ansai Field,” in International Petroleum Conference and Exhibition of Mexico, 1998.

[88] “Jing’an Oilfield Development (in Chinese),” 2017. [Online]. Available: http://max.book118.com/html/2016/1231/78600091.shtm. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[89] “Karamay Oilfield edit (in Chinese),” Bai. [Online]. Available: http://baike.baidu.com/link?url=t8QLmx_2u9dh7m-xxykiqrmRafZWG_1SufZAhZHDyeGXcMbWoG-j7jCAvj_EPqWC5rqlP0SvUy3QL6UJYmnt34Cy7AdAYAtJL8fcTv1G5rm8JtkwXCLXN

13

e4YHNwZpSR2l0cJNWvmC8S80UE_zpX_c_. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017]. [90] W. Han, “Alkaline/Surfactant/Polymer Flood Predictions for the Karamay Oil Field,” Soc.

Pet. Eng., vol. 51, no. 1, 1999. [91] J. Liu and others, “The Permian Massive Conglomeratic Reservoir In Karamay Oilfield,”

in International Meeting on Petroleum Engineering, 1986. [92] The compilation committee of China Oil and Gas Field Development, China Oil and Gas

Field Development (Volume of Daqing Area Oil and Gas Field - 中国油气田开发志, 大庆油气区油气田卷) (in Chinese). Beijing: Petroleum Industry Press (石油工业出版社), 2011.

[93] A. Osmar, F. J. Moretti, M. Cen, and Y. Yang, “Application of Geological Modeling and Reservoir Simulation to the West Saertu Area of the Daqing Oilfield,” SPE Reserv. Eng., pp. 99–106, 1990.

[94] G. Yi and H. Jiwen, “Characteristics comparison and origin of natural gas in Tahe oilfield,” Oil Gas Geol., vol. 35, no. 6, pp. 820–826, 2014.

[95] J. Guo, J. Zhao, L. Chen, Y. Li, Y. Fu, and others, “The Stimulation Technology Research and Application in the Heavy Oil Carbonate Reservoir of the Fracture and Cavity,” in SPE International Thermal Operations and Heavy Oil Symposium, 2005.

[96] The compilation committee of China Oil and Gas Field Development, China Oil and Gas Field Development (Volume of Daqing Area Oil and Gas Field - 中国油气田开发志, 大庆油气区油气田卷) (in Chinese). Beijing: Petroleum Industry Press (石油工业出版社), 2011.

[97] M. Liu, “The stimulation optimization research of Xingshugang oil field (Masters thesis),” Northeast Petroleum University, 2015.

[98] B. Qizong, “Description of Fenxue 4 + 5, Chang 6 Block Fine Reservoir in Jiyuan Oilfield (Masters thesis),” Xi’an University of Petroleum, 2014.

[99] H. Yu et al., “Integration of formation pressure data to improve reservoir characterization and reservoir management in PL 19-3 oil field, Bohai Bay,” in SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, 2011.

[100] L. Bingquan and others, “The Discovery and Development of SZ 36-1 Oil Field in Liadodong Bay,” in Offshore Technology Conference, 1989.

[101] M. Yuntao, “A Study on the Fine Characterization of the Reservoirs of the Zigu Formation in the Well 1 Well Area of Fengcheng Oilfield (Graduate thesis),” Southwest Petroleum University, 2015.

[102] C. Zhang et al., “Performance of Flue Gas and Foam Assisted Steam Huff and Puff with Horizontal Well in Enhanced Recovery of Fengcheng Oil Field,” in SPE Heavy Oil Conference-Canada, 2014.

[103] G. Osorio, “Heavy oil projects in Colombia,” in XVII Annual Latin American Energy Conference, La Jolla, California, 2008.

[104] J. Piedrahita, M. Lazala-Silva, A. Velandia, M. Casanova, F. Fernandez, and N. Yepes, “Castilla 100K: A giant primary, historical production in a heavy oil field,” in World Heavy Oil Congress, Aberdeen, Scotland, 2012.

[105] R. T. Rivero, J. G. Dominguez, J. A. Slater, C. L. Hearn, and others, “Cano Limon field, Colombia: the latest giant oil reservoir in South America,” J. Pet. Technol., vol. 40, no. 7, pp. 874–880, 1988.

[106] “An Energy Overview of Colombia,” Geni. [Online]. Available: http://www.geni.org/globalenergy/library/national_energy_grid/colombia/EnergyOvervie

14

wofColombia.shtml. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017]. [107] C. N. McCollough, “Cano Limon Field Llanos Basin, Colombia,” 1990. [108] “Caño Limón–Coveñas pipeline,” Wikipedia. [Online]. Available:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caño_Limón–Coveñas_pipeline. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017]. [109] H. Prieto et al., “Design And Operation Of Production Facilities Of The Quifa Field In-

situ Combustion Project,” in SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, 2015. [110] M. Stanko et al., “Model-Based Production Optimization of the Rubiales Field,

Colombia,” in SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, 2015. [111] C. A. R. Arvilla, J. M. Doval Dorado, J. A. Medina Lozano, and others, “Rubiales Oil

Field: A Heavy-Oil Colombian Example of Excellent Operative PCP Systems Development,” in Latin American & Caribbean Petroleum Engineering Conference, 2007.

[112] A. Florez Anaya, Y. E. Araujo, M. E. Uzcategui Rivas, W. Parra Moreno, R. Lavado Quinones, and others, “Improved Heavy Oil Recovery by Drilling Horizontal Wells in Rubiales Field, Colombia.,” in SPE Latin America and Caribbean Petroleum Engineering Conference, 2012.

[113] A. Alsema, “Pacific Rubiales says Colombia ODL pipeline starts ops,” Colombia Reports, 2009. [Online]. Available: https://colombiareports.com/pacific-rubiales-says-colombia-odl-pipeline-starts-ops/. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[114] “List of crude oil products,” Wikipedia. [Online]. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_crude_oil_products. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[115] E. C. Cazier, A. B. Hayward, G. Espinosa, J. Velandia, J. F. Mugniot, and W. G. Leel Jr, “Petroleum geology of the Cusiana field, Llanos Basin foothills, Colombia,” Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Bull., vol. 79, no. 10, pp. 1444–1462, 1995.

[116] L. Soto, “Cusiana Field: Understanding the Reservoir and Improving Depletion History,” in AAPG International Convention and Exhibition, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, 2010.

[117] E. A. Warren et al., “The Cusiana field, Llanos foothills, Colombia: Lessons learned from the rapid development of a giant oil field,” in Giant oil and gas fields of the decade 1990-1999, M. T. Halbouty, Ed. AAPG Special Volumes, 2003, pp. 139 – 140.

[118] C. Cahuzac, F. Bourcier, and others, “Moho Bilondo: The First Deepwater Development Offshore Republic of Congo,” in Offshore Technology Conference, 2009.

[119] “Moho-Bilondo Ultra-Deepwater Oil Field, Congo,” Offshore Technology. [Online]. Available: http://www.offshore-technology.com/projects/moho-bilondo-oil-field-congo-total/. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[120] W. Mackenzie, “Wood Mackenzie data base,” 2017. [121] NIOC, “The GPC platform of Abuzar oil field is inagurated (in Farsi),” National Iranian

Oil Company (NIOC), 2017. [Online]. Available: http://www.boushehr.irib.ir/web/boushehr697626/-/ -راه-ابوذر-نفتی-میدان-پی-سی-جی-سکویشد-اندازی . [Accessed: 30-Jun-2017].

[122] “Abuzar oil field (in Farsi),” Wikipedia. [Online]. Available: https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/میدان_نفتی_ابوذر. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[123] “Kharg District,” Iranian Offshore Oil Company (IOOC). [Online]. Available: http://www.iooc.co.ir/ENKhark.aspx. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[124] F. H. Creamer, J. E. Streifel, S. M. Farmanara, G. A. Feizy, and others, “The Development of the Ardeshir Field,” J. Pet. Technol., vol. 31, no. 7, pp. 821–828, 1979.

[125] M. A. Torki, A. Roohi, and others, “Underground Blowout Control in Iranian Offshore

15

Oil Field,” in International Petroleum Technology Conference, 2009. [126] A. E. M. Nairn and A. S. Alsharhan, Sedimentary basins and petroleum geology of the

Middle East. Elsevier, 1997. [127] Oil & Gas Journal, “2010 worldwide oilfield production survey,” 2010. [128] A. R. Rabbani and R. Bagheri Tirtashi, “Hydrocarbon source rock evaluation of the super

giant Ahwaz oil field, SW Iran,” Aust. J. Basic Appl. Sci., vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 673–686, 2010.

[129] “Ahvaz oil field,” Wikipedia. [Online]. Available: https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/میدان_نفتی_اھواز. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[130] S. Rafieepour, H. Jalayeri, C. Ghotbi, and M. R. Pishvaie, “Simulation of wellbore stability with thermo-hydro-chemo-mechanical coupling in troublesome formations: an example from Ahwaz oil field, SW Iran,” Arab. J. Geosci., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 379–396, 2015.

[131] “Ahwaz-Bangestan field,” National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC). [Online]. Available: http://www.nioc.ir/portal/File/ShowFile.aspx?ID=43e33cd6-ebe6-44f0-9f37-6bb8719381e0. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[132] A. Taheri, S. R. Shadizadeh, and others, “Investigation of well drainage geometries in one of the Iranian south oil fields,” in Canadian International Petroleum Conference, 2005.

[133] S. Goodarzian, A. Ghalambor, M. Izadi, and others, “Analysis of Parameters Affecting Critical Flow Rate in a Horizontal Well: Case Study in Ahwaz Oil Field,” in SPE International Symposium and Exhibition on Formation Damage Control, 2012.

[134] S. Majidaie, S. R. Shadizadeh, and others, “Feasibility study of drill cuttings re-injection in the Ahwaz Field Iran,” in Asia Pacific Health, Safety, Security and Environment Conference, 2009.

[135] MBendi, “Extraction of Crude Petroleum in Iran.” [Online]. Available: https://www.mbendi.com/indy/oilg/ogus/as/ia/p0005.htm. [Accessed: 15-Oct-2017].

[136] R. Nehring, “Giant oil fields and world oil resources,” 1978. [137] “Gachsaran oil and gas production company (in Farsi),” Wikipedia. [Online]. Available:

https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/ برداری_نفت_و_گاز_گچسارانشرکت_بھره . [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[138] “Real Preservation of South Oil Fields Reservoirs (in Farsi),” National Iranian South Oil Company (NISOC). [Online]. Available: http://nisoc.ir/DesktopModules/Articles/ArticlesView.aspx?TabID=1&Site=nisoc&Lang=fa-IR&ItemID=205&mid=11739. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[139] F. C. P. Slinger and J. G. Crichton, “The geology and development of Gachsaran field, southwest Iran,” Proc. Fifth world Pet. Congo. Sec, vol. 18, pp. 349–375, 1959.

