what are edaphic effects? edaphic effects are soil characteristics that modify growth and...
DESCRIPTION
What is a narrow endemic? Narrow endemic taxa are species that occur in one or a few small populations The genus Monarda contains 4 narrow endemics that grow in South Central Texas »M. fruticulosa »M. maritima »M. stanfieldii »M. viridissimaTRANSCRIPT
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Reciprocal soil trials to test the presence or absence of edaphic constraints on the range of the narrow
endemic Monarda fruticulosa
Krista Lueth and Alan PratherMSU Department of Plant Biology
With special thanks to the graduate students of the Prather lab
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What are edaphic effects?
• Edaphic effects are soil characteristics that modify growth and development of plant species:– Organic matter– Inorganic minerals– Heavy metals– Water holding capacity– Soil salinity
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What is a narrow endemic?
• Narrow endemic taxa are species that occur in one or a few small populations
• The genus Monarda contains 4 narrow endemics that grow in South Central Texas
» M. fruticulosa» M. maritima» M. stanfieldii» M. viridissima
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Why study endemism?
• To understand biodiversity• To understand speciation in plants• To understand rarity as a means of
facilitating conservation• To understand edaphic effects on growth
and development of plant species• Endemics are often restricted by edaphic
constraints
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Species Descriptions•Monarda fruticulosa is a narrowly endemic species found only on the sand plains of central southern Texas
•Monarda punctata is a widespread species that is found across Southern, Central, and Eastern North America
•Phylogenetic analysis reveals that these two species are very closely related
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Monarda punctata and Monarda fruticulosa
growth habits
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Monarda punctata distribution in the USAhttp://plants.usda.gov/cgi_bin/plant_profile.cgi?symbol=MOPUP
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Monarda fruticulosa range
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Hypotheses
• Monarda fruticulosa performs better on M. fruticulosa soils than on M. punctata soils in general
• Monarda fruticulosa performs better on native soil from it’s home site than on any other soil
• Monarda fruticulosa is a perennial species and as such will have a higher root/shoot ratio than M. punctata
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Collection• In May of 2002, Dr. Alan Prather collected soil and mature inflorescences
from native plants growing on the coastal plains of southern Texas
• 10 inflorescences each from 3 different populations of M. punctata• 10 inflorescences each from 3 different populations of M. fruticulosa• 60 inflorescences and 6 soil samples were brought back to MSU
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Materials and Methods
•A reciprocal soil trial was performed using three populations each of Monarda puncata and Monarda fruticulosa along with the soils upon which they were collected
•We selected 60 seeds from each population and planted them on each of the six soils upon which the plants grew
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Experimental Design
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Watering and Light Application
• Plants were put under 12 hours light and 12 hours dark in the lab
• Plants were top watered daily with distilled, deionized water
• Plants were bottom watered on the weekends to prevent the soil from drying out
• Lab temperature was approximately 72 degrees Fahrenheit
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Experimental conditions
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Monarda punctata Monarda fruticulosa
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Data Collection
• Germination date recorded for each seed
• If applicable, date of natural seedling death recorded
• 10 day intervals of growth recorded for each seedling
• At 40 days of growth, each seedling was harvested and weighed
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Data Analysis
• 4 measures of fitness were considered for data analysis:– Germination– Height– Survivorship – Biomass
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Statistical Test for the Difference between Two Population Proportions(Binomial Data)
π = Probability of Successn = sample size
Z= ( π – π )
1 2 2
1
1 ππ π π )( (1 1– – )+n n 2
1 2
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Germination ResultsM. punctata on M. fruticulosa Soil (n=91) 85.70%
