wesseling 2000 - native neighbours. local settlement system and social structure in the roman period...
TRANSCRIPT
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G ADER
ADOBDGUO
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Uobdstfgd \rdssH gdw ndgdrhtof g fc \ujao s`ogn
_fu hrd rdhbogn h cuaa vdrsofg fc t`os jffk, cfr crdd!
R`os jffk os phrt fc t`d Uobdstfgd d-aojrhry w`drd ifst fc fur
pujaoehtofgs hrd cuaay heedssojad cfr crdd. Cfr heedss tf ifrd
crdd jffks vosot= www.sobdstfgd.efi/aojrhry
Bfwgafhb Cuaa \BC
Sosot t`d Uobdstfgd d-aojrhry tf bfwgafhb ifst fc fur d-jffks cfr
fgay 2,4
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HGHADERH \ZHD@OURFZOEH ADOBDGUOH 5:
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HGHADERH\ZHD@OURFZOEH
ADOBDGUOH
\TJAOEHROFG FC R@D CHETAR_ FC HZE@HDFAFN_
TGOSDZUOR_ FC ADOBDG
BODKD H. ^DUUDAOGN@
GHROSD GDON@JFTZUAFEHA UDRRADIDGR U_URDI HGB UFEOHA URZTERTZD OG R@D ZFIH
\DZOFB HR FUU (R@D GDR@DZAHGBU)
TGOSDZUOR_ FC ADOBDG :
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Dbotfrs= @hrry Cfkkdgs / Efrrod Jhkdas
Efpy dbotfrs fc t`os vfauid= Bodkd ^dssdaogn` / @hrry Cfkkdgs
Efpyron`t :-
8.:.: Ahgbsehpd hgb afehtofg >
8.:.5 \rd`ostfroe hgb idbodvha trheds / /
8.5 E`rfgfafny hgb typfe`rfgfafny 82
8.5.8 Bhtogn idt`fbs 82
8.5.: R`d hssfeohtofg fc cogbs hgb cdhturds 84
8.5.5 R`d Fss-Tssdg typfafny fc strueturds 83
8.2 Bdcogogn sdttadidgt 83
8.4 Idt`fbfafny fc t`d prdsdgt stuby :8
:. R`d Somvdr sdttadidgt :4
:.8 @fusd pahgs :3
:.: Nrhghrods hgb `frrdh 5
:.2.> Idtha fjmdets 50
:.2.0 Adht`dr fjmdets 28
:.2.? ^ffbdg fjmdets 28
:.2.8< Chugha rdihogs 28
:.2.88 Jfthgoeha rdihogs 28
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:.4 Hghaysos 2:
:.4.8 Uozd hgb bhtd 2:
:.4.: Ahyfut hgb pdrofboshtofg 22
:.4.5 Bdvdafpidgt hgb ghturd fc t`d sdttadidgt 22
5. R`d ]fidr`fc sdttadidgt 2>
5.8 @fusd pahgs 2?
5.: Futjuoabogns 45
5.5 Nrhghrods hgb `frrdh 40
5.2 \ots hgb wdaas 4?
5.4 \haoshbds hgb bote`ds 4?
5.3 Cogbs 3 Hghaysos 335.>.8 Uozd hgb bhtd 33
5.>.: Ahyfut hgb pdrofboshtofg 33
5.>.5 Bdvdafpidgt hgb ghturd fc t`d sdttadidgt 3?
2. R`d ^dstdrvdab sdttadidgt >8
2.8 @fusd pahgs >8
2.: Futjuoabogns 8
2.5 Nrhghrods hgb `frrdh 88:
2.2 \ots hgb wdaas 882
2.4 \haoshbds hgb bote`ds 88>
2.3 Hg fpdg-hor shgetuhry6 /:3
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2.> Cogbs 8:0
2 MH \fttdry 8:0
2.>.: Eahy fjmdets 85:
2.>.5 Rdp`rotd fjmdets 85:
2.>.2 Utfgd fjmdets /M:
2.>.4 Juoabogn ihtdrohas 855
2.>.3 Nahss fjmdets 8532.>.> Idtha fjmdets 822
2.>.0 Adht`dr fjmdets /42
2.>.? ^ffbdg fjmdets 842
2.>.8< Chugha rdihogs 84>
2.>.88 Jfthgoeha rdihogs 84>
2.0 Hghaysos /4U
2.0.8 Uozd hgb bhtd 840
2.0.: Ahyfut hgb pdrofboshtofg 84?
2.0.5 Bdvdafpidgt hgb ghturd fc t`d sdttadidgt >38
4.8 @fusd pahgs 8>:
4.: Nrhghrods 8>o
4.5 \ots hgb wdaas 8>2
4.2 \haoshbds hgb bote`ds 8>2
4.4 H nrhvd 8>4
4.3 Cogbs 8>>
4.3.8 \fttdry 8>>
4.3.: Eahy fjmdets 8>0
4.3.5 Rdp`rotd fjmdets 8>0
4.3.2 Utfgd fjmdets />?
4.3.4 Nahss fjmdets 8>?
4.3.3 Idtha fjmdets 8>?
4.3.> ^ffbdg fjmdets /UF
4.3.0 Chugha rdihogs 80.: Ahyfut hgb pdrofboshtofg 80.5 Bdvdafpidgt hgb ghturd fc t`d sdttadidgt 808
3. Fss og t`d Zfihg pdrofb 805
3.8 R`d Zfihg pdrofb edidtdry (jy ^.H.I. @dssogn) 805
3.8.8 Edidtdry hgb sdttadidgts /1U'1U'
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(x: Zfihg pdrofb sotds futsobd Tssdg 80?
3.5 R`d hrdh jdtwddg hgb hrfugb t`d sdttadidgts 8?5
3.2 Feeuphtofg ht Fss crfi 8
hppdgbox O \fttdry crfi t`d ^dstdrvdab sdttadidgt :5>
shidgvhttogn (Bute` suiihry) :25
hekgfwadbndidgts cfr t`d conurds :48
hctdrwfrb :45
dgeafsdb sdphrhtday=
hppdgbox OO- OS Ihps fc t`d cfur Zfihg pdrofb sdttadidgts (sehad 8=44
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8. Ogtrfbuetofg
Uoged t`d Jrfgzd Hnd, hgb pfssojay dvdg jdcfrd t`ht, pdfpad
feeupodb t`d hrdh hrfugb Fss. R`dy juoat toijdr chri`fusds,
wfrkdb codabs, `drbdb ehttad, hgb jurodb t`dor bdhb. R`dy hasf
wfrs`oppdb nfbs hgb `hb efgthets wot` pdfpad crfi ft`dr
rdnofgs. Ufidw`drd hrfugb t`d iobbad fc t`d corst edgtury
JE t`d Zfihgs, og t`d cfri fc Ehdshr's hriods, rdhe`db t`d
hrdh sfut` fc t`d Z`ogd. Crfi t`ht ifidgt fgwhrbs
(hat`fun` fccoeohaay crfi 84 JE), t`d chridrs crfi Fss aovdb
og w`ht wd efgsobdr tf jd t`d Zfihg pdrofb. Hctdr HB 2>Fss whs phrt fc t`d Zfihg Dipord. R`os stuby os efgedrgdb
wot` t`d sdttadidgt systdi ht Fss burogn t`d Zfihg pdrofb.
^`ht wdrd t`d prfedssds fc e`hgnd efiphrdb wot` t`d Ahtd
Orfg Hnd, hgb `fw bob t`dsd efid hjfut6 ^`ht whs t`d
sfeoha strueturd fc t`d efiiugoty t`ht aovdb og t`d
chri`fusds6 ^drd t`d e`hgnds ogcaudgedb jy t`d ogtdnrhtofg
ogtf t`d Zfihg Dipord6 @fw bob t`d sdttadidgt systdi og
t`d hrdh bdvdafp hgb w`ht `hppdgdb og h wobdr rdnofg6
Fss og t`d Zfihg pdrofb os sotuhtdb og h jfrbdr zfgd, jft`
tdipfrha hgb sphtoha. R`d trhgsotofg crfi prd`ostfry tf t`d
Zfihg pdrofb ndgdrhtdb trhgscfrihtofgs og defgfioe, sfeoha,
pfaotoeha hgb obdfafnoeha hrdghs. Jdehusd wd hrd bdhaogn wot`
rurha sdttadidgts t`dsd e`hgnds hrd sujtad, safw hgb spdeocoe.
R`d Ihhskhgt hrdh og w`oe` Fss os sotuhtdb os phrt fc t`d
crfgtodr zfgd. Ot os gft phrt fc t`d aoids prfpdr, jut eafsd
dgfun` tf rfihgosdb paheds sue` hs Euomk, Zfssui hgb
Gomidndg tf jd ogcaudgedb jy w`ht whs nfogn fg t`drd. R`d
ahrnd-sehad hgb afgn-tdri sdttadidgt dxehvhtofgs ht Fss fccdr
t`d fppfrtugoty tf stuby og bdthoa hg ogbondgfus efiiugoty
hgb t`d e`hgnds thkogn pahed og ot.
R`d ihog fjmdet fc stuby os t`d strueturd hgb t`d
bdvdafpidgt fc cfur rurha sdttadidgts (con. 8), dxehvhtdb
jdtwddg 8?>3 hgb 8??: (e`hptdrs : - 4). R`d poeturd fc Fss
os curt`dr efipadtdb jy h edidtdry, sdvdrha ft`dr sdttadidgts,
hgb dadidgts og t`d hrdh futsobd t`d sdttadidgts (e`hptdr 3).
Fss os t`dg pahedb og h wobdr crhidwfrk, t`ht fc t`d
Ihhskhgt rdnofg, hgb sdt hnhogst t`d jhekbrfp fc dvdgts og h
wobdr ahgbsehpd (e`hptdr >). R`dsd bhth hrd t`d jhsds fg
w`oe` hg hghaysos fc t`d sdttadidgt systdi hgb t`d afeha
efiiugoty os juoat (e`hptdr 0).
R`os ogtrfbuetfry e`hptdr prfvobds h ndgdrha crhidwfrk
cfr t`d stuby fc Fss og t`d Zfihg pdrofb. Ot prdsdgts h
(seodgtocoe-)`ostfroeha hgb t`dfrdtoeha jheknrfugb, hgb
futaogds t`d rdsdhre` nfhas fc t`os t`dsos. Jdogn phrt fc h
afgn-tdri prfmdet, t`d Fss dxehvhtofgs ehggft jd efgsobdrd
wot`fut idgtofgogn t`dor `ostfry hgb t`d wfrk fc ihgy ft`
pdfpad. Httdgtofg os phob tf afehtofg hgb tf cogbs t`ht chaa
futsobd t`d e`rfgfafnoeha sefpd fc t`d prdsdgt wfrk, o.d.
prd`ostfroe hgb idbodvha cogbs. Coghaay bhtogn hgb
(typf)e`rfgfafny, hs wdaa hs t`d bdcogotofg fc sdttadidgt, h
boseussdb. Og t`d cogha phrhnrhp` fc t`os e`hptdr O woaa futao
t`d idt`fbfafny hgb t`d sdt-up fc t`d rdst fc t`os t`dsos.
8.8 FUU OG EFGRDPR
R`os phrhnrhp` os efgedrgdb wot` t`d seodgtocoe-`ostfroeha h
t`dfrdtoeha jheknrfugb hnhogst w`oe` t`d prdsdgt stuby
s`fuab jd sddg. H s`frt `ostfroeha fvdrvodw fc \rfvogeoha-
Zfihg rdsdhre` og t`d Gdt`drahgbs os prdsdgtdb, hctdr w`oe
t`d rdsdhre` nfhas hgb t`d t`dfrdtoeha crhidwfrk e`fsdg cf
t`os stuby woaa jd futaogdb.
/ . / . / \rfvogeoha-Zfihg hre`hdfafny og t`d Gdt`drah
R`d `ostfry fc \rfvogeoha-Zfihg hre`hdfafnoeha rdsdhre` og
t`d Gdt`drahgbs os usuhaay bovobdb ogtf twf p`hsds. R`d cors
crfi t`d jort` fc t`d boseopaogd og iobbad fc t`d 8?t` edgtury
ugtoa wdaa ogtf t`d 8?>), t`d Kdipdg prfmdet (Uafcstrh dt ha. 8?0:) hgb t
Dhstdrg Zovdr Hrdh prfmdet (Jafdidrs, @uast hgb ^oaadis
8?0
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GHROSD GDON@JFTZU
c
r
Ue`hakskhip
V M;
HQ ^dstdrvdab
E*Gce Q *Edidtdry
4
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OGRZFBTEROFG
sognad t`dfrdtoeha vodw, ot sddidb t`ht prfedssuha hre`hdfafny
`hb nhogdb og ogcaudged. Hg oipfrthgt gdw dadidgt whs t`d
dip`hsos fg t`d ogtdrhetofg jdtwddg Zfihgs hgb ogbondgfus
efiiugotods. Zfihgoshtofg, o.d. e`hgnds og sfeof-pfaotoeha
frnhgoshtofg, defgfioe systdi hgb sfeoha strueturd fc t`d
ogbondgfus pfpuahtofg hs h rdsuat fc jdefiogn phrt fc t`d
Zfihg Dipord, whs stubodb crfi h ghtovd pdrspdetovd hgbprdcdrhjay efgedgtrhtdb fg afgn-tdri bdvdafpidgts (Bdrks
8??0, 4-3).' ^`ht whs t`d pahed fc t`d dxehvhtofgs ht Fss og
haa t`os6 R`d Tssdastrhht ehiphong, sthrtdb og 8?>2, whs og
chet h efgtoguhtofg fc t`d rdsdhre` nfhas fc Sdrwdrs' wfrk ht
@hps (Sdrwdrs 8?>:). Ot whs gft ugtoa 8?>? t`ht t`d Ihhskhgt
prfmdet whs jfi, hgb t`d dxehvhtofgs ht Fss jdehid phrt fc
t`d fjmdetovds fc t`os prfmdet (N.M. Sdrwdrs 8?08). R`d ogotoha
fjmdetovds fc t`d Ihhskhgt prfmdet wdrd jhsoehaay og aogd wot`
t`d trhbotofgha euaturha-`ostfroeha hpprfhe`, o.d. h bdthoadb
rdefgstruetofg fc t`d feeuphtofg `ostfry fc t`d hrdh (Cfkkdgs
8??3, 8?0-8??). Fgay t`d dip`hsos fg t`d rfad fc t`d ghturha
dgvorfgidgt efuab jd ehaadb prfedssuha. Hat`fun` sdttadidgts
trfi t`d Zfihg pdrofb `hb jddg bosefvdrdb ron`t crfi t`d
sthrt, rfihgoshtofg whs gft idgtofgdb hs h spdeocoe sujmdet fc
rdsdhre`. Sdrwdrs wfrkdb ht t`d Adobdg Ogstotutd fc \rd`ostfry
(O\A) hgb. trud tf ots ghid, efgedgtrhtdb fg prd`ostfroe
hre`hdfafny. Hat`fun` cdhturds crfi t`d Zfihg pdrofb wdrd
dxehvhtdb, t`d ihog hoi whs t`d rdefgstruetofg fc prd`ostfroe
feeuphtofg. Uf bdspotd sthrtogn hrfugb t`d dgb fc t`d 8?>). R`d gdw prfmdet
adhbdrs wdrd yfugndr t`hg Sdrwdrs hgb hat`fun` dbuehtdb ht
t`d O\A (Shg bdg Jrfdkd) hgb t`d Nrfgogndg Jofafnoeha hgb
Hre`hdfafnoeha Ogstotutd (Shg bdr Uhgbdg), t`dy wdrd fpdg tf
t`d gdw obdhs t`ht `hb jddg bdvdafpdb og Histdrbhi hgb
hjrfhb. Zfihgoshtofg, wot` hg dip`hsos fg t`d trhgsotofg
crfi prd`ostfry tf t`d Zfihg pdrofb, whs gfw idgtofgdb hs
t`d ihog t`did fc t`d rdnofgha ogvdstonhtofg (Shg bdr Uhgbdg
8?00, 88>). R`os whs og aogd wot` t`d ogtdrdst cfr sfeoha hgb
systdioe prfedssds t`ht t`d Gdw Hre`hdfafny `hb hbvfehtdb.
