why energy efficient renovations ? how energy efficient renovations ? what is a dst? dst is a tool,...

Why energy efficient renovations ?

How energy efficient renovations ?

What is a DST? • DST is a tool, containing simple guidelines to help energy-efficient and sustainable renovation of dwellings.

• DEMOHOUSE project aims to develop minimum standards for energy-efficient and sustainable renovation of dwellings.

• Main decisions in relation to ambitions in energy-efficiency, sustainability, economic feasibility and occupants’ participation take place in the first, or the initiative phase.

For whom is the DST?• The Decision Support Tool is focusing on decision makers (for example housing association managers, home owners association, etc. ).

• The tool also contains practical and in-depth information of relevance to: architects, energy experts, building contractors, and building users.

What kind of decisions are supported with the DST?• Decision making process towards facilitating energy-efficient and sustainable renovation of dwellings.

DST, Decision Support Tool for energy-efficient and sustainable

renovation of dwellings

Barriers and Opportunities

Demohouse Renovation Projects

Why an energy-efficient and sustainable renovation?

Quality indicators as benefits associated with this type of renovation.

Property Value Lettability

Comfort Social Status

Living Costs

DST home page

Environment

Property ValueLettability Energy LabelingComfort Social Status Living Costs Environment

Energy Labeling



http://www.freefoto.com/images/04/28/04_28_36---Pile-of-Money_web.jpg

http://www.axson.com/Front/imgs/environment_20070827181447.jpg

• Energy efficiency is rapidly becoming a factor in the value or selling price of dwellings.

• Customers are increasingly becoming prepared to pay for improved living comfort.

• The EPBD, Energy Performance Building Directive, energy label of the dwelling will influence its market position.

• A ‘good’ EPBD energy label results in a positive image for marketing and selling purposes.

Enhanced Property Value


DST home page



Improved Lettability

• If tenants can choose between a label A and label C dwelling, they will prefer the label A.

• In a mild rental housing market, energy efficiency (the EPBD energy label) will influence lettability.

• Satisfied inhabitants are the best advertisements for energy efficient house retrofit.


DST home page



Improved Building Energy Labeling

• EPBD, Energy Performance Building Directive label reflects the energy efficiency of a dwelling on a scale from A to G.

• Label A reflects the best energy performance and label G reflects the lowest energy performance.

• Energy Efficient renovation will yield a higher label.

• It is the obligation of the building owner to hand over an Energy Performance Certificate that shows the energy performance of the dwelling with the corresponding EPBD label when selling or letting a dwelling.

Before Renovation

After Renovation

Building energy label


DST home page

Recommended readingD13 New management Strategies. To see the report select: http://www.demohouse.net/reports/monitoring/reports/



http://www.demohouse.net/reports/monitoring/reports/



Comfort

• Comfortable indoor climate as a result of eliminating heat losses and cold draughts with high level of insulation and air-tightness of the building skin, in particular around windows.

• Sound reduction using energy efficient and air-tight fitted windows and doors in addition to draught reduction.

• Prevention of condensation on indoor surfaces, thus preventing growth of moulds and fungus.

• Prevention of moist indoor air penetrating the structure, causing condensation resulting in possible structural damages due to decay, corrosion and frost.

• The constant air renewal with a mechanical ventilation system provides good indoor air quality, removing odours and harmful indoor pollutants.

• Thermal comfort for tenants. Comfortable room temperatures all year round.


DST home page



Social Status

• Sustainable renovation supports improvement of the neighbourhood image, attracting tenants of good social background.

• Sustainable renovation supports identification with the neighbourhood.


DST home page




Lower Living Costs and Affordability

• Lower energy costs mean lower living cost for owner occupants and tenants.

• Lower living costs result in an increased affordability of the housing for lower income groups.

• Lowering living costs is a key task for social housing organisations.

• An energy efficient dwelling is ‘future proof’ against rising energy prices.

DST home page



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Environment

• Low energy consumption after renovation results in lower CO2 emissions and therefore a lower impact on the environment.

• Use of sustainable building materials, water treatment and reuse also results in a lower impact on the environment.

• It was demonstrated in all Demohouse renovation projects percentages of energy savings compared to pre-retrofitting situation from 50 to 85%.

Image source: http://energypicturesonline.com

D16.1Demohouse renovation projects assessment of environmental, economical and social impacts.To see the report select: http://www.demohouse.net/reports/monitoring/reports/


DST home page

D9 Life Cycle Optimisation and CO2 Reduction.To see the report select: http://www.demohouse.net/reports/monitoring/reports/



http://energypicturesonline.com/







Barriers and opportunities for an energy-efficient and sustainable renovation

Financial Architectural Legal

Social Technical

Architectural FinancialLegal SocialTechnical

DST home page

D1C Barriers to sustainable renovations.To see the report select: http://www.demohouse.net/reports/monitoring/reports/






Architectural

• Preserving the façade of a monumental building may prevent application of external insulation.

• Internal insulation is often possible but requires careful design to prevent condensation within the facade.

• Preserving the look of the façade opens opportunities for innovative designs.

DST home page



Danish Demohouse before renovation

Danish Demohouse after renovation



• Profitability: increased height of investment is regarded as a barrier, while increased market value at the same time can be an opportunity.

