westward movement to civil war -...
TRANSCRIPT
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WESTWARD EXPANSION, ANDREW
JACKSON & SLAVERY
1800-1861
America establishes its
boundaries and sets
limits on humanity
WESTWARD EXPANSION
� Once the new nation was secure and
established, people began to move westward.
� They moved for many reasons but the migration
did not stop until they ran out of room.
� It did not matter who or what stood in their way.
BIG IDEAS…
� Between 1801 and 1861, exploration was encouraged as America underwent vast territorial expansion and settlement.
� Westward migration was influenced by geography and economic opportunity.
� African American, Chinese immigrants, and Native Americans were important to westward expansion.
� Prior to the Civil War, most industrialization in America was in the North; however, the equipment produced in the North had an impact on the farming society in the South. Cotton became “King.”
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FACTORS AFFECTING WESTWARD EXPANSION
� Geographic and economic factors that influenced Geographic and economic factors that influenced Geographic and economic factors that influenced Geographic and economic factors that influenced
westward movementwestward movementwestward movementwestward movement
� Population growth in the eastern states
� Availability of cheap, fertile land
� Economic opportunity, e.g., gold (California Gold Rush),
logging, farming, freedom (for runaway slaves)
� Cheaper and faster transportation, e.g., rivers and
canals (Erie Canal), steamboats, railroads
� Knowledge of overland trails (Oregon and Santa Fe)
POST-REVOLUTIONARY AMERICA
THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE
� Louisiana Purchase - 1803
� Jefferson bought land from France (the
Louisiana Purchase), which doubled the
size of the United States.
� Paid $15 million dollars
� In the Lewis and Clark expedition,
Meriwether Lewis and William Clark
explored the Louisiana Purchase from
the Mississippi River to the Pacific
Ocean.
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LOUISIANA PURCHASE
MANIFEST DESTINY
� It was “God’s Will” for the U.S. to control
all land between the Atlantic and Pacific
Ocean
� The idea that expansion was for the good
of the country and was the right of the
country to cross the whole North American
continent.
WHITES MOVE WEST: MANIFEST
DESTINY OR CRUEL CONQUEST?
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OTHER TERRITORIES
� FloridaFloridaFloridaFlorida
� Spain gave Florida to the United States through a treaty in 1819.
� TexasTexasTexasTexas
� Texas was added after it became an independent republic.
� OregonOregonOregonOregon
� The Oregon Territory was divided by the United States and Great Britain.
� CaliforniaCaliforniaCaliforniaCalifornia
� War with Mexico resulted in California and the southwest territory becoming part of the United States.
FLORIDA, TEXAS, OREGON, CALIFORNIA
1. As the United States expanded
westward, the conflict over slavery
grew more bitter and threatened to
tear the country apart.
2. The issue was always whether the
number of “free states” and “slave
states” would be balanced, thus
affecting power in the Congress.
U.S. Government Response to Slavery
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3. Congress made a number of
compromises to keep the
balance of free and slave
states equal
U.S. Government Response to Slavery
MISSOURI COMPROMISE (1820)MISSOURI COMPROMISE (1820)MISSOURI COMPROMISE (1820)MISSOURI COMPROMISE (1820)
�Missouri would enter US as a slave
state, Maine a free state
�Line drawn across country at 36’30”
degrees latitude
�All new states above the line are free
states and below the line are slave
statesThe Missouri Compromise
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QUESTIONS
1. What was the main economy of the North?
How did the economy of the South?
