WORD-FORMATION

1 Affixation = adding an affix either before or after a word.

1.1 Prefixation

= adding a prefix before the element to which it is added

PREFIX MEANING EXAMPLE PRIJEVOD ORIGIN

a(n)- without,

lacking

anaerobic anaeroban Gr a- = without + Gr aer = air → without air

atrophy atrofija Gr a- = without + Gr trophe = nourishment →

without nourishment = without growth

ab- away from abduction abdukcija,

odmicanje

L ab = away from + L ducere = to lead→

lead away from

ad- toward adduction adukcija,

primicanje

L ad = toward(s) + L ducere = to lead →

lead toward(s)

adipo- fat, lard adipocyte adipocit, masna

stanica

Gr lipos = fat, grease + Gr kytos = a hollow

(šupljina) = masna stanica

ambi- both ambidextrous

ambidekster, koji

je jednako spretan

s obje ruke

L ambi = both + L dexter = on the right-hand

side → right-handed on both sides equally

skilful with both hands

ante- before;

in front of anteflexion

antefleksija,

savijanje prema

naprijed;

svinutost prema

naprijed

L ante- = before ≈ forwards + L flectere = to

bend → bend forwards

anti-

against,

opposite of,

opposed to

anti-

inflammatory protuupalni

Gr anti- = against + L inflammare = to set on

fire → against being set on fire

bi- two bilateral

bilateralan,

obostran,

koji je s obje

strane ili se na

njih odnosi

L bi- = two + L lateralis = belonging to the

side > L latus = side → having two sides

bio- life biomechanics biomehanika

Gr bios = life + Gr mēkhanḗ = machine, tool

→ 'living machines' the study of forces on

the living body

circum- around circumference opseg; periferija

L circum = oko, okolo, doslovno u krugu + Gr

“periphereia “periphery, the line round a

circular body,” literally a carrying round” (Harper, D. (2017). Online etymology dictionary. Retrieved 26 March 2017 from http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=circumference)

com- /

con-

with,

together,

in

association

complex kompleksan,

složen

L com- = with, together + L plectere = to

weave, to twine, to braid → to

weave/twine/braid together

concentric

koncentričan,

koji ima

zajedničko

središte

L com- = with, together + L centrum = centre

→ having a common centre

counter- in opposition

to

counter-

attack

protunavala,

protunapad

L contra = opposite to, contrary to

cutaneo- skin cutaneous kožni, koji se

odnosi na kožu

L cutis = skin

di- two dioxide dioksid

Gr di- = two + Fr oxygène (coined in 1777 by Antoine-

Laurent Lavoisier) < Gr oxys = sharp, acid (At that time

oxygen was believed to be essential in the formation of acids. Nowadays

it is known that this is not so.) → two oxygen atoms

an oxide containing two oxygen atoms

dia-1

completely,

thoroughly,

entirely

diagnosis

dijagnoza,

„prepoznavanje

bolesti

razlikovanjem

jedne bolesti od

druge“ (Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža

(2016). Hrvatska enciklopedija. Mrežno

izdanje. Retrieved 26 March 2017 from

http://www.enciklopedija.hr/Natuknica.a

spx?ID=15085)

Gr dia = completely, thoroughly + Gr gnosis

= knowledge → complete knowledge / Gr

dia- = apart + Gr gignoskein = to learn →

learn by discerning / learn thoroughly

dia-2

across,

through

diameter

promjer

Gr dia- = across, through + Gr metron =

measure → measure through something

diagonal

dijagonala;

dijagonalan

Gr dia- = across, through + Gr gonia = angle

→ across/through something from one angle

to another

dis-1

lack of

disability

nemogućnost,

invaliditet

L dis- = lack of + L abilitas → lack of ability

dis-2

doing the

opposite of disallow

poništiti

dis-3 away dissolve

rastopiti

L dis- = away + L solvere = to loosen

dorsi- back dorsiflexion

dorsifleksija,

savijanje

unatrag/prema

natrag

L dorsum = back + L flectere = bend, curve

→ bend backwards/towards the back

“flexion in a dorsal direction; especially : flexion of the foot

in an upward direction” (Merriam-Webster, Inc. (2017). Retrieved 26

March 2017 from https://www.merriam-

webster.com/medical/dorsiflexion)

