why economic valuation of hima can be useful
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Why economic valuation of Hima can be useful. Richard Thomas ELD Scientific Coordinator at United Nations University-Institute for Water, Health & Environment. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Why economic valuation of Hima can be useful
Richard ThomasELD Scientific Coordinator at
United Nations University-Institute for Water, Health & Environment
ChallengeHow to:1. Encourage investments in Hima-type systems for rangelands2. Value rangelands properly3. Devise schemes to reward improvement & maintenance of Ecosystem Services
Categorisation of ecosystems services:Millennium Ecosystem Assessment framework
The economic value of an ecosystem is the sum of economic values derived from individual services flows
– Provisioning services, e.g. food, timber and freshwater supply
– Regulating services, e.g. pollution reduction, water flow regulation
– Cultural services, e.g. aesthetic and spiritual values
– Supporting services, e.g. soil formation and nutrient cycling*
Total Economic Valueof Land And Land-based Services
Use Value Non-use Value
DirectUse Value
IndirectUse Value
Stewardship Value
Bequest Value
Existence Value
OptionValue
Food, fibres and timber production
(provisioning);Carbon storage
(regulating);Tourism,
recreational hunting (cultural)
Pollination (provisioning);
Watershed protection, flood
attenuation, pollution
assimilation (regulating and
cultural); Nutrient cycling,
micro-climate (supporting)
Premium from use of biodiversity
resources by pharmaceutical industry in the
future (provisioning);
Area that becomes of
recreational value (cultural);
Area used for waste recycling
(regulating)
Biodiversity hotspot, symbolic species, eg blue
whale, tiger, panda, mountain gorillas (cultural)
Land passed onto our children
(cultural)
Land maintained in good working
conditions for both humans and their surrounding
ecosystems
State of knowledge: Ecosystems
all ecosystems
in a given geogr
aphical area
arid and
semi-arid
farmland
coastal desert dunes
non-arid
farmland
floodplains
forests and
woodlands (non
tropical)
freshwater and
water bodies
grasslands
and pastur
es
hills
mountains and
highlands and
uplands
plains rangelands
tropical
forests
urban valleys
wetlands
For each ecosystem, there is at least one study that can act as a starting point
Num
ber o
f res
ourc
es
Benefits of investing in Ecosystem restorationSource: de Groot et al 2013
Mean TEV of grasslands = $2871/ha
Rangelands contribute to global issues
1. Climate change2. Desertification – loss of productivity3. Wind erosion and sand storms4. Biodiversity5. Water regulation & storage
Scale Environmental services supplied Benefits Beneficiaries/
demanders Monitoring
Global
Increased carbon sequestration
Enhanced plant and animal biodiversity
Dust storm reductions
Mitigation of climate change
Enhanced resource base for future generation
Improved air quality and health, decreased maintenance costs in infrastructure, industry, and damages in agricultural production systems
International community/countries, private companies
Conservation groups, tourism industry, private companies
Urban populations, tourism industry, government
Soil sampling, eddy flux towers, static chambers, vegetation cover by remote sensing
Survey of key eco-indicators
Remote sensing
National
Increased aquifer recharge
Flood reduction
Increased water availability
Decreased damage of infrastructure (roads, reservoirs) , crops, and houses
Water users
State (public infrastructure), utility companies, downstream population
Groundwater levels, groundwater use
Stage heights at hydraulic structures, reservoir siltation, infrastructure damages
Local
Increased water productivity
Decrease of soil reduction
Increase dplant biomass
Conserve livestock productivity
Local herders Biomass survey, soil sampling, stocking rate monitoring
Scale Environmental services supplied Benefits Beneficiaries/
demanders Monitoring
Global
Increased carbon sequestration
Enhanced plant and animal biodiversity
Dust storm reductions
Mitigation of climate change
Enhanced resource base for future generation
Improved air quality and health, decreased maintenance costs in infrastructure, industry, and damages in agricultural production systems
International community/countries private companies
Conservation groups, tourism industry, private companies
Urban populations, tourism industry, government
