What Is Biotechnology?What Is Biotechnology?

An IntroductionBioScience Survey

An IntroductionBioScience Survey

Biotechnology in History?Biotechnology in History?Man manipulating living things to

produce plants, animals, or substances with desired characteristics.

FermentationUsing yeast or fungus to ferment fruit or

grain solutions into alcoholic beveragesAdding bacteria/yeast/fungus to milk in

order to make cheese or yogurt.Low tech

Man manipulating living things to produce plants, animals, or substances with desired characteristics.

FermentationUsing yeast or fungus to ferment fruit or

grain solutions into alcoholic beveragesAdding bacteria/yeast/fungus to milk in

order to make cheese or yogurt.Low tech

Controlling which individuals breed and working to predict outcomes.

Goal: produce animals and plants in a form desired.Fast horsesDisease resistant plantsSheep producing high

yields of woolCows producing high

yields of milk

Controlling which individuals breed and working to predict outcomes.

Goal: produce animals and plants in a form desired.Fast horsesDisease resistant plantsSheep producing high

yields of woolCows producing high

yields of milk

Selective BreedingSelective Breeding

Modern BiotechnologyModern Biotechnology

Technology Allows...Technology Allows...

Scientists to manipulate cells and molecules.

Cells are used to produced desired products using cellular processesDNA replicationProtein synthesisExocytosis

Scientists to manipulate cells and molecules.

Cells are used to produced desired products using cellular processesDNA replicationProtein synthesisExocytosis

Key to BiotechnologyKey to Biotechnology

Central Dogma of Biology:DNA contains sections of nucleotides that code for

specific proteins.Proteins are the primary product of

biotech companies.Proteins compose:

Hormones, receptors, enzymes, main structural component of cells and tissues.

Most key actions accomplished by proteins

Central Dogma of Biology:DNA contains sections of nucleotides that code for

specific proteins.Proteins are the primary product of

biotech companies.Proteins compose:

Hormones, receptors, enzymes, main structural component of cells and tissues.

Most key actions accomplished by proteins

Technology used in Biotech

Technology used in Biotech

Recombinant DNACutting &

recombining lengths of DNA.

Inserting new DNA into host cells for expression of the gene and creation of the product (protein).

Recombinant DNACutting &

recombining lengths of DNA.

Inserting new DNA into host cells for expression of the gene and creation of the product (protein).

Example...Example...

DiabetesPancreas does not produce the protein

insulin which breaks down sugars.DNA with gene to produce insulin

spliced into host cells.Host cells mass produce human insulin!

Expressing the insulin gene.Mass quantities of insulin produced and

collected.

DiabetesPancreas does not produce the protein

insulin which breaks down sugars.DNA with gene to produce insulin

spliced into host cells.Host cells mass produce human insulin!

Expressing the insulin gene.Mass quantities of insulin produced and

collected.

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Small sample of DNA stimulated to replicate itself.

Temperature changes and enzymes copy DNA MANY times.

Allows easier analysis of DNA samples

Small sample of DNA stimulated to replicate itself.

Temperature changes and enzymes copy DNA MANY times.

Allows easier analysis of DNA samples

DNA ElectrophoresisDNA ElectrophoresisUsed to identify or find

similarities between DNA samples.

DNA is cut into sections by restriction enzymes.

Enzymes always cut at same base pattern.

Resulting similarities in fragment lengths used to ID DNA samples.Paternity testingForensic investigations

Used to identify or find similarities between DNA samples.

DNA is cut into sections by restriction enzymes.

Enzymes always cut at same base pattern.

Resulting similarities in fragment lengths used to ID DNA samples.Paternity testingForensic investigations

Stem Cell TherapyStem Cell Therapy

Stem cells can be influenced to grow into any body cell.Pleuripotent

Stem cell source: red bone marrow (adult stem cells), umbilical cord blood or embryos.

Scientists use hormones/chemicals to control and influence stem cells to grow into specific cell types.

Hope is to insert those cells to fix serious disorders: leukemia, Parkinson’s disease.

Stem cells can be influenced to grow into any body cell.Pleuripotent

Stem cell source: red bone marrow (adult stem cells), umbilical cord blood or embryos.

Scientists use hormones/chemicals to control and influence stem cells to grow into specific cell types.

Hope is to insert those cells to fix serious disorders: leukemia, Parkinson’s disease.

Actual Embryos or Stem Cells.

One of these became Mrs. Butler’s Son, Benjamin.

GenomicsGenomics

Using computers to take data from labs and sequence the order of bases on huge DNA molecules.

Order of bases allow understanding of location of genes.

Human Genome Project mapped where genes are located on DNA.

Using computers to take data from labs and sequence the order of bases on huge DNA molecules.

Order of bases allow understanding of location of genes.

Human Genome Project mapped where genes are located on DNA.

Where does Biotech happen?

Where does Biotech happen?

CompaniesProducing drugs, agricultural or

industrial products.Medical or industrial instrumentsReagents or test kits for researchProcessing data, sequencing DNA

Research institutionsUniversitiesGovernmental Agencies

National Institute of HealthCommunicable Disease Control

CompaniesProducing drugs, agricultural or

industrial products.Medical or industrial instrumentsReagents or test kits for researchProcessing data, sequencing DNA

Research institutionsUniversitiesGovernmental Agencies

National Institute of HealthCommunicable Disease Control

                 

                               

Biotech CompaniesBiotech Companies

Apply scientific research to make a product.

Purpose is to make a profit.

Funds allow further research.

FDA very involved, safety is key.

Apply scientific research to make a product.

Purpose is to make a profit.

Funds allow further research.

FDA very involved, safety is key.

Research institutionsResearch institutions

Scientists focused on gaining new knowledge and contributing to scientific understanding.

Results of research published in journals, presented at conferences.

Scientists focused on gaining new knowledge and contributing to scientific understanding.

Results of research published in journals, presented at conferences.

How do research labs function?

How do research labs function?

Lead scientist directs focus of labGraduate students and fellow scientists

work on questions within topic of lab.Research funded by grants from

government or foundations.Professors at major universities must

conduct research and publish papers to maintain position in university.

Data contributes to drug development or new understandings of proteins.

Lead scientist directs focus of labGraduate students and fellow scientists

work on questions within topic of lab.Research funded by grants from

government or foundations.Professors at major universities must

conduct research and publish papers to maintain position in university.

Data contributes to drug development or new understandings of proteins.

What now?What now?

We review cellular processes utilized in biotech.

Will examine recent research by scientists.

Will learn about structure of proteins and details about genetics.

We conclude with an intriguing biotech lab!

We review cellular processes utilized in biotech.

Will examine recent research by scientists.

Will learn about structure of proteins and details about genetics.

We conclude with an intriguing biotech lab!