What is my

Question?

Analyze how Galileo, Descartes, and Newton altered

traditional interpretations of

nature andchallenged

traditional sources of knowledge.

• Self-conscious way of attaining knowledge about the world.

• Theoretical and empirical development. (Scientific Method)

• News institutional structure for gaining, verifying, and distributing knowledge.

The “What”

History of the Royal Society of London

(1667)

King Louis XIV visiting the Academy of

Sciences

Sebastian Le Clerc (1671)

• Where: France, Italy, the Netherlands, Great Britain.

• When: From Copernicus (1543) to Newton (1727)

• Who: Largely men who engage in an activity seen as masculine, although there were women as well.

“Where-When-Who”

What

is a

Genius?

Ancient and Medieval Science

• Aristotle until 16th• Geo-centric. • Cosmos ordered

into spheres. • Nature’s tendency

was rest.

A mover had to be found for

every motion.

Hypothesize some possible causes for such a scientific view during the medieval period?

The New Philosophy of

Science

Revolution in

Astronomy

• Aristotle until 16th• Geo-centric. • Cosmos ordered

into spheres. • Nature’s tendency

was rest.

Vehement and passionate interest in the relation of

general principles to irreducible and

stubborn facts.

• Planets move around the earth at different speed.

• Concluded Helio-centric model

• Shift in Theoretical astronomy

• Angered Catholic, Protestant, and Jewish theologians.

Copernicus

• How does the universe work?

• Brahe reflected Copernicus theory of the earth revolving around the sun.

Tycho Brahe

• Shared the Copernican theory

• Concluded the orbits were elliptical.

• Three Laws of Plantary motion.

Johannes Kepler

Prioritize what were the

most important

points?

• “Knowledge is Power”

• Scientific Method

• Empiricism

• Novum Organum

Francis Bacon

• The telescope• Observations

concluded the sun rotated.

• Falling objects velocity not determined by mass.

Galileo

First View of the Moon through a Telescope (1609)

Descartes and Newton:Competing theories of Scientific Knowledge:

• Descartes truth through deductive reasoning.

• Newton followed Bacon’s insistence that scientific knowledge was through scientific experimentation.

• Deduction• 1637, published a

Discourse of Method. • Cartesian Dualism

Rene Descartes

Support with Deduction

the existence

of YOU!

• Principia, The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy

• Theory and experimentation.

Isaac Newton

(1642 - 1727)

• Falling apple related to planetary motion.

• Kepler’s laws correct if planets were pulled toward the sun by a force.

• Newtonian Synthesis: Heavens and earth in a uniform and infinite and mathematically regular universe.

• Harvey thinks of the heart as a pump.

Biology as Physics

• Mechanization of the world picture: the world as a matter in motion and the end of an allegorical relationship between heaven and earth.

The Culture of Science

The Anatomy of Dr. Paaw of Leiden (1616)

• Science could be put to use in the interest civilization.

The Culture of Science

Anatomoy Lesson of Dr. Nicholas Tulp (Rembrandt 1632)

Leeuwenhoek(1683)

First Look at Spit under a

Microscope

Women are key in botany.

Maria Sebilla Marien

Botany

Analyze how Galileo, Descartes, and Newton altered

traditional interpretations of

nature andchallenged

traditional sources of knowledge.

• Challenge Aristotelian model espoused by the scholastics, and endorsed by the Catholic Church

• Galileo challenges geo-centric world and moral dimensions.

• Galileo’s universe conflicted with the Bible and Aristotle

• Descartes’s reasoning based on empirical observation and deduction left no room for revelation.

• Newton took Galileo’s physics and created a set of mathematical laws that explain motion and mechanics.

• Scientific Method

Compare and contrast the similarities between the ancient and

medieval science and

the new science?

Suppose you were a

member of government, how would you react to all of these new ideas?