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What is an Animal? Characteristics of All Animals 1. Animals are Multicellular 2. Animals are Eukaryotic 3. Animals are Heterotrophs 4. Animal cells lack cell walls

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Evolutionary/Developmental Milestones in Animals 1. Cell specialization and levels of organization 2. Development of body symmetry and segmentation 3. Development of an internal body cavity and tissue layers

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Levels of Organization

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Cell Specialization Cells throughout a multicellular organism can develop in different ways to perform different tasks.

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Body Segmentation Segmentation of the body allows development of various specialized limbs, such as antennae, pincers, walking legs, claws, wings, etc. Cephalization is the concentration of nervous tissues in one location which eventually produces a head region with sensory organs and a brain.

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Tissue Layers & Body Cavity A body cavity, called a coelom, increases the efficiency of food intake and waste removal. Tissue LayerDevelops Into Endodermdigestion and respiration structures Mesodermmuscles, bones, blood, skin, reproductive organs Ectodermskin, brain, nervous system

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Porifera

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ANIMAL BODY SYSTEMS Body systems are all interrelated and work together to perform their functions in animals. Body systems can be organized and studies by these functions: REGULATION: Excretory & Nervous Systems NUTRIENT ABSORPTION: Respiration, Digestion, & Circulatory Systems DEFENSE: Immune, Integumentary, Lymphatic, Skeletal, & Muscular Systems REPRODUCTION: Reproductive & Endocrine Systems

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FACT OF THE DAY: * Messages travel along the nerves as electrical impulses. They travel at speeds up to 248 miles per hour!

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The Nervous System

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Regulation requires homeostasis- the ability of the body or a cell to seek and maintain stability within its internal environment when dealing with external changes Nervous System The nervous system maintains homeostasis by controlling and regulating all other parts of the body.

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Function of The Nervous System 1. Sensory 1. Detect change inside and outside of body 2. Interpret 1. Interpret the change with the brain and spinal cord 3. Response 1. Control and coordinate functions throughout the body 2. Respond to internal and external stimuli

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Evolutionary Trends of the Nervous System Simple Complex

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Structure of Nervous System Neuron - Message sending unit of the nervous system Cell body- the largest part of the neuron; contains the nucleus and organelles Axon - Carries nerve impulse away from the cell body Dendrite - Carries nerve impulse to the cell body

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cell body muscle tissue TYPICAL MOTOR NEURON Axon dendrite synapse cell body

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Because neurons never touch, chemical signalers called neurotransmitters must travel through the space called synapse between two neurons to continue the electrical signal (impulse). Neurotransmitters Synapse (gap) The message is transferred when RECEPTORS receive neurotrans- mitters. (pink spheres)

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How Impulses Are Carried Flow of Impulse: dendrite nucleus axon jumps synapse next dendrite

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Types of Neurons 1. Sensory - Conduct impulses from sense organs to the brain ( CNS) 2. Motor - Conduct impulses from brain/spinal cord (CNS) to muscle/organs 3. Interneurons - Conduct impulses within the brain/spinal cord (CNS)

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Divisions of the Nervous System Central Nervous System (CNS) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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Divisions of the Nervous System 1. Central Nervous System Brain and spinal cord 1. Integrates information 2. Derived from the dorsal nerve cord

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Main Parts of the Brain 1. Forebrain = Cerebrum Controls muscles Jobs that are voluntary It stores messages Studying Thalamus, Hypothalamus (biological clock) Controls thought, reason, and the senses Controls homeostasis temperature, hunger, thirst, flight or fight response 2. Midbrain (middle region of brainstem) Regulation of auditory and visual reflexes (peripheral vision) 3. Hindbrain = Cerebellum: Makes movements more smooth and graceful; balance (hand-eye coordination) Jobs are involuntary Medulla Oblongata & Pons Controls heartbeat, breathing and blood pressure Jobs that are involuntary (breathing, swallowing, vomiting, digestion) http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/stm0.html