Soil sampling, eddy flux towers, static chambers, vegetation cover by remote sensing
Survey of key eco-indicators
Remote sensing
National
Increased aquifer recharge
Flood reduction
Increased water availability
Decreased damage of infrastructure (roads, reservoirs) , crops, and houses
Water users
State (public infrastructure), utility companies, downstream population
Groundwater levels, groundwater use
Stage heights at hydraulic structures, reservoir siltation, infrastructure damages
Local
Increased water productivity
Decrease of soil reduction
Increased plant biomass
Conserve livestock productivity Local herders Biomass survey, soil sampling, stocking rate monitoring
Scale Environmental services supplied Benefits Beneficiaries/
demanders Monitoring
Increased carbon sequestration
Enhanced plant and animal biodiversity
Mitigation of climate change
Enhanced resource base for future generation
International community/countries, private companies
Conservation groups, tourism industry, private companies
Soil sampling, eddy flux towers, static chambers, vegetation cover by remote sensing
Survey of key eco-indicators
GlobalDust storm reductions Improved air quality
and health, decreased maintenance costs in infrastructure, industry, and damages in agricultural production systems
Urban populations, tourism industry, government
Remote sensing
National
Increased aquifer recharge
Flood reduction
Increased water availability
Decreased damage of infrastructure (roads, reservoirs) , crops, and houses
Water users
State (public infrastructure), utility companies, downstream population
Groundwater levels, groundwater use
Stage heights at hydraulic structures, reservoir siltation, infrastructure damages
Local
Increased water productivity
Decrease of soil reduction
Increased plant biomass
Conserve livestock productivity Local herders Biomass survey, soil sampling, stocking rate monitoring
Scale Environmental services supplied Benefits Beneficiaries/
demanders Monitoring
Global
Increased carbon sequestration
Enhanced plant and animal biodiversity
Dust storm reductions
Mitigation of climate change
Enhanced resource base for future generation
Improved air quality and health, decreased maintenance costs in infrastructure, industry, and damages in agricultural production systems
International community/countries, private companies
Conservation groups, tourism industry, private companies
Urban populations, tourism industry, government
Soil sampling, eddy flux towers, static chambers, vegetation cover by remote sensing
Survey of key eco-indicators
Remote sensing
National
Increased aquifer recharge
Flood reduction
Increased water availability
Decreased damage of infrastructure (roads, reservoirs) , crops, and houses
Water users
State (public infrastructure), utility companies, downstream population
Groundwater levels, groundwater use
Stage heights at hydraulic structures, reservoir siltation, infrastructure damages
Local
Increased water productivity
Decrease of soil degradation
Increased plant biomass
Conserve livestock productivityIncreased/maintainedbiodiversity
Local herders Biomass survey, soil sampling, stocking rate monitoring
Technical options for preventing degradation & restoring rangelands
• Controlled grazing via improved integrated range-livestock systems
• Water & erosion control• Soil fertility improvement• Plant introductions and seeding (Cactus, Atriplex, Buffel
grass, Salsola, Halaxyon)• Reforestation
Hunshandake Sandland Project,
China Replacing ruminants with chickens
the Inner Mongolia Government agreed to provide an amount of 100 million CHY (16 million US) to study the scientific and social key problems in an eco-husbandry regionMeanwhile, CAS has approved a project amounted 9 million CHY (1.4 million US) to explore the technological issues in limiting the construction of the largest Eco-husbandry Industry Special Region
Challenges
• Land tenure & access• Schemes that fit the local financial
(opportunity costs), production & risk management strategies
• Institutional issues for collective rangeland management
• Reduced search & negotiation, monitoring & enforcement costs
Conclusions• A TEV approach can raise awareness & investment in Hima• Success stories in participatory management• Rangelands can contribute to solutions of local to global
problems• Himas can act as innovation platforms for ecological
sustainability, social fairness and economic growth