what is secession

8/11/2019 What is Secession

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What is Secession

For other uses, see Secession (disambiguation).

Secession (derived from the Latin term secessio)istheactof withdrawing from an organization, union, military al-liance or especiallya political entity. Threats of secession

can also be a strategy for achieving more limited goals.[1]

1 Secession theory

Theories of secession relate to a fundamental question ofpolitical philosophy: the basis of the states authority.[2]

In his 1991 book Secession: The Morality of Political Di-vorce From Fort Sumter to Lithuania and Quebec , philos-ophy professor Allen Buchanan outlined limited rights tosecession under certain circumstances, mostly related tooppression by people of other ethnic or racial groups, andespecially those previously conqueredby otherpeoples.[3]

In the fall of 1994 the Journal of Libertarian Studies pub-lished Robert W. McGees article Secession Reconsid-ered. He writes from a libertarian perspective, but holdsthat secession is justied only if secessionists can createa viable, if minimal, state on contiguous territory.[4]

In April 1995 the Ludwig Von Mises Institute sponsoreda secession conference. Papers from the conference werelater published in the book Secession, State and Libertyby David Gordon. Among articles included were: TheSecession Tradition in America by Donald Livingston;

The Ethics of Secession by Scott Boykin; Nationsby Consent: Decomposing the Nation-State by MurrayRothbard; Yankee Confederates: New England Seces-sion Movements Prior to the War Between the Statesby Thomas DiLorenzo; Was the Union Armys Invasionof the Confederate States a Lawful Act? extquotedbl byJames Ostrowski.[5]

In July 1998 the Rutgers University journal Soci-ety published papers from a Symposium on Seces-sion and Nationalism at the Millennium including thearticles The Western State as Paradigm by Hans-

Herman Hoppe, Prot Motives in Secession by Sab-rina P. Ramet, Rights of Secession by Daniel Kof-man, The Very Idea of Secession by Donald Livingstonand Secession, Autonomy, & Modernity by EdwardA. Tiryakian. In 2007 the University of South Carolinasponsored a conference called Secession As an Interna-tional Phenomenon which produced a number of paperson the topic.[6]

1.1 Justications for secession

Some theories of secession emphasize a general rightof secession for any reason (Choice Theory) whileothers emphasize that secession should be consideredonly to rectify grave injustices (Just Cause Theory).[7]Some theories do both. A list of justications may bepresented supporting the right to secede, as described

by Allen Buchanan, Robert McGee, Anthony Birch,[8]

Walter Williams,[9] Jane Jacobs,[10] Frances Kendall andLeon Louw,[11] Leopold Kohr,[12] Kirkpatrick Sale,[13]and various authors in David Gordons Secession, Stateand Liberty, includes:

United States President James Buchanan, FourthAnnual Message to Congress on the State of theUnion December 3, 1860: The fact is that ourUnion rests upon public opinion, and can never becemented by the blood of its citizens shed in civilwar. If it can not live in the affections of the people,

it must one day perish. Congress possesses manymeans of preserving it by conciliation, but the swordwas not placed in their hand to preserve it by force.

Former President of the United States Thomas Jef-ferson, in a letter toWilliam H. Crawford, Secretaryof War under President James Madison, on June 20,1816: In your letter to Fisk, you have fairly statedthe alternatives between which we are to choose :1, licentious commerce and gambling speculationsfor a few, with eternal war for the many ; or, 2, re-stricted commerce, peace, and steady occupations

1
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2 1 SECESSION THEORY

for all. If any State in the Union will declare that

it prefers separation with the rst alternative, to acontinuance in union without it, I have no hesitationin saying, 'let us separate'. I would rather the Statesshould withdraw, which are for unlimited commerceandwar, and confederate with those alone which arefor peace and agriculture.[14]

Economic enfranchisement of an economically op-pressed class that is regionally concentrated withinthe scope of a larger national territory.

The right to liberty, freedom of association andprivate property

Consent as important democratic principle; will ofmajority to secede should be recognized

Making it easier for states to join with others in anexperimental union

Dissolving such union when goals for which it wasconstituted are not achieved

Self-defense when largergroup presents lethal threatto minority or the government cannotadequately de-fend an area

Self-determination of peoples

Preserving culture, language, etc. from assimilationor destruction by a larger or more powerful group

Furthering diversity by allowing diverse cultures tokeep their identity

Rectifying past injustices, especially past conquestby a larger power

Escaping discriminatory redistribution, i.e., taxschemes, regulatory policies, economic programs,etc. that distribute resources away to another area,

especially in an undemocratic fashion Enhanced efficiency when the state or empire be-

comes too large to administer efficiently

Preserving liberal purity (or conservative purity)by allowing less (or more) liberal regions to secede

Providing superior constitutional systems which al-low exibility of secession

Keeping political entities small and human scalethrough right to secession

Aleksandar Pavkovic,[15] associate professor at the

Department of Politics and International Studies atMacquarie University in Australia and the author ofseveral books on secession describes ve justicationsfor a general right of secession within liberal politicaltheory:[16]

Anarcho-Capitalism: individual liberty to form po-litical associations and private property rights to-gether justify right to secede and to create a viablepolitical order with like-minded individuals.

Democratic Secessionism: the right of secession, asa variant of the right of self-determination, is vestedin a territorial community which wishes to secedefrom their existing political community extquot-edbl; the group wishing to secede then proceeds todelimit its territory by the majority.

Communitarian Secessionism: any group with aparticular participation-enhancing identity, con-centrated in a particular territory, which desires toimprove its members political participation has aprima facie right to secede.

Cultural Secessionism: any group which was previ-

ously in a minority has a right to protect and developits own culture and distinct national identity throughseceding into an independent state.

The Secessionism of Threatened Cultures: if a mi-nority culture is threatened within a state that has amajority culture, the minority needs a right to forma state of its own which would protect its culture.

1.2 Types of secession

Secession theorists have described a number of ways inwhich a political entity (city, county, canton, state) cansecede from the larger or original state:[1][16][17]

Secession from federation or confederation (politi-cal entities with substantial reserved powers whichhave agreed to join together) versus secession froma unitary state (a state governed as a single unit withfew powers reserved to sub-units)

Colonial aka wars of independence from amother country or imperial state
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3

U.S. Vice President Joe Biden and Hashim Thai with Declara-tion of Independence of Kosovo

National (seceding entirely from the national state)versus local (secedingfromone entityof thenationalstate into another entity of the same state)

Central or enclave (seceding entity is completelysurrounded by the original state) versus peripheral(along a border of the original state)

Secession by contiguous units versus secession bynon-contiguous units (exclaves)

Separation or partition (although an entity secedes,the rest of the state retains its structure) versus dis-solution (all political entities dissolve their ties andcreate several new states)

Irredentism where secession is sought in order to an-nex the territory to another state because of com-mon ethnicity or prior historical links

Minority (a minority of the population or territorysecedes) versus majority (a majority of the popula-tion or territory secedes)

Secession of better off regions versus secession ofworse off regions

The threat of Secession sometimes is used as a strat-egy to gain greater autonomy within the originalstate

1.3 Arguments against secession

Allen Buchanan, who supports secession under limitedcircumstances, lists arguments that might be used against

secession:[18]

Protecting Legitimate Expectations of those whonow occupy territory claimed by secessionists, evenin cases where that land was stolen

Self Defense if losing part of thestate wouldmakeit difficult to defend the rest of it

Protecting Majority Rule and the principle thatminorities must abide by them

Minimization of Strategic Bargaining by makingit difficult to secede, such as by imposing an exit tax

Soft Paternalism because secession will be bad forsecessionists or others

Threat of Anarchy because smaller and smallerentities may choose to secede until there is chaos,although this is not the true meaning of the politicaland philosophical concept.

