What factors spurred industrial growth in the late 1800s?

The demands of the __________ ________, the availability of natural ____________, an

increase in _______________, and supportive _______________ policies encouraged

industries to expand.

WHY IT MATTERS ENCOURAGING INDUSTRIAL GROWTH

Edwin _______________ discovers Oil – “Black Gold”

ECONOMIC SYSTEMS

What is meant by the term above???

Give examples to support your understanding

_______________ – Faire Capitalism

Theory of Adam _______________

Businesses are left free from government regulation to compete in a free market

Most people believed government regulation would reduce individuals chances of prosperity

Utilitarian’s Limited Government

Theory of Jeremy ______________

Goal of society should be to provide:

”Happiness for the greatest number of people”

Government should regulate business in certain circumstances

_______________ government absorbed many ideas from Bentham

SOCIALISM

Utopians – early socialists

Robert ____________ –established Owen’s Utopia

Theory of collective ownership of all business means

“More equal incomes across the board”

COMMUNISM Theory of Karl _______________ – wrote “Communist

Manifesto” Discussed communism as solution to Capitalism

Argued that the working class did not have the opportunity to prosper under a capitalist system because the power lies in the hands of few

No individual ownership of property - everyone within society should share property and ownership of production

Marx’s theory would create a classless society

Communism later evolves to small elite group controlling all economic and political aspects of life

SOCIAL ___________________

Theory of Charles Darwin

Stated society progresses through competition

“Survival of the Fittest”

Encouraged racism between nationalist groups

How did new technologies shape industrialization?

New technologies improved communication and transportation. Improved transportation

allowed factories to change the way they created goods and led to the system of mass production, which replaced performing tasks

by hand.

INNOVATION DRIVES THE NATION

Telegraph – Samuel F.B. __________ (1837)

Telephone - Alexander Graham __________ (1876)

Morse Code Enters Cyber Age http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1680529

The Duryea Brothers

America's first gasoline powered commercial car manufacturers were two brothers, Charles Duryea (1861-1938) and Frank Duryea. The brothers were bicycle makers who became interested in gasoline engines and automobiles. On September 20 1893, their first automobile was constructed and successfully tested on the public streets of Springfield, Massachusetts. Charles Duryea founded the Duryea Motor Wagon Company in 1896, the first company to manufacture and sell gasoline powered vehicles. By 1896, the company had sold thirteen cars of the model Duryea, an expensive limousine, which remained in production into the 1920s. America's First Automobile Race

THE “HORSELESS CARRIAGE”

The Kitty Hawk Flight100 Years Ago, Wright Brothers Launched First True Airplaneby Joe Palcahttp://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1550446

Typewriter – Christopher __________ (1867)

Edison's New Jersey Labhttp://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1431059

Phonograph Turns 130 http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=16504888

http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history.do

Necessity, who is the mother of invention. Plato, The Republic

Greek author & philosopher in Athens (427 BC - 347 BC)

SCHOOLHOUSE ROCK – Mother Necessityhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bQKsiPJRcN0

What impact did industrialization have on Americans?

Industrialization increased the _________________ of U.S. cities because

farms required fewer workers. Increased production made the United States more

involved with the economies of _______________nations. Waste from

industries created pollution and caused people to be concerned about their environment.

THE IMPACT OF INDUSTRIALIZATION

William Graham Sumner on Social Obligations

“A man who is present as a consumer, yet who does not contribute either by land, labor, or capital to the work of society, is a burden.”

“…and the State is thus made to become the protector and guardian of certain classes.”

“Poverty is the best policy. It you get wealth, you will have to support other people; if you do not get wealth, it will be the duty of other people to support you.”

William Graham Sumner on Social Obligations

“Every honest citizen of a free state owes it to himself, to the community, and especially to those who are at once weak and wronged, to go to their assistance and help redress their wrongs.”

“We each owe it to the other to guarantee rights.”

“The class distinctions simply result from the different degrees of success with which men have availed themselves of the chances which were presented to them.”

