* 

* Identify the type of inflection illustrated by the following examples. Are these prefixes, suffixes, infixes, circumfixes or none of these?

1. Welsh tad 'father'/tad-au 'fathers'; moch-yn 'pig'/moch 'pigs'

2. Ancient Greek lambánō 'I take'/élǎbon 'I took (aorist)'

3. Latin Manu-s manu-m lava-t. hand-nom.sg hand-acc.sg wash-3sg 'One hand washes the other.'

4. Quechua wasi-nchis 'our house(inclusive)'/wasi-yku 'our house (exclusive)'

5. Polish duż-e krzesł-o big-NEUT chair-NEUT

We've already discussed prefixation, suffixation, infixation, and circumfixation.

Payne discusses 6 more: * stem modification * autosegmental variation * reduplication * non-concatenative morphology * subtractive morphology * compounding

* 

A change in shape that does not involve the addition of an affix.

* past and past participle: drink drank drunk swim swam swum

* nouns vs. verbs (derivational): strife, strive breath, breathe life, live

Stem modification and weak suppletion both involve a change in part of the form of the stem. How is stem modification different from weak suppletion?

* 

Stem modification * Rule governed; you will be able to find other

words that change in a similar way * past and past participle:

drink drank drunk swim swam swum ring rang rung

Weak stem suppletion * Appears random; no other words pattern in a

similar way * buy bought

What about mouse/mice, foot/feet, fungus/fungi, parenthesis, parentheses?

* 

"A change in shape that does not involve consonants and vowels"… stress, tone, nasalization, etc.

* Nasalization - Dungra Bhil (Indo-Aryan: India) tijaʔa ’his’/tĩjaʔa ’their (masc)’ tijʌʔʌ ’her’/tĩjʌʔʌ ’their (fem)’

* Tone – Ngiti (Nilo-Saharan: Democratic Republic of the Congo) àba-du 'my father'/abá-du 'my fathers' andà-du 'my uncle'/andá-du 'my uncles'

* 

Repetition of all or part of the base.

* Marshallese (Austronesian: Republic of the Marshall Islands) lot-lot (intr)/lot (tr)‘pick pandanas keys off’ at 'hat'/at-at 'wear a hat' takin 'sock'/takin-kin 'to wear socks'

* Javanese (Austronesian: Indonesia) baita 'ship'/baita-baita 'various ships' omaha 'house'/omaha-omaha 'various houses'

jawah 'rain'/jə-jawah'to plain in the rain' tamu 'guest'/tə-tamy 'to visit'

* Motu (Austronesian: Papua New Guinea) mahuta 'to sleep/mahuta-mahuta 'to sleep constantly'/ma-mahuta 'to sleep (plural)'

* 

Reduplication is used in inflections to convey a grammatical function, such as plurality, intensification, etc and in derviations to create new words.

It is found in a wide range of languages and language groups.

* 

Superimposing a pattern of vowels on a root that consists of only consonants.

Common in Semitic languages.

* Biblical Hebrew (Afro-Asiatic)

* 

Rare process whereby one or more segments are omitted.

Murle (Nilo-Saharan: South Sudan) nyoon 'lamb'/nyoo 'lambs'

wawoc 'white heron'/wawo 'white herons'

How do we distinguish this from zero realization of certain categories?

* 

* “Compounds are usually nouns, verbs or adjectives.”

* The right most element usually determines the grammatical category of the entire word.

* 

Modifier Head Compound noun noun earworm adjective noun blackboard preposition noun underworld adjective adjective blue-green preposition adjective over-ripe noun verb browbeat adjective verb highlight verb verb freeze-dry preposition verb undercut adjective preposition forthwith verb preposition takeout preposition preposition without

* 

Noun compounds in Old English N+N sunbēam A+N middelniht A+N dimhūs

dim+house ‘prison’

N+A ælfscīene elf+beautiful ‘beautiful as a fairy’

* “Compounds are usually nouns, verbs or adjectives.”

* The right most element determines the grammatical category of the entire word.

* The stress of a compound is different than a non-compound

ˈgreenhouse vs. green ˈhouse

ˈwet suit vs. wet ˈsuit

* 

* Endocentric – denotes a subtype of the head (rightmost element)

caveman, dog food, wisdom teeth

* Exocentric – the meaning doesn’t come from its component words

redneck, Bigfoot, redhead

* 

* French history teacher

Former president's home

Others?