[140] Shana, “83% progress in Gachsaran oilfield gas injection project (in Farsi),” 2016. [Online]. Available: http://www.shana.ir/fa/newsagency/253715/ -پروژه-درصدی-83-پیشرفت

گچساران-میدان-گاز-تزریق . [Accessed: 15-Oct-2017]. [141] M. Jalali Lichaei, M. Nabi Bid Hendi, and S. Mirzaei, “Porosity estimation of Gachsaran

oilfield by the artificial neural network technique and linear regression,” in Iran Mining Engineering Conference, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran, 2005.

[142] Shana, “Austrians activities for increase in production from Gachsaran oilfield (in Farsi),” 2015. [Online]. Available: http://www.shana.ir/fa/newsagency/246620/ -برای-اتریشیھا-فعالیت

گچساران-نفتی-میدان-از-برداشت-ازدیاد . [Accessed: 15-Oct-2017]. [143] B. Soliemani, S. Ebrahimi, and M. Zahrab-zadeh, “Application of hydrochemical data in

16

hydrodynamics study of Asmari reservoir, Karanj oil field (in Farsi),” J. Adv. Appl. Geol., vol. 1, no. 3, 2012.

[144] A. Hooshmandkoochi, M. Zaferanieh, A. Malekzadeh, and others, “Optimum Technique Selection for Underbalanced Drilling in Iranian Oil Fields--A Review of Three Major Oil Fields,” in IADC/SPE Managed Pressure Drilling & Underbalanced Operations, 2007.

[145] “Karanj oil field,” Wikipedia. [Online]. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karanj_oil_field. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[146] APS Review Oil Market Trends, “Iran – Karanj-Parsi,” 2009. . [147] “Karanj oil field (in Farsi),” Wikipedia. [Online]. Available:

https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/میدان_نفتی_کرنج. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017]. [148] “Middle East Pipelines map - Crude Oil (petroleum) pipelines - Natural Gas pipelines -

Products pipelines,” theodora.com. [Online]. Available: http://www.theodora.com/pipelines/middle_east_oil_gas_products_pipelines_map.html. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[149] A. Bahadori, K. Zeidani, and others, “Analysis of crude oil electrostatic desalters performance,” in Canadian International Petroleum Conference, 2005.

[150] A. Telmadarreie, S. R. Shadizadeh, and B. Alizadeh, “Investigation of hydrogen sulfide oil pollution source: Asmari oil reservoir of Marun oil field in the southwest of Iran,” Iran. J. Chem. Eng., vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 63–74, 2012.

[151] “Energy Security and New Challenges,” in The 8th IIES International Conference, IRIB Conference Center, Tehran, Iran, 2003.

[152] “Iran Country Profile,” The Oil Exchange, 2013. [Online]. Available: https://theoilexchange.wordpress.com/tag/ahwaz/. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[153] “Iranian Heavy Crude Oil,” A Barrel Full. [Online]. Available: http://abarrelfull.wikidot.com/iranian-heavy-crude-oil. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[154] B. Poursina and others, “Strategies in financing oil & gas upstream projects a case study: IR Iran,” in 16th World Petroleum Congress, 2000.

[155] “Increase in gas injection to Agha Jari oil field from 2014,” Naftnews.net. [Online]. Available: http://www.naftnews.net/view/15718/. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[156] “Injection of 2 billion scf gas into Agha Jari oil field (in Farsi),” yjc.ir. [Online]. Available: http://www.yjc.ir/fa/news/ گازی-میدان-در-گاز-مکعب-فوت-میلیارد-2 -تزریق-

4785377نفت/ -تولید-قطب-سومین-در-جھان-گاز-تزریق-طرح-بزرگترین-آغاجاریاجرای . [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[157] “10.5 billion square meter injection gas into oil fields,” Iranenergy.news. [Online]. Available: http://www.iranenergy.news/ بھ-تزریقی-گاز-مترمکعب-میلیارد- 105گاز/ -خبر/صنعت-

نفتی-میادین . [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017]. [158] “The gas injection record into Agha Jari oil field is broken,” Kayhan Newspaper, 2016.

[Online]. Available: http://kayhan.ir/fa/news/71973. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017]. [159] “Gas injection plan in Agha Jari oil field (in Farsi),” iranitok.com. [Online]. Available:

http://www.iranitok.com/Default.aspx?tabid=179. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017]. [160] “Agha Jari oil field (in Farsi),” shana.ir. [Online]. Available:

http://www.shana.ir/fa/newsagency/ 276804آغاجاری/ -نفتی-میدان . [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017]. [161] A. Bahadori, S. Ayatollahi, M. Moshfeghian, and others, “Simulation and optimization of

continuous gas lift system in aghajari oil field,” in SPE Asia Pacific Improved Oil Recovery Conference, 2001.

[162] D. C. Ion, S. Elder, A. E. Pedder, and others, “The Agha Jari Oilfield, South-West Persia,”

17

in 3rd World Petroleum Congress, 1951. [163] “Introduction to Darkhovin oil field (in Farsi),” aogc.ir. [Online]. Available:

http://aogc.ir/HomePage.aspx?TabID=4799&site=DouranPortal&lang=fa-IR. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[164] Iran Petroleum Ministry, “Development contract of Darkhovin oilfield phase three was signed (in Farsi),” 2017. [Online]. Available: http://www.mop.ir/portal/Home/ShowPage.aspx?Object=NEWS&ID=98deeade-d673-4586-926c-4f30d9e1fba3&WebPartID=aa77666e-74a3-4063-8636-cb44274441ce&CategoryID=6949fd08-0b05-417d-9828-7f7c4022aeb0. [Accessed: 15-Oct-2017].

[165] Pedec, “Development plan of Darkhovin oilfield phase 1 & 2 (in Farsi).” [Online]. Available: http://pedec.ir/detail=22. [Accessed: 15-Oct-2017].

[166] Integrated planning management, “Rag Sefid field (in Farsi),” Explor. Prod., vol. 53, 2009.

[167] A. M. Paiaman, J. Moghadasi, and others, “An Overview to Applicability of Multilateral Drilling in the Middle East Fields,” in Offshore Europe, 8-11 September, Aberdeen, UK, 2009.

[168] A. H. Rezaie and M. A. Nogole-Sadat, “Fracture modeling in Asmari reservoir of Rag-e Sefid oil-field by using Multiwell Image Log (FMS/FMI),” Iran. Int. J. Sci., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 107–121, 2004.

[169] NISOC, “Rag-e-Sefid.” [Online]. Available: http://kogpc.nisoc.ir/_DouranPortal/Documents/Oildfields General Data_20170123_122849.pdf. [Accessed: 15-Oct-2017].

[170] A. Rezaie and M. Nogole-Sadat, “Fracture modeling in Asmari reservoir of Rag-e Sefid oil-field by using Multiwell Image Log (FMS/FMI),” Iran. Int. J. Sci., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 107–121, 2004.

[171] “Agha Jari oil and gas production company (in Farsi),” Wikipedia. [Online]. Available: https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/ برداری_نفت_و_گاز_آغاجاریشرکت_بھره . [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[172] “Iraq’s Ahdab oil field development limits contractor profitability,” Oil & Gas Journal, 2011. [Online]. Available: http://www.ogj.com/articles/print/volume-109/issue-31/drilling-production/iraq-s-ahdab-oil-field-development-limits.html. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[173] “Oil and Gas Fields: Ahdab,” iraq-businessnews.com. [Online]. Available: http://www.iraq-businessnews.com/list-of-oil-and-gas-fields-in-iraq/oil-and-gas-fields-ahdab/. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[174] G. Zhu et al., “Enhanced Oil Recovery by Seawater Flooding in Halfaya Carbonate Reservoir, Iraq: Experiment and Simulation,” in SPE EOR Conference at Oil and Gas West Asia, 2016.

[175] M. Zhang et al., “Research and application of BH-ATH (anti-three high) drilling fluid system,” in IADC/SPE Asia Pacific Drilling Technology Conference and Exhibition, 2012.

[176] H. Saadawi, W. Al Sammarrai, and others, “Designing and Implementing a Competency-based Development Program for Iraqi Graduate Engineers,” in SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, 2014.

[177] Z. Nie, H. Liu, A. Liu, F. Sun, and others, “The large temperature difference, long column

18

and narrow clearance cementing best practices in Halfaya oilfield,” in SPE Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition, 2012.

[178] “Kurdistan Oil & Gas Activity (Map),” shamaranpetroleum.com, 2011. [Online]. Available: http://www.shamaranpetroleum.com/i/pdf/Kurdistan_Oil_Gas_Activity.pdf. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[179] M. Hadi, “Kirkuk oil exports in focus: how and why?,” 2014. . [180] UN expert report, “Report of the group of United Nations experts established pursuant to

paragraph 30 of the security council resolution 1284,” 2000. [181] “WesternZagros - Kurdistand & Northern Iraq Operator Activity Map,”

westernzagros.com. [Online]. Available: http://www.westernzagros.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/170214_operator_activity.pdf. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[182] R. Trice and others, “Challenges And Insights In Optimising Oil Production Form Middle Eastern Karst Reservoirs.,” in SPE Middle East Oil and Gas Show and Conference, 2005.

[183] “Kirkuk–Ceyhan Oil Pipeline,” Wikipedia. [Online]. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkuk–Ceyhan_Oil_Pipeline. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[184] “Iraq and Oil,” grandemotte.wordpress.com. [Online]. Available: https://grandemotte.wordpress.com/iraq/. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[185] S.- Le, “Description of the Kirkuk oilfields,” 1937. [186] “Kirkuk,” globalsecurity.org. [Online]. Available:

http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/iraq/kirkuk.htm. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017]. [187] “Kirkuk field,” PetroWiki. [Online]. Available: http://petrowiki.org/Kirkuk_field.

[Accessed: 01-Jun-2017]. [188] R. K. Abdulrahman and I. M. Sebastine, “Natural gas sweetening process simulation and

optimization: A case study of Khurmala field in Iraqi Kurdistan region,” J. Nat. Gas Sci. Eng., vol. 14, pp. 116–120, 2013.

[189] “Khurmala Oil Fields & Power Plants,” youtube.com. [Online]. Available: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GpBKG3ICUz0. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[190] “Khurmala Dome.” [Online]. Available: http://www.avrasyatechnology.com/resimler/?is=view&p=Khurmala. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[191] “Construction of crude stabiliser unit at Iraq’s Khurmala oilfield nears completion,” hydrocarbons-technology.com. [Online]. Available: http://www.hydrocarbons-technology.com/news/newscrude-stabiliser-unit-khurmala-oilfield-nears-completion. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[192] “Khurmala Dome Field Development,” DPS Global. [Online]. Available: http://www.dps-global.com/khurmala-dome-development. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[193] A. M. Khan et al., “Successful coring in 8.5-in. hole section using anti-jamming technology in Southern Iraq,” in Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference, 2014.