M. punctata on M. punctata Soils (n=90) 70%
Results from Germination Analysis
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
M. punctata on M.punctata Soils (n=90)
M. punctata on M.fruticulosa Soil (n=91)
M. fruticulosa on M.fruticulosa Soil (n=89)
M. fruticulosa on M.punctata Soil (n=90)
Species and Soil Type
Ger
min
atio
n (%
)
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Survivorship ResultsM. fruticulosa on M. fruticulosa Soils (n=58) 82.80%M. fruticulosa on M. punctata Soil (n=58) 61.80%
Results from Survivorship Analysis
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
M. punctata on M. punctata Soils (n=63) M. punctata on M. fruticulosa Soils(n=78)
M. fruticulosa on M. fruticulosa Soils(n=58)
M. fruticulosa on M. punctata Soil (n=58)
Species and Soil Type
Surv
ivor
ship
(%)
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Height and Biomass Results
• There were no significant data supporting nor opposing our hypotheses
• M. fruticulosa did perform better on M. fruticulosa soil in terms of height
• M. punctata performed better overall in both respects
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Height ResultsM. Fruticulosa on M. Fruticulosa Soils (n=89) 27.49 mm
M. Fruticulosa on M. Punctata Soil (n=90) 25.32 mm Analysis of variance by Anova
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Punctata on Punctata Soils (n=90) Punctata on Fruticulosa Soils (n=92) Fruticulosa on Fruticulosa Soils (n=89) Fruticulosa on Punctata Soil (n=90)
Population and Soil Type
Heig
ht (m
m)
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Biomass Results Analysis of variance by Anova
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
Punctata on Punctata Soils (n=54) Punctata on Fruticulosa Soils (n=68) Fruticulosa on Fruticulosa Soils(n=47)
Fruticulosa on Punctata Soil (n=41)
Population and Soil Type
Aver
age
Bio
mas
s (g
)
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Root to Shoot Ratio TestResults show that M. punctata has a higher root/shoot ratio
than M. fruticulosa
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Species
Root
/ Sh
oot R
atio
Monarda punctata
Monarda fruticulosa
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Overall Fitness AnalysisOverall Germination
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Monarda punctata Monarda fruticulosa
Species
Ger
min
atio
n (%
)
Overall Survivorship
72
74
76
78
80
82
84
86
Monarda punctata Monarda fruticulosa
Species
Surv
ivor
ship
(%)
Overall Average Height
25.5
26
26.5
27
27.5
28
Monarda punctata Monarda fruticulosa
Species
Ave
rage
Hei
ght (
mm
)
Overall Average Biomass
0
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.01
0.012
0.014
0.016
0.018
0.02
Monarda punctata Monarda fruticulosa
Species
Ave
rage
Bio
mas
s (g
)
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Hypotheses Analysis • Hypothesis supported:
– Monarda fruticulosa performs better on M. fruticulosa soils than on M. punctata soils
• Supported significantly in terms of survivorship• Trends support this hypothesis in terms of germination and
height• Monarda fruticulosa did germinate better on its own native soil
than on soil from any other site, but not significantly
• Hypotheses not supported:– Monarda fruticulosa performs better on native soil from
it’s home site than on any other soil– Monarda fruticulosa is perennial and therefore will have
a higher root/shoot ratio than Monarda punctata
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Conclusions
• Survivorship data supports the hypothesis that M. fruticulosa performs better on M. fruticulosa soil than on M. punctata soil.
• M. punctata is a better performer overall, out performing M. fruticulosa in terms of germination, survivorship, biomass, and root/shoot ratio
– This may have to do with the fact that M. punctata is an annual and genetically programmed to complete it’s lifecycle within a season, requiring rapid growth
• Whether or not the narrow endemic, Monarda fruticulosa, is edaphically constrained to it’s habitat, requires more research
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Future Research
• Soil analysis– Organic matter– Heavy metals– Salts
• Water availability tests• Large scale reciprocal trials in nature• Survival to reproduction• Hybrid studies
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Special Thanks To:• Jan Szyren
– Greenhouse and moral support• Victor Bato
– Mapping• Tao Sang
– Analytical balance• Uwe Rossbach
– Computer lab use and consulting• Deb Trock and Alan Fryday
– Moral support
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Dr. Alan Prather and graduate students Jessie Keith, Orlando Alvarez, Rachel Williams, and Nate Sammons