Preventing Wrongful Taking such as the statesprevious investment in infrastructure

Distributive Justice arguments thatwealthier areascannot secede from poorer ones

2 Secession movements

Main articles: List of active autonomist and secessionistmovements and List of historical autonomist and seces-sionist movements

Movements that work towards political secession maydescribe themselves as being autonomy, separatist,independence, self-determination, partition, devolutiondecentralization, sovereignty, self-governance ordecolonization movements instead of, or in addition to,being secession movements.

2.1 Australia

Main article: Proposals for new Australian States
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4 2 SECESSION MOVEMENTS

During the 19th century, the single British colony in east-

ern mainland Australia, New South Wales (NSW) wasprogressively divided up by the British government asnew settlements were formed and spread. Victoria (Vic)in 1851 and Queensland (Qld) in 1859.

However, settlers agitated to divide the colonies through-out the later part of the century; particularly in centralQueensland (centred in Rockhampton) in the 1860s and1890s, and in North Queensland (with Bowen as a po-tential colonial capital) in the 1870s. Other secession (orterritorial separation) movements arose and these advo-cated the secession of New England in northern centralNew South Wales, Deniliquin in the Riverina district also

in NSW, and Mount Gambier in the eastern part of SouthAustralia.

Western Australia

Main article: Secessionism in Western Australia

Secession movements have surfaced several times inWestern Australia (WA), where a 1933 referendum forsecession from the Federation of Australia passed with atwo-thirds majority. The referendum had to be ratiedby the British Parliament, which declined to act, on the

grounds that it would contravene the Australian Consti-tution.

The Principality of Hutt River claims to have se-ceded from Australia in 1970, although its status isnot recognised by Australia or any other country.According to a lexicon on nationalist movementsacross the world, Macau happened to recognise thatPrincipality.

2.2 Austria

Austria successfully seceded from Nazi Germany onApril 27, 1945. This took place after seven years of Aus-tria being part of Adolf Hitlers Third Reich due to theAnschluss annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany inMarch 1938.

2.3 Belgium and the Netherlands

Main article: Belgian Revolution

On August 25, 1830, during the reign of William I, the

nationalistic opera La muette de Portici was performed inBrussels. Soon after, the Belgian Revolt occurred, whichresulted in the Belgian secession from the Netherlands.

Further information: Partition of Belgium

2.4 Brazil

Three southern republican states seceded from Brazil in1835. Defeated in the Ragamuffin War, they returned in1845. The slightly earlier cabanagem struggle of Gro-Par was in part a northern secessionist movement.

2.5 Canada

Main article: Secessionist movements of Canada

Throughout Canadas history, there has been tension be-tween English-speaking and French-speaking Canadi-ans. Under the Constitutional Act of 1791, the Quebeccolony (including parts of what is today Quebec, Ontarioand Newfoundland and Labrador) was divided in two:Lower Canada (which retained French law and institu-tions andis now dividedbetween theprovinces ofQuebecand Newfoundland and Labrador) and Upper Canada (anew colony intended to accommodate the many English-speaking settlers, including the United Empire Loyalists,and now part of Ontario). The intent was to provide eachgroup with itsown colony. In 1841, the twoCanadas weremerged into the Province of Canada. The union provedcontentious, however, resulting in a legislative deadlockbetween English and French legislators. The difficultiesof the union led to the adoption of a federal system in

Canada, and the Canadian Confederation in 1867. Thefederal framework did not eliminate all tensions, how-ever, leading to the Quebec sovereignty movement in thelatter half of the 20th century.

Other occasional secessionist movements have includedanti-Confederation movements in 19th century AtlanticCanada (see Anti-Confederation Party), the North-West Rebellion of 1885, and various small separatismmovements in Alberta particularly (see Alberta sepa-ratism) and Western Canada generally (see, for example,Western Canada Concept).
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2.10 East Timor 5

2.6 Central America

After the 1823 collapse of the First Mexican Empire, theformer Captaincy-General of Guatemala was organizedinto a new Federal Republic of Central America. In 1838Nicaragua seceded. The Federal Republic was formallydissolved in 1840, all but one of the states having secededamidst general disorder.

2.7 China

The Republic of China (ROC) government, whichruled mainland China from 1911 to 1949, admin-isters Taiwan and a few surrounding islands, whilethe Peoples Republic of China (PRC) governmentadministers mainland China. Both sides officiallyclaim sovereignty over both mainland China andTaiwan. There is debate in Taiwan as to whether tocreate a new Republic of Taiwan to replace the cur-rent ROC government. At the Third session of theTenth National Peoples Congress (March 14, 2005)the PRC government adopted the Anti-SecessionLaw of the Peoples Republic of China. See Taiwanindependence.

Within the PRC, the three northwestern regions ofXinjiang, Inner Mongolia, and Tibet, (and its ac-companying regions)arealso the focus of secession-ist calls bytheTibetan Independence Movement andEast Turkestan Islamic Movement.

2.8 Congo

In 1960 the State of Katangadeclared independence from

the Democratic Republic of the Congo. United Nationstroops crushed it in Operation Grand Slam.

2.9 Cyprus

In 1974, the Turkish Army invaded northern Cyprus toprotect the interests of the ethnic Turkish minority, whoin the following year formed the Turkish Federative Stateof Cyprus and in 1983 declared independence as the Re-public of Northern Cyprus, recognized only by Turkey.

September1999 demonstration for independencefromIndonesia

2.10 East Timor

The Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste (also known asEast Timor)hasbeen described as having seceded fromIndonesia.[19][20][21] After Portuguese sovereignty wasterminated in 1975, East Timor was occupied by Indone-sia. However the United Nations and the InternationalCourt of Justice refused to recognize this incorporation.Therefore the resulting civil war and eventual 2002 EastTimorese vote for complete separation are better de-scribed as an independence movement.[22]

2.11 Ethiopia

Following the 1993 victory of opposition forces againstthe communist Derg regime during the Ethiopian CivilWar, Eritrea (formerly known as Bahri Negash beforebeing renamed to Eritrea by Italian colonizers from18901941) seceded in a United Nations referendumwith the blessing of the newly formed Ethiopian govern-ment.