By 1890, the richest 10% controlled 9/10 of the wealth

Interstate Commerce Commission

February 4, 1887 – Law passed by Congress stating that all railroad charges should be fair and reasonable, and that forbade interstate railroad abuses. Its established a five-member Interstate Commerce Commission to administer the provisions of the law.

Sherman _____________ ActJuly 2, 1890 – Legislation passed by Congress to break up _______________ (pg.108). The first of several antitrust (pg.109) acts designed to curb the power and growth of monopolies, the law forbade companies to join in a trust in order to control interstate trade. The law was also used to break up unions. Penalties for violation included a $5,000 fine, a year’s imprisonment, or both. Because its wording was unclear and it was difficult to enforce, the Sherman Anti-Trust Act was supplemented by the Clayton Anti-Trust Act in 1914.

CARNEGIE STEEL PLANT IN BRADDOCK

FACTORY OWNER DETAINED IN FIRE THAT KILLED 55

Morocco, April 28, 2008

Casablanca – Police detained the owner and manager of a Casablanca mattress factory that went up in flames, killing at least 55 people, a police official said Sunday amid accusations of poor safety standards and locked doors that trapped workers.

Rescue workers found one more body yesterday and a sniffer dog was seen uncovering body parts a day after the blaze at the factory.

SOURCE: Tribune-Review

LABOR UNIONS

ORIGINS AND

MAIN GOALS

PROBLEMS OF WORKERS

• __________ hours, often 12 hours a day 6-7 days a week.

• Unsafe and dangerous working conditions

• Relatively low__________, while company owners were becoming fabulously wealthy.

• Children working in dangerous conditions at very early ages(5-6 years old)

CHILD LABOR IN AMERICA

BOYS AT THE MINE BREAKER BOYS AT WORK

CIGAR WORKERS IN A FACTORY

http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=94449437

Kosher Meat Plant Faces Child Labor Allegationsby Jennifer Ludden

September 10, 2008

EARLY LABOR UNIONS

• _____________________: Founded Uriah Stephens in 1869 & Terrance Powderly assumed leadership in the 1870’s

• American Federation of Labor (AFL): Founded by Samuel ___________ (1886)

• Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) led by John L. Lewis (1938)

REASONS UNIONS HELP WORKERS

• Workers banding together can force a company to shut down, thus costing the company _____________ and production.

• Together, workers are much more powerful than they would be alone.

Organization of wage earners, formed for the purpose of serving the members’ interest with respect to wages and working conditions.

WHAT DID UNIONS WANT?

• The _______ hour work day was a main goal, they wanted the government to make it a law.

• Higher _______ for workers.• Better _______________ at workplaces• Get rid of __________labor. Not only

because it was bad, but also because children took jobs that adults could have sometimes. (This is a little greedy, but looked good)

TOOLS FOR UNIONS

• __________: Refuse to work to hurt the company, and make them lose money.

• __________: Get consumers to refuse to buy a companies product.

• _______________: Slow down production by only doing what is absolutely necessary and explicitly stated in a contract.

Workers Occupy Factory After Closinghttp://www.latimes.com/video/?slug=la-na-worker-sit-in9-2008dec09-vid

TOOLS OF THE COMPANY

• _______________: Refuse to let workers come to work until they have no money and beg to come back.

• STRIKEBREAKERS: When a company hires replacement workers to work in place of the original ones. (__________)

Railroad Workers Strike (1877)Railroad Workers Strike (1877)The Great Railroad Strike of 1877 began on July 17, 1877, in Martinsburg, West Virginia. Workers for the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad went on strike, because the company had reduced workers' wages twice over the previous year. The strikers refused to let the trains run until the most recent pay cut was returned to the employees.

West Virginia's governor quickly called out the state's militia. Militia members, for the most part, sympathized with the workers and refused to intervene, prompting the governor to request federal government assistance. President Rutherford B. Hayes sent federal troops to several locations to reopen the railroads. In the meantime, the strike had spread to several other states, including Maryland, where violence erupted in Baltimore between the strikers and that state's militia. In Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and St. Louis, Missouri, strikers temporarily gained control of the cities until federal soldiers reestablished order. In Chicago, Illinois, more than twenty-thousand people rallied in support of the strikers.

