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w>f*h>fcdwDwz.f TABLE OF CONTENTS

1$ w>fuwdRqS>Ekmf Introduction$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$3

2$ w>ftcDynDv>tcD.fxH; Original Meaning $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$3

3$ ,GR*h>fyDngtcD.fxH;cD.fbd Theological Basis $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$4

(u) ySRuGJ;vHmf Writer

(c) ySR’due.fw>fzd Audience

(*) vHmfwDvHmfrD Document

1$ w>fpdw>furDRv>,GR’k;td.fxD.fv>ySRunDto;uH>fylR’.f0J Organic

Inspiration

2$ ,GRtw>frRClvdmfzd;vdmfw>f Divine Accommodation

4$ w>ftd.f’D;t*h>ftusdRv>t’d.ft,dmf Importance$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$13

(u) w>ftd.fzSd.ftw>fpH.fpdRwJpdR Church History

(c) chcgtw>ftd.fzSd.f Modern Church

5$ w>fuwdRv>cH Conclusion$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$17

~ 3 ~

t0J[h.fwh>fySRw>fuGJ;pDqSH: w>fxk;xD.fw>ftcDynDtcD.fxH;cD.fbdwz.f

He Gave Us Scriputre : Foundations of Interpretation

w>frRvdo> Lesson Three

w>fCkoh.fngorHord;vHmfpDqSH Investigating Scripture

w>fuwdRqS>Ekmf INTRODUCTION

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