what color is the sun?. when viewed from outside our atmosphere the sun appears white. contrary to...
TRANSCRIPT
What color is the sun?
• When viewed from outside our atmosphere the sun appears white.
• Contrary to popular belief, the sun is actually white!
The Sun as Seen by ISS
Image via Nasa.gov
Why?
RAINBOWS!How does a Rainbow Form
White Light is Composed of all Colors: ROY G BIV
WHITE LIGHTPRISM
White Light is Composed of all Colors: ROY G BIV
• As light enters a new material or medium (e.g. from air to glass) it changes speed which causes it to bend or refract.
• Different colors of light bend different amounts. Thus, white light separated into a full rainbow of colors.
WHITE LIGHTPRISM
How Does a Prism Work?
Simple Refraction Demo
Arrow and a glass cup.
• A simple explanation is that all the particles in our atmosphere filter out all the colors but yellow making the sun appear yellow.
• Likewise, grass is green because the pigment chlorophyll inside of grass is very good at absorbing blue and red light, leaving the green to be reflected.
• Why Does the Sun Appear to be Yellow?
• At dawn/dusk the sun has to travel through a longer path in the atmosphere to reach us which scatters out the blue normally making up our sky color.
• Why are Sunrises and Sunsets Red/Orange?
EARTH
X
The size of our atmosphere is EXTREMELY exaggerated!
If Earth was the Size of an Apple
• The atmosphere would be much thinner than the skin on the apple.
• The atmosphere is about 60 miles thick whereas earth has a radius of about 4,000 miles.
WHITE LIGHT
How Does a Rainbow Form?
Sunlight strikes water droplets in the atmosphere. The water droplets behave like a prism and separate the light into a full rainbow of colors.
THE SUN MUST BE AT YOUR BACK TO SEE A
RAINBOW
As white sunlight enters a raindrop it refracts into a full spectrum of color.
The light will then reflect or bounce off the opposite side of the drop and exit on the same side it entered (refracting again!)
Refraction
Refraction
Reflection
Activity: Grab a spectroscope and use it to look at the following:
• Sunlight (not directly)• Fluorescent Light• Helium Tube• Oxygen Tube• Hydrogen Tube
Use colored pencils and markers to draw the spectral lines (color pattern). Explain the differences that you see.
When light passes through a diffraction grating (slit) of a certain size it the light separates into its respective colors.
In this unit we want to understand what creates light and why each element has a unique set of spectral lines. In order to do that we need to take a deeper look at electrons…
Image via openstax
Spectroscopic Analysis
• Astronomy! We can’t get to the stars so spectral analysis is crucial to understand what these objects are made of.
• Helium was discovered on the sun before it was found on Earth.
How Light Forms
[1] Energy strikes an atom
[2] Electrons in their grounds state become excited and jump up to a higher energy level
[3] Electrons in higher energy levels are unstable. They drop back down to their ground state and emit the energy they absorbed.
[4] That energy is emitted as photons or small packets of light
Light
2-8-8-2 rule
Wave Mechanical Atom (Lab)• Understanding electrons allows us to understand light and
how and why atoms join together.• Electron location is based upon probability.• Electrons orbits are quantized.
Planetary Orbits
Electrons are little circles
STUDENTS PLEASE DON’T FART
• S (2 electrons)• P (6 electrons)• D (10 electrons)• F (14 electrons)
1s2s3s4s5s6s7s
1. Draw the numbers 1-7 down and put an s after them2. Draw the numbers 2-7 and put a p after them.3. Draw the numbers 3-6 and put a d after them4. Draw the numbers 4-7 and put an f after them5. Inset arrows diagonally starting with the 1s6. Follow the the arrows (top to bottom) and write the order out.7. Now insert the SPDF numbers as exponents.
2p3p4p5p6p7p
3d4d5d6d7d
4f5f6f7f
Aufbau Principle
S(2) P(6) D(10) F(14)
1s2s2p3s3p4s3d4p5s4d5p6s4f5d6p7s5f6d7p
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p66s24f145d106p67s25f146d107p6
Writing the standard, ground state electron configuration order.
1s2
Energy Level
Orbital shape
# of Electrons
Containers that hold electrons
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p66s24f145d106p67s25f146d10
Practice Configuration and Boxes
• Hydrogen
• Oxygen
• Fluorine
• Neon-21
• Al3+You have to fill up one orbital before going into the next one!