[194] M. Grutters et al., “A Novel Anti-Foam Chemical Application As Contributor To The Successful Start-Up Of The Majnoon Oilfield,” in Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference, 2014.

[195] L. Vesconte, R. Tinkhof, P. Hardman, and others, “The Majnoon Field: A Case Study of Drilling Operations in a Remote Area of Iraq,” in IADC/SPE Drilling Conference and Exhibition, 2014.

[196] T. van Huysduynen, S. P. Ames, W. Tierney, R. Verspoor, and others, “Flawless Startups

19

in Iraq-Majnoon Oil Field achieves First Commercial Production,” in Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference, 2014.

[197] S. Z. Jassim and J. C. Goff, Geology of Iraq. DOLIN, sro, distributed by Geological Society of London, 2006.

[198] P. O. Oyewole, “Production optimization of ESP wells in Iraq Rumaila oilfield,” in 2014 SPE European Artificial Lift Forum (EuALF), Aberdeen, Scotland, 17–18th June, 2014.

[199] “Rumaila Oil Field Expansion, Iraq,” hydrocarbons-technology.com. [Online]. Available: http://www.hydrocarbons-technology.com/projects/rumaila-oil-field-expansion/. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[200] A. H. Awdal, A. Braathen, O. P. Wennberg, and G. H. Sherwani, “The characteristics of fracture networks in the Shiranish formation of the Bina Bawi Anticline; comparison with the Taq Taq field, zagros, Kurdistan, NE Iraq,” Pet. Geosci., vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 139–155, 2013.

[201] D. H. Baban and K. S. M. Ranyayi, “Potentiality of Paleocene source rocks and their contribution in generating the accumulated oil in the Eocene Pila Spi Reservoir in Taq Taq Oil Field, Kurdistan Region, Iraq,” Arab. J. Geosci., vol. 6, no. 11, pp. 4225–4237, 2013.

[202] “Taq Taq oil field,” OpenOil. [Online]. Available: http://wiki.openoil.net/Taq_Taq_oil_field. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[203] A. Petzet, “Genel working to debottleneck Iraq Taq Taq oil output,” Oil & Gas Journal, 2013. [Online]. Available: http://www.ogj.com/articles/2013/03/genel-working-to-debottleneck-iraq-taq-taq-oil-output.html. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[204] “TAQ TAQ,” General Energy. [Online]. Available: http://www.genelenergy.com/operations/kri-oil-production/taq-taq/. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[205] “Iraq surprises market with sharp hike in new Basrah Heavy OSP for Asia,” S&P Global, 2015. [Online]. Available: https://www.platts.com/latest-news/oil/singapore/iraq-surprises-market-with-sharp-hike-in-new-27502444. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[206] T. Goebel, T. Fayzullin, P. Kowalchuk, T. Shopeju, and others, “Using Real-Time Operations Interventions in a Drilling and Subsurface Collaborative Environment,” in SPE/IADC Middle East Drilling Technology Conference & Exhibition, 2013.

[207] LUKOIL, “Pre-feed yamama formation development West Qurna 2 project, Iraq (Process Simulation Report),” 2012.

[208] “West Qurna-2,” LUKOIL. [Online]. Available: http://www.lukoil.com/Business/Upstream/KeyProjects/WestQurna-2. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[209] K. Mazerov, “Lukoil begins commercial production from Iraq’s prolific Qurna-2 field,” drillingcontractor.org. [Online]. Available: http://www.drillingcontractor.org/29261-29261. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[210] “The latest West Qurna Oilfield News – Baker Hughes, contract, Shell, Lukoil, Russia, new oil wells and more – brought to you by Iraq Business News,” iraq-businessnews.com, 2017. [Online]. Available: http://www.iraq-businessnews.com/tag/west-qurna/. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[211] OGJ editors, “Lukoil’s West Qurna-2 field production tops 280,000 b/d,” Oil & Gas Journal, 2014. [Online]. Available: http://www.ogj.com/articles/2014/08/lukoil-s-west-qurna-2-field-production-tops-280-000-b-d.html. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[212] “West Qurna-2 Field, Basra Province, Iraq,” hydrocarbons-technology.com. [Online].

20

Available: http://www.hydrocarbons-technology.com/projects/west-qurna-2-field-basra-province/. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[213] T. Wickramasinghe, A. Aliyev, I. Chen, and others, “Optimizing Well Bore Safety in the Mishrif Formation by installing Bi-Directional Downhole Barrier Valves,” in Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference, 2014.

[214] L. K. Al Hashmy, H. H. Qutob, S. E. El-halfawi, and others, “Successful Well Stimulation Projects Boost Production from Iraq,” in Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference, 2010.

[215] S. E. El-halfawi, L. K. Al Hashmy, H. Qutob, and others, “Achieving Excellence in Well Completion Projects in Iraq,” in SPE/IADC Middle East Drilling Technology Conference and Exhibition, 2011.

[216] C. S. Kabir, N. I. Mohammed, M. K. Choudhary, and others, “Lessons Learned From Energy Models: Iraq’s South Rumaila Case Study,” SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng., vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 759–767, 2008.

[217] “Zubair Oil Field Development Project – Degassing Station Modification,” EnerecO. [Online]. Available: http://www.enereco.com/en/zubair-oil-field-development-project-degassing-station-modification.html. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[218] PennEnergy Editorial Staff, “Iraq launches world’s largest flare reduction project,” PennEnergy, 2013. [Online]. Available: http://www.pennenergy.com/articles/pennenergy/2013/05/iraq-launches-worlds-largest-flare-reduction-project.html. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[219] W. J. Mohammed, M. S. Al Jawad, D. A. A. Al-Shamaa, and others, “Reservoir Flow Simulation Study for a Sector in Main Pay-South Rumaila Oil Field,” in SPE Oil and Gas India Conference and Exhibition, 2010.

[220] W. J. Al-Mudhafer, M. J. Zein Al-Abideen, and others, “Comparative Evaluation of a Heterogeneous Light Oil Reservoir Performance: Thermal IOR Simulation, Bitumen Extraction, and Associated Geomechanical Deformation,” in SPE Arctic and Extreme Environments Technical Conference and Exhibition, 2013.

[221] S. A. Azim et al., “Identification, Origin and Distribution of Tarmats in Upper Zubair Sand Reservoir, Raudhatain Field, North Kuwait,” in Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference, 2006.

[222] M. M. Al-Rawi and others, “Geological interpretation of oil entrapment in the Zubair Formation, Raudhatain Field,” in Middle East Technical Conference and Exhibition, 1981.

[223] S. A. Azim et al., “Discovery of By-passed Oil from Structural and Stratigraphic Studies in Zubair Reservoir, Raudhatain Field,” in SPE Middle East Oil & Gas Show and Conference, 2015.

[224] A. Al-Hashem, J. A. Carew, A. Al-Borno, D. M. Owen, and others, “Seawater Effluent and Zubair Aquifer Water Injection Systems,” in CORROSION 2006, 2006.

[225] D. Hussain, N. Morrison, S. Nemcsok, Q. Anees, B. Matar, and others, “The Development Process; Zubair Reservoir, Raudhatain Field,” in Middle East Oil Show and Conference, 1999.

[226] M. Zettlitzer and others, “Successful field application of chemical flow improvers in pipeline transportation of highly paraffinic crude oil in Kazakhstan,” in SPE European Petroleum Conference, 2000.

[227] W. T. Peake, R. H. Camerlo, T. Tankersley, A. Zhumagulova, and others, “Tengiz Reservoir Uncertainty Characterization and Modeling,” in SPE Caspian Carbonates

21

Technology Conference, 2010. [228] A Barrel Full, “BG Group to complete the disposal of interests in North Caspian PSA,”

2005. [Online]. Available: http://killajoules.wikidot.com/archive:bg-group-to-complete-the-disposal-of-interests-in-no. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[229] T. H. Tankersley et al., “Reservoir modeling to characterize dual porosity, Tengiz Field, Republic of Kazakhstan,” in SPE Caspian Carbonates Technology Conference, 2010.

[230] C. Ekweribe et al., “Tengiz Well Performance Forecasting Using Wellbore Transient Flow Modeling,” in SPE Annual Caspian Technical Conference and Exhibition, 2014.

[231] “Tengiz,” kmg.kz. [Online]. Available: http://www.kmg.kz/en/manufacturing/upstream/tengiz/, 2010. (1). [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[232] “Tengiz,” tengizchevroil.com. [Online]. Available: http://www.tengizchevroil.com/corporate-responsibility/environment/gas-utilization-program, 2009. (2). [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[233] “Tengiz Oilfield, Kazakhstan,” hydrocarbons-technology.com. [Online]. Available: http://www.hydrocarbons-technology.com/projects/tengiz. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[234] D. Johnston and D. Johnston, “Kashagan and Tengiz — Castor and Pollux,” Daniel Johnston & Co., Inc., 2001.

[235] K. Y. Ussenbayeva et al., “Successful Application of a Fit-for-Purpose Acid Program in Tengiz Field,” in Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Conference and Exhibition, 2012.

[236] D. Tursinbayeva et al., “Tengiz Field surveillance: planning strategy and implementation,” in Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Conference and Exhibition, 2012.

[237] A. S. Abou-Sayed, K. S. Zaki, M. D. Sarfare, and others, “An Assessment of Engineering, Economical and Environmental Drivers of Sour Gas Management by Injection,” in SPE International Improved Oil Recovery Conference in Asia Pacific, 2005.

[238] S. J. Sparke, P. Y. Kislyakov, M. Amirtayev, and others, “Significant Production Enhancement In Uzen Field, Kazakhstan Through Surface And Subsurface Optimization,” in SPE Europec/EAGE Annual Conference, 2005.

[239] P. Bedrikovetsky and others, “Improved waterflooding in reservoirs of highly paraffinic oils,” in Latin American and Caribbean Petroleum Engineering Conference, 1997.

[240] A. Moustafa et al., “New Hydrocarbon Potential in Jurassic (Hith-Gotnia) Over Burgan & Magwa Structures SE-Kuwait,” in SPE Kuwait Oil and Gas Show and Conference, 2015.

[241] F. Snasiri et al., “Excellent Stimulation Results in Deep Carbonate Reservoir in Marrat Formation in Magwa Structure in Greater Burgan Field Kuwait,” in SPE Kuwait Oil and Gas Show and Conference, 2015.

[242] M. J. Blunt et al., “Evaluation of the Effect of Asphaltene Deposition in the Reservoir for the Development of the Magwa Marrat Reservoir,” in SPE Kuwait International Petroleum Conference and Exhibition, 2012.

[243] M. Al Jadi et al., “Integration of Reservoir Performance and Geoscience Studies in the History Match of a Complex Carbonate Reservoir--a Case Study from the Magwa Marrat Reservoir-Kuwait,” in SPE Middle East Oil & Gas Show and Conference, 2015.