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Reflexes Controlled by the spinal cord They are involuntary They happen very quickly Take place without the brain receiving the message They protect you by triggering an involuntary response to stimuli (stepping on a tack)

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Divisions of the Nervous System 2. Peripheral Nervous System All other nerves 1. Sensory division (impulses from sense organs to CNS) 2. Motor division (impulses from CNS to muscles) 1. Somatic NS (regulates voluntary activities - lift a finger, wiggle a toe) 2. Autonomic NS (regulates involuntary activities heart rate, sweat glands, muscles in your digestive tract) 1. Parasympathetic Rest and Digest 2. Sympathetic Fight or Flight; pupil dilates

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Autonomic Functioning Sympathetic Fight-or-flight Response to unusual stimulus Takes over to increase activities Increases heart rate, blood pressure, blood glucose levels, dilates the bronchioles of the lungs, and dilates the pupils Remember as the E division = Exercise, excitement, emergency, and embarrassment

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Autonomic Functioning Sympathetic Fight-or-flight The effects of sympathetic nervous system activation continue for several minutes until its hormones are destroyed by the liver. Helps explain why we need time to calm down after an extremely stressful situation.

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Autonomic Functioning Parasympathetic Housekeeping activites Resting and digesting system Chiefly concerned with promoting normal digestion and elimination of feces and urine and with conserving body energy Heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rates are at low normal levels; pupils are constricted; skin is warm; digestive tract is actively digesting food Remember as the D division - Digestion, defecation, and diuresis (urination)

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Levels of Organization Nerves Brain & Spinal Cord Nervous Neurons

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Coackroach Beatbox TED Video http://www.ted.com/talks/the_cockroach_beatbox.ht ml http://www.ted.com/talks/the_cockroach_beatbox.ht ml

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Brainstem

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the Cerebrum

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Lobes of the cerebrum Reasoning, logic, language, etc. Processes sensory impulses from the body Visual images Hearing, smell, memories

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Speech Logic/reasoning

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Language and Speech strokes, tumors, injuries Brocas Area: Primary motor cortex in the frontal lobe that controls muscles Damage to area means you can understand language but are unable to speak it Responsible for speech generation Ex stroke patients Wernickes Area: The posterior part of temporal lobe Damage to area means you can speak but unable to comprehend speech Responsible for hearing speech http://www.hulu.com/watch/3 39577/greys-anatomy-one- step-too-far Go to 21 min mark

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Interaction with other systems for Regulation Bones of the skeletal system protect the spinal cord and brain. The brain controls heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing via the circulatory and respiratory systems. Glands in the brain control the release of hormones of the endocrine and reproductive systems. The brain controls muscles both in digestion and movement.

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Reticular Formation neurons in the core of the brainstem (midbrain -arousal, pons & medulla-sleep) Sleep & wakefulness produces patterns of electrical activity in the brain Recorded as an ElectoEncephaloGram (EEG) Most dreaming during REM (rapid eye movement sleep)

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Did You Know Bottlenose Dolphins swim while sleeping, rising to the surface to breathe air regularly! Their forebrain is divided into two halves. Since they sleep with one eye open and one closed they are able to sleep with one brain hemisphere at a time.

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The amygdala is responsible for determining what memories are stored and where the memories are stored in the brain The hippocampus sends memories out to the appropriate part of the brain for long-term storage and retrieves them when necessary. Damage to this area of the brain may result in an inability to form new memories.

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Lobotomy Phineas Gage, 1848 was a loving, caring father until the accident and then became detached, impatient & erratic Later in the 20 th century, surgical procedures were done to remove portions of the frontal lobe in attempt to cure severe behavioral and psychiatric behaviors

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Fun Facts A human body contains more nerve cells than there are stars in the Milky Way Neurons are the largest cell in the body and do NOT undergo mitosis Nerve impulses move at 100 meters per second or more Longest axon of a neuron is 15 ft! (in the giraffe)