2.12 European Union

Main article: Withdrawal from the European Union

Before the Treaty of Lisbon entered into force on 1 De-cember 2009 no provision in the treaties or law of theEuropean Union outlined the ability of a state to volun-tarily withdraw from the EU. The European Constitutiondid propose such a provision and, after the failure to rat-ify the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe, that
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provision was then included in the Lisbon Treaty.

The treaty introduces an exit clause for members whowish to withdraw from the Union. This formalises theprocedure by stating that a member state may notify theEuropean Council that it wishes to withdraw, upon whichwithdrawal negotiations begin; if no other agreement isreached the treatyceases to apply to thewithdrawing statetwo years after such notication.

2.13 Finland

Finland successfully and peacefully seceded from the

newly formed weak Russian Soviet Federative SocialistRepublic in 1917 lead by Lenin who had certain good-will towards the Finns due to having been helped in hisrevolutionary struggle by Finns. Unsuccessful attempts atgreater autonomy or peaceful secession had already beendone during the preceding Russian Empire but been de-nied by the Russian emperor.

2.14 Gran Colombia

After a decade of tumultuous federalism, Ecuador andVenezuela seceded from Gran Colombia in 1830, leav-ing the similarly tumultuous United States of Colombia,now the Republic of Colombia which also lost Panama in1903.

2.15 Republic of India ( Indian Union )

Main article: Separatist movements of India

Pakistan seceded from the British Indian empire in whatis known as the so-called the Partition. Today, theConstitution of India does not allow Indian states to se-cede from the Union. The disputed occupied territory ofIndian-administered Kashmir has had a violent nation-alist movement against Indian annexation mostly in theValley of Kashmir since 1989, which continues and issupported by Pakistan. Other violent secessionist move-ments in Nagaland, Assam, Manipur, Punjab (known asthe Khalistan movement), Mizoram and Tripura werealso formerly active, while Tamil Nadu had a non-violentmovement in the 1960s.[23] While a violent Maoist insur-gency continues to rage across a wide-swath of easternrural India, the movement is not considered a secession-

ist movement because the goal of the Maoists is to over-

throw the government of India, although rebel comman-ders have occasionally called for a Communist republic tobe carved out of swaths of India. The Pakistani Armedorganizations is a participant in the Kashmir conict andstrives to establish the merger state of Jammu and Kash-mir from secular India to Muslim Pakistan.

2.16 Italy

The Movement for the Independence of Sicily (Movi-mento Indipendentista Siciliano, MIS) has its roots inthe Sicilian Independentist Movement of the late 1940s.They have been around for 60 years and is the oldestmovement in Italy. Lega Nord seeks the independenceof Padania which includes lands along the Po Valley innorthern Italy. Some organizations separately work forthe independence of Venetia or Veneto and the session orreunication of South Tyrol with Austria.

2.17 Iran

Active secession movements include: Iranian Azeri,Assyrian independence movement, Bakhtiary lurs move-ment in 1876, Iranian Kurdistan; Kurdistan DemocraticParty of Iran (KDPI), Khzestn Province Balochistanindependence movement for free separated Balochistan,(Arab nationalist ); Al-Ahwaz Arab Peoples DemocraticPopular Front, Democratic Solidarity Party of Al-Ahwaz(See Politics of Khzestn Province: Arab politics andseparatism), and Balochistan Peoples Party (BPP) sup-porting Baloch Separatism.[24]

2.18 Malaysia

When racial and partisan strife erupted, Singapore wasexpelled from the Malaysian federation in 1965. Agita-tion for secession hassincebeen sporadic on theculturallydistinct large island of Borneo in the states of Sabah andSarawak although these sentiments has been gaining mo-mentum and supports in the past few years following theproliferation of social medias and failure of the centralgovernment to fulll conditions of the Malaysia Agree-ment 1963.
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2.22 Norway and Sweden 7

2.19 Mexico

Texas seceded from Mexico in1836 (see TexasRev-olution), after animosity between the Mexican gov-ernment and the American settlers of the Coahuilay Tejas State. It was later annexed by the UnitedStates in 1845.

The Republic of theRioGrande seceded from Mex-ico on January 17, 1840, it rejoined Mexico onNovember 6 the same year.

After the federal system was abandoned byPresident Santa Anna, the Congress of Yucatn ap-proved in 1840 a declaration of independence, es-tablishing the Republic of Yucatn. The Republicrejoined Mexico in 1843.

2.20 New Zealand

See also: South Island Independence

Secession movements have surfaced several times in theSouth Island of New Zealand. A Premier of NewZealand, Sir Julius Vogel, was amongst the rst peopleto make this call, which was voted on by the Parliamentof New Zealand as early as 1865. The desire for South Is-land independence was one of the main factors in movingthe capital of New Zealand from Auckland to Wellingtonin the same year.

The NZ South Island Party with a pro-South agenda,elded only ve candidates (4.2% of electoral seats) can-didates in the 1999 General Election but only achieved0.14% (2622 votes) of the general vote. The reality todayis that although South Islanders are most proud of theirgeographic region, secession does not carry any real con-stituency; the party was not able to eld any candidates inthe 2008 election due to being unable to enlist 500 payingmembers, a requirement by the New Zealand Electoralcommission. The party is treated more as a joke partythan any real political force.

2.21 Nigeria

Between 1967 and 1970, the unrecognised state of Bi-afra (The Republic of Biafra) seceded from Nigeria, re-sulting in a civil war that ended with the state returning to

A girl during the Nigerian Civil War of the late 1960s. Pictures of the famine caused by Nigerian blockade garnered sympathy for the Biafrans worldwide.

Nigeria. Later in 1999 at the beginning of a new demo-cratic regime, othersecessionist movements emerged, themovement for the Actualization of a Sovereign state ofBiafra was formed as a military wing of the Republic ofBiafra.

2.22 Norway and Sweden

Main article: Dissolution of the union between Norwayand Sweden in 1905

Sweden, having left theKalmar Union with Denmark andNorway in the 16th century, entered into a loose personalunion with Norway in 1814. Following a constitutionalcrisis, on June 7, 1905 the Norwegian Parliament de-clared that King Oscar II had failed to fulll his consti-
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tutional duties. He was therefore no longer King of Nor-

way andbecause the union depended on the twocountriessharing a king, it was thus dissolved. After negotiationsSweden agreed to this on October 26 and on April 14.