[244] A. K. Samantray, Q. M. Dashti, E. Ma, P. S. Kumar, and others, “Upscaling and 3D Streamline Screening of Several Multimillion-Cell Earth Models for Flow Simulation,” SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng., vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 15–23, 2006.

[245] “South Magwa oil field,” Wikipedia. [Online]. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Magwa_oil_field. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

22

[246] M. E.-S. Osman and others, “An approach to predict tarmat breakdown in Minagish reservoir in Kuwait,” J. Pet. Technol., vol. 37, no. 11, pp. 2–71, 1985.

[247] S. Al-Mutairi, F. Al-Medhadi, H. Al-Ajmi, D. Meadows, U. R. Oosthuizen, and others, “A Full Field Simulation Model of the Minagish Oolite Reservoir in Kuwait,” in SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, 2001.

[248] W. T. Peake, M. Abadah, L. Skander, and others, “Uncertainty assessment using experimental design: Minagish oolite reservoir,” in SPE Reservoir Simulation Symposium, 2005.

[249] J. T. M. Wang, F. AL-Faresi, D. J. Bond, and others, “Accounting for regional aquifer data in a simulation model of the Burgan Minagish Reservoir-A novel approach,” in SPE Reservoir Characterization and Simulation Conference and Exhibition, 2013.

[250] T. M. N. Gezeeri, A. I. Hamim, R. Zereik, S. N. Hughes, C. Scheibe, and others, “A High-Resolution Chemostratigraphy Application in Carbonates. A case study in the Cretaceous Mishrif reservoir, Minagish Field, Kuwait,” in International Petroleum Technology Conference, 2009.

[251] T. M. N. Gezeeri, A. M. Ebaid, K. Al Mutairi, M. Mostafa, and others, “New Oil Entrapment in Lower Minagish Member-Minagish Field, Kuwait.,” in International Petroleum Technology Conference, 2007.

[252] T. M. El Gezeery et al., “High Resolution Sequence Stratigraphy and Seismic Data Integration Aid on Achieving Successful Horizontal Wells in Challenging Wara and Upper Burgan Reservoirs of Minagish Field, Kuwait,” in SPE Kuwait Oil and Gas Show and Conference, 2015.

[253] G. J. Carman, “Structural elements of onshore Kuwait,” GeoArabia, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 239–266, 1996.

[254] F. Ashkanani, S. S. Siddhartha, M. F. Al-ajmi, A. El-Daoushy, I. Saleh, and others, “First Successful Rigless Acid Tunneling Job in Mauddud Carbonate Reservoir in Raudhatain Field, North Kuwait,” in SPE International Symposium and Exhibition on Formation Damage Control, 2012.

[255] N. Al-Hajeri, A. El-Daoushy, A. Safar, and others, “Waterflood Management of a Super Giant Carbonate Mauddud Reservoir, Raudhatain Field, North Kuwait,” in Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference, 2016.

[256] P. Brennan, “Raudhatain Field--Kuwait Arabian Basin,” pp. 187–210, 1991. [257] S. Nemcsok, N. H. Morrison, A. Carruthers, S. Abdullah, and others, “Sedimentary

interpretation of a multilayered clastic oil reservoir: impact on development plans for the Zubair reservoir, Raudhatain field,” in SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, 1998.

[258] B. A. Sumarto and others, “North Kuwait ESP Real Time Monitoring: A Study Case for Raudhatain Field,” in SPE Kuwait Oil and Gas Show and Conference, 2015.

[259] A. K. Ambastha et al., “Observations from a Fieldwide Pressure Data Acquisition Campaign in the Wara Formation of the Greater Burgan Field, Kuwait,” in SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, 2008.

[260] H. Su, F. A. Abdulla, J. Orjuela, S. Al Gheorghiu, and others, “Advanced Reservoir Management of Greater Burgan Field,” in SPE Reservoir Characterisation and Simulation Conference and Exhibition, 2011.

[261] J. M. Pederson, M. S. Moon, H. Al-Ajeel, and others, “Data validation: Key to development of an integrated reservoir model for the Wara Formation, Greater Burgan

23

Field,” in Middle East Oil Show and Conference, 1997. [262] H. B. Chetri, B. A. Baroon, E. H. D. Al-Anzi, and others, “Winning Productivity and

Injectivity in Sabiriyah Upper Burgan: Life-of-field approach to tackle development challenges,” in 8th European Formation Damage Conference, 2009.

[263] A. K. Al-Ali, R. Vegesna, L. Redlich, and others, “Application of Coiled Tubing Technology to control water production in the Greater Burgan Field of Kuwait,” in Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference, 2002.

[264] F. Abdulla et al., “First EOR trial using low salinity water injection in the greater burgan field, Kuwait,” in SPE Middle East Oil and Gas Show and Conference, 2013.

[265] H. A. Bahman et al., “Successful Proactive Geo-steering in Clastic Reservoir of Greater Burgan Field,” in SPE Kuwait Oil and Gas Show and Conference, 2015.

[266] R. L. Kaufman et al., “Characterizing the Greater Burgan field with geochemical and other field data,” SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng., vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 118–126, 2000.

[267] V. Naik et al., “Production Enhancement Strategy in Lower Burgan Reservoir: Greater Burgan Field, Kuwait,” in SPE Kuwait Oil and Gas Show and Conference, 2015.

[268] L. G. May and others, “A Discussion of Petroleum Engineering Problems in the Burgan Fields, Kuwait,” in 3rd World Petroleum Congress, 1951.

[269] Y. Muhammad et al., “Challenges in Developing Part Field Models to Assess Waterflood Performance for the Upper Burgan Reservoir, Greater Burgan Field, Kuwait,” in SPE Kuwait Oil and Gas Show and Conference, 2015.

[270] E. Ma et al., “Reservoir Simulation to Support Pressure Maintenance Projects in the Greater Burgan Field, Kuwait,” in SPE Middle East Oil & Gas Show and Conference, 2015.

[271] E. Ma, A. Sanwoolu, Y. Abdy, and M. Al-Jadi, “Evaluation of Infill Drilling in the Third Sand Upper Reservoir, Greater Burgan Field, Kuwait,” in SPE/EAGE Reservoir Characterization & Simulation Conference, 2009.

[272] C. S. Kabir, E. D. C. Ma, Q. Dashti, O. Al-Shammari, and others, “Understanding coning performance in a high-anisotropy reservoir: The Burgan reservoir case study,” in SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, 2000.

[273] M. N. Ibrahim, R. A. Clark, B. S. Al-Matar, and others, “Streamline simulation for reservoir management of a super giant: sabriyah field (North Kuwait) case study,” in SPE Middle East Oil and Gas Show and Conference, 2007.

[274] R. Fortenberry et al., “Interwell ASP Pilot Design for Kuwait’s Sabriyah-Mauddud,” in SPE Improved Oil Recovery Conference, 2016.

[275] M. Y. Khan, H. Chetri, L. Saputelli, and S. Singh, “Waterflood Optimization and its Impact Using Intelligent Digital Oil Field (iDOF) Smart Workflow Processes: A Pilot Study in Sabriyah Mauddud, North Kuwait,” in IPTC 2014: International Petroleum Technology Conference, 2014.

[276] H. S. Al-Shammari, A. Bora, B. B. Singh, K. Mishra, and others, “Understanding the True Potential of a Major Reservoir Sabriyah (Upper Burgan) of Kuwait Oil Company,” in SPE Europec/EAGE Annual Conference, 2012.

[277] S. Zaidi et al., “Sequence Stratigraphy and Reservoir Architecture of Tuba in Sabriyah Field, North Kuwait,” in International Petroleum Technology Conference, 2009.

[278] A. K. Al-Ali, M. Al-Hamer, B. A. Hasan, S. Singh, G. Moricca, and others, “Innovative Integrated Approach for Real-Time Liquid Rate Estimation for ESP Wells Production Optimization and Field Production Reconciliation in the Sabriyah Digital Oil Field,” in

24

International Petroleum Technology Conference, 2014. [279] C. Carlisle et al., “One-Spot Pilot Results in the Sabriyah-Mauddud Carbonate Formation

in Kuwait Using a Novel Surfactant Formulation,” in SPE Improved Oil Recovery Symposium, 2014.

[280] M. A.-R. Jamal, H. Chetri, T. Al-Towaitan, S. I. Badusha, H. AL-Zaabi, and others, “A Paradigm Change In Water Flood Strategy Using Horizontal Injectors In The Sabriyah Field, North Kuwait,” in SPE Middle East Oil & Gas Show and Conference, 2015.

[281] R. Quttainah, J. Al-Hunaif, and others, “Umm Gudair dumpflood pilot project, the applicability of dumpflood to enhance sweep & maintain reservoir pressure,” in SPE Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition, 2001.

[282] P. Dutta*, K. Al-Mutairi, P. Bansal, S. Cespa, and S. Del Conte, “Ground Subsidence Monitoring over Umm Gudair Field, Kuwait,” in SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2015, Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 2015, pp. 3326–3330.

[283] T. K. Banerjee, A. Haider, and B. Kumar, “Case Study: Integrated 3D Geomodeling of Minagish Oolite Formation, Umm Gudair Field, Kuwait,” in SPE/EAGE Reservoir Characterization & Simulation Conference, 2009.

[284] R. B. Quttainah, E. Al-Maraghi, and others, “Umm Gudair Production Plateau Extension. The Applicability of FullField Dumpflood Injection to Maintain Reservoir Pressure and Extend Production Plateau,” in SPE International Improved Oil Recovery Conference in Asia Pacific, 2005.

[285] A. K. Gohain, N. A. Al-Anzi, E. I. Archibong, W. A. Jawad, and others, “Geosteering In Umm Gudair Field With Simultaneous Density And Resistivity Images In Real Time (First Time In The World),” in SPE/IADC Middle East Drilling and Technology Conference, 2007.

[286] T. K. Banerjee, E. H. E. Fadli, F. Ahmed, N. Al-Khalifa, and others, “Optimized Planning and Placement of Horizontal Wells Improved Well Productivity and Controlled Water Cut in Umm Gudair Field, Kuwait,” in International Petroleum Technology Conference, 2011.

[287] D. L. Barge et al., “Successful use of horizontal well technology in mitigating water production and increasing oil recovery in the South Umm Gudair Field, PNZ, Kuwait,” in SPE Middle East Oil and Gas Show and Conference, 2005.

[288] D. Dutta et al., “A 3D coupled reservoir geomechanics study for pressure, water production, and oil production simulation: application in Umm-Gudair Field, West Kuwait,” in SPE Reservoir Characterisation and Simulation Conference and Exhibition, 2011.

[289] T. Z. Al-Mutairi, M. A. Shahid, M. R. Reinhold, and N. H. Gazi, “Remarkable Results from Water Shutoff Treatments Using a New Deep Penetrating Polymer System - Case Histories from South Umm Gudair Field, DZ-Kuwait/Saudi Arabia,” in SPE/IADC Middle East Drilling Technology Conference and Exhibition, 20-22 October, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, 2003.

