WHY ARE SOME PLACES MORE WHY ARE SOME PLACES MORE DEVELOPED THAN OTHERS?DEVELOPED THAN OTHERS?

RAJU J DASRAJU J DAS

THEORIES OF INTERNAL THEORIES OF INTERNAL CAUSESCAUSES

GEOGRAPHICAL FACTORSGEOGRAPHICAL FACTORS– CLIMATE AND LACK OF RESOURCESCLIMATE AND LACK OF RESOURCES– RELIANCE ON FLOW RESOURCESRELIANCE ON FLOW RESOURCES– SPATIAL DISADVANTAGESSPATIAL DISADVANTAGES

THEORIES OF INTERNAL THEORIES OF INTERNAL CAUSESCAUSES

DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORSDEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS– HIGH POPULATION GROWTH RATEHIGH POPULATION GROWTH RATE

(STAGE 2/3 OF DTM)(STAGE 2/3 OF DTM)

THEORIES OF INTERNAL THEORIES OF INTERNAL CAUSESCAUSES

– YOUTHFULYOUTHFUL AGE STRUCTURE AGE STRUCTURE

THEORIES OF INTERNAL THEORIES OF INTERNAL CAUSESCAUSES

– MALTHUSIAN IDEAMALTHUSIAN IDEA

THEORIES OF INTERNAL THEORIES OF INTERNAL CAUSESCAUSES

– EVEN TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE WILL EVEN TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE WILL NOT BE OF MUCH HELP?NOT BE OF MUCH HELP?

THEORIES OF INTERNAL THEORIES OF INTERNAL CAUSESCAUSES

ASSESSMENT OF THESE THEORIESASSESSMENT OF THESE THEORIES

– ECOLOGICAL/SPATIAL FACTORS CANNOT ECOLOGICAL/SPATIAL FACTORS CANNOT CAUSECAUSE UNDERDEVELOPMENT UNDERDEVELOPMENT

– POPULATION FACTORS MAY ONLY POPULATION FACTORS MAY ONLY EXACERBATEEXACERBATE TW PROBLEMS BUT TW PROBLEMS BUT CANNOT CAUSE THEMCANNOT CAUSE THEM

THEORIES OF INTERNAL THEORIES OF INTERNAL CAUSESCAUSES

CAPITALISM-CONSUMPTION LINKAGECAPITALISM-CONSUMPTION LINKAGE

UNEQUAL DISTRIBUTION OF UNEQUAL DISTRIBUTION OF RESOURCES AND SOCIAL RESOURCES AND SOCIAL PRODUCTION OF SCARCITYPRODUCTION OF SCARCITY

THEORIES OF INTERNAL THEORIES OF INTERNAL CAUSESCAUSES

THIRD WORLD’ LACK OF THIRD WORLD’ LACK OF TECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGY

THEORIES OF INTERNAL THEORIES OF INTERNAL CAUSESCAUSES

CULTURAL MODERNIZATIONCULTURAL MODERNIZATION

– DIVISION OF LABOUR NOT DEVELOPEDDIVISION OF LABOUR NOT DEVELOPED– NOT PROFIT-ORIENTEDNOT PROFIT-ORIENTED– DRIVE TO ENHANCE INDIVIDUAL CAREER DRIVE TO ENHANCE INDIVIDUAL CAREER

NOT THERENOT THERE– LOW EDUCATION LEVEL > RESISTANCE LOW EDUCATION LEVEL > RESISTANCE

TO SOCIAL CHANGE AND TO SOCIAL CHANGE AND DIFFUSIONDIFFUSION OF OF TECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGY

THEORIES OF INTERNAL THEORIES OF INTERNAL CAUSESCAUSES

MORE STRUCTURAL IDEASMORE STRUCTURAL IDEAS– STATUS OF WOMENSTATUS OF WOMEN

THEORIES OF INTERNAL THEORIES OF INTERNAL CAUSESCAUSES

– ELITE CONTROL OVER RESOURCES ELITE CONTROL OVER RESOURCES UNEQUAL DEVELOPMENTUNEQUAL DEVELOPMENT

– LOW WAGESLOW WAGESLIMITED LIMITED MARKETMARKETLIMITED LIMITED PRODUCTION>LIMITED DEVELOPMENTPRODUCTION>LIMITED DEVELOPMENT

