what is a number?. what is a number? names and symbols are arbitrary
TRANSCRIPT
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What is a Number?
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What is a number?Names and symbols are arbitrary.
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What is a number?Names and symbols are arbitrary.
Four…. IV …. 4….
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What is a number?Names and symbols are arbitrary.
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Numbers that are not numbers….
0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/0_%28number%29
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Numbers that are not numbers…Some make the world go around.
e
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What is a number?Names and symbols are arbitrary.
Measurement:
“Rules for assigning numbers to objects (or concepts) to represent quantities of attributes.”
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What is a number?Names and symbols are arbitrary.
Measurement:
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What is a number?Names and symbols are arbitrary.
But to be a true number scale the symbolsmust follow some logical
and systematic arrangement.
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What is a number?Names and symbols are arbitrary.
Measurement:
“Standardized process of assigning symbols to objects according to certain prespeciified and
nondegenerating rules.”
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Is it possible to have an IQ of 160? But what does it mean?
160
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What is a number?Names and symbols are arbitrary.
Measurement:
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What is a number?Names and symbols are arbitrary.
Measurement:
“An object is never measured… only theobject’s attributes.”
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What is a number? Object characteristics.
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What is a number?
Scales:
“A scale is the continuum upon which measurements are located.”
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Zero degreescentigrade….
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So then what is this…..
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What is a number?
Scales:
Likert Scale
Ice cream is good for breakfast.1. Strongly disagree 2. Disagree 3. Neither agree nor disagree 4. Agree 5. Strongly agree
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What is a number?
Scales:
Likert Scale
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What is a number?
Scales:
Likert Scale
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What is a number?
Scales: Likert
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What is a number?
Scales:
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What is a number?
Scales:
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What is a number?
Semanticscales:
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What is a number?
Scales:
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What is a number?
Scales:
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What is a number?
But complex concepts in businessmay not be easily measured.
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What is a number?
But complex concepts in businessmay not be easily measured.
Harvard professor S.S. Stevenscreated scales to measure difficult
concepts.
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Stevens’ Scales
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Steven’s original paper in Science, 103(2684), June 7, 1946.
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Steven’s Scales:
Ratio
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Steven’s Scales: 1. Nominal Scales
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Steven’s Scales: 1. Nominal Scales
a. Name
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Steven’s Scales: 1. Nominal Scales
a. Nameb. Classify
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Steven’s Scales: 1. Nominal Scales
a. Nameb. Classify
c. Categorize
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Steven’s Scales: 1. Nominal Scales
a. Nameb. Classify
c. Categorize
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Steven’s Scales: 1. Nominal Scales2. Ordinal Scales
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Steven’s Scales: 1. Nominal Scales2. Ordinal Scales
Does everything a nominal scales does.Ranks objects or concepts by some
characteristic.
http://www.usatoday.com/sports/sagarin/fbt09.htm
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Steven’s Scales: 1. Nominal Scales2. Ordinal Scales 3. Interval scales
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Steven’s Scales: 1. Nominal Scales2. Ordinal Scales 3. Interval scales
Does everything an ordinal scale does.
Interval is now meaningful.
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Steven’s Scales: 1. Nominal Scales2. Ordinal Scales 3. Interval scales4. Ratio scales
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Steven’s Scales: 1. Nominal Scales2. Ordinal Scales 3. Interval scales4. Ratio scales
Has all the characteristics of all other scales, but it also has meaningful ratios. It has a true zero.
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http://www.fao.org/docrep/W3241E/w3241e04.htm
Good source:
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Steven’s Scales: 1. Nominal Scales2. Ordinal Scales X = f(x)3. Interval scales X = kx + c4. Ratio scales X = kx
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Which scale to use?1. Amount of information needed
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Which scale to use?1. Amount of information needed Each higher scale carries more information than the one before it.
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Which scale to use?1. Amount of information needed2. Characteristics of stimulus or concept
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Which scale to use?1. Amount of information needed2. Characteristics of stimulus or concept3. Application context
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Which scale to use?1. Amount of information needed2. Characteristics of stimulus or concept3. Application context4. Capacity of scale
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Which scale to use?1. Amount of information needed2. Characteristics of stimulus or concept3. Application context4. Capacity of scale5. Post-measurement analysis
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Which scale to use?1. Amount of information needed2. Characteristics of stimulus or concept3. Application context4. Capacity of scale5. Post-measurement analysis
Statistics are designed for specific typesof scales. Using the wrong scale will giveanswers that are nonsense.
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Measurement characteristics:
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Measurement characteristics:
Y = x(true) + x(sy-error) + x(random)
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Measurement characteristics:
Y = x(true) + x(sy-error) + x(random)
Systematic error can be eliminated.
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Measurement characteristics:
Y = x(true) + x(sy-error) + x(random)
Random error cannot be eliminated.
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Measurement characteristics:
Y = x(true) + x(sy-error) + x(random)
If a sample is taken to estimate an answer:another form of error is added……
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Measurement characteristics:
This is called a Sampling Error
Y = x(true) + x(sy-error) + x(random) + x(sampling error)
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You and a friend (in the same class) take thesame exam at the same time and
get different grades.
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WHY?
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Measurement characteristics:Validity
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Measurement characteristics:Validity1. Face
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Measurement characteristics:Validity1. Face2. Content
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Measurement characteristics:Validity1. Face2. Content3. Criteria
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Measurement characteristics:Validity1. Face2. Content3. Criteria
a. Concurrentb. Predictive
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Measurement characteristics:Validity1. Face2. Content3. Criteria
a. Concurrentb. Predictive
4. Construct
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Measurement characteristics:Validity1. Face2. Content3. Criteria
a. Concurrentb. Predictive
4. Construct
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Measurement characteristics:Validity1. Face2. Content3. Criteria
a. Concurrentb. Predictive
4. Constructa. Convergent
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Measurement characteristics:Validity1. Face2. Content3. Criteria
a. Concurrentb. Predictive
4. Constructa. Convergent
b. Divergent
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Measurement characteristics:Validity1. Face2. Content3. Criteria
a. Concurrentb. Predictive
4. Constructa. Convergent
b. Divergentc. Discriminant
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Measurement characteristics:Validity1. Face2. Content3. Criteria
a. Concurrentb. Predictive
4. Constructa. Convergent
b. Divergentc. Discriminant
d. Nomological
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Measurement characteristics:Reliability
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Measurement characteristics:Reliability1. Stability
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Measurement characteristics:Reliability1. Stability
a.Test-retestb. Equivalent forms
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Measurement characteristics:Reliability1. Stability
a.Test-retestb. Equivalent forms
2. Equivalence
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Measurement characteristics:Reliability1. Stability
a.Ttest-retestb. Equivalent forms
2. Equivalence a. Kuder-Richardsonb. Cronbach’s Alpha
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Measurement characteristics:Reliability1. Stability
a.Test-retestb. Equivalent forms
2. Equivalence a. Kuder-Richardsonb. Cronbach’s Alpha
Lee Cronbach
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Measurement characteristics:Reliability1. Stability
a.Test-retestb. Equivalent forms
2. Equivalence a. Kuder-Richardsonb. Cronbach’s Alpha
Learn, Effective, & Like the instructor
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Measurement characteristics:Reliability1. Stability
a.Test-retestb. Equivalent forms
2. Equivalence a. Kuder-Richardsonb. Cronbach’s Alpha
3. Inter-rater Consistencya. Krippendorff’s Alpha