[290] S. Uddin et al., “Lessons Learned from the First Openhole Horizontal Well Water Shutoff Job Using Two New Polymer Systems-A Case History from Wafra Ratawi Field, Kuwait,” in Middle East Oil Show, 2003.

[291] B. Utomo et al., “Innovative and Cost Effective Completion Technique for Saturation Surveillance Wellbore in Ratawi Reservoir of Wafra Field PNZ-Kuwait,” in North Africa Technical Conference and Exhibition, 2010.

[292] “Es Sider Crude,” A Barrel Full. [Online]. Available: http://abarrelfull.wikidot.com/es-

25

sider-crude. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017]. [293] B. Faucon, “Libya’s Largest Terminal Resumes Oil Exports,” The Wall Street Journal,

2014. [294] “Libya - Part 2 - Profiles Of The Oil & Gas Fields,” thefreelibrary.com. [Online].

Available: https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Libya+-+Part+2+-+Profiles+Of+The+Oil+%26+Gas+Fields%3A.-a058534709. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[295] “Overview of Biggest Producing Fields in Libya,” OpenOil. [Online]. Available: http://wiki.openoil.net/Overview_of_Biggest_Producing_Fields_in_Libya. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[296] “Gas Lift Project,” Alpha Engineering International. [Online]. Available: http://www.alpha-engineering.com.tn/index.php/portfolio/gas-lift-project/. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[297] A. S. Jafar, I. S. El-Ageli, H. H. Al-Attar, and others, “Discussion and Comparison of Horizontal-Well Performance in Bouri Field,” SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng., vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 567–572, 2000.

[298] “Libya’s Bouri offshore field pumping near 40,000 bpd, plans more,” Reuters, 2013. [Online]. Available: http://www.reuters.com/article/libya-oil-idUSL6N0HZ3N120131009. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[299] “Bouri Field, Mediterranean Sea, Libya,” Offshore Technology. [Online]. Available: http://www.offshore-technology.com/projects/bouri-field-mediterranean-sea/. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[300] “The road to success,” Middle East Reserv. Rev., pp. 66–69. [301] “The Trials, 1986-1992,” 1992. [Online]. Available:

https://web.archive.org/web/20060622185003/http://www.saipem.eni.it/media_gallery/history/Capitolo_3.pdf. [Accessed: 15-Oct-2017].

[302] B. Michalski, “THE MINERAL INDUSTRY OF LIBYA,” U.S. Geol. Surv. Inf., 1996. [303] L. Cruz, J. Sheridan, E. Aguirre, E. Celis, J. Garcia-Hernandez, and others, “Relative

contribution to fluid flow from natural fractures in the cantarell field, Mexico,” in Latin American and Caribbean Petroleum Engineering Conference, 2009.

[304] S. T. Daltaban, A. M. Lozada, A. V. Pina, F. M. Torres, and others, “Managing Water and Gas Production Problems in Cantarell; A giant Carbonate Reservoir in Gulf of Mexico,” in Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference, 2008.

[305] J. L. Sanchez Bujanos, A. Abundes, A. Valeriano, J. Morales, A. Rodriguez Torres, and others, “Nitrogen injection in the Cantarell complex: results after four years of operation,” in SPE Latin American and Caribbean Petroleum Engineering Conference, 2005.

[306] U. Heucke and others, “Nitrogen Injection as IOR/EOR Solution For North African Oil Fields,” in SPE North Africa Technical Conference and Exhibition, 2015.

[307] T. Limon-Hernandez, G. De-la-Fuente, G. Garza-Ponce, M. Monroy-Hernandez, and others, “Overview of the Cantarell Field Development Program,” in Offshore Technology Conference, 1999.

[308] C. D. Elvidge, M. Zhizhin, K. Baugh, F.-C. Hsu, and T. Ghosh, “Methods for global survey of natural gas flaring from visible infrared imaging radiometer suite data,” Energies, vol. 9, no. 1, p. 14, 2015.

[309] M. Lozada et al., “Selectively Shutting Off Gas in Naturally Fractured Carbonate Reservoirs,” in SPE International Symposium and Exhibition on Formation Damage Control, 2014.

26

[310] A. V. Bustos, A. Eduardo, A. Febres, A. Villavicencio, F. Shen, and others, “Integrated Fractured Reservoir Characterization and Connectivity Study in the Cantarell Field,” in International Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition in China, 2010.

[311] M. S. P. Guzmann and others, “Review of a Forgotten Technology With High Potential-The World Largest Nitrogen Based IOR Project in the Supergiant Field Cantarell, Mexico,” in SPE Russian Oil and Gas Exploration & Production Technical Conference and Exhibition, 2014.

[312] F. Rodr’\iguez, G. Ortega, J. L. Sánchez, O. Jiménez, and others, “Reservoir Management Issues in the Cantarell Nitrogen Injection Project,” in Offshore Technology Conference, 2001.

[313] J. E. Vasquez and others, “Water Control while Acidizing: Case Histories and Lessons Learned After More than 2,000 Well Interventions,” in OTC Brasil, 2013.

[314] S. J. R. Garcia et al., “Revolutionary Matrix Stimulation Process in Offshore Mexico Using Coiled Tubing Equipped With Optical Fibers (CT-EOF) and Distributed Temperature Survey (DTS),” in SPE/ICoTA Coiled Tubing & Well Intervention Conference and Exhibition, 2011.

[315] O&GJ, “Worldwide Oil Field Production Survey 2015,” Oil Gas Journal, PennWell Publ., 2015.

[316] O&GJ, “Worldwide Oil Field Production Survey 2010,” 2010. [317] A. C. Rosales, A. Sanchez, and others, “Abkat{ú}n-Pol-Chuc Integrated Study: The Value

of Information,” in SPE International Petroleum Conference and Exhibition in Mexico, 2000.

[318] M. E. Rhodes, F. Odusote, M. Hanschitz, C. Aigbe, and others, “Modeling miscible gas injection in the Agbami field,” in Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition, 2012.

[319] I. J. Haughie, L. Duncan, and others, “Risk Based Design-A Comparison of the Agbami and Captain FPSOs,” in SPE International Health, Safety & Environment Conference, 2006.

[320] H. D. Hollister, J. J. Spokes, and others, “The Agbami project: A world class deepwater development,” in Offshore Technology Conference, 2004.

[321] F. Odusote and others, “Deepwater Nigeria Field Development: Challenges, Best Practices and Lessons Learned from the Agbami Field,” in SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition, 2013.

[322] Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC), “Oil and Gas Statistics,” 2015. [323] E. E. Udofia et al., “Advances in Production Allocation: Bonga Field Experience.,” in

SPE Intelligent Energy International, 2012. [324] S. Iyer, V. D. Kiel, M. Bosha, B. O. Momah, G. Huseman, and others, “Bonga Water

Injection: Subsea Design and Operability Challenges,” in Offshore Technology Conference, 2006.

[325] A. I. Chugbo, G. D. Roux, J. C. Bosio, and others, “Thin Oil Columns: Most People Think Horizontal Wells, Obagi Field Case Suggests the Contrary,” in SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, 1989.

[326] N. Guillonneau et al., “Obagi--Present and future challenges of a mature oil field,” in Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition, 2009.

[327] “Pennington Light Crude Oil,” A Barrel Full. [Online]. Available: http://abarrelfull.wikidot.com/pennington-light-crude-oil. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

27

[328] A. Oguchi, G. Okonkwo, O. Sarumi, and others, “Usan Field: Managing Gas Injection at Mechanical Seal Capacity,” in SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition, 2016.

[329] M. Iwegbu, R. Yuba, B. Ani, O. Ekpecham, and others, “AKPO and USAN Deepwater Field Operations (The First 100 Days): The Story and Lessons Learnt,” in SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition, 2013.

[330] “Usan Offshore Oil Field, OPL 222, Nigeria,” Offshore Technology. [Online]. Available: http://www.offshore-technology.com/projects/usan/. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[331] A. Al-Azkawi et al., “An Energy Efficient Steam Project Through Initial Cold Production and Pressure Depletion in the Mukhaizna Field, Sultanate of Oman.,” in SPE International Thermal Operations and Heavy Oil Symposium and International Horizontal Well Technology Conference, 2002.

[332] A. Al-Azkawi, G. Taylor, R. Chadwick, B. McGarian, and others, “Multilateral Wells Improve Development of Heavy Crude Production in the Mukhaizna Field, Sultanate of Oman.,” in SPE International Thermal Operations and Heavy Oil Symposium and International Horizontal Well Technology Conference, 2002.

[333] L. Lievaart et al., “Technology leading the way to Mukhaizna heavy oil development,” in SPE International Heavy Oil Symposium, 1995.

[334] S. Malik, E. Zhang, M. al Asimi, T. L. Gould, and others, “Modified SAGD in Multiple Zones at Mukhaizna,” in SPE EOR Conference at Oil & Gas West Asia, 2010.

[335] W. Wang, Y. M. Zhang, W. M. Fitchen, and others, “Novel Methodology for Full-Field Production Forecasting in a Large Steamflood, Mukhaizna Field, Oman,” in SPE EOR Conference at Oil & Gas West Asia, 2010.

[336] M. Lynch and others, “Field Trials With 3 Combination Corrosion/Scale Inhibitors In a Horizontal Water Supply Well,” in CORROSION 2012, 2012.

[337] C. Davy and others, “Challenges Faced in Well Construction as Heavy Oil Exploitation Goes Deeper,” in SPE International Thermal Operations and Heavy Oil Symposium and International Horizontal Well Technology Conference, 2002.

[338] S. M. Al-Rawahi, G. P. Small, D. R. Glendinning, and others, “Nimr Horizontal Drilling: A Case History,” in Middle East Oil Show, 1993.

[339] T. K. Kragas, A. van der Spek, K. M. Al Hashmi, and others, “Field trial of a downhole, fiber optic, two-phase flowmeter in PDO’s Nimr field,” in European Petroleum Conference, 2002.

[340] J. Ramalho, R. Medeiros, P. A. Francis, I. A. Davidson, and others, “The Nimr Story: Reservoir Exploitation Using UBD Techniques,” in IADC/SPE Underbalanced Technology Conference and Exhibition, 2003.