2.23 Pakistan

After the Awami League won the 1970 national elections,negotiations to form a new government oundered, re-sulting in the Bangladesh Liberation War by which theeastern wing ofPakistan seceded, to become Bangladesh.The Balochistan Liberation Army (also Baloch Libera-tion Army or Boluchistan Liberation army) (BLA) is aBaloch nationalist militant secessionist organization. Thestated goals of the organization include the establishmentof an independent state of Balochistan free of Pakistaniand Iranian Federations. The name Baloch LiberationArmy rst became public in summer 2000, after the or-ganization claimed credit for a series of bomb attacks inmarkets and removal of railways lines.

2.24 Papua New Guinea

Main article: Provinces of Papua New Guinea TheBougainville issue

The island of Bougainville has made several efforts to se-cede from Papua New Guinea.

2.25 Somalia

Somaliland is an autonomous region,[25] which is partof the Federal Republic of Somalia.[26][27] Those whocall the area the Republic of Somaliland consider it tobe the successor state of the former British Somalilandprotectorate. Having established its own local govern-ment in Somalia in 1991, the regions self-declared in-dependence remains unrecognized by any country or in-ternational organization.[28][29]

2.26 Soviet Union

In 1990, after free elections, the Lithuanian SSR declaredindependence. Other SSRs followed leading to thedissolution of the Soviet Union.

2.27 South Africa

In 1910, following the British Empires defeat ofthe Afrikaner in the Boer Wars, four self-governingcolonies in the south of Africa were merged into theUnion of South Africa. The four regions were theCape Colony, Orange Free State, Natal and Transvaal.Three other territories, High Commission Territoriesof Bechuanaland (now Botswana), Basutoland (nowLesotho) and Swaziland later became independent statesin the 1960s. Following the election of the Nationalistgovernment in 1948, some English-speaking whites inNatal advocated either secession or a loose federation.[30]There were also calls for secession, with Natal and theeastern part of the Cape Province breaking away.[31] fol-lowing thereferendum in 1960 on establishing a republic,and in 1993, prior to South Africas rst elections underuniversal suffrage and the end of apartheid, some Zululeaders in KwaZulu-Natal[32] considered secession as didsome politicians in the Cape Province.[33]

In 2008, a political movement calling for the return toindependence of the Cape resurged in the shape of thepolitical organisation, the Cape Party. The Cape Partycontested their rst elections on 22 April 2009.[34]

2.28 Spain

Main article: Nationalisms and regionalisms of SpainSpain (known officially as the Kingdom of Spain)

was assembled in the 15th and 16th centuries fromvarious component kingdoms, having some componentkingdoms lost their secession wars. Spain has sev-eral secessionist movements, the most notable being inCatalonia and in the Basque Country.

2.29 Sri Lanka

The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, operated a defacto independent state for Tamils called Tamil Eelamin eastern and northern Sri Lanka until 2009.

2.30 Switzerland

In 1847, seven disaffected Catholic cantons formed aseparate alliance because of moves to change the cantonsof Switzerlandfrom a confederation toamore centralizedgovernment federation. This effort was crushed in the
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2.32 United Kingdom 9

A republican mural in Belfast showing solidarity with the Basquenationalism .

Sonderbund war and a new Swiss Federal Constitutionwas created.[35]

2.31 Ukraine

Donetsk status referendum organized by pro-Russian separatists.A line to enter a polling place, 11 May 2014

After the successful toppling of the Yanukovych Gov-ernment in the Ukrainian Revolution of 2014 numerousregions of Ukraine that were traditionally sympatheticto the policies of President Yanukovych declared inde-pendence. The governments of both the Autonomous

Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol declared

independence from Ukraine when its parliament re-moved the existing ministry, replacing them with pro-secessionists. Due to the presence of Russian forces inCrimea, since its referendum and unrecognised absorp-tion into the Russian Federation, Ukrainian forces havenot made a military effort to annex the republic back intoUkraine.

The Donetsk Peoples Republic was declared to be inde-pendent from Ukraine on 7 April 2014, comprising theterritory of the former Donetsk Oblast. There have beenmilitary confrontations between the Ukrainian Army andthe forces of the Donetsk Peoples Republic when the

UkrainianGovernment attempted to reassert control overthe oblast, ultimately failing to do so.

The Luhansk Parliamentary Republic was proclaimed on27 April.[36] before being succeeded by theLuhanskPeo-ples Republic. The Luhansk forces have successfullyoccupied vital buildings in Luhansk since 8 April, andcontrolled the City Council, prosecutors office, and po-lice station since 27 April.[37] The Government of theLuhansk Oblast announced its support for a referendum,and granted the governorship to independence leaderValeriy Bolotov.[38]

Other areas in the Eastern part of the countries have also

oated the idea of secession.

2.32 United Kingdom

Ireland is the only territory that has withdrawn from theUnited Kingdom proper. Ireland declared independencein 1916 and, as the Irish Free State, gained independencein 1922. Currently the United Kingdom has a number ofsecession movements:

In Northern Ireland, Irish Republicans and

Nationalists in general, have long called for thesecession of Northern Ireland from the UnitedKingdom in order to join the Republic of Ireland.This is opposed by Unionists.

In Scotland the Scottish National Party (SNP) cam-paigns for Scottish independence and direct Scottishmembership of the European Union. It has repre-sentation at all levels of Scottish politics and formsthe devolved Scottish Government. A number ofnascent pro-independence parties have enjoyed onlylimited electoral success. The Scottish Green Party,
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A mural in Belfast depicting the Easter Rising of 1916

the Scottish Socialist Party and the Scottish Enter-prise Party are most widely publicised. Howeverall independence movements/parties are opposed byUnionists. A referendum on independence, in whichvoters were asked Should Scotland be an indepen-dent country? extquotedbl, took place in Septem-ber 2014, and resulted in a victory for the nocampaign as 55.3 percent of voters voted againstindependence.[39]

In Wales, Plaid Cymru (Party of Wales) stands forWelsh independence within the European Union. Itis also represented at all levels of Welsh politics andis the third largest party in the National Assemblyof Wales.

In Cornwall, supporters of Mebyon Kernow callfor the creation of a Cornish Assembly and sep-aration from England, giving the county signi-cant self-government, whilst remaining within theUnited Kingdom as a fth home nation.

In England the now-disbanded Free England Party

(FEP) campaigned for English independence. Parts of Southern England like Devon, the Isle of

Wight, Minster in Kent, and Wessex, have auton-omy movements.

Some of the more radical members of the Britishdirect democracy movement in the Conserva-tive Party (Daniel Hannan for example) whilenot actually advocating secession support thefederalization of the UK into states along countyboundaries (actually a proposal of 5 or 6 regions ofEngland, 4 or 5 in Scotland and 3 in Wales). Thereare currently9 government office regions in Englandand none in the other Home Nations.