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p66s24f145d106p67s25f146d10
HANDOUT
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__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14
Neon Sulfur Krypton Oxygen Nitrogen Mg2+ S2- 14C
Hund’s Rule Pauli Exclusion Principle Aufbau Principle
Fill in the diagram and write out the electron configuration
1s2
4f14
2s2 2p6
3s23p6
4s2 3d104p6
5s2
6s2
7s2
5p6
6p6
4d10
5d10
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Hydrogen Lithium Sodium Potassium Rubidium Caesium
Valence Electrons
• Electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom.
• The most important electrons in an atom, they determine chemical bonds and properties.
• They are the furthest from the Nucleus and therefore, when two atoms/molecules come into contact with one another it is the outer electrons that interact first.
1s2s3s4s5s6s7s
2p3p4p5p6p7p
3d4d5d6d7d
4f5f6f7f
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p66s24f145d106p67s25f146d10
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s2…
• Determine the number of Valence Electrons
• Carbon
• Neon
• Argon
• Iron
1. First you need to determine the total number of electrons each element has.
2. You need to write out its ground state electron configuration.
3. Count the number of electrons in the highest energy level.
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s2…
• Determine the number of Valence Electrons
• Carbon 1s22s22p2 =4
• Neon 1s22s22p6 =8
• Argon 1s22s22p63s23p6 =8
• Iron 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d6 =2
1. First you need to determine the total number of electrons each element has.
2. You need to write out its ground state electron configuration.
3. Count the number of electrons in the highest energy level.
Handout
Column Number 1A-8A is the number of Valence electrons
• Selenium• Tin• Strontium• Krypton• Iodine• Potassium• Sodium• Gallium
How Many Valence Electrons?
1
HHydrogen1.0079
Alkali Metals
Alkaline Earth
MetalsTransition
Metals Lanthanides Actinides Other Metals Metalloids Other
Nonmetals Halogens Noble Gases
2
HeHelium4.003
3
LiLithium6.941
4
BeBeryllium9.0122
5
BBoron
10.811
6
CCarbon12.011
7
NNitrogen14.007
8
OOxygen15.999
9
FFluorine18.998
10
NeNeon
20.180
11
NaSodium22.990
12
MgMagnesium
24.305
13
AlAluminum26.982
14
SiSilicon
28.086
15
PPhosphorus
30.974
16
SSulfur
32.066
17
ClChlorine35.453
18
ArArgon
39.948
19
KPotassium
39.098
20
CaCalcium40.078
21
ScScandium44.956
22
TiTitanium47.88
23
VVanadium50.942
24
CrChromium51.996
25
MnManganese
54.938
26
FeIron
55.933
27
CoCobalt
58.933
28
NiNickel
58.693
29
CuCopper63.546
30
ZnZinc
65.39
31
GaGallium69.732
32
GeGermanium
72.61
33
AsArsenic74.922
34
SeSelenium
78.09
35
BrBromine79.904
36
KrKrypton84.80
37
RbRubidium
85.468
38
SrStrontium
87.62
39
YYttrium88.906
40
ZrZirconium91.224
41
NbNiobium92.906
42
MoMolybdenum
95.94
43
TcTechnetium
98.907
44
RuRuthenium
101.07
45
RhRhodium102.906
46
PdPalladium106.42
47
AgSilver
107.868
48
CdCadmium112.411
49
InIndium
114.818
50
SnTin
118.71
51
SbAntimony121.760
52
TeTellurium
127.6
53
IIodine
126.904
54
XeXenon
131.29
55
CsCesium132.91
56
BaBarium137.33
*57-71
72
HfHafnium178.49
73
TaTantalum180.948
74
WTungsten183.85
75
ReRhenium186.207
76
OsOsmium190.23
77
IrIridium192.22
78
PtPlatinum195.08
79
AuGold
196.967
80
HgMercury200.59
81
TlThallium204.383
82
PbLead
207.2
83
BiBismuth208.980
84
PoPolonium
[208.982]
85
AtAstatine209.987
86
RnRadon
222.018
87
FrFrancium
[223]
88
RaRadon[226]
**89-103
104
RfRutherfordium
[261]
105
DbDubnium
[262]
106
SgSeaborgium
[266]
107
BhBohrium[264]
108
HsHassium[269]
109
MtMeitnerium
[268]
110
DsDarmstadtium
[269]
111
RgRoentgenium
[272]
112
CnCopernicium
[277]
113
UutUnuntriumunknown
114
FlFlerovium
[289]
115
UupUnunpentium