Uoged 8?0-0,
Zfyihgs 8??3b) hgb t`d Rodadrwhhrb dxehvhtofgs jy t`d
Crdd Tgovdrsoty. Uotds sue` hs @futdg (Shg Bfekui 8??). Bu
tf prhetoeha hgb pdrsfgha eoreuisthgeds (sdd 8.:.8)t`d
rdsdhre` fjmdet jdehid ifrd sdnidgtdb. Ue`ogkda tffk fvd
crfi Shg bdr Uhgbdg hgb efipadtdb t`d hghaysos cfr t`d
prd`ostfroe pdrofb (Ue`ogkda 8??2; 8??0); idhgw`oad t`d
edidtdry crfi t`d Zfihg pdrofb `hb jddg ogeaubdb og h
rdnofgha stuby fg ifrtuhry rotuha (@dssogn og prdp.). Og 8??
t`d Zfihg sdttadidgts wdrd ifrd fr adss whotogn tf jd
hghaysdb. R`rdd fc t`di (Somvdr, ]fidr`fc hgb ^dstdrvdab
wdrd phrt fc Tssdg, fg w`oe` Shg bdg Jrfdkd, Shg bdr
Uhgbdg hgb Ue`ogkda `hb hardhby bfgd iue` jhsoe wfrk. H
cfurt` sdttadidgt (Ue`hakskhip) whs og t`d iobbad fc jdogn
dxehvhtdb. ^`dg ot jdehid eadhr t`ht Ue`ogkda wfuab
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2 GHROSD GDON@JFTZU
efgedgtrhtd fg t`d prd`ostfroe feeuphtofg, Afuwd Kffomihgs
(prfcdssfr hgb bdhg fc t`d Cheuaty fc \rd`ostfry), Cfkkdgs
(prfmdet adhbdr fc t`d Ihhskhgt prfmdet soged 8?03) hgb Shg
bdr Uhgbdg (t`dg eurhtfr ht t`d Brdgts Iusdui ht Hssdg)
bdeobdb t`ht t`d hghaysos fc t`d Zfihg pdrofb sdttadidgt
wfuab jd t`d sujmdet fc h sdphrhtd stuby. Og t`d nrhgt
hppaoehtofg wrottdg cfr t`d Gdt`drahgbs Frnhgoshtofg fcUeodgtocoe Zdsdhre` (8??:) t`d hoi fc t`d stuby whs
bdserojdb hs 't`d hghaysos fc t`d sdttadidgt systdi crfi t`d
Ahtd Orfg Hnd hgb t`d Zfihg pdrofb og t`d Ihhskhgt rdnofg
og frbdr tf nhog ogson`t ogtf t`d sfeoha, defgfioe hgb
pfaotoeha frnhgoshtofg fc ogbondgfus efiiugotods og t`d
sfut`drg phrt fc t`d eovoths Jhthvfrui''.
Hs h efgsdqudged, t`d ogotoha fjmdetovds fc t`os t`dsos wdrd
stoaa vdry iue` rfftdb og w`ht efuab jd ehaadb h prfedssuha
trhbotofg, t`fun` t`os bob gft oipay h sognad-iogbdb dip`hsos
fg dgvorfgidgtha hspdets. @fwdvdr, t`d `odrhre`oeha bovosofg
fc t`d stuby ogtf boserdtd ndfnrhp`oeha advdas fc hghaysos, sf
rdiogosedgt fc prfedssuha wfrk og sdttadidgt hgb ahgbsehpdhre`hdfafny, rdihogdb. R`rfun` stuby fc t`d ioerf-rdnofg
(Fss-Tssdg) hgb t`d rdnofg (Ihhskhgt), ot whs t`fun`t t`d
cogha nfha efuab jd rdhe`db= h ifbda cfr t`d sfeoha, pfaotoeha
hgb defgfioe frnhgoshtofg og t`d rdnofg. Zfihgoshtofg, ugtoa
t`dg ihogay boseussdb fg h rdnofgha sehad, efuab t`us jd
stubodb ht sdttadidgt advda. Hghaysogn t`d edidtdry hs p
h boccdrdgt stuby whs haifst h adctfvdr fc t`d systdioe
hpprfhe`, w`oe` efgsobdrdb ifrtuhry rotuha tf jd phrt f
sdphrhtd suj-systdi.8 @fwdvdr, t`d corst tdgthtovd ogcaud
fc gdw hpprfhe`ds efuab jd dquhaay sdgsdb og 8??:= t`d
fronogha sdt-up fc t`d stuby idgtofgs t`d euaturha ahgbse
hs sfidt`ogn t`ht s`fuab jd pfssojad tf rdefgstruet fg hioerf-rdnofgha advda. Hs sue`, t`d prfmdet t`ht O dijhrk
upfg sht fg t`d crognd fc t`d prfedssuha hgb t`d efgtdxt
phrhbonis, hat`fun` t`dy wdrd gdvdr stroetay bovobdb.
Burogn t`d covd ydhrs (8??5-8??0) t`ht O wfrkdb fg t`
t`dsos, hpprfhe`ds tf \rfvogeoha-Zfihg (hgb prd`ostfroe
hre`hdfafny `hvd e`hgndb curt`dr. R`d euaturha ahgbsehp
gfw h iust, hgb httdgtofg os ogerdhsognay jdogn phob tf
euaturha jofnrhp`y, fr t`d fgnfogn ogtdrprdthtofg hgb
hpprfprohtofg fc fabdr cdhturds ogtf ahtdr p`hsds fc
feeuphtofg. @fwdvdr, ht Fss t`d ihmfroty fc t`d bhth crf
t`d Zfihg pdrofb wdrd efaadetdb og t`d 8?>
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4 OGRZFBTEROFG
8??2Crhgkdgjddistdrwdn
8??5- 8??2Idttdndupda
08?>2- 8?>
OMssdastrhh
8??4Haistdog
8?03 @frzhk 8??0 8???
OI8?02]hatjfiidasd wdn
Somvdr A1/ a
Edidtdry
8?>3-8?02 Tssdg
Conurd5. Uurvdyfc haahrdhs dxehvhtdb jdtwddg8?>3 hgb 8??0(s`hbdb bhrk nrdy) og Fss. R`dw`otd hrdhshgb t`dghids ogboehtdt`d juoabodsthtds.
ehggft jd efgsobdrdb wot`fut thkogn ogtf heefugt t`d
`ostfroeha ahgbsehpd og w`oe` t`d `fusds hrd juoat. Ot nfds
wot`fut shyogn t`ht t`d edidtdry os hg oipfrthgt phrt fc t`ht
ahgbsehpd, dspdeohaay og hg obdfafnoeha sdgsd.
R`d hoi fc t`os stuby whs tf novd h bdthoadb heefugt fc t`d
sdttadidgt systdi ht Fss burogn t`d Zfihg pdrofb. @fw bob
pdfpad aovd6 Og w`ht whys bob t`dy frnhgosd t`d surrfugbogn
ahgbsehpd6 ^`oe` defgfioe, sfeoha hgb obdfafnoeha chetfrs
strueturdb t`os spdeocoe cfri fc sdttadidgt hgb wdrd og turg
ogcaudgedb jy ot6 Must hs t`d ogotoha fjmdetovds fc t`os t`dsos
wdrd h iox jdtwddg prfedssuha hgb euaturha ahgbsehpd
hre`hdfafny, t`d cogha rdsuats jhahged jdtwddg t`d rdihogbdrs
fc t`d prfedssuha hpprfhe`, suppadidgtdb wot` sfid `ostfroeha-
hgt`rfpfafnoeha hgb ahgbsehpd hre`hdfafny, hgb t`d rdedgt
bdvdafpidgts ogefgtdxtuhahgb 'ogtdrprdthtovd' hre`hdfafny. H
prdcdrdged cfr h ghtovd pdrspdetovd hs chr hs rfihgoshtofg os
efgedrgdb os efijogdb wot` hg dip`hsos fg afgn-tdri
prfedssds fg t`d afeha advda. Og iy fpogofg t`d strdgnt` fc t`d
bhth crfi Fss aods og t`d afeha bdvdafpidgts, hgb t`d spdeocoe
e`hrhetdr fc t`os phrtoeuahr ogbondgfus efiiugoty os afst w`dg
t`d rdsuats fc t`d hghaysos hrd ndgdrhaosdb tf ihkd t`di cot og
h (suprh)rdnofgha fvdrvodw.2 Fgay w`dg boseussogn t`d
pdrspdetovd fc sphed `hvd O tdgthtovday trodb h ifrd obdfafnoe
hpprfhe`, hasf jdehusd t`d sujmdet adgt otsdac wdaa tf t`os.
Hat`fun` fgd efuab qudstofg w`dt`dr t`d bhth hrd succoeodgt
t`os kogb fc hghaysos, ot whs h rdwhrbogn dxdreosd, w`oe`
efgvogedb id t`ht t`d gdw httdgtofg tf idgtha hspdets woaa
ndgdrhtd ihgy gdw ogson`ts.4@fwdvdr, oc ot os tf jdefid t`d
phrhboni fc t`d :8st edgtury (Bdrks 8??0, 0), dxehvhtofg
idt`fbs woaa `hvd tf e`hgnd heefrbognay.
8.: AFGN RDZI HGBAHZND UEHAD= @OURFZ_HGB
URZHRDN_FC R@DTUUDG DPEHSHROFGU
Og 8?>3, t`d iugoeophaoty fc Fss jdnhg oipadidgtogn t`d
'Tssdg' pahg, heefrbogn tf w`oe` h `fusogn dsthtd whs tf j
juoat tf t`d gfrt`wdst fc t`d tfwg (con. :). R`os prfvobdb t`
Adobdg Ogstotutd fc \rd`ostfry (O\A) wot` t`d fppfrtugoty tf
ehrry fut ahrnd-sehad dxehvhtofgs og hg hrdh kgfwg tf `hvd
jddg ogtdgsovday feeupodb burogn t`d Orfg Hnd hgb t`d
Zfihg pdrofb (cons. 5 hgb 2).3 R`rfun`fut, t`d vhrofus
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GHROSD GDON@JFTZU
, S
r-W ; m W
...
" *
ct* - S
< 4
Ogvdstonhtofgs wdrd ehrrodb fut og t`os chs`ofg ugtoa 8?02
jut og t`d idhgtoid, nfhas, bordetfrs hgb eoreuisthgeds wdrd
e`hgnogn. Crfi 8?>? fgwhrbs t`d dxehvhtofgs ht Fss wdrd
ogefrpfrhtdb ogtf t`d Ihhskhgt prfmdet, cfriogn t`d kdy sotd
fc t`os rdnofgha rdsdhre` prfmdet (N.M. Sdrwdrs 8?08). Og
8?0< t`d corst cdhturds fc w`ht wfuab turg fut tf jd h ahrnddgeafsdb sdttadidgt bhtogn tf t`d Zfihg pdrofb wdrd
bosefvdrdb. Ahtdr t`d sdttadidgt jdehid kgfwg jy t`d ghid
fc '^dstdrvdab'. R`d dxedptofgha ghturd fc t`os sotd whs
quoekay rdefngosdb, hgb t`d hrdh whs dxehvhtdb profr tf t`d
juoabogn hetovotods ogstdhb fc must cfaafwogn efgstruetofg
trdge`ds. R`d dgfrifus hifugt fc bhth efaadetdb adb
Sdrwdrs tf fccoeohaay eafsd t`d dxehvhtofgs og Bdedijdr
8?08, og frbdr t`ht t`dy efuab jdnog t`d nohgt thsk fc
hghaysogn t`d ihtdroha. Bdspotd t`os hetofg ot whs bdeobdb t`ht
t`d dgeafsdb sdttadidgt s`fuab jd ogvdstonhtdb curt`dr. ^
Sdrwdrs adct t`d Adobdg Ogstotutd og 8?0:, Shg bdr Uhgb
tfndt`dr wot` Shg bdg Jrfdkd tffk fvdr t`d seodgtocoe
rdspfgsojoaoty hgb efgtogudb dxehvhtogn ugtoa 8?02, w`dg
iue` hs pfssojad fc t`d ^dstdrvdab sdttadidgt whs
ugefvdrdb. Uf chr t`d don`t ydhrs fc ogvdstonhtofg `hb yo
guidrfus cdhturds crfi t`d Orfg Hnd hs wdaa hs t`rdd
sdttadidgts hgb h edidtdry crfi t`d Zfihg pdrofb.
Og 8?03, Jrfgzd Hnd cogbs crfi hg hrdh gfrt` fc Tssd
nhvd rdhsfg tf rdgdw t`d O\A efggdetofg wot` Fss, t`os
wot` Cfkkdgs hs prfmdet adhbdr. Gdw `fusogn dsthtds wd
pahggdb, hgb crfi 8?03 fgwhrbs t`d dxehvhtofgs og Fssjddg thkogn pahed dvdry suiidr, w`oad afeha hre`hdfafn
`hvd jddg suppayogn ogcfrihtofg crfi juoabogn hetovotod
survdys t`rfun`fut t`d ydhr.0 Ot os gfw efiifg prhetoed
dxehvhtd profr tf t`d bonnogn fc rfhb hgb juoabogn trdge
hgb hre`hdfafnosts crfi Adobdg hrd ogvfavdb og t`d juoab
pahgs ht hg dhray sthnd.
R`os stuby os efgedrgdb wot` rdsuats crfi dxehvhtofgs
jdtwddg 8?>3 hgb 8??:, h pdrofb burogn w`oe` t`d jhsoe
codab idt`fbs rdihogdb vortuhaay ughatdrdb. R`d bhrk pa
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> OGRZFBTEROFG
sfoa whs rdifvdb wot` h `ybrhuaoe bonndr, hctdr w`oe` t`d
tfp ahydr whs s`fvdaadb eadhg jy `hgb. Og dhe` trdge` fgay
fgd `frozfgtha advda whs ahob fut. Cdhturds wdrd brhwg ht h
sehad fc 8=22-8?0:, 8?0:-8?03 hgb pfst-8?03, wot` ihgy
thsks jdogn ugbdrthkdg og gdw whys og dhe`. Hs h
efgsdqudged, t`d quhaoty fc t`d bhth crfi t`d Zfihg pdrofb
os vhrodb.