https://www.google.hr/search?q=dorsiflexion+of+the+hand&tbm=isch&imgil=

3phHlTcJNmSZYM%253A%253BfP78EVnp8jcqMM%253Bhttp%25253A%

25252F%25252Fwww.militarydisabilitymadeeasy.com%25252Fthewrist.html

&source=iu&pf=m&fir=3phHlTcJNmSZYM%253A%252CfP78EVnp8jcqM

M%252C_&usg=__hmVBMC479Lj1s5ToSNqzddogCbo%3D&biw=1280&bi

h=644&ved=0ahUKEwjp4eCdwfTSAhVI3iwKHaPLDIwQyjcIIg&ei=ceHXW

KnlBsi8swGjl7PgCA#imgrc=3phHlTcJNmSZYM:&spf=218

dys-

ill, bad;

painful,

difficult,

abnormal

dysfunction

disfunkcija, loš

rad, loša funkcija

ex-

ec-

exo-

ecto

out of/from,

outside,

outside of,

exterior,

external,

outer

exhale

izdahnuti, izdisati

Gr ek- = out + L halare = to breath →

breathe out

eccentric

ekscentričan,

izvan središta,

udaljen od

središta

Gr ek- = out + Gr kentron = center → out of

the centre

exoskeleton

egzoskelet,

vanjski kruti

dijelovi

životinjskoga

tijela

Gr exo- = outside + Gr skeletos = dried up →

dried up on the outside “Hard parts (for

example, hair, teeth, nails, feathers, hooves,

scales) developed from the epidermis in

vertebrates.” (exoskeleton. (n.d.) Farlex Partner Medical

Dictionary. (2012). Retrieved March 25 2017 from http://medical-

dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/exoskeleton)

ectomorph ektomorf

Gr ektos = outside > Gr ek / ex = out + Gr

morphe = form, shape < from: Gr ectoderm =

outermost of the three primary germ layers of

an embryo + morphe = form, shape “An

individual having a lean, slightly muscular

body build in which tissues derived from the

embryonic ectoderm predominate.” (ectomorph.

(n.d.) American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth

Edition. (2011). Retrieved March 25 2017 from

http://www.thefreedictionary.com/ectomorph)

Derivatives of ectodermis: nervous system, exocrine glands,

heart, skin, hair, nail, breasts, teeth enamel, etc.

endo- within endomorph endomorf

Gr éndon = within + Gr morphe = form,

shape < from: Gr endoderm = innermost of

the three primary germ layers of an embryo +

morphe = form, shape “An individual

characterized by relative prominence of the

abdomen and other soft body parts developed

from the embryonic endodermal layer.” (endomorph. (n.d.) American Heritage® Dictionary of the English

Language, Fifth Edition. (2011). Retrieved March 25 2017 from

http://www.thefreedictionary.com/endomorph)

Derivatives of endodermis:

internal organs (gastrointestinal tract, except spleen), renal

and genitourinary system, etc.

ex- former ex-athlete bivši sportaš

“from Latin ex “out of, from within; from

which time, since; according to; in regard to” (Harper, D. (2017). Retrieved 25 March 2017 from

http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=ex-)

fore- before, front forearm podlaktica Old English fore = before in time, position +

L armus = shoulder → before a shoulder

hidr(o)- sweat hidrosis

hidroza, znojenje

Gr hidros = sweat

hydro- water hydrolysis

hidroliza,

razgradnja

kemijskih tvari u

reakciji s vodom

Gr hydor = water + Gr lyein = to lossen, to

dissolve → dissolve in water chemical

decomposition by reacting with water

hyper- too much,

higher hypertension

hipertenzija,

prekomjerni tlak

Gr hyper = over, beyond, too much + L

tendere = extend, stretch

hypo- under hypokinesia

hipokinezija,

smanjena

pokretljivost

inter- between intervertebral međukralježnični,

intervertebralni

intra- within intramuscular unutarmišićni,

intramuskularan

iso- equal isometric

izometričan

Gr isos = same + Gr metron = measure

latero- side lateroflexion

laterofleksija,

savijanje /

savijenost u

stranu

meso-

mesocycle mezociklus

Gr mésos = middle + Gr kyklos = circle,

wheel, circular body, cycle of events A

period of sports training between a microcycle

and a macrocycle.

mesomorph mezomorf

Gr meso = middle + Gr morphe = form,

shape < from: Gr mesoderm = middle

embryonic germ layer + morphe = form,

shape “An individual with a robust,

muscular body build caused by the

predominance of structures developed from

the embryonic mesodermal layer.” (mesomorph.