unknown
116
LvLivermorium
[298]
117
UusUnunseptium
unknown
118
UuoUnunoctiumunknown
*57
LaLanthanum
138.906
58
CeCerium
140.115
59
PrPraseodymium
140.908
60
NdNeodymium
144.24
61
PmPromethium
144.24
62
SmSamarium150.36
63
EuEuropium151.966
64
GdGadolinium
157.25
65
TbTerbium158.925
66
DyDysprosium
162.50
67
HoHolmium164.930
68
ErErbium167.26
69
TmThulium
168.934
70
YbYtterbium173.04
71
LuLutetium174.967
**89
AcActinium227.028
90
ThThorium232.038
91
PaProtactinium
231.036
92
UUranium238.029
93
NpNeptunium237.048
94
PuPlutonium244.064
95
AmAmericium243.061
96
CmCurium
247.070
97
BkBerkelium247.070
98
CfCalifornium251.080
99
EsEinsteinium
[254]
100
FmFermium257.095
101
MdMendelevium
258.1
102
NoNobelium259.101
103
LrLawrencium
[262]
1 1A
2 2A
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
13 3A 14 4A 15 5A 16 6A 17 7A
18 8A
All column 1A elements have 1 valence electron
http://www.vincentsapone.com
Atomic mass in [brackets] is for the
most stable isotope .
1
HHydrogen1.0079
Alkali Metals
Alkaline Earth
MetalsTransition
Metals Lanthanides Actinides Other Metals Metalloids Other
Nonmetals Halogens Noble Gases
2
HeHelium4.003
3
LiLithium6.941
4
BeBeryllium9.0122
5
BBoron
10.811
6
CCarbon12.011
7
NNitrogen14.007
8
OOxygen15.999
9
FFluorine18.998
10
NeNeon
20.180
11
NaSodium22.990
12
MgMagnesium
24.305
13
AlAluminum26.982
14
SiSilicon
28.086
15
PPhosphorus
30.974
16
SSulfur
32.066
17
ClChlorine35.453
18
ArArgon
39.948
19
KPotassium
39.098
20
CaCalcium40.078
21
ScScandium44.956
22
TiTitanium47.88
23
VVanadium50.942
24
CrChromium51.996
25
MnManganese
54.938
26
FeIron
55.933
27
CoCobalt
58.933
28
NiNickel
58.693
29
CuCopper63.546
30
ZnZinc
65.39
31
GaGallium69.732
32
GeGermanium
72.61
33
AsArsenic74.922
34
SeSelenium
78.09
35
BrBromine79.904
36
KrKrypton84.80
37
RbRubidium
85.468
38
SrStrontium
87.62
39
YYttrium88.906
40
ZrZirconium91.224
41
NbNiobium92.906
42
MoMolybdenum
95.94
43
TcTechnetium
98.907
44
RuRuthenium
101.07
45
RhRhodium102.906
46
PdPalladium106.42
47
AgSilver
107.868
48
CdCadmium112.411
49
InIndium
114.818
50
SnTin
118.71
51
SbAntimony121.760
52
TeTellurium
127.6
53
IIodine
126.904
54
XeXenon
131.29
55
CsCesium132.91
56
BaBarium137.33
*57-71
72
HfHafnium178.49
73
TaTantalum180.948
74
WTungsten183.85
75
ReRhenium186.207
76
OsOsmium190.23
77
IrIridium192.22
78
PtPlatinum195.08
79
AuGold
196.967
80
HgMercury200.59
81
TlThallium204.383
82
PbLead
207.2
83
BiBismuth208.980
84
PoPolonium
[208.982]
85
AtAstatine209.987
86
RnRadon
222.018
87
FrFrancium
[223]
88
RaRadon[226]
**89-103
104
RfRutherfordium
[261]
105
DbDubnium
[262]
106
SgSeaborgium
[266]
107
BhBohrium[264]
108
HsHassium[269]
109
MtMeitnerium
[268]
110
DsDarmstadtium
[269]
111
RgRoentgenium
[272]
112
CnCopernicium
[277]
113
UutUnuntriumunknown
114
FlFlerovium
[289]
115
UupUnunpentium
unknown
116
LvLivermorium
[298]
117
UusUnunseptium
unknown
118
UuoUnunoctiumunknown
*57
LaLanthanum
138.906
58
CeCerium
140.115
59
PrPraseodymium
140.908
60
NdNeodymium
144.24
61
PmPromethium
144.24
62
SmSamarium150.36
63
EuEuropium151.966
64
GdGadolinium
157.25
65
TbTerbium158.925
66
DyDysprosium
162.50
67
HoHolmium164.930
68
ErErbium167.26
69
TmThulium
168.934
70
YbYtterbium173.04
71
LuLutetium174.967
**89
AcActinium227.028
90
ThThorium232.038
91
PaProtactinium
231.036
92
UUranium238.029
93
NpNeptunium237.048
94
PuPlutonium244.064
95
AmAmericium243.061
96
CmCurium
247.070
97
BkBerkelium247.070
98
CfCalifornium251.080
99
EsEinsteinium
[254]
100
FmFermium257.095
101
MdMendelevium
258.1
102
NoNobelium259.101
103
LrLawrencium
[262]
1 1A
2 2A
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
13 3A 14 4A 15 5A 16 6A 17 7A
18 8A
All column 2A elements have 2 valence electrons
http://www.vincentsapone.com
Atomic mass in [brackets] is for the
most stable isotope .