8.:.8 Hghaysos hgb ogtdrprdthtofg
Uystdihtoe stuby fc t`d bhth bob gft sthrt ugtoa 8?0:. Uoged
t`dg, hg dgfrifus hifugt fc wfrk `hs jddg bfgd jy sdvdrha
pdfpad. ^omghgb vhg bdr Uhgbdg, efgtrhetdb cfr t`d hghays
fc t`d cdhturds hgb ft`dr cogb ehtdnfrods, sthrtdb t`d
ehthafnuogn hgb efipadtdb vhrofus pahgs. Og 8?0>, hctdr cov
ydhrs fc `hrb wfrk hgb twf prdaoioghry rdpfrts (Shg bdr
Uhgbdg/Shg bdg Jrfdkd 8?0>; Shg bdr Uhgbdg 8?00), Shg
bdr Uhgbdg whs hppfogtdb ht t`d Brdgts Iusdui ht Hssdg.
@fwdvdr, `d stoaa pahggdb tf cogos` t`d hghaysos fc Fss-Tssdg. Og 8?0?, w`dg t`os turgdb fut tf jd tff ahrnd h thsk
Kdds Ue`ogkda whs efgtrhetdb tf efgtogud t`d wfrk. Ue`ogk
cogos`db t`d ehthafnud fc haa cdhturds hgb wrftd up t`d
hghaysos fc t`d prd`ostfroe feeuphtofg trheds (Ue`ogkda 8??
O??0).': Burogn `os wfrk pdrofb t`d dxehvhtofg pahgs wdrd
bonotosdb hgb cfr t`d corst toid h efipadtd pahg whs hvhoahj
Jdehusd Ue`ogkda ahekdb toid ot whs bdeobdb t`ht t`d
hghaysos fc t`d sdttadidgt systdi fc t`d Zfihg pdrofb wfu
jd t`d sujmdet fc h sdphrhtd stuby. Crfi 8?0: fgwhrbs, \d
vhg bdg Jrfdkd `hs jddg wfrkogn fg t`d hghaysos fc t`d
`hgbihbd pfttdry (Shg bdg Jrfdkd 8?0>h; 8?0>j; 8??8j;
8??3; og prdp.). Rfndt`dr wot` Shg bdr Uhgbdg, `d wrftd tprdaoioghry rdpfrt fg Tssdg, og w`oe` t`d corst rdsuats fc `o
wfrk wdrd prdsdgtdb (Shg bdr Uhgbdg/Shg bdg Jrfdkd
8?0>). ^oacrodb @dssogn os prdphrogn h bossdrthtofg fg Ahtd
Orfg Hnd hgb Zfihg pdrofb edidtdrods, og w`oe` t`d
edidtdry crfi Fss-Tssdg os ogefrpfrhtdb (@dssogn og prdp
sdd.a).8 5
R`d prdsdgt stuby efuab t`us jd sthrtdb wot` h efipadtd
ehthafnud fc sdttadidgt strueturds hgb h jhsoe hghaysos fc
ifst fc t`d Zfihg cogbs, hat`fun` rd-hghaysos fc t`d Zfih
w`dda-t`rfwg pfttdry hasf idhgt h rd-hghaysos fc t`d bhtogn
fc ifst strueturds. R`d sdttadidgts Tssdastrhht (^dssdaogn`
8??5) hgb Ue`hakskhip `hb tf jd efipadtday ehthafnudb(hgb hghaysdb). Curt`drifrd O `hvd stubodb sfid fc t`d cog
ehtdnfrods ifrd eafsday, sue` hs w`dda-t`rfwg pfttdry, nah
jrhedadts, rffc-toads hgb jrffe`ds. Dxtrh toid whs spdgt fg
t`d hspdets fc t`d idgu (Jhkdas/^dssdaogn`/Shg Hidg
8??>) hgb t`d usd fc sphed (Uyipfsoui Hre`dfafnod &
R`dfrod 8??0). R`d efrd fc t`os t`dsos os t`d stuby fc t`d
ghturd hgb bdvdafpidgt fc t`d cfur sdttadidgts, ogeaubogn
ogtdrsotd hgb rdnofgha hghaysos.
>.:.: Ahgbsehpd hgb afehtofg
R`d ghid 'Fss', hgb prfjhjay hasf 'Tssdg', ion`t bdrovd
crfi t`d rovdr ghid fusd idhgogn '`on`dr pahed gdhr whtdfr 'whtdr t`rfun` `oaay efugtry' (Shg bd Sdg 8?>4, ::; Kf
8??2, 4
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GHROSD GDON@JFTZU
2:?
28>
2:?
28>
Conurd 4. Ndfafnoeha hgb pdbfafnoeha sotuhtofg fc Fss hgb t`d surrfugbogn hrdh. h. Fssdriddr; 8. rovdrhrdh; :. efvdrshgb efvdrdb wot` h t`og ahydr fc eahy; 5. efvdrshgb efvdrdb wot` hgt`rfpfndgoe sfoa;2.efvdrshgb.
(Jdtuwd cfrihtofg). H t`og ahydr fc eahy, efvdrogn t`d shgby
sfoas, sdphrhtds Fss crfi t`d jhsog bdpfsots prfpdr.
R`d \ddarhgb Chuat `hs bovobdb t`d eahy hrdh gfrt` fc t`d
efvdrshgb ogtf twf boccdrdgt ahgbsehpd zfgds (con. 3). Dhst fc
t`d aogd Fss-Rddccdadg/Aot`fomdg wd cogb h ndfafnoehaay
efipadx hrdh wot` ihgy erddks, shgby bugds hgb ndgdrhaay
ifrd boccdrdgeds og `don`t. R`d wdstdrg eahy hrdh `hs h ifrd
dvdg strueturd, wot` gfrt`-sfut` advdds cfridb jy strdhis,
caffb-jhsog bdpfsots hgb t`d efvdrshgb hrdh otsdac.R`d
hre`hdfafnoeha survdy fc t`d eahy hrdh jy Ifbbdrihg (8
hardhby s`fwdb t`ht gf `hjothtofg trheds efuab jd cfugb
t`d caffb-jhsog bdpfsots og t`d wdstdrg `hac fc t`d eahy z
fc t`d Ihhskhgt. Ifst fc t`d afw-ayogn \adostfedgd cauv
bdpfsots wdrd prfjhjay wdt hgb t`us ugog`hjothjad, jut
`on`dr strdhi advdds ihy `hvd jddg suothjad hs hrhjad ah
(^oaadis 8?03, 22-24). Dspdeohaay og t`d dhstdrg eahy zf
t`dy `hvd yodabdb guidrfus cogbs crfi t`d Zfihg pdrof
(Ifbbdrihg 8?4
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OGRZFBTEROFG
Conurd 3. Ndfafnoeha ihp fc t d hrdh trhvdrsdb jy t`d rovdrs Idusd hgb ^hha. 8. efvdrshgb; :. caffb jhsog; 5. prd-Zfihg advdds wot` rdsobuhanuaadys (hctdr Afuwd Kffomihgs 8?04, 828).
shgb, bordetay gfrt` fc Fss, hgb t`d wdstdrg dbnd fc t`d
efvdrshgb gdhr Ndccdg wfuab `hvd jddg ihrs`y hgb swhip
aokd (Kfk 8??2, 4:-45). Ufut` fc Fss t`drd whs hg hrdh wot``dht`ahgbs hgb pdr`hps t`d feehsofgha cdg. @drd h roe` Dhray
Orfg Hnd (@haasthtt E) jhrrfw juroha (@fawdrbh 8?52,
Ifbbdrihg 8?32, Cfkkdgs 8??>j) hgb ft`dr prd`ostfroe
nrhvds wdrd cfugb.
Hg oipfrthgt ossud os t`d rdefgstruetofg fc t`d efursd fc
t`d rovdr Idusd, w`oe` tfbhy os sotuhtdb ht h bosthged fc 4
ki tf t`d gfrt` fc Tssdg.84 Ht adhst burogn t`d dgtord Zfihg
pdrofb, t`d rovdr `hb twf jrhge`ds crfi Nrhvd fgwhrbs (sdd
con. 3) (^oaadis 8?03, 3:). R`d gfrt`drg jrhge`, t`d sf-
ehaadb ^ome`dgs Ihhsmd, sthrtdb tf soat up og t`d coct edgtury
HB (@dgbdrokx 8?03, 48:). H rdihogbdr fc t`d cfssoa
e`hggda fc t`os jrhge` os t`d prdsdgt-bhy ^ome`dgsd Iddr.
R`d sfut`drg jrhge`, w`oe` cfris t`d gfrt`drg jfugbhry fc
t`d Ihhskhgt hrdh83, `hb ots efursd t`rfun` t`d prdsdgt-bhy
Fssdggddr, h sihaa fxjfw ahkd sfid :.4 ki tf t`d gfrt` fc
Tssdg. R`d sunndstofg t`ht t`os ahkd whs phrt fc h
cugetofgogn rovdr burogn t`d Zfihg pdrofb os phrtay
efgcoridb jy pfttdry hgb cos`ogn gdt wdon`ts cfugb burogn
brdbnogn hetovotods (Sdrwdrs/Jddx 8?>0, 5:-55).'>
Hphrt crfi t`d Fssdriddr sdetofg, t`d dxhet rdefgstruetofg
fc t`d sfut`drg jrhge` fc t`d Idusd os boccoeuat. Ot os
suppfsdb tf `hvd cafwg phrtay og t`d shid afehtofg hgb
phrtay saon`tay tf t`d sfut` fc ots eurrdgt efursd. Heefrbogn
\fgs (8?4>), t`d sfut`drg jrhge` wfuab `hvd rug phst t`dprdsdgt-bhy voaahnds fc Aodgbdg, @hrdg hgb Ihe`hrdg hgb
t`rfun` tf Ihrdg-Kdssda, w`drd ots trheds `hvd jddg drfbdb
jy t`d prdsdgt-bhy Idusd. Gdhr @drdwhhrbdg t`d Idusd
jrhge` efgvdrndb wot` t`d rovdr ^hha (Sdr`uast/Jafk 8?08
828; @dgbdrokx 8?03, 245 , gftd 8). Hrfugb HB :43; Shg bd Sdg 8?
3>-30). R`d bokogn-og fc t`d rovdr Idusd sthrtdb og t`d
t`ortddgt` edgtury hgb adb tf crdqudgt caffbogn fc t`d hrd
gfrt` hgb sfut` fc t`d rovdr. Ht t`d dgb fc t`d don`tddgt`
edgtury h sfautofg cfr t`d caffbs whs sfun`t og t`d
efgstruetofg fc spoaawhys (Bute`= fvdrahtdg). Og toids f
`on` whtdr t`dsd afwdr phrts fc t`d bokds ihbd ot pfssoj
efgtrfa t`d caffbogn tf sfid dxtdgt. Hs h rdsuat fc twf f
t`dsd spoaawhys gdhr Jddrs, t`d whtdr fc t`d Idusd wfu
cafw t`rfun` t`d afw hrdhs gfrt` fc Fss, hgb t`os strdhi
ehaadb t`d Jddrsd Ihhs. R`d dbnd fc t`d efvdrshgb hrdh
cugetofgdb hs t`d jfrbdr fc t`d Jddrsd Ihhs, jut fctdg t
whtdr wfuab rdhe` t`d voaahnd fc Fss. R`dJddrsd fvdrah
wdrd eafsdb og 8?2:. Tgtoa t`d gdw `fusogn dsthtds wdrd
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88 OGRZFBTEROFG
Conurd 0. Uurvdy fc cdhturds crfi t`d Ahtd Jrfgzd Hnd hgb Dhray Orfg Hnd.
juoat og t`d >
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8: GHROSD GDON@JFTZU
Conurd ?. Uurvdy fc cdhturds crfi t`d Iobbad Orfg Hnd.
efursd fc t`d Dhray Orfg Hnd h sdefgb chri ion`t `hvd jddg
hbbdb, jut t`d twf christdhbs gdvdr eaustdrdb. Nrhvds aod
wot`og t`d sdttadidgt hrdh hgb hrd fctdg bordetay hssfeohtdb
wot` feeuphtofg rdihogs. R`d dxhet afehtofg fc hrhjad ahgb
hgb phsturds os ugkgfwg. @fusds hrd rdahtovday s`frt, wot` h
idhg adgnt` fc 8> i, hgb `hvd whttad-hgb-bhuj whaas.8? ^daas
hrd aogdb wot` `faafwdb-fut trdd-trugks fr vdrtoehaay pahedb
dadidgts, w`oad ahtdr og t`d Dhray Orfg Hnd whttadwfrk sthrts
tf jd usdb cfr aogogn. Ft`dr dadidgts og t`d yhrb wdrd stfrhnd
juoabogns, suppfrtdb jy cfur, sox, fr don`t pfsts. R`d ihtdroha
euaturd, ifstay rdprdsdgtdb jy cogbs crfi bddp pots hgb wdaas,
pfogts tf vhrofus hetovotods thkogn pahed og t`d chriyhrb. R`dsd
ogeaubd t`d nrogbogn fc edrdhas, spoggogn, wdhvogn, hgb orfgprfbuetofg.
Burogn t`d corst `hac fc t`d Iobbad Orfg Hnd t`d shid hrdh
rdihogdb feeupodb, gfw efgthogogn t`rdd sdttadidgts (con. ?).
Fgd fc t`dsd efgthogdb covd efipfugbs (sdd sdetofg 8.2 cfr h
bdseroptofg fc t`os tdri), w`oe` wdrd prfjhjay feeupodb
sueedssovday. Jdtwddg 2
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85 OGRZFBTEROFG
Conurd 8 `fusd pahgs, rdprdsdgtogn t`rdd fr
cfur efgtdipfrhry efipfugbs. Fgay h cdw nrhvds hrd
kgfwg, cfur fc w`oe` ehg jd rdnhrbdb hs t`d corst nrhvds fc
w`ht whs tf jdefid hg dxtdgsovd edidtdry og t`d Zfihg
pdrofb. R`d `fusdtypds fc t`d Ahtd Orfg Hnd s`fw h nrdht
vhrodty. Og t`d corst p`hsd wd sdd sihaadr `fusds (Fss-Tssdg
typds 2 hgb 4, sdd 8.5.5), w`oad og t`d corst edgtury JE h
boccdrdgt jhsoe bdsong whs ogtrfbuedb hafgnsobd `fusds fc
typd 4H. R`d gdw typd fc `fusd (0E, sdd 8.5.5), wot` `dhvy
edgtrha rffc-suppfrts hgb cfugbhtofg trdge`ds cfr rffc-
suppfrtogn whaas, `hb h rdbuedb guijdr fc rffc-suppfrtogn
a7fsos ogsobd t`d juoabogn. Og dhe` yhrb t`drd hre nrhghrods `ut
cdwdr pots hgb wdaas= efgedgtrhtofgs fc wdaas futsobd t`d
chriyhrbs sddi tf ogboehtd efiiugha whtdr suppaods.