THEORIES OF INTERNAL THEORIES OF INTERNAL CAUSESCAUSES

– ELITES OFTEN ELITES OFTEN INVESTINVEST ABROAD OR IN ABROAD OR IN PRODUCTION OF LUXURY GOODSPRODUCTION OF LUXURY GOODS

THEORIES OF INTERNAL THEORIES OF INTERNAL CAUSESCAUSES

– POVERTYPOVERTYA LARGE PART OF INCOME A LARGE PART OF INCOME SPENT ON FOODSPENT ON FOODLESS SPENT ON LESS SPENT ON SERVICES AND MANUFACTURED GOODS SERVICES AND MANUFACTURED GOODS OPPORTUNITIES FOR JOBS CREATION OPPORTUNITIES FOR JOBS CREATION LIMITED LIMITED

THEORIES OF INTERNAL THEORIES OF INTERNAL CAUSESCAUSES

– SUBSISTENCE/INFORMAL SECTOR SUBSISTENCE/INFORMAL SECTOR SUBSIDIZING THE COMEMRCIAL/ SUBSIDIZING THE COMEMRCIAL/ CORPORATE SECTORCORPORATE SECTOR

THEORIES OF INTERNAL THEORIES OF INTERNAL CAUSESCAUSES

– FAILED STATEFAILED STATEELITE CONTROL OVER THE STATEELITE CONTROL OVER THE STATE

STATE AS PRIVATE PROPERTY> STATE AS PRIVATE PROPERTY> CORRUPTION [USE OF PUBLIC OFFICES FOR CORRUPTION [USE OF PUBLIC OFFICES FOR PRIVATE GAIN] PRIVATE GAIN]

THEORIES OF EXTERNAL THEORIES OF EXTERNAL CAUSESCAUSES

COLONIALISMCOLONIALISM

NEO-COLONIALISMNEO-COLONIALISM

–DEBT->INTEREST PAYMENTDEBT->INTEREST PAYMENT

–VALUE OF PRIMARY GOODS VALUE OF PRIMARY GOODS DOES NOT INCREASE AS MUCH DOES NOT INCREASE AS MUCH AS THAT OF OTHER GOODSAS THAT OF OTHER GOODS

THEORIES OF EXTERNAL THEORIES OF EXTERNAL CAUSESCAUSES

INTERNATIONAL TRADE-INTERNATIONAL TRADE->TERMS OF TRADE AGAINST >TERMS OF TRADE AGAINST THE THIRD WORLDTHE THIRD WORLD

THEORIES OF EXTERNAL THEORIES OF EXTERNAL CAUSESCAUSES

–SEE-SAW MOVEMENT OF SEE-SAW MOVEMENT OF CAPITALCAPITAL

AGGLOMERATION AGGLOMERATION ECONOMIESECONOMIES

AGGLOMERATION AGGLOMERATION DISECONOMIESDISECONOMIES

THEORIES OF EXTERNAL THEORIES OF EXTERNAL CAUSESCAUSES

GLOBALIZATION & NIDLGLOBALIZATION & NIDL

LIMITED BENEFITS [SO FAR] LIMITED BENEFITS [SO FAR]

THEORIES OF EXTERNAL THEORIES OF EXTERNAL CAUSESCAUSES

……. MORE IN THE . MORE IN THE GLOBALIZATION DISCUSSIONGLOBALIZATION DISCUSSION

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

MULTIPLE CAUSES OF UNDER-MULTIPLE CAUSES OF UNDER-DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT

THIRD WORLD UNDER-DEVELOPMENT THIRD WORLD UNDER-DEVELOPMENT IS A PART OF GEOGRAPHICALLY IS A PART OF GEOGRAPHICALLY UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT AT THE UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT AT THE GLOBAL SCALEGLOBAL SCALE

AGAINST DEVELOPMENTALISM (E.G. AGAINST DEVELOPMENTALISM (E.G. ROSTOW)ROSTOW)