(n.d.) American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth

Edition. (2011). Retrieved March 25 2017 from

http://www.thefreedictionary.com/mesomorph)

Derivatives of mesodermis:

connective tissue, muscle, bone, urogenital system, renal

organs, spleen, circulatory system, etc.

mal- bad,

wrongful, ill malfunction

loše

funkcioniranje,

nepravilnost u

radu

L malus = bad + L fungī = to perform, to

execute

mis- ill, mistaken,

wrong misconduct loše ponašanje

mono- alone, single,

one monovalent

monovalentan, kemija

jednovrijedan

Gr monos = one + L valere = be worth / L

valencia = strength, capacity

multi- many, much multipurpose višenamjenski

non- not non-verbal neverbalan

in- > il- before l

> im- before

bilabials

> ir- before r

not

insufficient

illogical

improper

irrelevant

nedovoljan

nelogičan

neprikladan

irelevantan /

nevažan

pan- all pandemic

pandemičan, koji

zahvaća čitavu

populaciju /

cjelinu čega;

sveopći

Gr pan = all + Gr demos = the people

peri- around perimeter

vanjski rub, obod

Gr peri = around + Gr metron = measure

poly- much, many polystructural

polistrukturalan

post- behind, after,

later

post-

activation nakon aktivacije

quadri- /

quadru- four

quadriceps

kvadriceps,

četveroglavi

mišić

L quattor = four + L caput = head → four

heads

quadruple

sculls četverac na pariće

pre- before pre-season predsezona

re- again; back,

backward re-evaluate ponovno ocijeniti

semi- half semi-finals poluzavršnica

somato- body somatotype somatotip, građa

tijela

Gr soma = body + Gr typos = mark

sub-

under,

below,

beneath

submaximal submaksimalan

super- above,

beyond superposition superpozicija

L super = on top of, above + L ponere = to

place, to put

supra- above, upper supracondylar

suprakondilaran,

koji se nalazi

iznad kondila /

zaobljene zglobne

površine na

zglobnome kraju

kosti

L supra = on the upper side, above

trans- across transversal transverzalan,

poprečan

L trans = across + L vertere = to turn

tri- three triathlon triatlon

L tres = three or Gr treis, trias = three + Gr

athlon = contest → three contests a sport

in which athletes compete in three disciplines

un- not unfair nepravičan

nepošten

uni- one unilateral

unilateralan,

jednostran, koji je

/se odnosi na

jednu stranu

L unus = one + L lateralis = belonging to the

side > L latus = side → being on one side,

affecting one side

Comparison of Greek and Latin words and their Croatian and English equivalents

HRVATSKI ENGLESKI GREEK LATIN

isti, jednak equal, same isos- equi-

lijevo left levo- sinistro-

loš bad dys- mal-

mišić muscle myo- -

mozak brain encephal(o)- cerebr-

okolo, oko around peri- circum-

pola, polu- half hemi- semi-

puno many, much poly- multi-

ravan,

uspravan

straight ortho- rect(i)-

ruka arm brachi- arm-

srednji middle meso- medi-

šaka hand ch(e)ir(o)- manu-

tijelo body soma- corpor-

1.2 Suffixation

= adding a suffix after the element to which it is added

SUFFIX MEANING EXAMPLE PRIJEVOD ORIGIN

-ase referring to

an enzyme amylase amilaza

L amylum = starch; Gr amylon = starch, fine

meal an enzyme involved in the hydrolysis

of starch

-ation process periodization periodizacija Gr periodos = cycle, period of time + -ation