Idbodvha pdrofb
R`d Zfihg pdrofb sdttadidgt ehid tf hg dgb hrfugb HB
:4, hgb Ue`ogkda 8??2, phrt
O, 8).
Crfi t`d Ahtd Iobbad Hnds fgwhrbs t`d hrdh `hs jddg
usdb crdqudgtay, adhbogn tf h bosruptofg fc t`d prd`ostfroe hg
Zfihg pdrofb 'sfoa hre`ovd'. Guidrfus bddp ahgb jfugbhry
bote`ds hgb shgb-dxtrhetofg trdge`ds `hvd wopdb fut phrt fc
t`d dhraodr cdhturds.
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82 GHROSD GDON@JFTZU
8.5 E@ZFGFAFN_ HGB R_\FE@ZFGFAFN_
R`d Zfihg pdrofb cdhturds og Fss `hvd jddg bhtdb og
vhrofus whys, rhgnogn crfi hjsfautd idt`fbs tf pfttdry
typfafnods. R`d cfaafwogn bdhas wot` t`dsd bostoget bhtogn
idt`fbs, t`d hssfeohtofg jdtwddg cogbs hgb cdhturds, hgb
wot` t`d jhsoes fc t`d Fss-Tssdg typfafny cfr strueturds hs
bdvdafpdb jy Ue`ogkda (8??2; 8??0). R`d bhtogn fc
prd`ostfroe cdhturds os boseussdb dasdw`drd (Shg bdg Jrfdkd
8?0>h; Ue`ogkda 8??2, phrt O, 84-::).
Cfr t`d jhsoe e`rfgfafny usd os ihbd fc t`d (ehaojrhtdb)
JE bhtds hs aostdb og h e`rfgfafny jhsdb fg `hgbihbd
pfttdry cfugb ht Fss (thjad 8, sdd Shg bdg Jrfdkd 8?0>h; og
prdp.). ^`dgdvdr fgd fc t`d p`hsds H - G os idgtofgdb, t`dy
efgcfri tf t`d bhtds fc t`d pfttdry e`rfgfafny. R`d fgay
dxedptofg os t`d sthrt fc t`d Zfihg pdrofb, w`oe` os sdt ht 84
JE.:" Gft haa pfttdry p`hsds ehg jd aogkdb tf hjsfautd bhtds,
Zfihg pdrofb G
I
Ahtd Orfg Hnd
O
K
O
O
Iobbad Orfg Hnd
Dhray Orfg Hnd
:42 gf efrrdahtofg wot` bhtd jhsdb fg cogbs
U232 HB 4h; og prdp.),
w`oad cfr t`d w`dda-t`rfwg pfttdry vhrofus dxostogn
typfafnods wdrd usdb. R`dsd ogeaubd Brhndgbfrcc 80?4 (tdrrh
sonoaahth), @fawdrbh 8?28 (Jdanohg whrd), Nfsd 8?4? hgb
80?? (hip`frhd), Afdse`kd 8?
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83 GHROSD GDON@JFTZU
bosturjdb ihy jdphrt fc t`drdhsfg cfr t`os. Ioxognog fc
fabdr ihtdroha `hppdgs og paheds t`ht `hvd jddg og`hjotdb
jdcfrd, w`oe` ogZfihg pdrofbFss os haifst hawhyst`d
ehsd. Og ndgdrha, cogbs ihtdroha crfi strueturds tdgbs tfadhb
tfhbhtd t`ht os hpprfxoihtday :4-4< ydhrs tffdhray,hs whs
prfvdbjy t`d bdgbrfe`rfgfafnoeha bhtogn fc @O52 (sdd 4.8).
Og t`d^dstdrvdab, ]fidr`fc hgb Somvdr sdttadidgtspfttdry crfi t`d ahtd:gb hgbdhray 5rbedgturyHB whs
cfugb ogpots hgbwdaas, pfogtogn tfhetovotods og t`os pdrofb
t`ht ndgdrhtdb gfriha `fusd`fab rdcusd. @fwdvdr, gfgdfc
t`d chris efuab jdbhtdb tf t`os pdrofbfg t`djhsosfc cogbs
ihtdroha.Og t`de`hptdrsfg t`dsdttadidgts, t`dbhtds aostdb
og t`dthjads hrdjhsdb fg cogbs ihtdroha, sfidtoids
efipadidgtdb jy bdgbrfe`rfgfafnoeha bhtognshgb
ogcfrihtofg bdrovdb crfi ogtdrsdetofgs. ^`dg efijogogn t`d
strueturds og sdttadidgt p`hsds otwoaa jd hrnudb t`ht sfidfc
t`d chris ion`t `hvdtf jd sdt og h ahtdr p`hsd. R`os woaa
sfidtoids jdvosuhaosdbfg t`d sdttadidgt pahgs.
R`d efgeausofg, jhsdbfg t`dhjfvd,`hs tf jd t`ht bhtognjuoabognsog Fss os prfjadihtoe. Dhray Zfihg pdrofb chris
wot` fgay `hgbihbd pfttdry efuabdgb up og t`d Ahtd Orfg
Hnd, jutw`dg fgayh cdw w`dda-t`rfwg crhnidgts hrd
cfugb, t`dbhtd os 'puaadb fvdr' tf t`dZfihg pdrofb.Hs h
efgsdqudged, t`d corst p`hsd fc sdttadidgt osboccoeuat tf
pogpfogt hgbt`drd os he`hged t`ht hchasd 'nhp' os erdhtdb.
Burogn t`drdstfc t`d Zfihg pdrofb juoabogns tdgb tf jd
bhtdb :4-4< ydhrs tff dhray, ehusogn t`dp`hsdstf jd
iubbadb hgb t`d ahst feeuphtofg p`hsd tf sddiognay ahek
`fusds. Ogndgdrha, ot sddis t`ht hsdqudged fc chris os
hrtocoeohaay efiprdssdb ogtfh s`frtdr pdrofb.Rfefipdgshtd
cfr t`os fgd s`fuab eafsdt`d nhp ht t`djdnoggogn, puaaognt`d
bhads fc sfid Ahtd Orfg Hndchrishgb t`d corst Zfihg
pdrofb juoabogns tfwhrbs dhe` ft`dr, hgbt`dg hbbsdvdrha
bdehbds tf haa t`d ft`dr bhtds, t`us strdte`ogn t`d chris fvdr
t`d w`fad pdrofb fc usd. @fwdvdr, soged t`drd os gfprffc
t`ht t`os dxdreosd s`fuab jdehrrodbfut cfr dhe` juoabognhgb
gf nffb ogboehtofgcfr t`dguijdr fcydhrs tf hbb, t`drdsuat
wfuab jd dvdg ifrd ugedrthog hgbugeadhr. R`dbhtdscfr
ogbovobuha juoabogns woaa t`drdcfrd jdjhsdb purday fg cogbs
ihtdroha,jut og t`d sdttadidgt bdseroptofgs Owoaa thkd t`dsd
gftofgs ogtf heefugt hsiue` hspfssojad.
8.5.5 R`dFss-Tssdg typfafny fc strueturds
Ue`ogkda (8??2; 8??0) hsbrhwg up h typfafny cfr t`d`fusd pahgs, nrhghrods, potshgbwdaas,hgbphaoshbdshgb
cdgeds cfugb ogFss-Tssdg.Fg t`djhsosfc t`dprdsdgt
dvobdged t`os typfafny, w`oe` efvdrs Jrfgzd Hnd,OrfgHnd
hgb Zfihg pdrofbs, wfuab hppdhrtf jdrdprdsdgthtovd cfr
t`d sfut`drg phrt fc t`dGdt`drahgbs.Cfr hg dxtdgsovd
bdseroptofg fc t`de`hrhetdrostoes fc dhe` typd,hgb cfr t`d
rdhsfgogn jd`ogb t`os eahssocoehtofg, t`drdhbdr osrdcdrrdb tf
Ue`ogkda (8??2, phrtO O; 8??0) Cfr t`dpurpfsd fc t`os stubyO
woaa fgay aost t`d jhsoe e`hrhetdrostoes fc t`d typds usdb
5)hgbbdpoet t`di(con. 88).
Ot s`fuab jd gftdb t`ht t`dsd typds hrd bosedrgdb purd
t`d jhsos fccfri hgbefgstruetofg, hgb t`dor ihoghoi
ehtdnfrosd t`d dgfrifus hifugt fc bhth. Dvdg t`fun` i
`fusd pahgs, pots hgbwdaas efuab jdbhtdb-, t`dafgnusd
pdrofb fc vhrofus typds fc strueturds idhgs t`htt`dtypfe`rfgfafny ehggft jdusdb tf bhtd cogb-adss cdhturd
pfssojad tf bostognuos` edrthog strueturds t`ht sthrtdbtf
usdb crfi t`d Zfihg pdrofb fgwhrbs. ^ot`og t`dZfi
pdrofb `fwdvdr, gf e`rfgfafnoeha frbdrehg jdogcdrrdb
typds prdsdgtdb `drdhrd haa kgfwg crfi t`d Zfihg pd
jut fgay sfid fc t`di dxeausovday. R`dsd ogeaubd `fus
3J, >J, >E, 0H, 0J, hgb haa t`dsujtypds fc`fusdtypd
t`d nrhghrods fc typd OOO,wdaa-typdsH2, H4 hgb H3 hgb
pfssojay bote`ds fc typd OOOE.
8.2 BDCOGOGN UDRRADIDGR
Jdcfrd prdsdgtogn t`dbhth crfi t`d Tssdg dxehvhtofgsgdedsshry tf bdcogd w`ht Ougbdrsthgb jy h sdttadidgt h
vhrofus dadidgts otefgsosts fc. Hsdttadidgtehg jd
efgsobdrdb jft` hs hsphtoha dgtotyhgb hs hsfeoha fgd,
ahttdr rdcadetogn t`d why ogw`oe` t`d og`hjothgts t`dis
dxpdrodged t`dor bwdaaogn-pahed. Dvdg t`fun` sphtohahg
sfeoha frnhgoshtofg hrd eafsday aogkdb, ihgy 'ogvosojad'
jfugbhrods hgbefggdetofgs ehggft soipay jdbdbuedb c
fgd-boidgsofgha nrfugb pahg (sddUe`ogkda 8??2, :>).
rdhe` efgeausofgs hjfut w`oe` og`hjothgts s`hrdb w`oe`
hetovotods, kogs`op aogks hgbjdaodcshgb `fwt`os os rdcad
og hgbogcaudgedb jy sphtoha dadidgts, h efgtdxtuha hppr
os gdedsshry. Og t`os phrhnrhp` O woaa fgay bdcogd sdttadi
og h sphtoha sdgsd,hgb dxpahog w`oe` tdris woaajd usdb
os idhgt tf jd purday bdseroptovd, hat`fun` O hi hwhrd
dvdg w`dg bdserojogn sphed ot os vortuhaay oipfssojad tf
ongfrd t`d vhrofus chetfrs t`ht ndgdrhtd oa.
Og frbdr tf jdhjad tf dxpahog w`ht O idhg w`dg usog
tdri sdttadidgt 8 woaa corst bdcogd hguijdr fc rdahtdb
efgedpts. Uoged t`d og`hjothgtsfc t`d Tssdg sdttadidgts
prhetosdb ioxdb chriogn, t`d tdris '`fusd' hgb 'chri(`
hrd jft` usdb tf ogboehtd t`d ihog bwdaaogn `fusd. Hat`
t`d tdri 'christdhb' ehg`hvd wobdr oipaoehtofgs:2,8 w
otog t`d shid sdgsd.
Hg oipfrthgt tdri os 'efipfugb'. Jyt`os Oidhgh
nrfupogn fc strueturds w`oe` rdprdsdgt h sognad (chioay)dgtdrprosd. R`os efiprosds hbwdaaogn `fusd, juoabognsh
pdgs cfr hgoihas, stfrhnd juoabogns, fpdg (wfrk) spheds
yhrbs, pots hgbwdaas, ogeaubogn t`dbote`ds hgb cdgeds t`
bdcogd t`djfugbhrodsfc t`d hrdh. Dvdg t`fun` t`dtdri
fronoghaay rdsdrvdb cfr feeuphtofg ogHcroeh hgb t`dGdh
Dhst,ot os gfw fctdg usdb og Gfrt`-Durfpdhg hre`hdfafn
(sdd cfr ogsthged @ognady 8?0? hgbUafcstrh 8??8).:4
Curt`drifrd Owoaausd t`d tdri 'chriyhrb' hs hsygfgyi
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8> OGRZFBTEROFG
Fss-Tssdg `fusdtypds
8 Q pd ( )ss 4=
4H=Rypd O )ss (S
3H=
(.88=
O'ype 8 Ks >=
>H=1J=
8E=
a'Q pd ( O P=
UQ =
Uao=
UE=
8 7 p r (Ks ')=
?H=
8!=
?E=
twf hosadb. whaa-pfsts, gf dxtdrgha pfsts
phordb whaa-pfsts
fgd-hosadb, cfugbhtofg trdge`
gf dxtdrgha pfsts
dxtdrgha pfsts
phrtay fgd-hosadb, phrtay twf-hosadb, cfugbhtofg trdge`
gf dxtdrgha pfstsdxtdrgha pfsts
fgd-hosadb phrt jdtwddg twf twf-hosadb phrts, dxtdrgha pfsts
twf-hosadb, cfugbhtofg trdge`, dxtdrgha pfsts
gf edgtrha rffc-`dhrogn pfsts og t`d s`frt whaas
edgtrha rffc-jdhrogn pfst og fgd fc t`d s`frt whaas
edgtrha rffc-jdhrogn pfsts og jft` s`frt whaas
phrtay twf-hosadb, phrtay t`rdd-hosadb, cfugbhtofg trdge`, dxtdrgha pfsts
fgd phrt twf-hosadb, fgd phrt t`rdd-hosadb
t`rdd-hosadb phrt jdtwddg twf twf-hosadb phrts
t`rdd-hosadb phrt jdtwddg twf twf-hosadb phrts, edgtrha rffc-jdhrogn pfst og fgd fc t`d s`frt whaas
Fss-Tssdg nrhghry typds
O Q pd ()ss O
OH
8@Ot-
OB
Rypd Fss OO
OOH
OOJ
OOO
Rypd Fss 888
OOOH
@OJ
twf rfws fc pfsts
afur pfst strueturd
ghrrfw sox pfst strueturd (adgnt` 7 wobt`)w obe sox-pfst strueturd (adgnt` 1 wobt`)
ifrd t`hg sox pfsts
t`rdd rfws fc pfsts
gogd-pfst strueturd
twdavd fr ifrd pfsts
iobbad 'rfw' fc pfsts efgsosts fc pfsts og t`d s`frt whaas fgay
edgtrha caffr surrfugbdb jy whaas
bffr ehrrodb jy gogd pfsts
caffr ehrrodb jy twdavd pfsts
Fss-Tssdg pot typds
8 Qp d t Ks H
Q a
H:
Q1HaH4Qt7
H>8 Q pd 1Ks J
Rypd (Oss ERypd Fss B
8 Q pd (Ks 8.
8 Q pd (Ks 8
O'ypd ( Ks (o
Rypd ( Ks OO
Rypd Fss O
bddp pots, cuggda-s`hpdb, jfwa -s`hpdb fr hsyiidtroeha og sdetofg, wot` fgd fr h efijog htofg fc t`d cfaafwogn efgstr uetof
rfugb/fvha, whttadwfrk
rfugb/fvha, dadidgts pahedb vdrtoehaay
`faafwdb-fut trdd trugk(wogd)ehsk
squhrd/rdethgnuahr, dadidgts pahedb `frozfgthaay
squhrd, dadidgts pahedb vdrtoehaay
efgstruetofg bun fut fr whs`db hwhy
bddp pots, cuggda-s`hpdb, jfwa-s`hpdb fr hsyiidtroeha og sdetofg
bddp pots, cuggda-s`hpdb fr `fwa-s`hpdb og sdetofg, wot` h pfst t`rfun` t`d jfttfi fc t`d pot
bddp pots, cuggda-s`hpdb fr hsyiidtroeha og sdetofg, wot` h caht jfttfi
s`haafw pots, cuggda-s`hpdb fr jfwa-s`hpdb og sdetofg
s`haafw pots, hsyiidtroeha og sdetofg
s`haafw pots, eyaogbroeha og sdetofg
dxtrdiday s`haafw pots wot` h caht jfttfi
s`haafw pots, orrdnuahr og sdetofg
Fss-Tssdg typds fc phaoshbds hgb bote`ds
8 Qpd (Ks 8OH@o
Rypd ( Ks OOOO QIoa
Rypd Fss @OOOOH8IJOOOE
phaoshbds ihbd fc t`og pfsts, eafsday sdt tfndt`draogdhr fr A-s`hpdb
rdethgnuahr
phaoshbds wot` 'gfriha' sozdb pfsts, sdt hphrt
aogdhr fr O.-s`hpdb
rdethgnuahr
bote`ds
aogdhr fr A-s`hpdb wot` h caht jfttfi
aogdhr fr O.-s`hpdb wot` pfsts t`rfun` t`d jfttfi
rdethgnuahr fr eoreuahr
Rhjad 5. Fss-Tssdg typfafny fc strueturds (typds usdb cfr t`d stuby fc t`d Zfihg pdrofb).