1
HHydrogen1.0079
Alkali Metals
Alkaline Earth
MetalsTransition
Metals Lanthanides Actinides Other Metals Metalloids Other
Nonmetals Halogens Noble Gases
2
HeHelium4.003
3
LiLithium6.941
4
BeBeryllium9.0122
5
BBoron
10.811
6
CCarbon12.011
7
NNitrogen14.007
8
OOxygen15.999
9
FFluorine18.998
10
NeNeon
20.180
11
NaSodium22.990
12
MgMagnesium
24.305
13
AlAluminum26.982
14
SiSilicon
28.086
15
PPhosphorus
30.974
16
SSulfur
32.066
17
ClChlorine35.453
18
ArArgon
39.948
19
KPotassium
39.098
20
CaCalcium40.078
21
ScScandium44.956
22
TiTitanium47.88
23
VVanadium50.942
24
CrChromium51.996
25
MnManganese
54.938
26
FeIron
55.933
27
CoCobalt
58.933
28
NiNickel
58.693
29
CuCopper63.546
30
ZnZinc
65.39
31
GaGallium69.732
32
GeGermanium
72.61
33
AsArsenic74.922
34
SeSelenium
78.09
35
BrBromine79.904
36
KrKrypton84.80
37
RbRubidium
85.468
38
SrStrontium
87.62
39
YYttrium88.906
40
ZrZirconium91.224
41
NbNiobium92.906
42
MoMolybdenum
95.94
43
TcTechnetium
98.907
44
RuRuthenium
101.07
45
RhRhodium102.906
46
PdPalladium106.42
47
AgSilver
107.868
48
CdCadmium112.411
49
InIndium
114.818
50
SnTin
118.71
51
SbAntimony121.760
52
TeTellurium
127.6
53
IIodine
126.904
54
XeXenon
131.29
55
CsCesium132.91
56
BaBarium137.33
*57-71
72
HfHafnium178.49
73
TaTantalum180.948
74
WTungsten183.85
75
ReRhenium186.207
76
OsOsmium190.23
77
IrIridium192.22
78
PtPlatinum195.08
79
AuGold
196.967
80
HgMercury200.59
81
TlThallium204.383
82
PbLead
207.2
83
BiBismuth208.980
84
PoPolonium
[208.982]
85
AtAstatine209.987
86
RnRadon
222.018
87
FrFrancium
[223]
88
RaRadon[226]
**89-103
104
RfRutherfordium
[261]
105
DbDubnium
[262]
106
SgSeaborgium
[266]
107
BhBohrium[264]
108
HsHassium[269]
109
MtMeitnerium
[268]
110
DsDarmstadtium
[269]
111
RgRoentgenium
[272]
112
CnCopernicium
[277]
113
UutUnuntriumunknown
114
FlFlerovium
[289]
115
UupUnunpentium
unknown
116
LvLivermorium
[298]
117
UusUnunseptium
unknown
118
UuoUnunoctiumunknown
*57
LaLanthanum
138.906
58
CeCerium
140.115
59
PrPraseodymium
140.908
60
NdNeodymium
144.24
61
PmPromethium
144.24
62
SmSamarium150.36
63
EuEuropium151.966
64
GdGadolinium
157.25
65
TbTerbium158.925
66
DyDysprosium
162.50
67
HoHolmium164.930
68
ErErbium167.26
69
TmThulium
168.934
70
YbYtterbium173.04
71
LuLutetium174.967
**89
AcActinium227.028
90
ThThorium232.038
91
PaProtactinium
231.036
92
UUranium238.029
93
NpNeptunium237.048
94
PuPlutonium244.064
95
AmAmericium243.061
96
CmCurium
247.070
97
BkBerkelium247.070
98
CfCalifornium251.080
99
EsEinsteinium
[254]
100
FmFermium257.095
101
MdMendelevium
258.1
102
NoNobelium259.101
103
LrLawrencium
[262]
1 1A
2 2A
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
13 3A 14 4A 15 5A 16 6A 17 7A
18 8A
All column 3A elements have 3 valence electrons and so on…
http://www.vincentsapone.com
Atomic mass in [brackets] is for the
most stable isotope .