2.33 United States

Main article: Secession in the United States

Discussions and threats of secession often surface inAmerican politics, and secession was declared duringthe Civil War between the States. However in 1869 theUnited States Supreme Court ruled in Texas v. White ,74 U.S. 700 (1869) that unilateral secession was not per-mitted saying that the union between a state (Texas inthe case before the bar) was as complete, as perpet-ual, and as indissoluble as the union between the originalStates. There was no place for reconsideration or revoca-tion, except through revolution or through consent of theStates.[40][41]

2.34 Yemen

NorthYemen and SouthYemen merged in 1990; tensionsled to a 1994 southern secession which was crushed in a

civil war.

2.35 Yugoslavia

On June 25, 1991, Croatia and Slovenia seceded fromthe Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. AlsoBosnia and Hercegovina and Macedonia declared inde-pendence. Followed, the federation collapsed, Serbia andMontenegro, was renamed to Federal Republic of Yu-goslavia. Several wars ensued between FR Yugoslaviaand seceding entitites and among other ethnic groups
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3.3 Movements 11

A destroyed T-34-85 tank in Karlovac, Croatian War of Inde-

pendence , 1992

in Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and later,Kosovo. Montenegro peacefully separated from its unionwith Serbia in 2006.

Kosovo declared de facto independence on February 17,2008, and was recognized by several dozen countries, butofficially remains under United Nations administration.

There is a strong tendency for secession of the Republicof Srpska from Bosnia and Herzegovina.

3 See also

3.1 Lists

List of historical autonomist and secessionist move-ments

List of active autonomist and secessionist move-ments

List of unrecognized countries

List of U.S. state secession proposals

List of U.S. county secession proposals

3.2 Topics

Autonomy

Bioregionalism

City state

Decentralization

Economic secession

Homeland

Micronation

Nullication (U.S. Constitution)

Schism (religion)

Self-determination

Separatism

Urban secession

3.3 Movements

Balochistan Liberation Army

Cape Party

Cascadia

Christian Exodus

Conch Republic

United States Declaration of Independence Essex Junto

European Free Alliance

Free State Project

The Great Republic of Rough and Ready

Hartford Convention

Kurdistan

League of the South

Middlebury Institute

New York City secession

Orania, Northern Cape

Republic of Kinney

Republic of South Carolina

Scottish Secession Church

Secession of Quebec
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_sovereignty_movementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Secession_Churchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_South_Carolinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Kinneyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orania,_Northern_Capehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_secessionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlebury_Institutehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_the_Southhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford_Conventionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Republic_of_Rough_and_Readyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_State_Projecthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Free_Alliancehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex_Juntohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conch_Republichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Exodushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascadia_(independence_movement)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Partyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochistan_Liberation_Armyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_secessionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separatismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-determinationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schism_(religion)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nullification_(U.S._Constitution)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micronationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homelandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_secessionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decentralizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_statehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioregionalismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._county_secession_proposalshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_secession_proposalshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unrecognized_countrieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_active_autonomist_and_secessionist_movementshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_active_autonomist_and_secessionist_movementshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_historical_autonomist_and_secessionist_movementshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_historical_autonomist_and_secessionist_movementshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Srpskahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Srpskahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nationshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegrohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloveniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-34-85


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12 4 REFERENCES

Second Vermont Republic

South Carolina Exposition and Protest

Texas Secession Movement

Black Liberation Army

Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization

4 References

[1] Allen Buchanan, Secession, Stanford Encyclopedia ofPhilosophy, 2007.

[2] Scott Boykin, The Ethics of Secession, in David Gor-don, Secession, State and Liberty , Transactions Publishers,1998.

[3] Allen Buchanan, Secession: The Morality of Political Di-vorce From Fort Sumter to Lithuania and Quebec, WestView Press, 1991.

[4] Robert W. McGee, Secession Reconsidered, the Journalof Libertarian Studies, Fall 1994.

[5] David Gordon, Secession, State and Liberty, TransactionsPublishers, 1998.

[6] Secession As an International Phenomenon, Abstractsof Papers, 2007 Association for Research on Ethnicityand Nationalism in the Americas conference sponsoredby the University of South Carolina Richard Walker In-stitute for International Studies.

[7] Allen Buchanan, How can We Construct a Political The-ory of Secession?, paper presented October 5, 2006 to theInternational Studies Association.

[8] Anthony H. Birch, Another Liberal Theory of Seces-sion. Political Studies 32, 1984, 596-602.

[9] Walter Williams, Parting company is an option,WorldNetDaily.Com , December 24, 2003.

[10] Jane Jacobs, Cities and the Wealth of Nations , Vintage,1985.

[11] Frances Kendall and Leon Louw, After Apartheid: TheSolution for South Africa, Institute for ContemporaryStudies, 1987. One of several popular books they wroteabout canton-based constitutional alternatives that includean explicit right to secession.

[12] Leopold Kohr, The Breakdown of Nations , Routledge &K. Paul, 1957

[13] Human Scale , Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, 1980.

[14] http://www.archive.org/stream/writingsofthomas10jeffiala/writingsofthomas10jeffiala_djvu.txt

[15] Universityof Technology,Sydney description of Aleksan-dar Pavkovic

[16] Aleksandar Pavkovic,Secession, Majority Rule and EqualRights: a FewQuestions, Macquarie UniversityLawJour-nal, 2003.

[17] Steven Yates, When Is Political Divorce Justied inDavid Gordon, 1998.

[18] Allen Buchanan, Secession: The Morality of Political Di-vorce From Fort Sumter to Lithuania and Quebec, Chapter3, pp. 87-123.

[19] Santosh C. Saha,Perspectives on contemporary ethnic conict , p. 63, LexingtonBooks, 2006ISBN 0-7391-1085-3.

[20] Paul D. Elliot, The East Timor Dispute, The Internationaland Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 27, No. 1 (Jan.,1978).

[21] James J. Fox, Dionisio Babo Soares, Out of the ashes: de-struction and reconstruction of East Timor , p. 175, ANUE Press, 2003, ISBN 0-9751229-1-6

[22] Thomas D. Musgrave,Self-determination and national mi-norities , p. xiii, Oxford University Press, 2000 ISBN 0-19-829898-6

[23] Linz, Juan; Stepan, Alfred; Yadav, Yogendra (2007). ex-tquotedbl'Nation State' or 'State Nation': India in Com-parative Perspective. Democracy and Diversity: Indiaand the America Experience . OxfordUniversity Press. pp.8182. ISBN 0-19-568368-4

[24] UNPO on West Balochistan

[25] No Winner Seen in Somalias Battle With Chaos NewYork Times, June 2, 2009

[26] The Transitional Federal Charter of the Somali Repub-lic: The Somali Republic shall have the following bound-aries. (a) North; Gulf of Aden. (b) North West; Djibouti.(c) West; Ethiopia. (d) South south-west; Kenya. (e) East;Indian Ocean.

