When should the U.S. enter into War?

When is it right for America to intervene in foreign conflicts?

WWI

What am I????

What am I????

What am I????

Causes

• Imperialism-This will sharpen rivalries• Militarism-diplomacy took a back seat to the

build up of armies and navies (arms race)• Nationalism-the “great powers” acted in their

own national interest• Alliances-complicated alliances developed to

bolster nation’s security

Secret Alliances

Alliances

Sides

• Central Powers-Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Ottoman Empire (Triple Alliance)

• Allies-Russia, France, Great Britain (Triple Entente)

July 1914

• World War I begins

May 1915

• German U-boat sinks the Lusitanian (unrestricted submarine warfare) killing 128 Americans

March 1916

• German U-boat sinks the Sussex, a French passenger ship

• Wilson demands the passage of the “Sussex Pledge”

February 1917

• In Zimmermann note, Germany proposes alliance with Mexico

March 1917

• Russian Revolution occurs, pulling them out of the war

March 1917

• German submarines sink three U.S. ships, the Illinois, Memphis, and Vigilancia

April 1917

• U.S. declares war on Germany

The War at Home

Ch 19 Sec 3What were some things

accomplished by the following wartime agencies and laws?

Interesting Facts!

• Your brain is most active during this time?– Night

• This birds eye is bigger than its brain?– ostrich’s

• In this city it is faster to ride a bicycle for most trips of less than 50 minutes!– Tokyo

• On average, people fear spiders more than this?– death

War Industrial Board

• Government control of many industries

• Encouraged companies to use mass production techniques

• Set production quotas • Increased production by

20% nation wide• Caused corporate profits

to soar

Railroad Administration

• Controlled the nations railroads

Fuel Administration

• Regulated coal • Rationed gasoline • Introduced daylight

savings

National War Labor Board

• Resolved labor disputes and pushed for improved working conditions

• Could lose draft exemption “work or fight”

Food Administration

• Encouraged public to reduce consumption of food

• Gov set high price for wheat and other staples

• “Meatless or Wheatless” days

Committee on Public Information

• Mobilized the nation’s artists and advertisers to popularize war

• Propaganda at its height

• Inflamed hatred and violation of certain ethnic groups

Propaganda

Becomes main form of encouragement to help support the war!

SOAP (Source/Occasion/Audience/Purpose)

World War One Images and Music

• Over There, George M. Cohansung by The American Quartet, 1917

• Sheet Music ArtNorman Rockwell

I Want You for the U.S. ArmyI Want You for the U.S. ArmyJames Montgomery FlaggJames Montgomery Flagg19171917

True Sons of FreedomTrue Sons of FreedomCharles Gustrine, 1918Charles Gustrine, 1918

Destroy This Mad BruteDestroy This Mad BruteH.R. Hopps, 1917H.R. Hopps, 1917

Over The Top For YouOver The Top For YouSidney H. Riesenberg,Sidney H. Riesenberg,19181918

Rivets Are Bayonets Drive Them Home!Rivets Are Bayonets Drive Them Home!J.E. Sheridan, 1918J.E. Sheridan, 1918

Fight or Buy BondsFight or Buy BondsHoward Chandler ChristyHoward Chandler Christy19171917

Espionage and Sedition Act

• Prosecution of over 2,000 people who spoke up against the war/interfered with the war effort

• Restricted immigration

Changes

Immigrants African Americans

Women

-Many lost their jobs and were attacked -Fear of spies and espionage lead to a restriction of immigration

-The Great Migration -A mass movement of African Americans from the South to the North in search of better jobs/life-Segregated in army and rarely allowed to fight

-Took on jobs that they had never done before-Encouraged the passing of the 19th Amendment

The War at Home

Ch 9 Sec 3What changes did the war bring

about for the following groups of Americans?

PREPARING FOR WAR!!!

Ch 19 Sec 2

Preparing for War!How did the U.S. raise an Army?

– Selective Service Act-authorized a draft– “the war that ends all wars”– 1 million immediately w/ 3 million more to

come (called the American Expeditionary Force)– General Pershing will be put in command of

AEFHow did U.S. soldiers help win the war?– Brought fresh soldiers who would be

desperately needed (Germans were 50 miles away from Paris)

– African Americans will allowed into the military but were segregated and rarely allowed to fight

Preparing for War!How did the United States build its Naval

forces?– Allowed anyone to help (African

Americans, women, volunteers, etc…)

– Converted private ships to war time vessels

How did the U.S. Navy help win the war?– Created the convoy system which

allowed for troops and supplies to get across the Atlantic safely

Technology/Strategy

• Machine Guns• Artillery that can reach enemy miles away• The first tanks• First Attack Planes• Poisonous Gas• Submarines• Punish civilians

What did the war cost in terms of the number of…..

• Civilians deaths– 11 million

• Military deaths– 11 million

• Injuries– 20 million

• Refugees – 10 million

• What were the economic costs?– 338 billion dollars

End of the War!!!!

Ch 19 Sec 4

End of War1918 14 points

• Dealt with a variety of issues that related to keeping the peace after the war

• Wanted to keep away from punishing Germany harshly for war

• 1-5=prevent war1. Open treaties2. Freedom of Seas3. Encourage free trade4. Arms reduction5. Interests of colonial people

• 6-13. Boundary changes and self determination of ethnic and national groups

• 14. League of Nations

End of War

1919 Treaty of Versailles• Forced Germany to take

blame for WWI and pay 33 Billion in reparations that they will be unable to pay

• This will humiliate Germany

End of War

1920 Rejection from Senate• Senate was suspicious of the

provision for joint action against aggression

• U.S. didn’t want to get dragged into another war

• Henry Cabot Lodge was the leader of conservative senators who disliked the Treaty of Versailles

End of War

1921 U.S. signs separate treaty• Wilson tries to get Treaty of

Versailles passed to no avail• Senate rejects Treaty of

Versailles for the last time signing a separate treaty with Germany in 1921

Question to Ponder

1.What were Wilson’s possible political mistakes that cost him congressional support for the Versailles Treaty?

2.Why do you think the allies imposed such harsh conditions on Germany?

3.Were the seeds of the next war being planted at the peace conference?

4.Consider how the war effort may have contributed to the dark mood at the end of the war?

AlliancesAustria-Hungary-declares war on Serbia

Russia-Protector of Serbia, mobilizes army along Austria-Hungary border

Russian’s ally, France readies its troops

Germany-chief ally of Austria-Hungary begins to mobilize troops on Russian and French border

To reach France, Germany invades Belgium

Great Britain protectorate of Belgium, declares war on Germany

Central and Allied Powers are formed

Ottoman Empire joins Central Powers, Italy joins Allied Powers. U.S. stays Neutral!