1
HHydrogen1.0079
Alkali Metals
Alkaline Earth
MetalsTransition
Metals Lanthanides Actinides Other Metals Metalloids Other
Nonmetals Halogens Noble Gases
2
HeHelium4.003
3
LiLithium6.941
4
BeBeryllium9.0122
5
BBoron
10.811
6
CCarbon12.011
7
NNitrogen14.007
8
OOxygen15.999
9
FFluorine18.998
10
NeNeon
20.180
11
NaSodium22.990
12
MgMagnesium
24.305
13
AlAluminum26.982
14
SiSilicon
28.086
15
PPhosphorus
30.974
16
SSulfur
32.066
17
ClChlorine35.453
18
ArArgon
39.948
19
KPotassium
39.098
20
CaCalcium40.078
21
ScScandium44.956
22
TiTitanium47.88
23
VVanadium50.942
24
CrChromium51.996
25
MnManganese
54.938
26
FeIron
55.933
27
CoCobalt
58.933
28
NiNickel
58.693
29
CuCopper63.546
30
ZnZinc
65.39
31
GaGallium69.732
32
GeGermanium
72.61
33
AsArsenic74.922
34
SeSelenium
78.09
35
BrBromine79.904
36
KrKrypton84.80
37
RbRubidium
85.468
38
SrStrontium
87.62
39
YYttrium88.906
40
ZrZirconium91.224
41
NbNiobium92.906
42
MoMolybdenum
95.94
43
TcTechnetium
98.907
44
RuRuthenium
101.07
45
RhRhodium102.906
46
PdPalladium106.42
47
AgSilver
107.868
48
CdCadmium112.411
49
InIndium
114.818
50
SnTin
118.71
51
SbAntimony121.760
52
TeTellurium
127.6
53
IIodine
126.904
54
XeXenon
131.29
55
CsCesium132.91
56
BaBarium137.33
*57-71
72
HfHafnium178.49
73
TaTantalum180.948
74
WTungsten183.85
75
ReRhenium186.207
76
OsOsmium190.23
77
IrIridium192.22
78
PtPlatinum195.08
79
AuGold
196.967
80
HgMercury200.59
81
TlThallium204.383
82
PbLead
207.2
83
BiBismuth208.980
84
PoPolonium
[208.982]
85
AtAstatine209.987
86
RnRadon
222.018
87
FrFrancium
[223]
88
RaRadon[226]
**89-103
104
RfRutherfordium
[261]
105
DbDubnium
[262]
106
SgSeaborgium
[266]
107
BhBohrium[264]
108
HsHassium[269]
109
MtMeitnerium
[268]
110
DsDarmstadtium
[269]
111
RgRoentgenium
[272]
112
CnCopernicium
[277]
113
UutUnuntriumunknown
114
FlFlerovium
[289]
115
UupUnunpentium
unknown
116
LvLivermorium
[298]
117
UusUnunseptium
unknown
118
UuoUnunoctiumunknown
*57
LaLanthanum
138.906
58
CeCerium
140.115
59
PrPraseodymium
140.908
60
NdNeodymium
144.24
61
PmPromethium
144.24
62
SmSamarium150.36
63
EuEuropium151.966
64
GdGadolinium
157.25
65
TbTerbium158.925
66
DyDysprosium
162.50
67
HoHolmium164.930
68
ErErbium167.26
69
TmThulium
168.934
70
YbYtterbium173.04
71
LuLutetium174.967
**89
AcActinium227.028
90
ThThorium232.038
91
PaProtactinium
231.036
92
UUranium238.029
93
NpNeptunium237.048
94
PuPlutonium244.064
95
AmAmericium243.061
96
CmCurium
247.070
97
BkBerkelium247.070
98
CfCalifornium251.080
99
EsEinsteinium
[254]
100
FmFermium257.095
101
MdMendelevium
258.1
102
NoNobelium259.101
103
LrLawrencium
[262]
1 1A
2 2A
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
13 3A 14 4A 15 5A 16 6A 17 7A
18 8A
All column 8A elements have 8 valence electrons except helium (2ve)
http://www.vincentsapone.com
Atomic mass in [brackets] is for the
most stable isotope .