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OP ^g SO Qa8H
N>J
>E
- c
* "
0H
'AVTAWVaM=
0J
0E
V
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O') OGRZFBTEROFG
OH OJ OOH
iHOOJ
iJ
ie
Conurd 88j. Fss-Tssdg typfafny fc strueturds= phaoshbds hgb bote`ds crfi t`d Zfihg pdrofb (hctdr Ue ogkda 8??2).
OH OJ OE OB OD
O
.
iJ
@J % iH
8h 8
ge ? i O OH
O
t
s * ?
O W * t % i * i
Conurd 88b. Fss-Tssdg typfafny fc strueturds= pots hgb wdaas crfi t`d Zfihg pdrofb (hctdr Ue`ogkda 8??2).
efipfugb. Jft` tdris woaa hasf jd usdb og h purday sphtoha
sdgsd, o.d. tf ogboehtd t`d sphed t`ht os feeupodb jy t`d nrfup
fc strueturds, fctdg dgeafsdb jy bote`ds fr cdgeds.
H sdttadidgt ehg dot`dr jd h sognad, osfahtdb efipfugb, fr
h bostoget eaustdr fc h guijdr fc efipfugbs (@ognady 8?0?,
>4). R`d qudstofg os, w`dg ehg fgd spdhk fc h 'bostoget'
eaustdr6 @fw chr hwhy crfi ft`dr efipfugbs bfds h sognad
efipfugb `hvd tf jd, jdcfrd wd trdht ot hs h sdphrhtd
sdttadidgt6 Rrhbotofghaay 84< idtrds os efgsobdrdb t`d
ihxoiui, soged jdyfgb t`os '`hoaogn bosthged' gdon`jfursehggft jd ehaadb hgyifrd hgb h bordet efggdetofg os afst
(Zfjdrts 8??3, :2; @ognady 8?0?, 80
8??0, :3) eahois tf usd t`d tdri 'sdttadidgt' og h tde`go
hghaytoeha sdgsd fgay, hgb bdcogds ot hs h "e`rfgfafnoeha
hgb sphtohaay rdahtdb nrfup fc cdhturds, sdphrhtdb crfi h
boccdrdgt nrfup fc cdhturds jy hg 'dipty' hrdh". @d t`dg
nfds fg tf obdgtocy sdttadidgts hs t`d tdrrotfrods wot`og w
fgd fr ifrd efipfugbs 'whgbdrdb'. R`os hbbs h bohe`r
hspdet tf t`d bdcogotofg, hgb hasf sunndsts t`ht bdsdrtdb
bdifaos`db juoabogns wdrd phrt fc t`d sdttadidgt. Og h s
aovdb-t`rfun` sdgsd, t`os os ugbfujtdbay trud, hgb ot wfu
ron`t tf rdnhrb h sdttadidgt hs h efgtoguhaay bdvdafpogn
byghioe p`dgfidgfg (@ognady 8??
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:8 OGRZFBTEROFG
vhrofus tdrrotfrods sddi rht`dr hrjotrhry.-` Cfaafwogn t`d
hjfvd-idgtofgdb bdcogotofg, dhe` sognad efipfugb hswdaahs
t`d cdweaustdrsehg jd rdnhrbdb hs h sdttadidgt, t`us
erdhtognh iox fc sdttadidgt cfris og h jhsoehaay bospdrsdb
phttdrg.:> Uoged dhe` efipfugb aods wot`og hbosthgedfc 4
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= = GHROSD GDON@JFTZU
Aocdsphg fc h toijdr juoabogn
^`dg dsthjaos`ogn t`d sozd fc h sdttadidgt (o.d. t`d guijdr fc
efgtdipfrhgdfus chri`fusds) ht h edrthog pfogt og toid, 8
`hvd hssuidb t`ht t`d aocd fc h toijdr juoabogn woaa ahst cfr h
pdrofb fc 5< ydhrs. Hat`fun` h efiphrhjad aocdsphg, jhsdb fg
t`d toijdr, os usdb jy sdvdrha hut`frs (Cfkkdgs 8??8, 8; @obbogk 8??>, 8?. gftd34), t`os os gft ugbosputdb. Dxpdroidgts `hvd adb tf t`d
hssuiptofg t`ht h toijdr juoabogn ehggft ahst afgndr t`hg e.
5< ydhrs. @fwdvdr, bovobogn t`d tftha burhtofg fc h Zfihg
pdrofb sdttadidgt jy t d guijdr fc `fusd pahgs cfugb fctdg
rdsuats og hg hvdrhnd aocdsphg fc 4< ydhrs fr ifrd (Uafcstrh
8??8, 82
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:5 OGRZFBTEROFG
sotd hs sotuhtdb ht Fss, ot whs gft afehtdb ht Fss-Tssdg. Uoged
O Ossdg os fctdg usdb hs h sygfgyi cfr t`d dxehvhtofgs ht Fss ot os
gdedsshry tf ihkd h eadhr bostogetofg jdtwddg t`d twf. Tssdg efvdrs
fgay phrt fc Fss. hgb dxehvhtofgs og t`os hrdh wdrd ehrrodb fut
jdtwddg 8?>3 hgb 8??2/8?>4 (t`d a.assdasoohht sotd) hgb
.ihog crfi 8??8 fgwhrbs t`d Fss dxehvhtofgs `hvd jddg thkogn
pahed og ft`dr phrts fc Fss, ihogay tf t`d gfrt` fc t`d tfwg edgtrd.
@fwdvdr, sdvdrha rdseud dxehvhtofgs ehrrodb fut jdtwddg 8?>3 hgb8??< efgedrgdb sotds futsobd Tssdg tff. sue` hs ]hatjfiidasdwdn,
O afovhk hgb Dokdgjffinhhrb (sdd 3.:). R`d cfur Zfihg pdrofb
sdttadidgts t`ht cfri t`d ihog sujmdet fc t`os stuby hrd haa sotuhtdb
og Tssdg. hat`fun`, stroetay spdhkogn, `hac fc t`d Ue`hakskhip
sdttadidgt aods must futsobd t`d hrdh.
> M.M. Hssdgbfrp (8?>>-8?0h= 8?00), Ue`ogkda (8??2)hgb Kfk (8??2) `hb hardhby bfgd ifst fc t`d rdsdhre`, jhsdb,
hifgnst ft`drs, fg Shg Bodpdg's sfoa ihp (8?4:).
84 Cfr hg dxtdgsovd boseussofg fg t`d rdefgstruetofg fc rovdr
efursds, sdd ^oaadis 8?03, 24-3:.
83 R`d jfrbdr fc t`d Ihhskhgt rdsdhre` hrdh os cfridb jy t`d
prdsdgt-bhy Idusd (sdd >.8).
8> Hgft`dr cogb t`ht os fctdg usdb tf strdgnt`dg t`d `ypft`dsos t`h
t`d Fssdriddr whs phrt fc h ghvonhjad rovdr os t`d sf-ehaadb Zfih
jfht, cfugb og t`d ahkd og 8?2? (Shg Bodpdg 8?4:, 884-883).
@fwdvdr, t`os 'ehgfd fc Fss' whs a2
E-bhtdb og 8??: hgb turgdb fu
tf jd fc idbodvha bhtd (pdrs. efii. M. Ahgtogn, Nrfgogndg= NrG-
8?:>0, >?< 54 J\).
80 Afeha hre`hdfafnosts `hvd cfugb sdvdrha Gdfaot`oe hrtdchets og
t`d hrdhs gfrt` fc Tssdg (\hhahkkdrwdn) hgb gfrt` fc Jdrn`di.
Burogn t`d 8??2 dxehvhtofgs ht t`d Idttdndupdasdstrhht, troha
trdge`ds wdrd bun gdhr t`d Crhgkdgjddibwdn. Cdhturds og t`dsd
trdge`ds yodabdb pfttdry t`ht whs quhrtz-tdipdrdb hgb w`oe` ion`
`hvd jddg Gdfaot`oe.
8? R`os conurd os jhsdb fg t`rdd `fusd pahgs. Og 8??2, burogn
dxehvhtofgs og Fss-Idttdndupda, hgft`dr sox pahgs wdrd ugefvdrdb
R`dsd s`fw t`ht t`d idhg adgnt` fc Dhray Orfg Hnd chris os
efgsobdrhjay s`frtdr ht 82.3 i (Cfkkdgs og prdp.).
:< Fronoghaay t`d sthrt fc t`d Zfihg pdrofb og t`d Gdt`drahgbs wh
sdt ht 8: JE, h bhtd jhsdb fg t`d `ostfroeha dvdgt fc t`d ogvhsofg fBrusus' hriods. R`os bhtd os stoaa usdb og t`d jhsoe e`rfgfafny fc
Afuwd Kffomihgs dt ha, og prdp., hgb og ihgy ft`dr stubods.
@fwdvdr, rdedgt dxehvhtofgs ht Gomidndg `hvd prfvdb t`ht t`d
dhraodst feeuphtofg tffk pahed hrfugb 84 JE (@hhadjfs dt ha. 8??4
88-8:).
:8 Udd Uafcstrh 8??8 (855, gftd 5), w`f efgsobdrs t`d Dhray Zfi
\drofb tf jd ahstogn ugtoa HB :3
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:2 GHROSD GDON@JFTZU
:3 Og `os ogtrfbuetofg tf t`d Dgnaos` dbotofg fc Ue`ogkd a's wfrk,
Cfkkdgs rdihrks fg t`os tff hgb heefrbognay, t`d jfugbhrods hrfugb
t`d 'sdttadidgts' `hvd jddg chbdb (Cfkkdgs (db.) 8??0, :-5).
:> Uoged `hrbay hgy eaustdrogn fc efipfugbs feeurs burogn t`d
(dhraodr p`hsds fc t`d) Orfg Hnd, fgd efuab hrnud t`ht t`d tdri
'sdttadidgt' os supdrcaufus. ^`dg sphtohaay bdcogogn feeuphtofg
'sdttadidgt' wfuab jd h sygfgyi cfr 'efipfugb'. Cfr t`d Zfihgpdrofb `fwdvdr, 'sdttadidgt' os h usdcua tdri tf bdserojd t`d
sdphrhtd eaustdrs fc efipfugbs, hgb os t`us hasf usdb cfr sogn
osfahtdb chriyhrbs.
:0 R`d adttdr Z whs usdb cfr rotuha strueturds hgb nrhvds .
:? H jhsoe typfe`rfgfafny cfr nrdy whrd crfi Fss `hs jddg
tfndt`dr wot` @. vhg Dgekdvfrt, jut ot whs tff prdaoioghry tf
usdb cfr t`d hghaysos og t`os t`dsos.
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:. R`d Somvdr sdttadidgt
R`d corst Zfihg pdrofb sdttadidgt-trheds og Tssdg wdrd
bosefvdrdb og 8?>3, w`dg h pfgb (Bute`= vomvdr) whs jdogn
bun. R`d cdhturds fc w`ht whs tf jd ehaadb t`d Somvdr
sdttadidgt hrd sehttdrdb fvdr hg hrdh fc hpprfxoihtday 4
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:3 GHROSD GDON@JFTZU
:.8 @FTUD \AHGU
Og t`d cfaafwogn sdetofg, sox `fusd pahgs (thjad 2) woaa jd
bdserojdb, ogeaubogn twf t`ht hrd sotuhtdb sfidw`ht curt dr
hwhy hgb hrd fc ugedrthog bhtd (@2< hgb @2:). @fwdvdr,
soged t`dsd pahgs bf gft cfri phrt fc hgy ft`dr kgfwg
sdttadidgt, t`d Somvdr sdttadidgt hppdhrs tf jd t`d jdst
efgtdxt wot`og w`oe` tf boseuss t`di.
@fusd 2J
@45 4H
@3: >H
?.2 3.5 ^-D Z\ 8.(8 ^-D Ob-OOh
58.4 4.? U^-GD AOH/Z\ OH
70.? 75.> ^-D OOH
Rhjad2. @fusd pahgs crfit`dSomvdr sdttadidgt.Bhtd= AOH 9Ahtd OrfgHnd, Z\ 9Zfihgpdrofb.