[27] CIA - The World Factbook - Somalia

[28] The Signs Say Somaliland, but the World Says Somalia

[29] UN in Action: Reforming Somalilands Judiciary

[30] SOUTH AFRICA: Cryof SecessionTIME , Monday, May11, 1953
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIMEhttps://web.archive.org/web/20080605195636/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,935323,00.htmlhttp://www.un.org/webcast/pdfs/unia991.pdfhttp://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/05/world/africa/05somaliland.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/so.htmlhttp://www.chr.up.ac.za/hr_docs/countries/docs/charterfeb04.pdfhttp://www.chr.up.ac.za/hr_docs/countries/docs/charterfeb04.pdfhttp://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/02/world/africa/02somalia.htmlhttp://www.unpo.org/content/view/7922/153/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-568368-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198298986https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198298986http://books.google.com/books?id=BJg6T7SqJ1gC&pg=PR13&dq=East+Timor+seceded&num=50&ei=6tuhSq3ZGJKOyATX0fT6Bw&client=firefox-a#v=onepage&q=&f=falsehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0975122916http://books.google.com/books?id=J7WljGNkcrkC&pg=PA175&dq=East+Timor+seceded&num=50&ei=6tuhSq3ZGJKOyATX0fT6Bw&client=firefox-a#v=onepage&q=&f=falsehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0739110853http://books.google.com/books?id=uqYDX_4XQscC&pg=PA63&dq=East+Timor+seceded&num=50&ei=6tuhSq3ZGJKOyATX0fT6Bw&client=firefox-a#v=onepage&q=East%20Timor%20seceded&f=falsehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macquarie_Universityhttp://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/MqLJ/2003/5.htmlhttp://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/MqLJ/2003/5.htmlhttp://www.iis.uts.edu.au/research/CEV/researchers/aleksandar-pavkovic.htmlhttp://www.iis.uts.edu.au/research/CEV/researchers/aleksandar-pavkovic.htmlhttp://www.archive.org/stream/writingsofthomas10jeffiala/writingsofthomas10jeffiala_djvu.txthttp://www.archive.org/stream/writingsofthomas10jeffiala/writingsofthomas10jeffiala_djvu.txthttp://www.archive.org/stream/writingsofthomas10jeffiala/writingsofthomas10jeffiala_djvu.txthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Kohrhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WorldNetDaily.Comhttp://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=36294https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_E._Williamshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Studies_Associationhttp://www.allacademic.com/meta/p98792_index.htmlhttp://www.allacademic.com/meta/p98792_index.htmlhttp://www.cas.sc.edu/arena/secessionabstracts.htmlhttp://www.cas.sc.edu/arena/secessionabstracts.htmlhttp://www.cas.sc.edu/arena/secessionabstracts.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Libertarian_Studieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Libertarian_Studieshttp://www.mises.org/journals/jls/11_1/11_1_2.pdfhttp://plato.stanford.edu/entries/secession/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Buchananhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unrepresented_Nations_and_Peoples_Organizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Liberation_Armyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Secession_Movementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_Exposition_and_Protesthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Vermont_Republic


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[31] Secession Talked by Some Anti-Republicans, SaskatoonStar-Phoenix , 11 October 1960

[32] Launching Democracy in South Africa: The First OpenElection, April 1994 , R. W. Johnson, Lawrence Schlem-mer, Yale University Press, 1996

[33] Party Wants the Cape to Secede, Business Day , Decem-ber 24, 1993.

[34] Cape Party Website , Monday, May 11, 1953

[35] A Brief Survey of Swiss History, Switzerland Federal De-partment of Foreign Affairs.

[36]

[37]

[38] Luhansk regional council backs referendum on regionsstatus. kyivpost.com. Retrieved 6 May 2014.

[39] Smout, Alistair; MacLellan, Kylie; Holton, Kate(September 19, 2014). Special Report - Scotland staysin UK, but Britain faces change. Reuters. RetrievedSeptember 19, 2014.

[40] Texas v. White , 74 U.S. 700 (1868) at Cornell UniversityLaw School Supreme Court collection.

[41] Aleksandar Pavkovi, Peter Radan, Creating New States:Theory and Practice of Secession, p. 222, Ashgate Pub-lishing, Ltd., 2007.

5 Further reading

Buchanan, Allen, Justice, Legitimacy, and Self-Determination: Moral Foundations for International Law (Oxford Political Theory) , Oxford UniversityPress, 2007.

Buchanan, Allen, Secession: The Morality Of Po-

litical Divorce From Fort Sumter To Lithuania And Quebec , Westview Press, 1991.

Coppieters, Bruno; Richard Sakwa, Richard (eds.),Contextualizing Secession: Normative Studies inComparative Perspective , Oxford University Press,USA, 2003

Dos Santos, Anne Noronha, Military Interven-tion and Secession in South Asia: The Cases of Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Kashmir, and Punjab (Psi Reports) , Praeger Security International, 2007.

Gordon, David, Secession, State and Liberty , Trans-

actions Publishers, 1998. Hannum, Hurst, Autonomy, Sovereignty, and Self-

Determination: The Accommodation of ConictingRights , University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996.

Hawes, Robert F., One Nation, Indivisible? A Studyof Secession and the Constitution , Fultus Corpora-tion, 2006.

Jovanovic, Miodrag, Constitutionalizing Secession inFederalized States: A Procedural Approach , AshgatePublishing, 2006.

Kohen, Marcelo G. (ed.), Secession: International Law Perspectives , Cambridge University Press,2006.

Kohr, Leopold, The Breakdown of Nations , Rout-ledge & K. Paul, 1957.

Lehning, Percy, Theories of Secession, Routledge,1998.

Norman, Wayne, Negotiating Nationalism: Nation-Building, Federalism, and Secession in the Multina-tional State , Oxford University Press, USA, 2006.

Orlov, Dimitry, Reinventing Collapse , New SocietyBooks, 2008, ISBN 978-0-86571-606-3

Pascalev,Mario, Territory: An Account of theTer-ritorial Authority of States. Dissertation, BowlingGreen State University, VDM, 2009.

Sorens, Jason, Secessionism: Identity, Interest, and Strategy , McGill-Queens University Press, 2012.

Sorens, Jason (2008). Sessionism. In Hamowy,Ronald. The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism . Thou-sand Oaks, CA: SAGE; Cato Institute. pp. 4556. ISBN 978-1-4129-6580-4. LCCN 2008009151.OCLC 750831024.

Spencer, Metta, Separatism: Democracy and Disin-tegration , Rowman & Littleeld, 1998.

Weller, Marc, Autonomy, Self Governance and Con- ict Resolution (Kindle Edition) , Taylor & Francis,2007.