[341] A. Bhatnagar, “1,300 wells, 1 billion barrels of oil produced… Nimr is still going strong,” Oil & Gas Review, 2015. [Online]. Available: http://www.ogronline.com/Article/newsmid/135/newsid/150?feature=1300_wells_1_billion_barrels_of_oil_produced…_Nimr_is_still_going_strong. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[342] “PDO completes drilling 1,000 wells at Nimr oilfield,” Oil Review Middle East, 2013. [Online]. Available: http://www.oilreviewmiddleeast.com/exploration-production/pdo-completes-drilling-1-000-wells-at-nimr-oilfield. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[343] “Waterflooding boosts oil production at Nimr-C in Oman,” Oil & Gas Journal, 2015. [Online]. Available: http://www.ogj.com/articles/2015/02/waterflooding-boosts-oil-production-at-nimr-c-in-oman.html. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

28

[344] R. Breuer, “Nimr Water Treatment Project Oman,” 2011. [345] H.-K. Chen and others, “Performance of Horizontal Wells, Safah Field, Oman,” in Middle

East Oil Show, 1993. [346] H.-K. Chen and others, “Gas Injection in the Safah Field, Oman,” in Middle East Oil

Show, 1995. [347] C. L. Hearn, C. H. Whitson, and others, “Evaluating miscible and immiscible gas injection

in the Safah Field, Oman,” in SPE Reservoir Simulation Symposium, 1995. [348] M. C. Stuczynski and others, “Recovery Of Lost Reserves Through Application Of

Underbalanced Drilling Techniques In The Safah Field,” in SPE/IADC Middle East Drilling Technology Conference, 2001.

[349] U. Vadgama, R. E. Ellison, S. H. Gustav, and others, “Safah Field: A Case History of Field Development,” in Middle East Oil Show, 1991.

[350] D. R. D. Boote and D. Mou, “Safah field, Oman: Retrospective of a new-concept exploration play, 1980 to 2000,” GeoArabia, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 367–430, 2003.

[351] M. S. Al-bidaiwi, M. S. Beg, M. I. Al-Muhannadi, and others, “Gas Flaring Reduction Initiatives in Dukhan oil & Gas Fields,” in SPE International Production and Operations Conference & Exhibition, 2012.

[352] A. Hussain and others, “Dukhan Field (Onshore Qatar) Uwainat Reservoir Optimum Development Scheme,” in Middle East Oil Show, 1993.

[353] “QATAR - QP Operations - The Onshore Dukhan Field,” thefreelibrary.com. [Online]. Available: https://www.thefreelibrary.com/QATAR+-+QP+Operations+-+The+Onshore+Dukhan+Field.-a0266239428. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[354] “Dukhan Oil Field,” A Barrel Full. [Online]. Available: http://abarrelfull.wikidot.com/dukhan-oil-field. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[355] Qatar General Petroleum Corporation (QGPC) and Amoco Qatar Petroleum Company, “Dukhan Field--Qatar Arabian Platform,” in Structural Traps V, 1991, pp. 103–120.

[356] R. Sorkhabi, “The Qatar Oil Discoveries,” GEOExPro, vol. 7, no. 1, 2010. [357] “Dukhan Field,” Wikipedia. [Online]. Available:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukhan_Field. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017]. [358] “The Oil & Gas Year Qatar 2010,” WildCat Publishing Inc, 2010. [359] “Bul Hanine field off Qatar due redevelopment,” Oil & Gas Journal, 2014. [Online].

Available: http://www.ogj.com/articles/2014/05/bul-hanine-field-off-qatar-due-redevelopment.html. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[360] “Qatar Petroleum,” Wikipedia. [Online]. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar_Petroleum. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[361] “QATAR - Offshore Oil & Gas Fields,” thefreelibrary.com. [Online]. Available: https://www.thefreelibrary.com/QATAR+-+Offshore+Oil+%26+Gas+Fields.-a0168304235. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[362] J. B. Thomasen, I. A. Al-Emadi, R. Noman, N. P. Ogelund, A. P. Damgaard, and others, “Realizing the potential of marginal reservoirs: The Al Shaheen field offshore Qatar,” in International Petroleum Technology Conference, 2005.

[363] D. Malakhov, M. Gunningham, A. Al-sadah, A. Al-Suwaidi, and others, “Advanced Well Performance Analysis and Monitoring on Al Shaheen Field,” in Offshore Technology Conference-Asia, 2014.

[364] E. Hoch, H. B. Ohrt, D. I. Brink, J. Flikkema, R. Norman, and others, “Pushing the Limits for Field Development Al Shaheen Field, Offshore Qatar,” in Abu Dhabi International

29

Petroleum Exhibition and Conference, 2010. [365] “QATAR: LOCATION OF OIL & GAS FIELDS, Attachment 2.” [Online]. Available:

https://web.archive.org/web/20091015074647/http://www.rocoil.com.au/Pages/ASX_Releases/2001_Releases/Attachments/2-Apr-2001-Attachment-2.pdf. [Accessed: 15-Oct-2017].

[366] K. Sonowal, B. Bennetzen, K. M. Wong, E. Isevcan, and others, “How continuous improvement lead to the longest horizontal well in the world,” in SPE/IADC Drilling Conference and Exhibition, 2009.

[367] Transocean, “Transocean GSF Rig 127 Drills Deepest Extended-Reach Well,” RIGZONE, 2008. [Online]. Available: http://www.rigzone.com/news/oil_gas/a/62147/transocean_gsf_rig_127_drills_deepest_extendedreach_well/. [Accessed: 15-Oct-2017].

[368] “Qatar remains an important supplier for world oil markets,” 2017. [Online]. Available: https://web.archive.org/web/20100110044746/http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Qatar/Oil.html. [Accessed: 15-Oct-2017].

[369] United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, “PROJECT DESIGN DOCUMENT FORM (CDM PDD) - Version 02,” 2004. [Online]. Available: http://cdm.unfccc.int/filestorage/5/V/E/5VEM9Z9DVJ14XVQ8CWAFXPDAC8RQLH/PDD.pdf?t=Ynp8b3k4aDZ1fDAnH1Pd8XIZB0meKTM3hmbt. [Accessed: 15-Oct-2017].

[370] Gulf oil & gas, “Maersk Oil finished Drilling (BD-04A) well at Al-Shaheen field, Qatar,” 2008. [Online]. Available: http://www.gulfoilandgas.com/webpro1/main/mainnews.asp?id=6050. [Accessed: 15-Oct-2017].

[371] E. M. Movsum-Zade, A. A. Nikitina, A. S. Belyaeva, and R. V Kunakova, “Conversion of Acidic Heavy Resid to Surfactant for Separating Water-Oil Emulsions and Increasing Oil Production,” Chem. Technol. Fuels Oils, vol. 51, no. 5, pp. 493–500, 2015.

[372] S. A. Zhdanov, A. V Amiyan, L. M. Surguchev, L. M. Castanier, J. E. Hanssen, and others, “Application of foam for gas and water shut-off: review of field experience,” in European Petroleum Conference, 1996.

[373] “Sakhalin-1 Project Fact Sheet,” 2010. [Online]. Available: http://studylib.net/doc/8642335/sakhalin-1-fact-sheet-nov_10--eng.final-doc. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[374] R. Molloy and others, “Sakhalin Gas Shut-off Workovers: A Case History of Zonal Isolation at Record Depths,” in SPE/IADC Drilling Conference, 2013.

[375] I. Sahni, D. Stern, J. C. Banfield, M. A. Langenberg, and others, “History Match Case Study: Use of Assisted History Match Tools on Single-well Models in Conjunction with a Full-field History Match (Russian),” in SPE Russian Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition, 2010.

[376] V. P. Gupta, A. H. P. Yeap, K. M. Fischer, R. S. Mathis, M. J. Egan, and others, “Expanding the extended reach envelope at Chayvo Field, Sakhalin Island,” in IADC/SPE Drilling Conference and Exhibition, 2014.

[377] F. J. Husband, G. Bitar, M. Quinlan, and others, “Extended Reach: New Generation Frontier Drilling Rigs,” in Offshore Technology Conference, 2007.

[378] D. C. Tyler et al., “SS-Sakhalin-1: Regulatory and Environmental Management,” in Offshore Technology Conference, 2009.

[379] J. Flood, S. J. Harding, and others, “SS-Sakhalin I: Managing a PSA Environment in

30

Russia-A Success Story,” in Offshore Technology Conference, 2009. [380] D. Denney and others, “Next generation of sakhalin extended-reach drilling,” J. Pet.

Technol., vol. 58, no. 7, pp. 65–68, 2006. [381] J. D. Grace, Russian oil supply: performance and prospects. Oxford University Press,

2005. [382] “The Novy Port Project,” Gazprom. [Online]. Available: http://www.gazprom-

neft.com/company/business/exploration-and-production/new-projects/new-port/. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[383] A. O. Ledkov and E. V Tsigankova, “Major petroleum reserves and oil production rates in Russia,” 2011.

[384] “Appendix D: Field Summaries,” in Energy Information Administration Oil and Gas Resources of the West Siberian Basin, Russia, pp. 139–216.

[385] LUKOIL, “FACT BOOK 2008: Exploration and production,” 2008. [386] A. Baryshnikov et al., “Specifics of application of dual completion on Priobskoye field,”

in SPE Russian Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition, 2010. [387] I. Afanasyev, A. Timonov, I. Sudeev, and others, “Analysis of Multiple Fractured

Horizontal Wells Application at Priobskoye field,” in Paper SPE 162031 presented at the 2012 SPE Russian Oil & Gas Exploration & Production Technical Conference and Exhibition, Russia, Moscow, 2012, pp. 16–18.

[388] K. Burdin et al., “Successful Coiled-Tubing Application for Milling, Cleanout, and Kickoff Operations of Horizontal Wells Completed With Liner for Multistage Hydraulic Fracturing Projects on Priobskoye Oil Field,” in SPE/ICoTA Coiled Tubing & Well Intervention Conference & Exhibition, 2013.

[389] D. H. Phillips et al., “Seismic response to porosity and permeability variations at Priobskoye Field, Western Siberia,” in SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 1996, Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 1996, pp. 1041–1042.

[390] D. A. Antonenko, V. A. Pavlov, K. K. Sevastyanova, T. S. Usmanov, R. M. Zhdanov, and others, “Development of Priobskoye field integrated model,” in SPE Russian Oil and Gas Technical Conference and Exhibition, 2008.

[391] Rosneft Oil Company, “Rosneft Annual report 2008,” 2008. [392] Gazprom, “Gazprom Neft 2009 Results and Outlook,” 2010. [393] H. Cassin, “Top Ten Highest Producing Oil Fields,” Petro Global News, 2013. [Online].

Available: https://petroglobalnews.com/2013/10/top-ten-highest-producing-oil-fields/. [Accessed: 15-Oct-2017].

[394] STOCK MARKET NOTES, “Gazprom’s Oil Subsidiary ‘Gazprom Neft’ Aims to Become Russia’s Leading Oil Producer,” 2008. [Online]. Available: http://stockmarketnotes.blogspot.com/2008/06/gazproms-oil-subsidiary-gazprom-neft.html. [Accessed: 15-Oct-2017].

[395] LUKOIL, “FACT BOOK 2010: Exploration and production,” 2010. [396] M. A. Al-Saleh, S. O. Duffuaa, M. A. Al-Marhoun, and J. A. Al-Zayer, “Impact of crude

oil production on the petrochemical industry in Saudi Arabia,” Energy, vol. 16, no. 8, pp. 1089–1099, 1991.