Conurd 85. @fusd2
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:> R@D SOMSDZ UDRRADIDGR
Conurd 84. @fusd 22. Uehad= pahg8=:
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=s GHROSD GDON@JFTZU
Conurd 83. @fusd48.Uehad= pahg8=:
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:? R@D SOMSDZ UDRRADIDGR
1 5 F < f
ff f -
bf v . @fusd 45. Uehad= pahg 8=:
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5< GHROSD GDON@JFTZU
Conurd 80. @fusd 3:. Uehad= pahg8=:
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58 R@D SOMSDZ UDRRADIDGR
Gf. typd bdpt`(ei)
bohidtdr
(ei)
bohidtdr
aogogn
wffb bhtd
\O 2< Ha 8: 0 ? 8< 88 8: 85 guijdr
fc s`drb
@22 - - - 84 - - - - - - U >> - 8
@48 - 2 - - - 2 3 2 - 8 > >2 - 88
8845 - - ? - - - 2 - - - - 0> - :883: - - - 35 - - 82 - (o - < OO - 5
U::> - - - - - - - - - - 3 ?2 - 8
U:58 - - - - - - - - - - - 8
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52 GHROSD GDON@JFTZU
typd guijdr fc s`drbs tftha
ugbdefrhtdb
Ufut` Nhaaoe6 Brhn.5>
ogbdt
Dhst Nhaaoe Brhn.:>
Brhn.58
Brhn.5:
Brhn.55
Brhn.5>
Brhn.24
jfwa
ogbdt
Ufut`/Dhst Nhaaoe Brhn.58
ogbdt Brhn . 80/58
Brhn.55
Brhn.5>
Brhn.24
pahtd
ogbdt
bdefrhtdb
Ufut` Nhaaoe- Brhn.5>
Ufut` fr Edgtrha Nhaaoe- Brhn.5>
Dhst Nhaaoe- Brhn.5>
Ah Ihbdadogd Brhn.5>
O
:
>
:
8
84
os
:
:U
tftha (,()
Rhjad 8
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54 R@DSOMSDZ UDRRADIDGR
Conurd:8 . Crhnidgtfcifrthr wot`twfsthips (\8>?). Uehad8=8.
t`dhip`frh whsgftusdb ogSomvdr jut jdafgndb tf hg
og`hjothgt fc t`d ^dstdrvdab sdttadidgt,frdgbdb up og\8?8
hctdr h afgn aocd dasdw`drd (d.n. Gomidndg).
Rdrrh sonoaahth
H tfthafc3< crhnidgts fctdrrh sonoaahth wdrd cfugb og t`d
Somvdr hrdh, wot` ifrd t`hg `hacfc t`d crhnidgts crfi fgay
twf wdaas= \O25 (:< s`drbs) hgb \800 (85 s`drbs). Udvdg
crhnidgts, haacrfi jfwas typd Brhndgbfrcc 5>, wdrdbdefrhtdb. Rhjad 8< s`fws t`ht ifstfct`d (obdgtocodb) tdrrh
sonoaahth whs ihbd og Dhstdrg Nhua burogn t`d sdefgb edgtury
HB, w`dg t`os typdfc pfttdry whs wobday hvhoahjad og fur
rdnofg.
H whaa-crhnidgt, cfugb og\8>?, s`fwdb hnrhccotf(con.
:
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53 GHROSD GDON@JFTZU
Conurd :5. Xudrgstfgd (\8?5)
crhnidgt fc qudrgstfgd ihbd fc efhrsd-nrhogdb quhrtzot
sihaa auip fc nrhgotd whs cfugb og fgd fc t`d cdhturds f
@3:. Uahtd (ugwfrkdb) whs prdsdgt og sox wdaas.
:.2.4 Juoabogn ihtdrohas
Hat`fun` t`drd os gf dvobdged cfr hgy juoabogns (dvdg
phrtohaay efgstruetdb) fc stfgd og t`d Somvdr sdttadidgt, hrd h cdw cogbs t`ht ehg jd ogtdrprdtdb hs Zfihg juoabog
ihtdrohas (sdd con. :2). Og t`rdd wdaas h crhnidgt fc h rf
whs cfugb= twoed fc h tdnuah (\825h/j hgb \80 n hgb 425 n rdspdetovday) hgb fgd ogbdcoghjad crhni
(\8>?, :, \842 hgb \800). H
juoabogn ihtdrohas wdrd cfugb og pots hgb wdaas bhtdb tf
t`d Cahvohg pdrofb. Jft` sahtd hgb eahy rffc-toads wdrd
prfjhjay usdb sdefgbhroay hs, cfr dxhipad, caffr efvdrog
brhog aogogns (Ahiidrs 8??2, 833-83>). Ot os ugaokday t`
toads wdrd usdb hs cfugbhtofg suppfrts cfr edgtrha rffc-
juoabogn
pot / wdaa
W rffc-toad
W pdrcfrhtdb sahtd (M)
*
F
< 8
Conurd :2. Bostrojutofg fc juoabogn ihtdrohas og t`d Somvdr sdttadidgt.
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5> R@D SOMSDZ UDRRADIDGR
Conurd :4. Crhnidgt fc h nahss vdssda (truaah) (\825). Uehad 8=:. Conurd :3. Nhiogn efugtdr ihbd fc nahss phstd (strhy cogb). Uehad
jdhrogn pfsts, hs whs t`d ehsd og @futdg-Ifadgzffi (Shg
Bfekui/@dssogn 8??2, ::5-::2 hgb con. 802), soged gf toads
wdrd cfugb ht t`d jfttfi fc pfst`fads. Ogstdhb, wffbdg
pahgks sddidb tf `hvd cuacoaadb t`ht cugetofg (sdd :.2.?).
:.2.3 Nahss fjmdets
Cfur crhnidgts fc nahss vdssdas wdrd cfugb, haa og wdaas. R`d
uppdr ahydrs fc \825h/j efgthogdb twf crhnidgts fc jaud-nrddg
nahss, pfssojay crfi t`d shid vdssda. Fgd whs h roi crhnidgt,
pdr`hps crfi h sihaa eup fr h truaah, t`d ft`dr h crhnidgt fc
t`d `hgbad fc htruaah (Osogns typd >4, bhtdb a-OOO, con. :4). H
jhsd-s`drb crfi h jaud-nrddg poaahr-ifugtdb jfwa (Osogns typ
5) whs cfugb og \8>?. \808 efgthogdb h sihaa, caht crhnidgt
nrddg nahss. H nhiogn efugtdr, ihbd fc jahek nahss phstd hg
pahgf-efgvdx og sdetofg, whs bfeuidgtdb hs h surched cogb
crfi t`d Somvdr hrdh (con. :3). Efgtrhry tf t`d ft`dr sdttadid
ht Fss, t`d Zfihg pdrofb cdhturds fc t`d Somvdr sdttadidgt bo
gft efgthog crhnidgts fc nahss Ah Rgdjhgnads.
juoabogn
pot / wdaa
H cojuah jrfgzd
H cojuah orfg
F efog
ft`dr jrfgzd fjmdet
ft`dr orfg fjmdet
2
HHH
HH
H fff
f Idtha fjmdetsIdtha cogbs crfi t`d Somvdr hrdh efgsost fc jrfgzd hgb orfg
jrffe`ds, jrfgzd efogs, orfg ghoas, vhrofus ft`dr jrfgzd hgb
orfg fjmdets, h s`ddt fc adhb, hgb sdvdrha podeds fc orfg sahn.
H tftha fc sdvdg bostoget jrffe` crhnidgts wdrd cfugb (con.
:>),sox ihbd fc jrfgzd hgb fgd orfg spdeoidg. R`d orfg
jrffe` whs cfugb og @45, hgb os tff crhnidgtdb tf jd hjad
tf shy hgyt`ogn hjfut t`d typd fr bhtogn (con. :0). R`d chet
t`ht ot os ihbd fc orfg pfogts tf hg dhray bhtd (pfssojad Orfg
Hnd fr dhray corst edgtury HB). Uox jrfgzd word-jrffe`ds
wdrd haa cfugb og wdaas(\8?8,t`rdd og \820, twf og \80, 82>-84:, con. 8.2). Ft`dr
fjmdets (con. :>) ogeaubd h ahrnd ghoa fr jhr wot` h `hii
s`hpdb dgb (\243, con. 5:), h juekad (6) (strhy cogb, con.
hgb hg hrrfw-s`hpdb fjmdet (\24>, con. 52).
Jdsobds t`d jrffe`ds hgb efogs, sdvdg ft`dr jrfgzd f
wdrd cfugb (con. :>). Crfi \825h/j ehid h crhnidgtdbjrfgzd rfb (h jdat-`hgndr6) (con. 54) hgb twf jrfgzd hef
pfssojay fronoghaay phrt fc h e`dst fr jfx-nrop (con. 53).
haa t`rdd fjmdets wdrd thkdg fcc fc sfid ft`dr fjmdet, t`d
wdrd prfjhjay ogtdgbdb cfr usd hs serhp idtha. H jrfgzd
wot` h bohidtdr fc 45 ii (\O42) ihy `hvd jddg phrt fc
r+Conurd :?. Jrfgzd word-jrffe`ds (\820, \80
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5? R@D SOMSDZ UDRRADIDGR
O
Conurd 5
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2< GHROSD GDON@JFTZU
bdgfi. hut`froty bhtd ZOE/JIE cogb spft rdihrks
hs Gdrf HB 32-30 Ec. ZOE 580 hgb curt`dr \8?:
hs Rrhmhg HB ?0-88> ec. JIE pa.:>, gf.? gdhr \243
hs Hgtfgogus \ous HB 82
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28 R@D SOMSDZ UDRRADIDGR
2*Conurd 53. Jrfgzd hefrgs (\825). Uehad 8=8. Conurd 5>. Jrfgzd soavdr-pahtdb bose (\842). Uehad 8=8.
frghidgtdb ifugtogn (prfjhjay :gb edgtury HB). Ot whssoavdr-pahtdb fronoghaay, hgb t`d affp tf htthe` ot wot` whs
jrfkdg fcc, hnhog erdhtogn serhp idtha (con. 5>). H sihaa
jrfgzd rfb whs cfugb og wdaa \808. Rwf ft`dr jrfgzd
fjmdets, h efrrfbdb ihss (phrt fc h kgocd6) hgb t`d dghidaadb
aob fc h sihaa jfx (con. 50), wdrd bfeuidgtdb hs strhy cogbs
crfi t`d Somvdr hrdh.
\820 yodabdb h sihaa caht crhnidgt fc adhb. Ht adhst tdg
cogb guijdrs efgthogdb sihaa quhgtotods fc orfg sahn, jut t`dy
wdrd gft efgedgtrhtdb dgfun` tf ogboehtd fgd pahed w`drd
orfg whs jdogn sidatdb.
5)Conurd 50. Dghidaadb aob (strhy cogb). Uehad 8=8.
:.2.0 Adht`dr fjmdets
Jdsobds t`d `fjghoas idgtofgdb ugbdr :.2.>, dvobdged cfr
cfftwdhr whs hasf prdsdgt og t`d cfri fc s`fd crhnidgts
ihbd fc efw's adht`dr (con. 5?; sdd Shg Broda-Iurrhy 8?0>).
\O25j efgthogdb h efipadtd `dda-poded jdafgnogn tf h soipad
typd fc s`fd wot` `fjghoas. Cfur crhnidgts fc fgd s`fd fc
t`d shid typd wdrd cfugb og \82>. R`d sfad fc t`os s`fds`fws songs fc rdphor.
:.2.? ^ffbdg fjmdets
^ffb whs prdsdgt og bddp pots hgb wdaas, jut hphrt crfi t`
wdaa-aogogns gfgd fc ot whs wfrkdb. R`d edgtrha rffc-jdhrog
pfst`fad fc @48 efgthogdb t`d rdihogs fc t`d fhk pfst otsda
wot` pahgkogn ugbdrgdht` (sdd Ue`ogkda 8??2 phrt O, 0: hgb
8:8). R`d shid sotuhtofg whs prdsdgt og @3:, w`drd t`d
wffb typd fc t`d pahgk efuab gft jd bdtdriogdb.
:.2.8< Chugh O rdihogs
R`d Somvdr sdttadidgt yodabdb :> jfgd crhnidgts, wot` h tfwdon`t fc e. 5:< n (Ahuwdrodr/OMzdrddc 8??2, :50-:25). Fg
:: crhnidgts efuab jd obdgtocodb, ogeaubogn ehttad (G 9 8>)
pon (G 9 5), bfn (G 9 8) hgb h crhnidgt fc rdb bddr hgtadr
(G 9 8). R`dsd guijdrs hrd tff sihaa tf haafw efgeausofgs
hjfut hgoiha `usjhgbry og t`os sdttadidgt tf jd brhwg. R`d
hgtadr crhnidgt efuab `hvd jddg ehst fcc jy t`d hgoiha otsd
hgb os t`us gf ogboehtofg fc `ugtogn.
:.2.88 Jfthgoeha rdihogs
Uhipads cfr jfthgoeha rdsdhre` wdrd thkdg crfi twf `fusd
pahgs (@48 hgb @3:) hgb crfi sdvdg ahrndr pots. Uoged @3:
whs gft efgsobdrdb tf jd h phrt fc t`d sdttadidgt, t`djfthgoeha shipad `hs gft jddg stubodb. R`d rdsuats fc t`d
jfthgoeha rdsdhre` (Shg Hidg 8??4) s`fw t`ht sdvdrha nrh
wdrd nrfwg, sue` hs jhrady, diidr hgb spdat. Ft`dr
euatovhtdb erfps ogeaubd cahx, ioaadt hgb jddt, t`d ahttdr jdog
h Zfihg ogtrfbuetofg. R`d erfp wddbs pfogt tf wdaa-stfekd
codabs. ^oab pahgts, sue` hs adhcy vdndthjads hgb cruot hgb
guts, efipadidgtdb t`d cffb rhgnd, w`oad sfid ft`dr woab
pahgts ihy `hvd jddg usdb hs byds fr pdr`hps cfr idboeogh
purpfsds (Kuompdr 8?0>). Ihgy fc t`d sddbs stdi crfi pah
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2: GHROSD GDON@JFTZU
juoabogn
pot /wdaa
1U `fjghoas
adht`dr s`fd *
17
<
Conurd5?. Bostrojutofgfc(cogbs efggdetdb wot`) adht`dr s`fdsog t`dSomvdrsdttadidgt.
t`ht wdrd nrfwogn og chriyhrbs hgb hrfugb wdaas. Ufid fc
t`d pahgts wdrd fronoghaay cfugb gdhr t`d jfrbdrs fc t`d
Ifusd, jut jrfun`t ogtf t`d sdttadidgt cfr vhrofus purpfsds
(eahy sfbs, rffc hgb caffr efvdrogn, whttadwfrk).
:.4 HGHA_UOU
:.4.8 Uozd hgb bhtd
Bud tf t d crhnidgthry ghturd fc t`d Somvdr dxehvhtofg hgb
t`d ahek fc hgy cfri fc sdttadidgt jfugbhry, ot os boccoeuat tfnovd hg ogboehtofg fc t`d dxhet sozd fc t`d sdttadidgt. Uox
`fusd pahgs, 55 pots hgb wdaas hgb h ihxoiui fc :0 sihaa
futjuoabogns efvdr hg hrdh fc e. 4 `h sddis
chr tff ahrnd h tdrrotfry cfr fgd sdttadidgt. @fwdvdr, gft haa
fc t`d hrdh woaa `hvd jddg og`hjotdb ht t`d shid toid.
Cfaafwogn w`ht whs shob fg t`d bdcogotofg fc h sdttadidgt
(sdd 8.5), t`d twf sfut`drg `fusds (@2< hgb @2:) hrd
sotuhtdb futsobd t`d `hoaogn bosthged fc 84< idtrds. Utroetay
spdhkogn t`dy wfuab efiprosd h sdefgb eaustdr gdxt tf
sdttadidgt efgthogogn @22, @48 hgb @45. @fwdvdr, t`d
fc pdrofboshtofg hgb t`d ugdxehvhtdb hrdh jdtwddg t`d
suppfsdb sdttadidgts prdvdgts us crfi rdhe`ogn h efge
R`d sdttadidgt hs h w`fad efuab `hvd s`octdb, hgb mubn
t`d guijdr fc wdaas ot os aokday t`ht ifrd `fusds wdrd
sotuhtdb og t`d hrdh jdtwddg t`d twf eaustdrs.
