what makes something living,… living? does it have to… consume oxygen??
TRANSCRIPT
What makes something living,…
living?
Does it have to…
consume oxygen??
Does it have to…
be able to move??
Does it have to…
be able to think??
Does it have to…
grow??
Does it have to…
consume food??
Does it have to…
have a heart??
Does it have to…
reproduce??
Does it have to…
be able to die??
Hmmm…?????
Use these questions and work with your neighbor to compile a
list of the
Characteristics of Life(Hint: There are six
total!)
1. Contain Cells• All living things are composed of cells that
contain hereditary information (DNA)• In multicellular organisms, cells are specialized
for the job that they perform• Cells are the smallest unit of life…so each cell
contains the characteristics of life
Nerve Cell
Skin Cell
2. Organization
• All living things are highly organized.• Cell structures carry out particular functions.
**Structure equals function!**• Multicellular Organisms: cells are grouped by
their function• Cells Tissues Organs Organ systems
Click here for how it works!
3. Energy Use
• All living things use energy in order to:– Maintain their organization– Grow– Reproduce
• Metabolism: chemical process of breaking down materials for energy
4. Maintain Internal Conditions
• All living things, even single cells, work to maintain a steady internal environment
• Homeostasis: process of maintaining these conditions– Water level in cells– Temperature
Click to see how!
5. Growth and Development
• All living things grow as a result of cell division and cell enlargement.
• Unicellular (single-celled organisms): Simply an increase in size
• Multicellular (many-celled organisms): Develop from one cell into many through cell division (differentiation and different functions)
6. Reproduction
• Reproduction (transmitting hereditary information to offspring) is not essential to the survival of an individual organism-it is essential for the continuation of the species.
• Two types:– Sexual: cells from two different parents unite to
form a new cell– Asexual: new cell formed from
a single cell
Scientific Method
1. Observe2. Ask a Question3. Collect Data (background information)4. Form a Hypothesis5. Experiment6. Draw Conclusion7. Communicate
Variables
• Independent Variable- manipulated, the variable that is changed
• Dependent Variable- responding, the variable that changes in response to the independent variable
Microscope and Measurement
• Compound Light Microscope
• Magnification:– Increase of the image’s
apparent size
• Resolution:– The power to show
details clearly
Parts of Microscope
Objective lenses
Diaphragm/Condenser
Lamp
Base
Fine Adjustment
Course Adjustment
Stage/Stage Clips
Revolving Nosepiece
Eyepiece/Ocular Lens
Arm
High=40X; Low=10X; Scanning=4X
Changes objective lenses
Directs light into microscope
Focuses the light
Amount of light entering the microscope
Look through; lens inside is 10X
Brings objective into slow focus
Carry and support (2 items)
Supports the slide; positions the slide
Brings object into rapid focus
So How Do We Use It??
Click on the scientist to see
Now let’s do the lab!
Working Space on a Light Microscope
• Depth of Field: Area between lens and stage• Field of View: Area seen through the
microscope– Calculated by the equation:
Total Mag A X Diameter A = Diameter BTotal Mag B
Practice Problems
• Calculate…
Total magnification at:-High Power-Low Power-Scanning
Ocular x Objective
• High = 10x40 = 400• Low = 10x10 = 100• Scanning = 10x4 = 40
Practice Problems
• Calculate…..
If a cell measures 20 um at 100X, what is the length of the cell at 200X?
100 X 20 um =200
10 um
Practice Problems
• Calculate…
If the field diameter at scanning power measures 5 um, what is the field diameter at low and high power?
Low 40 X 5 um = 2 um 100
High 40 X 5 um = 1 um200
Electron Microscope
• A beam of electrons produces an enlarged image of the specimen.
• Types:– TEM: Transmission Electron Microscope– SEM: Scanning Electron Microscope
TEM• Can view the
internal structure of an organism
• Magnifies up to 200,000 times
Images under TEM
Lung Spinach Chloroplast
Rat Nerve Mouse Kidney
• Sperm and Egg
Under an SEM
Pollen Lung
SEM• View the
surface of an object
• Magnifies up to 100,000 times
Under an SEM
Leaf Vein Staple through paper
Under an SEM
Toilet paper Hypodermic needle
Under an SEM
Mascara brush with flakes of skin and bacteria
Under an SEM
Sperm and Egg
Comparisons
TEM SEM
Disadvantages of an electron miscroscope:• Very expensive
• Cannot be used to view to a living specimen• Can be large in size