Wellman, Christopher Heath, A Theory of Seces-sion, Cambridge University Press, 2005..
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_&_Francishttps://www.worldcat.org/oclc/750831024https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLChttp://lccn.loc.gov/2008009151https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-6580-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cato_Institutehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAGE_Publicationshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Hamowyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Hamowyhttp://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYChttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGill-Queen%27s_University_Presshttp://www.bgsu.edu/departments/phil/events/page27771.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780865716063http://www.newsociety.com/bookid/3991https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry_Orlovhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledgehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashgate_Publishinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashgate_Publishinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Presshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westview_Presshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Presshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Presshttp://books.google.com/books?id=-IjHbPvp1W0Chttp://books.google.com/books?id=-IjHbPvp1W0Chttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University_Law_Schoolhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University_Law_Schoolhttp://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0074_0700_ZO.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reutershttp://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/09/19/uk-scotland-independence-journey-special-idUKKBN0HE19420140919http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/09/19/uk-scotland-independence-journey-special-idUKKBN0HE19420140919http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/luhansk-regional-council-backs-referendum-on-regions-status-346356.htmlhttp://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/luhansk-regional-council-backs-referendum-on-regions-status-346356.htmlhttp://www.eda.admin.ch/eda/en/home/reps/ocea/vaus/infoch/chhist.htmlhttp://www.capeparty.com/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Day_(South_Africa)http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xhoWjVX0TLEC&pg=PA109&lpg=PA109&dq=Party+Wants+the+Cape+to+Secede,%22+Business+Day,+December+24,+1993.&source=bl&ots=rrpTDYZI-F&sig=lZhY2ecW-WIkVz5GUBHFAWoIu_4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=t6rwUufHAo6Shgeh4IHwDg&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Party%20Wants%20the%20Cape%20to%20Secede%2C%22%20Business%20Day%2C%20December%2024%2C%201993.&f=falsehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._W._Johnsonhttp://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Jtz2IXNqiR0C&pg=PA187&lpg=PA187&dq=kwazulu+natal+secession+1993&source=bl&ots=ptV54IAgvt&sig=u2uJEIhHIuZ4f5dtNIRpzVrfnnQ&hl=en&sa=X&ei=jK3wUt_UMYmihgfdj4D4Dw&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=kwazulu%20natal%20secession%201993&f=falsehttp://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Jtz2IXNqiR0C&pg=PA187&lpg=PA187&dq=kwazulu+natal+secession+1993&source=bl&ots=ptV54IAgvt&sig=u2uJEIhHIuZ4f5dtNIRpzVrfnnQ&hl=en&sa=X&ei=jK3wUt_UMYmihgfdj4D4Dw&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=kwazulu%20natal%20secession%201993&f=falsehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatoon_Star-Phoenixhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatoon_Star-Phoenixhttp://news.google.com/newspapers?id=WUVkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=2W8NAAAAIBAJ&pg=5504,1422353&dq=natal+referendum+republic&hl=en


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14 6 EXTERNAL LINKS

Secession And International Law: Conict

Avoidance-regional Appraisals , United NationsPublications, 2006.

6 External links

Christopher Ketcham, Most Likely to Secede, GoodMagazine, January 2008.

Michael Hirsch, How the South Won (This) CivilWar, Newsweek, April 2008, article speculating onnorthern secession.

Secession (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) Secession - from the 1911 Encyclopdia Britannica

Secession - from the Columbia Electronic Encyclo-pedia

Secession As an International Phenomenon. Ab-stracts of Papers, 2007 Association for Research onEthnicity and Nationalism in the Americas confer-ence sponsored by the University of South CarolinaRichard Walker Institute for International Studies.

Andrei Kreptul, The Constitutional Right of Seces-sion in Political Theory and History, Journal of Lib-ertarian Studies, Ludwig von Mises Institute, Vol-ume 17, no. 4 (Fall 2003), pp. 39100.

Assistant professor Jason Sorens writings on seces-sion, Department of Political Science, University atBuffalo

Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). extquotedblsecessionextquotedbl. Encyclopdia Britannica (11th ed.).Cambridge University Press.
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1/%EE%BF%80http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1/%EE%BF%80https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_at_Buffalohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_at_Buffalohttp://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~jsorens/http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~jsorens/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises_Institutehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Libertarian_Studieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Libertarian_Studieshttp://mises.org/journals/jls/17_4/17_4_3.pdfhttp://mises.org/journals/jls/17_4/17_4_3.pdfhttp://www.cas.sc.edu/arena/secessionabstracts.htmlhttp://www.cas.sc.edu/arena/secessionabstracts.htmlhttp://www.cas.sc.edu/arena/secessionabstracts.htmlhttp://www.cas.sc.edu/arena/secessionabstracts.htmlhttp://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0844253.htmlhttp://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0844253.htmlhttp://4.1911encyclopedia.org/S/SE/SECESSION.htmhttp://plato.stanford.edu/entries/secession/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweekhttp://www.newsweek.com/id/134116/output/printhttp://www.newsweek.com/id/134116/output/printhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Magazinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Magazinehttp://www.goodmagazine.com/section/Features/most_likely_to_secedehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations


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7 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

7.1 Text Secession Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secession?oldid=626680295 Contributors: Danny, William Avery, Roadrunner, Edward,