H vhaob hrnuidgt tf rdnhrb t`os nrfup fc cdhturds hs
dgtoty efgsobdrs t`d fjsdrvdb bosthged jdtwddg t`d Zfipdrofb sdttadidgts wot`og Tssdg. Affkogn ht h ihp fc F
t`d Zfihg pdrofb, hg haifst rdnuahr phttdrgogn fc
sdttadidgts hppdhrs (cons. 2 hgb :
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25 R@D SOMSDZ UDRRADIDGR
F
8
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22 GHROSD GDON@JFTZU
| | `fusd
cWpm nrhghry / `frrdui
F \ot
wdaa
cfridr juoaogn
cfridr pot / wdaa
p.
F
f
f
f
f
<
Conurd28. R`d Somvdr sdttadidgt= p`hsd : (pfst-Cahvohg).
whs stoaa feeuphtofg og Fss ahtdr og t`d t`orb edgtury HB os
ugedrthog, hat`fun` t`d pfttdry typds idgtofgdb ehg feeur
ugtoa HB :>
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24 R@D SOMSDZ UDRRADIDGR
f pot
wdaa
cfridr juoabogn
cfridr pot / wdaa
F
f
< 8
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23 GHROSD GDON@JFTZU
hip`frh os hg dxedptofg hgb boccoeuat tf cot og wot` t`d
dnhaothrohg 'ghtovd' oiprdssofg t`ht t`d Somvdr sdttadidgt
ft`drwosd erdhtds. Ot s`fuab prfjhjay jd rdnhrbdb hs hg
ogboehtofg fc eafsd efgthets wot` t`d gdon`jfurogn
^dstdrvdab sdttadidgt, w`drd sue` prfbuets wdrd ifrd
hjugbhgt.
gftds
8 Ef-frboghtds 83:.20/2:4 yodabdb 885 crhnidgts fc w`dda-t`rf
pfttdry, jut t`os pot os sotuhtdb sfidw`ht chrt`dr fcc hgb ihy
jdafgn tf t`d sdttadidgt.
> H cdw s`drbs fc `hgbihbd whrd cfugb og t`os wdaa s`fw ty
dhray bdefrhtofg. R`d ihtdroha os eadhray ioxdb wot` iue` fab
bdjros, ogboehtogn t`ht t`d cdhturd iust `hvd coaadb up safway.
0 R`dsd cogb efgbotofgs ihy heefugt cfr t`d ahrnd hifugt fc
ihtdroha. R`d pot whs dxehvhtdb jy afeha (hihtdur) hre`hdfaf
w`f prfjhjay sthrtdb efaadetogn ihtdroha hs sffg hs t`d uppdr
fc t`d pot wdrd vosojad og t`d juoabogn trdge`. Og Fss ifst fc t
'`on`dr' cogbs ndt afst jdehusd h ide`hgoeha dxehvhtfr thkds f
uppdr ahydrs. Curt`dr bfwg, \825 turgdb fut tf efgsost fc twf
sdphrhtd wdaas (\O25h hgb \O25j), w`oe` hasf heefugts cfr t`
guidrfus cogbs.
? Ot os h crhnidgt fc t`d afwdr whaa, 8?.4 - :5.4 ii t`oek,
wdon`ogn 584 n. Og sdetofg t`d efafur os frhgnd-jrfwg (Iugs
_Z 3/3) wot` cogd w`otd ogeausofgs. R`d hghaysos (jy @. vhg
Dgekdvfrt) whs ihogay jhsdb fg soioahroty wot` Brdssda 8 cog
Gomidndg-Kfps \ahtdhu.
8< Crhnidgts fc Brdssda O hip`frhd og t`d Gdt`drahgbs `hvd
fgay jddg cfugb ht Gomidndg-Kfps \ahtdhu, Sdasdg hgb Nrfd
(pdrs. efii. @. vhg Dgekdvfrt).
8 8 O s`fuab idgtofg t`ht t`d ahtd prfc.br. M.D. Jfnhdrs, w`f
ogtdrprdtdb t`d nrhccotf, spdeocoehaay rdqudstdb t`ht t`d ioaothry
vhrohgt s`fuab jd ongfrdb, soged 'ioaothry stucc og Fss-Tssdg w
jd rht`dr dxedptofgha'. Ogeaubogn ot hgywhy os t`drdcfrd iy fw
rdspfgsojoaoty.
8: Bdtdrioghtofg N. vhg Jfdkda.
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5. R`d ]fidr`fc sdttadidgt
f
`fusd
futjuoabogn
nrhghry / `frrdui
pot
wdaa
bote`
phaoshbd
U8>
#U208
C40 J2
4> og h rfhb trdge`. R`d sdttadidgt whs
ghidb hctdr t`d tfpfgyi fc t`d codab fg w`oe` t`os
phrtoeuahr phrt fc t`d `fusogn dsthtd whs jdogn juoat. Crfi
Hproa tf Udptdijdr 8?>0 vhrofus dxehvhtofg ehiphongs
tffk pahed, w`oe` ihbd ot pfssojad tf bfeuidgt h ahrnd
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2U GHROSD GDON@JFTZU
Gf. typd adgnt` (i) wobt` (i) frodgthtofg bhtd
Oaa ?H :8.8 >.U U^-GD Ob-OOh
88= ?H 5:.2 >.0 U^-GD Oah(-j)
@5 >H6 83.> 3. U^-GD OOJ
882 >H 80.: 3.< ^-D jdcfrd aoj
a ` ?H 80.5 >.: U^-GD Oaj-e
i UH 7 8>.4 7>.< ^-D OOJOOU 3J 8>.< >.2 U^-GD prd-Cahvohg6
OO') >J6 80.< >.4 U^-GD OOH(-e6)
@85 3J 8.: ^-D OOJ
(@:2) 4H >.> 4.2 ^-D 88'
Rhjad 8:. @fusd pahgs crfi t`d ]fidr`fc sdttadidgt.
Conurd 22. @fusd 8. Uehad= pahg8=:
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2? R@D]FIDZ@FC
Conurd24. @fusd:. Uehad= pahg8=:
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4< GHROSD GDON@JFTZU
Conurd 23. @fusd 5. Uehad= pahg 8=:
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48 R@D ]FIDZ@FC UDRRADIDGR
- " - .!
w 2.>0 +
FF
Conurd 2>. @fusd 2. Uehad= pahg8=:
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4: GHROSD GDON@JFTZU
Conurd 20. @fusd 4. Uehad= pahg 8=:
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45 R@D]FIDZ@FC UDRRADIDGR
Conurd2?. @fusd3. Uehad= pahg8=:
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42 GHROSD GDON@JFTZU
Conurd 4
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44 R@D ]FIDZ@FC UDRRADIDGR
Conurd 48. @fusd ?. Uehad= pahg 8=:
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GHROSD GDON@JFTZU
@ O
'@ **
?
Conurd 4:. Rwf qudrgstfgds og @?. bohidtdrs 22 hgb 50 ei.
Conurd 42. Futjuoabogn J8. Uehad= pahg 8=:
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4> R@D ]FIDZ@FC UDRRADIDGR
Conurd 44. Futjuoabogn J:. Uehad= pahg 8=:
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UU GHROSD GDON@JFTZU
ogeaubogn h efipadtd pft fc nrdy whrd. R`os vdssda whs
cfugb og t`d edgtrha rffc-jdhrogn pfst`fad, hgb ion`t `hvd
tf jd ogtdrprdtdb hs h juoabogn sherocoed (Shg bdr Uhgbdg
8?0>n, ?0). IFutjuoabogn :
R`d pahg fc J: (con. 44) os choray efipadtd, s`fwogn h twf-hosadb juoabogn wot` h cfugbhtofg trdge`, dxtdrgha pfsts hgb
edgtrha rffc-jdhrogn pfsts og t`d s`frt whaas (ec. `fusdtypd
0E). Fgd fc t`d afgn whaas `hs h eadhr dgtrhged. Cogbs
ogeaubdb h sognad `hgbihbd s`drb, covd crhnidgts fc w`dda-
t`rfwg pfttdry hgb h eahy saogn pdaadt.
Futjuoabogn 5
R`d pahg fc J5 whs juoat phrtay fg tfp fc t`ht fc J:. Ot os
hgft`dr twf-hosadb juo abogn, jut iue` ifrd crhnidgtdb (con.
43). Fgay fgd fc t`d edgtrha rffc-jdhrogn pfsts os sotuhtdb og
t`d s`frt whaa (ec. `fusdtypd 0J), hgb fgd fc t`d s`frt sobds
os ihrkdb jy pfst`fads ogstdhb fc h cfugbhtofg trdge`. R`dcdhturds yodabdb fgd s`drb fc `hgbihbd whrd hgb twf
crhnidgts fc w`dda-t`rfwg pfttdry.
Futjuoabogn 2
J2 efgsosts fc h s`haafw (5-84 ei) bote`, dgeoreaogn h pot
(con. 4>). R`d bote` efgthogdb gf cogbs ihtdroha.
Conurd4>. FutjuoabognJ2.Uehad8=:5 +
8 \ ?
--
. i -
8 8Oc 8O 8'
j
tM O I
82. 2 35 +....- 28 d* ct -
< C, 8ct f f* f~"
^ S 8 O ^ 8* 8w O W w O
fF f-,~-,
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3< GHROSD GDON@JFTZU
ihtdroha, t`d ihmfroty efgsostogn fc nrdy hgb efhrsd whrd.
Curt`drifrd, C>< hasf yodabdb h crhnidgt fc h nahss vdssda
crfi t`d Cahvohg pdrofb hgb h crhnidgt fc h nahss Ah Rgd
jrhedadt. R`d dgeafsurd efuab t`drdcfrd `hvd jdafgndb tf t`d
dhraodst p`hsd fc t`d sdttadidgt, hat`fun` sfid fc t`d w`dda-
t`rfwg pfttdry pfogts tf h saon`tay ahtdr bhtd. R`drd hrd gf
ogboehtofgs fc t`d bote`ds `hvogn jddg rd-eut. R`rdd pfssojaddgtrhgeds hrd vosojad; fgd fg t`d gfrt` sobd, fgd fg t`d wdst
sobd hgb fgd fg t`d gfrt`-wdst sobd. Haa t`rdd hrd cuggda-
s`hpdb, w`oe` idhgs t`ht ehttad efuab `hvd jddg nuobdb
t`rfun` ifrd dhsoay. R`d gfrt`drg dgtrhged ghrrfws tfwhrbs
t`d futsobd, w`oe` wfuab idhg t`ht ehttad wdrd fgay nuobdb
fut fg t`os sobd fc t`d sdttadidgt. R`d gfrt`-wdstdrg dgtrhged
s`fws h pfssojad dhraodr p`hsd wot` h sihaa squhrd strueturd.
Tgcfrtughtday t`dsd (ugguijdrdb) bote`ds bob gft yodab hgy
cogbs. Ot os pfssojad t`ht h bote` crhnidgt cfugb jy afeha
hre`hdfafnosts w`oe` yodabdb h crhnidgt fc h rffc-toad, whs
hasf phrt fc t`d dgeafsurd.
5.3 COGBU
5.3.8 \fttdry
R`d strueturds crfi t`d ]fidr`fc sdttadidgt t`ht wdrd bhtdb
tf t`d Zfihg pdrofb efgthogdb h tftha fc ?:5 pfttdry s`drbs,
fc w`oe` >5% (G 9 3>2) wdrd w`dda-t`rfwg hgb :>% (G 9
:2?) `hgbihbd. Hctdr hbbogn t`d w`dda-t`rfwg pfttdry
whs cfugb og t`d hrdh, jut gft og bhtdb strueturds, t`d t
guijdr fc w`dda-t`rfwg s`drbs efids tf 855 8: 3?
ifrthroh 2< 5 84
bfaoh 842 8: >8
hip`frhd ?> > 48
^hhsahrtbs 48 2 :>
efhrsd whrd :?2 :: 884
nrdy whrd $3? :0 ::: ogbdtdrioghjad 8 + 8
tftha 855< 8. Zfihg w`dda-t`rfwg pfttdry crfit`d]fidr`fc sdtguijdrfcs`drbshgb pdredgthnds.
Gf. typd adgnt` (i) wobt` (ei) frodgthtofg bhtd phrtoeuahrs
C4< OH
O;4 | OHC4: oooJ
C45 OH
C42 OH
C44 oooH
C43 oooH
C4> oooH
C40 OHC4? OH
C3< OH
C38 8IJ
C3: OHC35 OH
C32 OHC34 OH
C33 OH
C3> OOH
C30 OH
C3? oooH
C>< oooH
C>: @OJ
C>5 oooH
85.3 - G^-UD0.: - G-U54.4 : - G^-UD:.? - G^-UD
:3.0 2.2 - G^-UD0.: 2< GD-U^ OO dgtrhged6
:.4 - D-^0.8 - GD-U^
83.4 - D-^4.2 - G^-UD84.4 - G^-UD?.0 - G^-UD:.: - G^-UD
8?.4 2< G^-UD
4:.< 5.2 54 D-^ Ob-OO
5:.: 4< G-U Ob-OO hafgnsobd \84
Rhjad 83. \haoshbdshgbbote`ds crfit`d]fidr`fc sdttadidgt.
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38 R@D ]FIDZ@FC UDRRADIDGR
tdrrh sonoaahth Ob
Jdanoe whrd 44efrk urg -efafur-efhtdb whrd M0sifft`-whaadb pfttdry 3?ifrthroh 84bfaoh >8
hip`frhd 48@hhsahgbs :>
efhrsd whrd 884nrdy whrd :::
`hgbihbd pfttdry :2')ogbdtdrioghjad 8
tftha ?:5
2
>:>
35
85:2
:>
+
8U8:\OO'a\U
O'b\>
\0\?