[397] “The Ghawar Oil Field.” [Online]. Available: http://www.gregcroft.com/ghawar.ivnu. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[398] N. M. Al-Otaibi, A. A. Al-Gamber, M. R. Konopczynski, S. Jacob, and others, “Smart Well Completion Utilizes Natural Reservoir Energy to Produce High Water-Cut and Low

31

Productivity Index Well In Abqaiq Field,” in International Oil & Gas Conference and Exhibition in China, 2006.

[399] M. A. Abduldayem, N. D. Al Douhan, Z. A. Baluch, and others, “Technological Applications Redefining Mature Field Economic Limits,” in SPE Saudi Arabia Section Technical Symposium, 2007.

[400] A. Al-Fawwaz et al., “Increased Net to Gross Ratio as the Result of an Advanced Well Placement Process Utilizing Real-Time Density Images,” in IADC/SPE Asia Pacific Drilling Technology Conference and Exhibition, 2004.

[401] S. Kokal, M. Al-Dokhi, M. Al-Zubail, S. Al-Saeed, and others, “Asphaltene Precipitation in a Saturated Gas-Cap Reservoir,” in SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, 2004.

[402] T. A. Al-Dhubaib, M. S. Shenqiti, S. M. Almadi, A. M. Al Mansour, and others, “I-Field Data Acquisition and Delivery Infrastructure: Case Study,” in Intelligent Energy Conference and Exhibition, 2008.

[403] T. M. Okasha, J. J. Funk, S. M. Al-Enezi, and others, “Wettability and relative permeability of lower Cretaceous carbonate rock reservoir, Saudi Arabia,” in Middle East Oil Show, 2003.

[404] S. P. Salamy, H. K. Al-Mubarak, M. S. Al-Ghamdi, D. E. Hembling, and others, “Maximum-Reservoir-Contact-Wells Performance Update: Shaybah Field, Saudi Arabia,” SPE Prod. Oper., vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 439–443, 2008.

[405] N. I. Al-Afaleg, S. Al-Garni, R. BasemAhmed, A. Al-Towailib, and others, “Successful Integration of Sparsely Distributed Core and Welltest Derived Permeability Data in a Viable Model of a Giant Carbonate Reservoir,” in SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, 2002.

[406] A. A. Al-Somali, N. Al-khanafair, P. Pomeroy, A. Al-Towailib, A. Al-Shammari, and others, “SS-Application Of Artificial Lift Technology In The Giant Khurais Field,” in Offshore Technology Conference, 2009.

[407] M. Al-Juaid et al., “Salt Water Disposal System Modification During Low Water Flow Rates from Khurais Fields,” in SPE Middle East Oil and Gas Show and Conference, 2013.

[408] Staff of PennWell Publishing Company, 2000 International Petroleum Encyclopedia, 33rd ed. PennWell Corporation, 2000.

[409] D. B. Fischbuch, O. A. Taibah, T. M. Al-Zahrani, and others, “Optimizing Horizontal Well Configurations for Effective Drainage of Thin Oil Zones Overlying Productive Formations under Strong Water Drive,” in SPE/DGS Saudi Arabia Section Technical Symposium and Exhibition, 2010.

[410] “Tech Talk - Enhancing Production at Berri,” The Oil Drum, 2012. [Online]. Available: http://www.theoildrum.com/node/9130. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[411] C. T. Dismuke, S. A. Jokhio, H. K. Mubarak, A. A. Shuaibi, and others, “Optimized Field Development of an Offshore Carbonate Reservoir in Saudi Arabia,” in SPE/DGS Saudi Arabia Section Technical Symposium and Exhibition, 2010.

[412] M. I. Al-Eid, S. L. Kokal, and others, “Investigation of Increased Gas-Oil Ratios in Ain Dar Field,” in Middle East Oil Show, 2003.

[413] N. G. Saleri, A. O. Al-Kaabi, A. S. Muallem, and others, “Haradh III: a milestone for smart fields,” J. Pet. Technol., vol. 58, no. 11, pp. 28–32, 2006.

[414] A. H. H. Alhuthali, H. H. Al-Awami, A. Soremi, A. I. Al-Towailib, and others, “Water management in North’Ain Dar, Saudi Arabia,” in SPE Middle East Oil and Gas Show and

32

Conference, 2005. [415] A. Staff, “Ghawar Oil Field, Saudi Arabia,” Bull. AAPG, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 434–454,

1959. [416] S. M. Al-Mutairi, M. Al-Harbi, and others, “Water Production Management Strategy in

North Uthmaniyah Area, Saudi Arabia,” in SPE Europec/EAGE Annual Conference and Exhibition, 2006.

[417] B. A. Stenger, M. S. Ameen, S. Al-Qahtani, T. R. Pham, and others, “Pore Pressure Control of Fracture Reactivation in the Ghawar Field, Saudi Arabia,” in SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, 2002.

[418] J. O. I. Arukhe and others, “Environmentally Friendly Manifa Field Development—The World’s Largest,” in International Petroleum Technology Conference, 2014.

[419] J. O. I. Arukhe, W. De Landro, and others, “Saudi Arabia’s Giant Manifa Oilfield Development: Lessons from Integrating Technologies,” in International Petroleum Technology Conference, 2014.

[420] “Manifa Arabian Heavy Crude Project, Saudi Arabia,” Offshore Technology. [Online]. Available: http://www.offshore-technology.com/projects/manifaheavycrude/. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[421] P. Guinand et al., “Drilling the First SAGD Wells in the Orinoco Oil-Belt Bare Field: A Case History,” in SPE Western Venezuela Section South American Oil and Gas Congress, 2011.

[422] N. A. Al-Arjani, K. Amminudin, K. Al-Amri, and others, “Gas Recovery Maximization at NYYM GOSP-1-Transforming Issue into Opportunity,” in SPE Middle East Oil & Gas Show and Conference, 2015.

[423] H. Saadawi and others, “The Development of a Major Gas-Condensate Field,” in SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, 2001.

[424] S. A. Kader, H. H. Hafez, and others, “Application of Horizontal Drilling to Alleviate Water Slumping,” in Abu Dhabi Petroleum Conference, 1992.

[425] M. Al Jaberi et al., “Qusahwira from Project to Production: Establishment of Business Processes Model,” in Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference, 2015.

[426] A. S. Alsharhan, “Asab Field--United Arab Emirates, Rub Al Khali Basin, Abu Dhabi,” 1993.

[427] A. Hassan, F. Youssef, M. Ayoub, and others, “Controlling water flood advance in Asab Thamama B reservoir,” in Middle East Oil Show, 1991.

[428] M. Vassiliou, The A to Z of the Petroleum Industry, 116th ed. Scarecrow Press, 2009. [429] G. W. M. Lijmbach, J. M. A. Toxopeus, T. Rodenburg, L. Hermans, and others,

“Geochemical Study of Crude Oils and Source Rocks in Onshore Abu Dhabi,” in Abu Dhabi Petroleum Conference, 1992.

[430] A. A. Benbrahim and others, “Mothballing and Demothballing of an Onshore Oil Field,” SPE Prod. Facil., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 68–72, 1993.

[431] H. N. H. Saadawi and others, “Commissioning of Northeast Bab (NEB) Development Project,” in Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference, 2006.

[432] “Murban Bab oil field,” WikiVisually. [Online]. Available: http://wikivisually.com/wiki/Murban_Bab_oil_field. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[433] A. S. Alsharhan, “Geology and reservoir characteristics of carbonate buildup in giant Bu Hasa oil field, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates,” Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Bull., vol. 71,

33

no. 10, pp. 1304–1318, 1987. [434] C. Marvillet et al., “Seismic monitoring feasibility on Bu-Hasa field,” in International

Petroleum Technology Conference, 2007. [435] G. M. Hajash and others, “The Abu Sheikhdom--The Onshore Oilfields History of

Exploration and Development,” in 7th World Petroleum Congress, 1967. [436] A. S. Alsharhan, “Bu Hasa Field--United Arab Emirates, Rub al Khali Basin, Abu Dhabi,”

1993. [437] J. T. Trocchio and others, “Investigation of Fateh Mishrif fluid-conductive faults,” J. Pet.

Technol., vol. 42, no. 8, pp. 1–38, 1990. [438] F. Y. Shnaib et al., “Case Study of Successful Matrix Stimulation of High-Water-Cut

Wells in Dubai Offshore Fields,” in International Petroleum Technology Conference, 2009.

[439] E. D. Coltharp, M. Khokhar, and others, “Dubai gas lift automation,” in SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, 1984.

[440] J. R. Wood, G. R. East, and others, “An Integrated Approach To the Recognition and Characterization of a Fractured Limestone Reservoir in the Ilam Formation, Fateh Field, Dubai-UAE,” in Abu Dhabi Petroleum Conference, 1992.

[441] W. A. Willoughby, J. A. Davies, and others, “Dubai’s Fateh Field-Mishrif Reservoir History Of Seawater Injection Project,” in Middle East Technical Conference and Exhibition, 1979.

[442] G. Moritis and others, “World largest CO2 capture, EOR project planned off Dubai,” Oil Gas J., vol. 105, no. 41, p. 66, 2007.

[443] J. Crick, S. P. Singh, and others, “Development And Use Of A 3D Simulator In Evaluating Reservoir Development Options: Fateh Mishrif, Offshore Dubai,” in Offshore Europe, 1985.

[444] M. Nassivera, A. Essel, and others, “Fateh Field Sea Water Injection-Water Treatment, Corrosion, And Scale Control,” in Middle East Technical Conference and Exhibition, 1979.

[445] P. Lapointe, H. Karakhanian, and others, “Sedimentology and Diagenesis: Basic Keys to Reservoir Layering-Example of the Umm Shaif Arab Zone C Reservoir,” 1990.

[446] N. A. Ayad, S. M. El-Hadidi, and others, “Water Treatment and Injection System in Umm Shaif Field Offshore ABU DHABI,” in Middle East Technical Conference and Exhibition, 1979.

[447] G. A. Rizk, R. F. Gabert, and others, “Completion Design for Ummshaif Khuff Gas Producers/Uweinat Injectors,” in Middle East Oil Show, 1987.

[448] A. P. Gibson, Q. M. Al Kaioumi, A. M. El-Amin, and others, “An Assessment of Natural Fracturing in the Umm Shaif Thamama Field by Reservoir Surveillance,” in Abu Dhabi Petroleum Conference, 1992.

[449] P. A. Lapointe, M. A. Muhsin, A. F. Maurin, and others, “Microbial Corrosion and Biologically Induced New Products Example From a Seawater Injection System, Umm Shaif Field, UAE,” in Middle East Oil Show, 1991.

[450] B. Balmer and others, “ADMA OPCO Development of Asset replacement Plans for 20 Years for Zakum, Umm Shaif and Das Island,” in Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Conference and Exhibition, 2012.

[451] A. F. Fox, R. C. C. Brown, and others, “The geology and reservoir characteristics of the Zakum oil field, Abu Dhabi,” in Regional Technical Symposium, 1968.