Kchishol1970, Fred Bauder, (, SebastianHelm, Ellywa, Ahoerstemeier, Jiang, Rl, JASpencer, Jengod, Emperorbma, Charles Matthews,Crissov, Zoicon5, Radiojon, Chl, Johnleemk, Jeffq, AlexPlank, Robbot, Dale Arnett, Moondyne, Modulatum, Tualha, SchmuckyTheCat,Bkell, Jeroen, UtherSRG, Alan Liefting, Phildav76, TOttenville8, Tom harrison, Orangemike, Orpheus, Everyking, Jacob1207, Guanaco,Mboverload, Eequor, Apoivre, Grant65, SWAdair, Stevietheman, Utcursch, Kjetil r, Ran, Antandrus, Vanished user 1234567890, JimWae,RayBirks, Sam Hocevar, B.d.mills, Dsboxer, Gazpacho, Mike Rosoft, D6, Perey, DanielCD, Discospinster, Dsurber, Rich Farmbrough,Quiensabe, Samboy, Alistair1978, Dbachmann, SpookyMulder, Bender235, Commonbrick, Ylee, Livajo, Surachit, Bobo192, Longhair,Smalljim, John Vandenberg, Cwolfsheep, Giraffedata, Slipperyweasel, Hesperian, Krellis, Wiki-uk, Penwhale, CJ, Alinor, Pioneer-12,Runtime, Capecodeph, Nightstallion, Inge, BadLeprechaun, PeterR, Tabletop, Privacy, JohnC, Toussaint, Prashanthns, Graham87, Bforte,Squideshi, Rjwilmsi, Coemgenus, Allenc28, Wikibofh, Vary, Elcid, Gudeldar, NeonMerlin, Dunkelza, Rlp27, Ewlyahoocom, CommonMan, Vonkje, Metropolitan90, Bgwhite, Cornellrockey, Gellersen, RussBot, Red Slash, Kipple, Mved, Gaius Cornelius, Redspork02,Wimt, Grafen, ONEder Boy, GreatGodOm, Rjensen, Kubura, Gillis, Cleared as led, Cholmes75, Number 57, Kanaye, Tomtyke, Pablo-martinez, .marc., Delos, BusterD, Scope creep, Black Falcon, Zero Gravitas, Vegas215, Wknight94, Keppa, Poppy, Alias Flood, Maisoui!, EdNeave, SmackBot, Slleong, KnowledgeOfSelf, K-UNIT, Skeezix1000, David.Mestel, Aetheling1125, Wpm, Rrius, Daddycruel,Mauls, Septegram, Slo-mo, Bluebot, BronzeWarrior, JonRidinger, Hebel, Miquonranger03, Hibernian, The Moose, Htra0497, Can't sleep,clown will eat me, EOZyo, Rrburke, Khoikhoi, Jmlk17, MrRadioGuy, Valenciano, Weregerbil, Viking880, Delphadj, Kukini, TTE, Yohaneuan o4, Bigj7489, Woogums, ML5, Jperrylsu, Accurizer, Joffeloff, Edward Morgan Blake, Gnevin, Robert.starkey, JHunterJ, BillFlis,Fangfufu, Zapvet, NeroN BG, Tenor5300, Eidelbus, Northernontariomovement, Levineps, Mostssa, Joseph Solis in Australia, Dunne409,Adambiswanger1, Jsorens, Tawkerbot2, Sanrensei, Petr Matas, CmdrObot, JohnCD, Joncnunn, El aprendelenguas, Ankimai, LCpl, Masu,Jasonsk287, Cahk, ChristTrekker, MC10, Bellerophon5685, Travelbird, 01011000, Aldis90, Joowwww, Epbr123, Lord Hawk, Biruitorul,Indy muaddib, Andyjsmith, 24fan24, Id447, Horologium, JustAGal, Nick Number, Cooljuno411, X96lee15, John Smythe, AntiVandal-Bot, MNijhuis, BokicaK, Purpleslog, BillyBong, Seaphoto, SummerPhD, Carolmooredc, Tchoutoye, Florm, North Shoreman, GSTQ,DuncanHill, Meatloafx, Mike D 26, PubliusFL, JWest, Cynwolfe, !paradigm!, Magioladitis, Rafuki 33, AtticusX, Swpb, Fr seraphim,Robert mann,KConWiki, IkonicDeath, Islandisee,Talon Artaine, JaGa, Havoc21, Bardhylius, Cocytus, MartinBot, Siswrn, Jim.henderson,Zouavman Le Zouave, Mschel, R'n'B, J.delanoy, Uncle Dick, PhilLiberty, Geonarva, Maproom, Dwitbal Sogi, Ryan Postlethwaite, Arms& Hearts, NewEnglandYankee, Lizmichael, Ahuskay, Sbk70, Jevansen, OsirisV, Nomi887, Idioma-bot, Signalhead, Part Deux, That-Vela-Fella, TXiKiBoT, Oshwah, LordJanos, LeaveSleaves, Tsob, Delbert Grady, Clintville, Lova Falk, Falcon8765, Highground79, Edwardja-cobs123, Rob09, StAnselm, Ipankonin, CsikosLo, Australia2world, Gotipe, Hywel Dda, Radon210, Harun8, Dismalscholar, Sf46, Steven

Zhang, Lightmouse, Laatsahib, Bfx0, P8asta, Yohann4, Denisarona, RedShirtArmy, Mr. Granger, Martarius, ClueBot, Admiral Nor-ton, PipepBot, Prizes fan, Mild Bill Hiccup, Tkw231, TheOldJacobite, Foofbun, Harland1, Shutendo, Jeremiestrother, Spiffyhumanbean,Supergodzilla2090, SchreiberBike, Horselover Frost, Berean Hunter, DumZiBoT, HanBoN, XLinkBot, Larno Man, NellieBly, Hibagon,JCDenton2052, Addbot, Tcncv, Morriswa, Kman543210, Ka Faraq Gatri, CarsracBot, Ayudante2008, , Chzz, Tide rolls, ,Middayexpress, Luckas-bot, MileyDavidA, Yobot, MiS-Saath, LifeOnJinx, Simon4258, Iroony, AnomieBOT, Rubinbot, Jim1138, Pi-ano non troppo, Lecen, Materialscientist, Tdls, Bob Burkhardt, Capricorn42, Benahmet, Grim23, Srich32977, Paradox21, Coretheapple,Colanderman, Bellerophon, CHJL, Sophus Bie, Slayer9747, E0steven, TerraHikaru, FrescoBot, Tobby72, Lothar von Richthofen, Bod-igami, Freedom1910, Belchman, Vinay84, Vrenator, Clarkcj12, Greeneemer, Schwede66, Lucobrat, RjwilmsiBot, Arasara, EmausBot,John of Reading, Kpuffersh, Shehzadtm, GoingBatty, Dave6662, Tisane, Wikipelli, Hedning333, Thecheesykid, Namastheg, PBS-AWB,Professor Storyteller, Christina Silverman, Quantumor, XJ3N0V4x, Mahdipur, ClueBot NG, Pages416, Snotbot, KevinLuna, Widr, ShortKilo, MerlIwBot, Helpful Pixie Bot, VonBismarck, NewsAndEventsGuy, Loniegonie, MahdiBot, Arcandam, PadmaPhala, Hmainsbot1,Mogism, Frosty, Ministar Nesigurnosti, DavidLeighEllis, EncyclopaediaNilssonia, David12885, Rock Nation me, Evelynmarie255 andAnonymous: 456

7.2 Images File:2014-05-11.____014.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/2014-05-11.

_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_014.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Thispicture has been taken by Andrew Butko. Contact e-mail: [email protected]. Do not copy this image illegally by ignoring the terms ofthe -BY-SA or GNU FDL licenses, as it is not in the public domain. Other photos see here.

File:A_destroyed_T-34-85_tank_in_Karlovac,_Croatia.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/A_destroyed_T-34-85_tank_in_Karlovac%2C_Croatia.jpg License: CC-BY-2.0 Contributors: Karlovac tank Original artist: Ken Mayer

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File:East_Timor_Demo.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/East_Timor_Demo.jpg License: CC-BY-2.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/East_Timor_Demo.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svghttp://www.flickr.com/people/14529688@N08http://www.flickr.com/photos/14529688@N08/4078490680/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/A_destroyed_T-34-85_tank_in_Karlovac%2C_Croatia.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/A_destroyed_T-34-85_tank_in_Karlovac%2C_Croatia.jpghttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Photos,_created_by_Andrew_Butkomailto:[email protected]://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Butkohttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/2014-05-11._%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_014.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/2014-05-11._%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_014.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/2014-05-11._%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_014.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secession?oldid=626680295


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16 7 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

File:Easter_1916.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Easter_1916.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-2.5 Contrib-utors: ? Original artist: ?

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