Lewis Dot StructuresColumn # 1 A-8A = #V.E.s
Dot structures dots represent valence electrons.
Valence electrons are electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom.
Important for Bonding!!! +8The shell model on the right shows an oxygen atom with 8 total electrons. How many of them are valence electrons?
Six V.E.s
OWe draw it like this:The element symbol in the middle with dots drawn around it. Starting from the right, draw one dot on each side in a clockwise fashion and then double up the dots if necessary.
Key Concept:• Shell diagrams show ALL electrons• Lewis Dot Structures show only the
outermost ring (valence electrons)
Lewis Dot StructuresColumn # 1 A-8A = #V.E.s
Draw Dot Structures
CCarbon is in
Column 4A so it has four Valence
electrons!
Lewis Dot Structures
1VE
X2VEs
X3VEs
X4VEs
X5VEs
X6VEs
X7VEs
X8VEs
X
Period 2 Lewis Structures
1VE
Li2VEs
Be3VEs
B4VEs
C5VEs
N6VEs
O7VEs
F8VEs
Ne
*
**
*
**
Patterns in Electron Configuration
H1s1
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p66s24f145d10 He1s2
Li2s1
Be2s2 S P D F
B2p1
C2p2
N2p3
O2p4
F2p5
Ne2p6
Na3s1
Mg3s2
Al3p1
Si3p2
P3p3
S3p4
Cl3p5
Ar3p6
K4s1
Ca4s2
Sc3d1
Ti3d2
V3d3
Cr3d5
Mn3d5
Fe3d6
Co3d7
Ni3d8
Cu3d10
Zn3d10
Ga4p1
Ge4p2
As4p3
Se4p4
Br4p5
Kr4p6
Rb5s1
Sr5s2
Y4d1
Zr4d2
Nb4d4
Mo4d5
Tc4d5
Ru4d7
Rh4d8
Pd4d10
Ag4d10
Cd4d10
In5p1
Sn5p2
Sb5p3
Te5p4
I5p5
Xe5p6
Cs6s1
Ba6s2 *
Hf5d2
Ta5d3
W5d4
Re5d5
Os5d6
Ir5d7
Pt5d9
Au5d10
Hg5d10
Ti6p1
Pb6p2
Bi6p3
Po6p4
At6p5
Rn6p6
Fr7s1
Ra7s2 **
Rf6d2
Db6d3
Sg6d4
Bh6d5
Hs6d6
Mt6d7
Ds6d8
Rg6d10
Cn6d10
*La5d1
Ce4f15d1
Pr4f3
Nd4f4
Pm4f5
Sm4f6
Eu4f7
Gd4f75d1
Tb4f9
Dy4f10
Ho4f11
Er4f12
Tm4f13
Yb4f14
Lu5s1
**Ac6d1
Th6d2
Pa5f26d1
U5f36d1
Np5f46d1
Pu5f6
Am5f7
Cm5f76d1
Bk5f9
Cf5f10
Es5f11
Fm5f12
Md5f13
No5f14
Lr6d1
http://www.vincentsapone.com
Why does each element have a unique set of spectral lines?
1. Each color of light has a specific size/wavelength/energy.
2. Each atom has a unique electron configuration resulting in different amounts of energy being given off when an electron jumps back down.
3. Also each atom has difference energy characteristics since the number of protons differs between atoms.
Light is Electromagnetic Radiation
• Visible Light is just a small part of the total spectrum of Light
Full Electromagnetic Spectrum
Some Infrared Photos
Ultraviolet Radiation
BLACK LIGHTS
Flame Test Lab!!!!!