34

[452] A. S. Fada’q, Y. K. Al-Tamimi, and others, “Horizontal Drilling vs. Acid Fracturing: A Review of Results in the Upper Zakum Field,” in Middle East Oil Show, 1991.

[453] T. H. Hassan, Y. Wada, and others, “Geology and development of Thamama zone 4, Zakum field,” J. Pet. Technol., vol. 33, no. 7, pp. 1–327, 1981.

[454] Y. K. Al Tamimi and others, “Rigless Acid Fracturing Through Dual Completions: An Offshore Experience the Upper Zakum Field,” in Middle East Oil Show, 1991.

[455] Y. K. Al-Tamimi, N. Y. El-Mzien, and others, “Stimulating Multilayered Carbonates in the Upper Zakum Field,” in Middle East Oil Show, 1987.

[456] I. Gamal, A. S. Fada’q, S. Kikuchi, H. El Khatib, and others, “Ten Years Experience in Horizontal Application & Pushing the Limits of Well Construction Approach in Upper Zakum Field (Offshore Abu Dhabi),” in Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference, 2000.

[457] G. Carpio et al., “Fluid Distribution Model for Structurally Complex Reservoirs in El Carito-Mulata and Santa B{á}rbara Fields, Venezuela,” in Latin American & Caribbean Petroleum Engineering Conference, 2007.

[458] M. Vasquez and others, “Cerro Negro Development: A Success Story... From Inception to Execution,” in SPE International Thermal Operations and Heavy Oil Symposium and International Horizontal Well Technology Conference, 2002.

[459] L. Carbognani et al., “Analysis of heavy oils: Method development and application to Cerro Negro heavy petroleum,” 1989.

[460] M. A. Ramos, J. C. Brown, M. D. C. Rojas, J. G. Flores, O. Kuyuco, and others, “Producing Extra Heavy Oil using Bottom Drive Progressive Cavity Pump from Orinoco Belt Cerro Negro Area, Venezuela,” in SPE International Thermal Operations and Heavy Oil Symposium, 2005.

[461] R. G. Lugo, M. Eggenschwiler, T. Uebel, and others, “How Fluid and Rock Properties Affect Production Rates In A Heavy-Oil Reservoir Cerro Negro, Venezuela,” in SPE International Thermal Operations and Heavy Oil Symposium, 2001.

[462] C. Guirados, J. Sandoval, O. Rivas, H. Troconis, and others, “Production optimization of sucker rod pumping wells producing viscous oil in Bosc{á}n Field, Venezuela,” in SPE Production Operations Symposium, 1995.

[463] M. Kumar et al., “Evaluation of IOR Methods for the Bosc{á}n Field,” in SPE International Thermal Operations and Heavy Oil Symposium, 2001.

[464] F. J. Mata, S. A. Ali, E. Cordova, and others, “Water Shutoff Treatments in Boscan Field Using an Internally Catalyzed System: Case Histories,” in SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, 2006.

[465] A. J. Mendez, B. Chacin, S. Balram, B. Smith, and others, “Successful Application of Water Injection to Increase Oil Recovery in Bosc{á}n Field,” in SPE Latin America and Caribbean Petroleum Engineering Conference, 2014.

[466] M. A. Vilela, L. B. Zerpa, R. Mengual, and others, “Water and gas tracers at El Furrial field,” in Latin American and Caribbean Petroleum Engineering Conference, 1999.

[467] R. Colmenares, R. W. Smith, and others, “Short and Long term Management of El Furrial Field, Venezuela,” in SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, 1997.

[468] L. M. Acosta et al., “Reservoir Study V9 of El Furrial Field, Venezuela,” in SPE Latin American and Caribbean Petroleum Engineering Conference, 2005.

[469] I. E. Araque, S. A. Auxiette, and others, “Reservoir Management of the El Furrial Field-Venezuela under Enhanced Oil Recovery Process,” in SPE/DOE Improved Oil Recovery

35

Symposium, 2002. [470] A. Laval, G. Auxiette, I. Echeverria, and others, “3d geocellular modeling in a complex

structural setting: El furrial giant oil field venezuela,” in SPE Latin American and Caribbean Petroleum Engineering Conference, 2003.

[471] J. Figueroa, J. Hibbeler, L. Duque, L. Perdomo, and others, “Skin Damage Removal Using Coiled-Tubing Vacuum: A Case Study in Venezuela’s Orinoco Belt,” in SPE Latin American and Caribbean Petroleum Engineering Conference, 2001.

[472] M. Concepcion et al., “3D3C Seismic Acquisition in Petrocedeno Field, Located in the Junin Block of the Orinoco Heavy Oil Belt, Venezuela---Seismic Designed for Well Implementation and Reservoir Characterization in a Fluvial-Deltaic Environment,” in SPETT 2012 Energy Conference and Exhibition, 2012.

[473] M. J. Cocco, J. E. Ernandez, and others, “Reservoir characterization of Junin Area, Orinoco Oil Belt Region, Venezuela,” in SPE Heavy and Extra Heavy Oil Conference: Latin America, 2014.

[474] J. Palermo et al., “Multilateral and Geosteering Technologies as a Solution for Optimum Drainage of Heavy Oil of Thin and Heterolithic Sands in Junin Block of the Orinoco Oil Belt,” in SPETT 2012 Energy Conference and Exhibition, 2012.

[475] G. J. Venturini, D. D. Mamora, and others, “Simulation studies of steam-propane injection for the Hamaca heavy oil field,” in Canadian International Petroleum Conference, 2003.

[476] “Hamaca-Ameriven Syncrude Project, Venezuela,” hydrocarbons-technology.com. [Online]. Available: http://www.hydrocarbons-technology.com/projects/hamaca/. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[477] V. Riveros, G. Luz, H. Barrios, and others, “Steam injection experiences in heavy and extra-heavy oil fields, Venezuela,” in SPE Heavy Oil Conference and Exhibition, 2011.

[478] H. Vásquez et al., “Mechanical and thermal properties of unconsolidated sands and its applications to the heavy oil SAGD project in the Tia Juana field, Venezuela,” in Latin American and Caribbean Petroleum Engineering Conference, 1999.

[479] M. R. Simmons, “The world’s giant oilfields,” M. King Hubbert Cent. Pet. Supply Stud., 2002.

[480] “Tia Juana Heavy,” etc-cte.ec.gc.ca. [Online]. Available: http://www.etc-cte.ec.gc.ca/databases/Oilproperties/pdf/WEB_Tia_Juana_Heavy.pdf. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[481] L. G. Bracho, O. A. Oquendo, and S. A. Maraven, “Steam-Solvent Injection, Well LSJ-4057, Tia Juana Field, Western Venezeula,” Int. Therm. Oper. Heavy Oil Symp., pp. 83–94, 1991.

[482] K. R. Mieres, V. Prieto, C. Banzer, and F. Molina, “Well Completion with Monobore Technology for Gas Production in the B6 LL 370 Reservoir in the Tia Juana Field , Lake Maracaibo , Venezuela,” pp. 1–12, 2015.

[483] H. J. De Haan and J. Van Lookeren, “Early results of the first large-scale steam soak project in the Tia Juana Field, Western Venezuela,” J. Pet. Technol., vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 101–110, 1969.

[484] F. Puig, L. Schenk, and M. S.A., “Analysis of the Performance of the M-6 Area of the Tia Juana Field, Venezuela, under Primary, Steam-Soak, and Steamdrive Conditions,” SPE Enhanc. Oil Recover. Symp., 1984.

[485] L. J. Marquez et al., “Improved Reservoir Characterization of a Mature Field Through an Integrated Multi-Disciplinary Approach. LL-04 Reservoir, Tia Juana Field, Venezuela,”

36

SPE Annu. Tech. Conf. Exhib., pp. 1–10, 2001. [486] B. Coast, “Simulation of Field Results of Cyclic Steam/Gas Injection in the Bolivar Coast,

Western Venezuela,” SPE Annu. Tech. Conf. Exhib., p. SPE 16732, 1987. [487] J. P. Uribe, J. F. Pinilla, O. Odebrecht, and D. Cabrera, “SPE 138918 Innovative

Methodology to Revitalize a Heavy-Oil Mature Field by Identifying Opportunities to Apply New Cycles of Steam Injection,” vol. 1974, pp. 2–7, 2010.

[488] G. V. Riveros, R. Consultant, and H. Barrios, “SPE 150283 Steam Injection Experiences in Heavy and Extra-Heavy Oil Fields , Venezuela,” no. December, pp. 12–14, 2011.

[489] F. J. Perez et al., “An Innovative Integrated Asset Modeling for an Offshore-Onshore Field Development. Tomoporo Field Case,” in SPE International Production and Operations Conference & Exhibition, 2012.

[490] M. Talwani, “The Orinco heavy oil belt in Venezuela (or heavy oil to the rescue?),” 2002. [491] B. Mommer, “The value of extra-heavy crude oil from the orinoco belt,” Middle East

Econ. Surv., vol. 47, no. 22, pp. D1--D11, 2004. [492] A. Petzet, “All about Orinco,” Oil & Gas Journal, 2010. [Online]. Available:

http://www.ogj.com/articles/print/volume-108/issue-5/regular-features/journally-speaking/all-about-orinoco.html. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[493] E. Uzcategui and others, “Reservoir Characterization and Exploitation Scheme in the Orinoco Oil Belt,” in SPE International Thermal Operations and Heavy Oil Symposium, 2001.

[494] C. J. Schenk et al., “An estimate of recoverable heavy oil resources of the Orinoco Oil Belt, Venezuela,” 2009.

[495] “PetroFalcon Signs Definitive Agreement to Acquire Anadarko Venezuela,” PetroFalcon Corporation, 2008. [Online]. Available: http://www.marketwired.com/press-release/petrofalcon-signs-definitive-agreement-to-acquire-anadarko-venezuela-tsx-pfc-840617.htm. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[496] “Petrobras Energia and Anadarko to increase exploration in Venezuela,” Alexander’s Gas & Oil CONNECTIONS, 2004. [Online]. Available: http://www.gasandoil.com/news/ms_america/4a6a6e2cd952d72951b17de267bd0287. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[497] “Guide to world crudes: Assays of two Venzuelan crudes differ significantly,” Oil & Gas Journal, 1997. [Online]. Available: http://www.ogj.com/articles/print/volume-95/issue-23/in-this-issue/refining/guide-to-world-crudes-assays-of-two-venezuelan-crudes-differ-significantly.html. [Accessed: 01-Jun-2017].

[498] G. Novillo, P. Companc, and H. Cedeño, “SPE 69434 ESP ’ s Application in Oritupano-Leona block , East Venezuela,” SPE J., 2001.

[499] M. O. Field, L. Field, C. Study, and J. Porras, “Reverse-drag Folds : New Structural Traps in a,” no. September, pp. 16–19, 2015.