= process

-gnosis knowledge prognosis prognoza,

predviđanje L pro- = before + Gr gignoskein = to learn

-gram /

-gramme

picture or

record diagram dijagram

Gr dia- = through, between, across, by +

Gr graphein = draw, mark, write

-graph

an instrument

which is used

to

record/draw

something

electrocardio

graph elektrokardiograf

-(i)ac pertaining to,

like cardiac srčani

-itis denoting

inflammation bursitis

bursitis, upala

burse

-meter

an instrument

which is used

to measure /

count

something

speedometer brzinometar

-ous pertaining to strenuous naporan

-pnoea /

-pnea

referring to

breathing,

breath,

respiration

apnea diving ronjenje na dah apnea < Gr a- = not + -pnea = breathing →

no breathing

-trophy development,

nourishment hypertrophy

hipertrofija,

prekomjeran

razvoj/povećanje

2 Compounding = combining two or more bases thus creating a new

word (a noun, a verb, an adjective)

2.1 Noun compounds

ankle weight uteg koji se stavlja na gležanj

assistant referee pomoćni sudac

body composition sastav tijela

calf press machine sprava za nožni potisak

cardiac output minutni volumen srca

fat-burning sagorijevanje masti

goalkeeper vratar

halftime poluvrijeme

hip-loin technique tehnika bočnog bacanja

offensive rebound skok u napadu, napadački skok

playmaker graditelj igre, plejmejker

playoff doigravanje

small hand apparatus ritmička gimnastika rekvizit

swimming pool plivački bazen

2.2. Adjective compounds

fast-twitch brzo trzajući (mišićno vlakno)

goal-oriented orijentiran prema nekom cilju

oxygen-enriched obogaćen kisikom

two-headed dvoglav (mišić)

zigzag /zig-zag cik-cak

2.3 Verb compounds

to bench press napraviti potisak s klupe

to kick off izvesti početni udarac

to run up zaletjeti se

to throw in ubaciti loptu u igru preko

uzdužne crte igrališta

3 Clipping

abdominals → abs

acrobatics,

acrobatic gymnastics → acro

biceps → bis

carbohydrate → carb

champion → champ

examination → exam

gymnasium → gym

hamstrings → hams

influenza → flu

laboratory → lab

latissimus dorsi → lat

mattress → mat

pectorals → pecs

professional → pro

quadriceps → quads

referee → ref

repetition → rep

super giant slalom → Super-G / super-G

triceps → tris

4 Blends = combinations of fragments of two words

nitrogen + oxygen → nitrox (scuba diving)

sports + broadcast → sportscast

team + gymnastics → TeamGym (a form of competition created

by the European Union of Gymnastics)

5 Acronyms = formed from initial letters (or larger parts) of words

5.1 Alphabetisms – pronounced as sequences of letters

1RM one repetition maximum jedna izvedba motoričkoga zadatka

primjenom maksimalne sile

ABC airway, breathing, circulation dišni putovi, disanje, cirkulacija

ACL anterior cruciate ligament prednji križni ligament

ANS autonomic nervous system autonomni živčani sustav

BMI body mass index indeks tjelesne mase

bpm beats per minute otkucaja u minuti

CBC complete blood count kompletna krvna slika

CNS central nervous system središnji živčani sustav

CPR cardiopulmonary resuscitation oživljavanje masažom srca i

umjetnim disanjem

DNC did not compete nije se natjecao/natjecala

DNF did not finish nije završio/završila (npr. utrku)

DNQ did not qualify nije se kvalificirao/kvalificirala

DNS did not start nije startao/startala

DST dynamic strength training dinamički trening jakosti

FFM fat-free mass nemasna tjelesna masa

FM fat mass masna masa

GPP general physical preparation opća fizička/tjelesna priprema

HIT high intensity training trening visokim intenzitetom

HR heart rate frekvencija srca

IOC International Olympic Committee Međunarodni olimpijski odbor

KO/k.o. knock out nokaut

LBM lean body mass nemasna tjelesna masa

OR Olympic record olimpijski rekord

PNS peripheral nervous system periferni živčani sustav

rpm revolutions per minute okreta u minuti

THR target heart rate ciljana frekvencija srca

WR world record svjetski rekord

5.2 Acronyms pronounced as words

FIFA Fédération Internationale de Football Association

laser lightwave* amplification by stimulated emission of

radiation

radar radio detecting and ranging

ROM range of motion

scuba self-contained underwater breathing apparatus

sonar sound, navigation and ranging

*According to some sources laser is an acronym for light

amplification by stimulated emission of radiation; however, the

correct term is lightwave (lightwave amplification by stimulated

emission of radiation)