The strike also affected Ohioans. Governor Thomas Young encouraged Ohioans to form private police forces to defend businesses from strikers. He also dispatched the Ohio militia to several locations to maintain law and order. Cleveland residents opposed to the strike responded to the governor's call and formed their own police force to protect Baltimore & Ohio Railroad property. In Columbus, mobs attacked and destroyed much railroad property. Protests in Zanesville, Lancaster, and Steubenville also briefly shut down rail service. The worst agitation occurred in Newark, a major depot for the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. On July 18, 1877, strikers blockaded the railroad, refusing to let any trains to pass. Governor Young quickly dispatched militia forces to the city, hoping to avoid violence.

By the end of August 1877, the strike had ended primarily due to federal government intervention, the use of state militias, and the employment of strikebreakers by the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Company. The Great Railroad Strike was typical of most strikes during this era. The availability of laborers and government support for businesses limited workers' ability to gain concessions from their employers.

HAYMARKET AFFAIR (May 4, 1886)HAYMARKET AFFAIR (May 4, 1886)

Violent incident in _______________ Haymarket Square during the McCormick Harvester Machine Company Strike. Although the labor rally began peaceably, someone threw a bomb, killing seven policemen. Police responded by killing four demonstrators. Eight anarchists were found guilty of inciting a riot and murder. Four were hanged and one committed suicide. Seven years later, in an act that helped destroy his political career, Illinois governor John Peter Altgeld pardoned the remaining three, believing they had received an unfair trial.

Homestead Strike (1892)Homestead Strike (1892)

Labor dispute between steel workers and the _______________ Steel Company in Homestead, Pennsylvania, one of the most bitter strikes in American history. The striking trade union, the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers, refused to accept a decrease in wages and stepped-up production demands by plant manager Henry Clay ________________, who was determined to break the union. When he brought in three hundred Pinkerton guards to break the strike, they were met by ten thousand workers and violence erupted. Sixteen men were killed and many more injured. The governor then sent in eight thousand state militia who guarded non-union strike breakers running the plant. The strike ended after five months. The first major struggle between organized labor and big business resulted in failure for the most important craft union of the age and exhibited the power of American big business

Pullman Strike (May 11 – July 20, 1894)Pullman Strike (May 11 – July 20, 1894)

Violent strike between the American Railway Union (ARU) and the Pullman Palace Car Company of Illinois. About 2,500 employees went on strike against the company to protest wage cuts and high rents in the company’s town of Pullman, south of Chicago. Eugene V. Debs led the ARU in a nationwide boycott of Pullman cars. When railroads fired union members, the strike became national. United States Attorney General Richard Olney obtained a federal court injunction barring the union from interfering with the running of the trains after he had deputized about 3,600 men to keep the trains moving. A rioting mob wrecked a mail train on July 1, causing President Grover Cleveland to call in ____________________to Chicago; on July 4 rioting broke out again and several strikers were killed. By July 10 troops had broken the strike and labor leaders were jailed for disobeying the injunction. The U.S. ______________________ upheld the use of the injunction by the government in 1895.

A federal panel appointed to investigate the strike sharply criticized the company's paternalistic policies and refusal to arbitrate, advancing the idea of the need for unions and for increased government regulation in an age of large-scale industrialization.

SIMILARITIES:

Both were a byproduct of a recession.Both turned violentBoth ended the union in their respective companiesBoth needed the militia to stop them, in the Pullman case, half of the U.S. ArmyBoth tarnished the reputation of labor unions to make them seem too _______________ and violent, thus hurting the future of the labor movement.

HOMESTEAD AND PULLMAN STRIKES

IN GENERAL THE STRIKES ILLUSTRATE:

•The workers feeling that the rich should help out when times get tough.

•The company attitude that if I built it, I’ll run it, and that workers are simply a piece of the production process.

OVERALL: Age-old rich versus poor distribution of wealth fight, it got bloody but did not end up like the French revolution.

Anthracite Coal Strike (1903)Anthracite Coal Strike (1903)

Reading.

THE URBAN TRANSFORMATIONhttp://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=CD4B111C-046E-

493E-98FE-213071243A5D&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US

The Age of Invention