O'82 8: :
- 2 2:: : 04 U 3
28: 8:
8? 8< :U
- - 48 s -- - 24 50 4
8s
84
30>
83>3
88>
84::U8:?55:
:4U:
4:3
>48
tftha ' O5 :2 :>?:5
8
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3: GHROSD GDON@JFTZU
typd guijdr fc s`drbs tftha
ugbdefrhtdb
Ufut` Nhaaoe6 bos` 8
Edgtrha fr Dhst Nhaaoe Brhn.5> 8
Dhst Nhaaoe Brhn.5:
ogbdt
8
5
ogbdt Brhn. 80/58
Brhn.58
Brhn.5>
ogbdt
8
5
8
4
bdefrhtdb
Edgtrha Nhaaoe
Adzfux
Edgtrha fr Dhst Nhaaoe-
Dhst Nhaaoe
Rrodr
ogbdt
Brhn.5> 8
Brhn.5> 8
Brhn.5>/50
Brhn.5>
8
8
Brhn.5>
8
8
2
8
hgb @3) fgay w`dda-t`rfwg whrd whs cfugb, jut og vdry sihaa
quhgtotods. Efiphrogn t`d strueturds wd sdd t`ht jft` \O8 hgb
\O> efgthog rdahtovday ahrnd hifugts fc thjadwhrd (:8 hgb
:>%),jut t`os ihy jd h rdsuat fc t`dor ahtdr bhtd rht`dr t`hg h
song fc sfeoha strhtocoehtofg. Ifst fc t`d `fusd pahgs efgthog
adss t`hg 84 s`drbs, fgay @4, @? hgb @85 yodabdb saon`tay
ahrndr hifugts. Fc t`dsd @4 os t`d fgd wot` saon`tay ifrd
thjadwhrd, jut t`d hifugts hrd tff sihaa cfr efgeausofgs. R`d
]fidr`fc sdttadidgt whs juoat hrfugb t`d Cahvohg pdrofb (sdd
5.>.:) hgb t`drd os gf dvobdged cfr dhray oipfrts.
Rdrrh sonoaahth
H tftha fc :: s`drbs fctdrrh sonoaahthwdrd cfugb og t`d hrdh fc
t`d ]fidr`fc sdttadidgt, fgay gogd crhnidgts fc w`oe` wdrd
rdtrodvdb crfi cdhturds t`ht efuab jd hserojdb tf h strueturd. Fc
t`d :: s`drbs, sox wdrd bdefrhtdb, haa jfwas fc t`d Brhndgbfrcc
5> typd. Rrheds fc pfttdrs' sthips wdrd stoaa vosojad fg t`rft`dr s`drbs. Rhjad :< s`fws t`ht t`d fronog fc `hac fc t`d
s`drbs os ugkgfwg, jut t`d ihmfroty fc t`d ft`drs wdrd
ihgucheturdb og Dhstdrg Nhua burogn t`d sdefgb edgtury
R`d pfttdrs' sthips wdrd wfrg hgb crhnidgtdb. Fgd (fg
typd Brhndgbfrcc 80/58) whs efipadtday oaadnojad, hgft`d
(fg h pahtd typd Brhndgbfrcc 58) dgbdb og 'C'. R`d t`orb s
(fg h pahtd typd Brhndgbfrcc 58) whs bdeop`drdb hsJH[ Y
os ugcfrtughtday gft dgfun` tf bdtdriogd t`d pfttdr.
Uthipdb ifrthroh
\fttdrs' sthips wdrd prdsdgt fg twfifrthroh crhnidg
Fgd whs cfugb og \>, hgb rdhbs [SHZYOHRSU (con. 4?)5 R
h sthip crfi t`d pfttdr Shrohtus, w`f wfrkdb og \fgt-
Uhijrd (gdhr Jhvhy).
Conurd4?. Crhnidgtfcsthipdb ifrthr (\>).Uehad8=8.
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35 R@D]FIDZ@FC UDRRADIDGR
Conurd3 efgthogdb twf
crhnidgts fctwf boccdrdgt w`dtstfgds (con. 38).Ht`orb
crhnidgt wot` fgd caht sobd whs ihbdfc hg ugkgfwg typdfc
stfgd. Ft`dr crhnidgts fc quhrtzotd w`dtstfgds wdrd cfugbog
@4, @85hgb og t`dsfut`drg phrtfc C>< (must hjfvd @?).
5.34 Juoabogn ihtdrohas
R`d fgay cogbs t`ht efuabjdeahssocodb hsjuoabogn ihtdrohas
hrd cfur rffc-toad crhnidgts. Htenuah crhnidgt (82.Uehad8=:.
crhnidgt ehid crfi hbote` bfeuidgtdb jyafeha
hre`hdfafnosts, w`oe`os gftprdsdgtfg t`dpahgfct`d
sdttadidgt. R`d toad (24n)s`fws twf robndshgb os :0 ii
t`oek. R`d ft`dr twf crhnidgts wdrd surched cogbs, efgsostog
fchtdnuah crhnidgt hgbphrtfchg oijrdx (tfndt`dr 40:n)
R`d guijdrfctoads ostff sihaa tfogboehtd htoadb juoabogn
Oc t`dy wdrd usdb hthaa,otwhs prfjhjay hehsdfcsdefgbhr
usd (`dhrt`fr caffr phvogn).
5.3.3 Nahss fjmdets
R`rdd crhnidgts fc nahss vdssdas wdrd cfugb ogt`d ]fidr`sdttadidgt.Hydaafwos`-nrddg s`fuabdr crhnidgt fc hefgoe
jfttad wot` 'fptoehaay jafwg' rojs (Osogns typd 44, Cahvohg
pdrofb) whs cfugb ogC>.
5.3.> Idtha fjmdets
Idtha cogbs crfi t`d]fidr`fc sdttadidgt ogeaubd
jrffe`ds (jrfgzd hgbsoavdr), efogs (jrfgzd hgbsoavdr),
Conurd3:. CrhnidgtsfcnahssAhRgdjrhedadts (cfugbogC>
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32 GHROSD GDON@JFTZU
juoabogn
pot / wdaa
bote`
phaoshbd
cojuah jrfgzd
H cojuah soavdr
F efogs
14 cogndr-rogn
orfg fjmdet
F
Conurd 35. Bostrojutofg fc idtha fjmdets og t`d ]fidr`fc sdttadidgt.
h jrfgzd cogndr-rogn, orfg fjmdets hgb pfssojay orfg sahn
(con. 35).
R`d ]fidr`fc sdttadidgt yodabdb t`rdd efogs (thjad :8).
Fgd whs cfugb og h sihaa pot gfrt` fc @? t`ht efuab gft jd
efggdetdb tf h strueturd. R`d efog whs tff crhnidgtdb cfr
curt`dr bdtdrioghtofg. R`d sdefgb jrfgzd efog, cfugb og
whs hghs fc Rotus Ehdshr (con. 32). @: yodabdb h soavdr
bdghrous fc Rrhmhg (con. 34). Idtha bdtdetfrs wdrd gft u
systdihtoehaay, sf t`d fronogha guijdr fc efogs ihy `h
jddg `on`dr. R`d soavdr efog crfi @: whs afst fr bdpfs
bdgfi. hut`froty bhtd Z8E/JIE cogb spft rdihrks
hs Rotus HB >>->0 ZOE >0> \3
bdg.
6
Rrhmhg HB 8 @:
Ayfgs
crhnidgts fc jrfgzd efog
Rhjad:8. Efogs crfi t`d ]fidr`fc sdttadidgt.
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34 R@D ]FIDZ@FC UDRRADIDGR
Conurd 32. Jrfgzd efog (crfgt hgb jhek) cfugb og \3(hscrfi RotusEhdshr). Uehad 8=8.
Conurd 34. Uoavdr efog (crfgt hgb jhek) cfugb og @:(bdghrouscrfiRrhmhg). Uehad 8=8.
Conurd 33. Jrfgzd word-jrffe` (\3). Uehad 8=8. Conurd 3>. Uoavdr hre-jrffe`. Uehad 8=8.
OConurd 30. Jrfgzd cogndr-rogn wot` nahssgoefaf(\80), `don`t :.: ei.hrfugb HB 8). Ots gdhrdst phrhaada os hg hre-jrffe` fc
h typd t`ht bdvdafpdb fut fc t`d Ah Rgd jrffe`. @fwdvdr,soavdr jrffe`ds fc t`os typd (typd D, Hainrdg :8) hrd sihaadr.
@hhadjfs (8?03, 5= `hac fc t`d jhek phrt fc h sihaa (e`oabrdg's)
ehrjhtogh, ihbd fc efw fr ehac skog (Shg Broda-Iurrhy
8?0>). Ot `hs prfjhjay s`rugk 8
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33 GHROSD GDON@JFTZU
jaudjdrrods hgb rhspjdrrods, hgb jy guts hgb adhcy vdndthjads.
Erfp wddbs hgb ruberhas cfri h ahrnd hgb vhrodb nrfup,
ogboehtogn roe` codabs hgb wdaa-usdb chri-yhrbs. Ufid pahgts
wdrd nrfwogn og jfnny paheds wot`og t`d sdttadidgt tdrrhog,
prfjhjay og fr gdhr (bdrdaoet) wdaas.
5.> HGHA_UOU
5.>.8 Uozd hgb bhtd
R`d dxehvhtdb phrt fc t`d ]fidr`fc sdttadidgt idhsurds
hpprfxoihtday 8:4 x 8:4 i, w`oe` os rfun`ay 8.4 `h. H
ifbdrg rfhb prdvdgtdb t`d dxtdgsofg fc t`d trdge`ds fg t`d
sfut`-dhstdrg sobd. Rf t`d gfrt` hgb dhst t`d dxehvhtofg
trdge`ds yodabdb `hrbay hgy Zfihg pdrofb cdhturds, w`oe`
sunndsts t`ht `drd t`d aoiots fc t`d ]fidr`fc sdttadidgt wdrd
rdhe`db (Shg bdr Uhgbdg 8?0>, 4?). Uoged t`d dgeafsurd
ogboehtds t`d wdstdrg jfugbhry t`os oipaods t`ht t`d aoiots fc
t`d sdttadidgt wdrd rdhe`db fg t`rdd sobds. @fwdvdr, ot os gft
ogefgedovhjad t`ht ht adhst fgd ifrd `fusd pahg whs sotuhtdb
tf t`d gfrt` fr gfrt`-dhst fc t`d dxehvhtdb hrdh, w`drd hguijdr fc ahrndr hrdhs rdihogdb ugdxehvhtdb. R`us t`d sozd
fc t`d efipadtd sdttadidgt woaa `hvd jddg ht adhst 8.4 `h, jut
whs prfjhjay ahrndr.
R`d sdttadidgt whs og usd burogn t`d pdrofb Ob-OOOh, h
bhtd jhsdb ihogay fg t`d Zfihg w`dda-t`rfwg pfttdry. R`d
sthrtogn bhtd fc Ob ihkds ]fidr`fc t`d ahst sdttadidgt tf jd
dsthjaos`db og Tssdg, t`fun` sfid fc t`d `hgbihbd
ihtdroha ihy fronoghtd crfi jdcfrd Ob (sdd 8.5.8).
Heefrbogn tf Ue`ogkda (8??2, phrt O, :34), t`drd os
bosefgtoguoty fc feeuphtofg jdtwddg t`d Ahtd Orfg Hnd hgb
t`d Zfihg pdrofb og t`d ]fidr`fc hrdh. Og t`d Ahtd Orfg
Hnd sdttadidgt PSO, efgsostogn fc twf 'whgbdrogn'chriyhrbs, t`d yfugndst chri os stoaa feeupodb burogn t`d
corst `hac fc t`d corst edgtury HB. Rde`goehaay spdhkogn t`os
os t`d Zfihg pdrofb, jut t`d `fusd pahg ogboehtdb os t`d
ugedrthogay bhtdb @:2. Feeuphtofg og t`d Zfihg pdrofb
bfds gft sthrt ugtoa Ob ht ots dhraodst. R`os os h nhp fc 4.: Ahyfut hgb pdrofboshtofg
R`d ]fidr`fc sdttadidgt `hs hg frnhgosdb ahyfut. R`o
jd ogcdrrdb crfi t`d bote`db sdttadidgt dgeafsurd, t`d
ugocfri frodgthtofg fc `fusds hgb futjuoabogns, hgb t`
eadhray bdaoiotdb efipfugbs fg w`oe` `fusds hrd rdju
sdvdrha toids og sueedssofg.
R`d sdttadidgt dgeafsurd hrfugb ]fidr`fc os s`haaf
ogefipadtd, hgb boccoeuat tf bhtd. Og dhraodr hghaysds fc
Tssdg sdttadidgts (Shg bdr Uhgbdg 8?0>b, 8?0>` hgb t`dsd chetfrs wdrd rdhsfg gft tf hekgfwadbnd t`d bote`
jfugbhry. Ht t`d toid, t`os cottdb og wot` t`d obdh t`ht
Tssdg hgb t`d Ihhskhgt rdnofg, sdttadidgt jfugbhrods
sddidb tf jd rdstroetdb tf ahrndr, `on`-sthtus sdttadidg
t`ht fc ^dstdrvdab. @fwdvdr, burogn dxehvhtofgs og 8?
bote` whs bosefvdrdb w`oe` dgeafsdb t`d sihaa, rdahtov
afw-sthtus sdttadidgt fc Ue`hakskhip (e`hptdr 4), hgb
t`d hghaysos fc t`d sdttadidgt fc Fss-OMssdastrhht hasf y
t`d prdsdged fc h bote`db dgeafsurd. Jdhrogn t`dsd bhth
iogb, t`d cdhturds crfi ]fidr`fc wdrd rd-hpprhosdb, h
sdttadidgt dgeafsurd efuab jd dsthjaos`db. Fgay t`d wd
hgb phrt fc t`d gfrt`drg sobd fc t`d s`haafw bote`db dg
`hvd jddg rdefvdrdb.
Zdedgt stubods `hvd s`fwg t`ht s`haafw bote`ds aokd
fgd, hpphrdgtay ugsuothjad cfr bdcdged, ihy `hvd cuge
hs h jfugbhry og ft`dr whys (@ognady 8??
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(-> R@D ]FIDZ@FC UDRRADIDGR
f
. . -
`fusd
futjuoabogn
nrhghry / `frrdui
pot
wdaa
bote`
phaoshbd
48). R`dsd
p`hsds bf gft `hvd eadhr-eut sthrt hgb cogos` bhtds, jut
hpprfxoihtday rug crfi HB >< - 88
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30 GHROSD GDON@JFTZU
| | `fusd
J | futjuoabogn
i nrhghry / `frrdui
F \o' wdaa
, r8 bote`
...-*'" phaoshbd
cfridr juoabogn
cfridr pot / wdaa
2W
W W
2SQ
f
Conurd >
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3? R@D ]FIDZ@FC UDRRADIDGR
`fusd
@ futjuoabogn
f pot
wdaa
cfridr juoabogn
cfridr pot / wdaacfridr bote`
,..-' cfridr phaoshbd
F
f
48. R`d ]fidr`fc sdttadidgt= p`hsd 5 (HB 83.5 Bdvdafpidgt hgb ghturd fc t`d sdttadidgt
Bud tf t`d chet t`ht ahrnd fpdg hrdhs wdrd dxehvhtdb, t`d
e`hrhetdr fc t`d ]fidr`fc sdttadidgt hs bospahydb jy
strueturds hgb ahyfut os rdahtovday eadhr. Og t`d cfaafwogn
skdte` hgy dxtrh ugdxehvhtdb `fusd pahgs hrd adct fut fc
efgsobdrhtofg.
Hrfugb HB >
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>< GHROSD GDON@JFTZU
s`haafw, orrdnuahray s`hpdb bote`, w`oe` ihy `hvd jddg bun
hctdr t`d chris wdrd juoat. Fg ht adhst t`rdd sobds t`os
dgeafsurd `hs hg fpdgogn, t`d gfrt`drg fgd s`hpdb tf nuobd
ehttad fut fc t`d sdttadidgt, t`d ft`drs sdrvogn hs