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What is listening? “Listening involves making sense of spoken language, normally accompanied by other sounds and visual input, with the help of our relevant prior knowledge and the context in which we are listening.” Lynch, Tony and David Mendelsohn. 2010. Listening. In Norbert Sch mitt, editor. An Introduction to Applied Linguistics, 2nd edition, Chapter 1 1, pp. 180-196. London: Hodder Education, p. 180.

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Page 1: What is listening? “Listening involves making sense of spoken language, normally accompanied by other sounds and visual input, with the help of our relevant

What is listening?

“Listening involves making sense of spoken language, normally accompanied by other sounds and visual input, with the help of our relevant prior knowledge and the context in which we are listening.”

Lynch, Tony and David Mendelsohn. 2010. Listening. In Norbert Schmitt, editor. An Introduction to Applied Linguistics, 2nd edition, Chapter 11, pp. 180-196. London: Hodder Education, p. 180.

Page 2: What is listening? “Listening involves making sense of spoken language, normally accompanied by other sounds and visual input, with the help of our relevant

Issues in Listening

1. Models of Listening

2. Types of Listening

3. Processes of Listening

4. Listening Skills

5. Listening Strategies Lynch, Tony and David Mendelsohn. 2010. Listening. In Norbert Schmitt, editor. An Introduction to Applied Linguistics, 2nd edition, Chapter 11, pp. 180-196. London: Hodder Education, pp. 181-187.

Page 3: What is listening? “Listening involves making sense of spoken language, normally accompanied by other sounds and visual input, with the help of our relevant

Theories or Models of Listening

1. Communication Theory Model

2. Information Processing Model

3. Social / Contextual Model

4. Situated Action Model

Lynch, Tony and David Mendelsohn. 2010. Listening. In Norbert Schmitt, editor. An Introduction to Applied Linguistics, 2nd edition, Chapter 11, pp. 180-196. London: Hodder Education, pp. 181-182.

Page 4: What is listening? “Listening involves making sense of spoken language, normally accompanied by other sounds and visual input, with the help of our relevant

How do we gain insights into listening?

Settings

WHERE

Methods

HOW

Lynch, Tony and David Mendelsohn. 2010. Listening. In Norbert Schmitt, editor. An Introduction to Applied Linguistics, 2nd edition, Chapter 11, pp. 180-196. London: Hodder Education, pp. 188-189.

Page 5: What is listening? “Listening involves making sense of spoken language, normally accompanied by other sounds and visual input, with the help of our relevant

Settings for Gathering Data on Listening

1. Experiments

2. Pedagogic Tasks

3. Test Performances

4. Ethnographic Research

Lynch, Tony and David Mendelsohn. 2010. Listening. In Norbert Schmitt, editor. An Introduction to Applied Linguistics, 2nd edition, Chapter 11, pp. 180-196. London: Hodder Education, pp. 188-189.

Page 6: What is listening? “Listening involves making sense of spoken language, normally accompanied by other sounds and visual input, with the help of our relevant

Methods for Gathering Data on Listening

1. Observation

2. Introspection

3. Retrospection

Lynch, Tony and David Mendelsohn. 2010. Listening. In Norbert Schmitt, editor. An Introduction to Applied Linguistics, 2nd edition, Chapter 11, pp. 180-196. London: Hodder Education, pp. 189-190.

Page 7: What is listening? “Listening involves making sense of spoken language, normally accompanied by other sounds and visual input, with the help of our relevant

Difficulty Factors in Listening

Input Characteristics Language Explicitness Organization Content Context Task Characteristics

Lynch, Tony and David Mendelsohn. 2010. Listening. In Norbert Schmitt, editor. An Introduction to Applied Linguistics, 2nd edition, Chapter 11, pp. 180-196. London: Hodder Education, p. 191.

Page 8: What is listening? “Listening involves making sense of spoken language, normally accompanied by other sounds and visual input, with the help of our relevant

Skills Training

1. Discriminating between similar sounds.

2. Coping with and processing ‘fast speech’.

3. Processing stress and intonational differences.

4. Processing the meaning of different discourse

markers.

5. Understanding communicative functions and

the non-one-to-one equivalence between

form and function. Lynch, Tony and David Mendelsohn. 2010. Listening. In Norbert Schmitt, editor. An Introduction to Applied Linguistics, 2nd edition, Chapter 11, pp. 180-196. London: Hodder Education, pp. 193-194.

Page 9: What is listening? “Listening involves making sense of spoken language, normally accompanied by other sounds and visual input, with the help of our relevant

Summary of Four Important Points

1. Types of Listening

One-Way Listening

Two-Way Listening

2. Processes Listening

Bottom-Up Processing

Top-Down Processing

3. Teaching versus Testing of Listening

4. Strategy Instruction Lynch, Tony and David Mendelsohn. 2010. Listening. In Norbert Schmitt, editor. An Introduction to Applied Linguistics, 2nd edition, Chapter 11, pp. 180-196. London: Hodder Education, pp. 181-182.


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