2. What was the Louisiana Purchase?
3. What is Manifest Destiny?
4. What was the Missouri Compromise?
� Born in a log cabin
� His parents were immigrants
from Ireland, died when he was
15
� Joined American Revolution at age of 13
� War of 1812� Creek War Victory against Indians
� Victory at Battle of New Orleans
� 1818 Seminole Victories� Helped regain Florida
ANDREW JACKSON – BACKGROUND
Andrew Jackson
� Jackson is perhaps 2nd only to Washington in popularity
� Indian Fighter, “Old Hickory”, War Hero - New Orleans
� Tough, self-made man
� Epitome or personification of the West
� Independent, strong willed, strong values of what is right and wrong
� Married Rachel Robards, A recently divorced woman – Divorce was not final when she married
Jackson
� Controversy surrounding their marriage
CULTURE OF AN AMERICAN HERO
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� Four candidates for Democratic-Republicans -begins to divide
� Adams v. Jackson v. Clay v. Crawford
� Vote Split
� Goes into House of Reps
� Clay Supports Adams
� “Corrupt BargainCorrupt BargainCorrupt BargainCorrupt Bargain” acquisitions Clay is given office of Secretary of State
� Jackson is a sore loser
Election of 1824
� Rematch between Adams and Jackson
� “Corrupt Bargainer” vs. “Military Chieftain”
� Jackson won easily and became president a few months later – Becomes the 7th President
� His wife died before he became president however
� He blamed Adams
Election of 1828
� After the election, he fired many government employees� He hired many of his supporters
� “The duties of all public offices are…so plain and simple…”
� A supporter said, “To the victor goes the spoils”� Very few of his supporters were
qualified
SPOILS SYSTEM
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� Peggy was wife of John
Eaton a cabinet minister
(Secretary of War) was
excluded by other cabinet
wives – Many thought she
was a “tainted” women
� Jackson intercedes
� Calhoun’s wife ignores
request
� Jackson is angry at cabinet
� Calhoun and most of the
Cabinet decides to resign –
pressured by Jackson
� Jackson forms an informal
group of advisors, excludes
cabinet input except Van
Buren
� Unofficial advisors were
referred to as his “Kitchen
Cabinet”
� Martin Van Buren stays
united with Jackson,
becomes the next President
EATON AFFAIR AND THE KITCHEN CABINET
� Tariff of Abominations - 1828� This tariff helped manufacturers in the North and hurt
Southern planters� Southern states now paid more for European goods
� Southern states decided to nullify the federal law� Means they weren’t going to follow the law
� South Carolina still wasn’t happy
� They talked about seceding� Leaving the Union
� Jackson didn’t like this!� He thought it would lead to civil war
� Nullification is not Constitutional
� No secession will be allowed
� South backs down – for now.
NULLIFICATION CRISIS
DEALING WITH THE BANK OF THE U.S. (BUS)
� Jackson hated the Bank of the United States� He felt it had too much power
� He let them know!
� This conflict becomes known as the Bank War
� “The bank…is trying to kill me, but I will kill it!”
� He felt the National Bank was only helping the rich� Issue dealing with farmers and merchants
� Jackson’s political opponents wanted the bank
� He vetoed a renewal of the bank� Ended the National Bank and sent money to state banks
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� A number of small banks emerge called “Pet Banks”
� Speculation results – inflation land and prices go up
� Jackson tries to remedy the problem with a plan to only be able to use Gold or Silver pay for land
� This becomes known as the Specie Circular
� Jackson’s goal was to curb the land speculation
RESULTS OF THE BANK WAR
� Banknotes loose their value.
� Land sales plummeted.
� Credit not available.
� Businesses began to fail.
� Unemployment rose.
� Causes Panic of 1837
� The economy goes into depression
RESULTS OF THE SPECIE CIRCULAR
INDIAN REMOVAL ACT (1830)
�Andrew Jackson’s plan to
give Indians reservations
out west in exchange for
land in the east
� Indians never agreed to
plan
�Supreme Court ordered
Jackson to stop; he
ignored them
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TRAIL OF TEARS
� Several large Indian
tribes in Florida and
Georgia were forcibly
relocated to reservations
in Oklahoma by US
military
� Thousands of Indians
died along the way,
including 1 out of 4
Cherokee Indians
NATIVE AMERICAN IMPACT
� US Military attacked and killed
any Indian tribe who resisted
removal
� Indian Removal would continue
for the rest of the century
� Indians were forced off their
homelands onto reservations
� Reservation – government land
set aside for Indians to live
QUESTIONS
1. What was the Corrupt Bargain?
2. What was the Nullification Crisis?
3. What is the Specie Circular?
4. What was the Trail of Tears?