• Financial consequences for the tenants: rent increase (barrier) versus lower living costs (opportunity).

• Marketability: need for extra promotional effort (barrier) versus higher appeal to potential buyers and enter new markets (opportunities).

• High payback times and higher economical risks can be a barrier, while banks are considering energy efficiency as a new field of interest.

Financial

DST home page





• One of the main barriers of energy efficient renovation is the extra investment required, compared to a ‘standard’ or ‘business as usual’ renovation.

• Several options exist to (help) overcome the financial barrier, e.g novel financial models:

Financial

DST home page



ESCO, Energy Service Company

Roof top apartment

Low Cost components e.g. HRV-unit



Legal and administrative issues

• Legal and administrative constraints (permits, procedures) can be a barrier.

• Lack of existing legislation can be a barrier.

• Governmental institutions encouraging sustainability in buildings can be an opportunity.

DST home page





Social

• Usually there is a high percentage of support needed amongst the present tenants for collective measures.

• Even when tenant consensus is not formally required, the tenants will be more willing to cooperate and be happier with the result if they can have a say in the process.

• If tenants can participate in finding solutions, they will be more readily accepted.

• Lack of knowledge can be a motivational problem. Visit to efficient-renovation examples and monitored results can be used to inform and educate tenants.

• Temporary re-housing during construction works is an additional barrier for support of the present occupants.

• Keeping the renovation period as short as possible to avoid length of temporary re-housing. Offering bonus tickets to visit local attractions, parks, etc. can greatly please the tenants.

DST home page





Technical

• Some solutions require complex installations that people may not understand how to use. As a result, energy savings will be lower than expected. Try to use user friendly technologies/interfaces.

• Experience shows that in any renovation process, errors or failures occur. With Quality Control during the renovation, these can be corrected.

More information Thermohraphic Camera test

More information Blower Door test

• Lack of knowledge/technical know-how can be a barrier in the steps of the building process. However, once the knowledge/experience is gained, it will be a competitive advantage.

DST home page





How to do an energy-efficient, affordable and sustainable renovation?

Is addressed through three main aspects categorised as:

Financial aspect

Social aspect

DST home page

Technical aspect

Technical aspectFinancial aspectSocial aspect

Technical aspect

• The first step in a renovation is to set the target for the energy consumption. A good indicator is the energy need for heating per m2 of floor area per annum (kWh/m2a).

• One m3 of natural gas or 1 liter of oil equals about 10 kWh of heat. So the indicator for a dwelling of 100 m2 consuming 1500 m3 of natural gas per year is 1500 x 10 kWh/a/ 100 m2 or 150 kWh/m2a, (where the a stands for annual or yearly).

• Typically a household use 300-500 m3 of gas for DHW (Domestic Hot Water) so if you only know the total gas consumption, this number has to be deducted from the total to arrive at the number for space heating.

• Some low energy values for space heating:- 15 kWh/m2a to reach the German Passive House Standard for new built.- 25-30 kWh/m2a for a ‘Passive House’ renovation.- 50 kWh/m2a for a low energy building.- 100 kwh/m2a for a typically built.


DST home page

Demohouse RenovationsLessons learned

Best Available TechnologiesLow-cost Technical Solutions

Green Questionnaire

IR Camera TestBlower Door Test Energy SignatureCommon Evaluation Protocol

Technical aspect

• The first step in energy efficient renovation is minimising the demand, by the following 3 steps:

1. Insulating of the building skin (walls, high efficiency glazing).

2. Minimising the air leakage to avoid ‘infiltration (unwanted cold air entering the building).

3. Heat recovery in the ventilation system.

• The second step is introduction of renewable energy (solar collectors, PhotoVoltaic or PV cells)

• The final step is introduction of efficient equipment, such as a condensing gas fired boiler or heat pump.

When the target level for energy in the renovation is set and a general idea is formed on which measures to invest, the design team can work on design and technical specification of the renovation.

DST home page



Green Questionnaire



Technical aspect Further information and guidance

• ‘Rules of thumb’ on energy efficiency, application of renewable energy and different improvement techniques and target values applied on:

• The building envelope• Building servicesBest Available Technologies, BATLow-cost Technical Solutions

• Construction Quality Control ToolsThermographic Camera TestBlower Door Test

• Awareness Tools The Green Questionnaire

• Evaluation Tools Energy SignatureCommon Evaluation Protocol• Demohouse Renovation ProjectsLessons learned

DST home page



Green Questionnaire



D6 Catalogue of Best Available Technologies. To see the report select: http://www.demohouse.net/reports/monitoring/reports/

DST home page

D1 State of the Art.To see the report select: http://www.demohouse.net/reports/monitoring/reports/



Green Questionnaire



BAT, Best Available Technologies for energy efficient renovation

Information on the present state of each Best Practice Technology in Europe for energy-efficient renovations is shown below. It includes the expected target/goal values for 2011, when stricter requirements are expected based on the EPBD, Energy Performance BuildingDirective.

Europe is divided into three zones based on climatic regions:Zone I: Northern EuropeZone II: Central EuropeZone III: Southern Europe

Best Available Technologies:To view any of items below go to: http://www.demohouse.net/reports/monitoring/best-available-technologies/

- Insulation- Low energy windows- Air tight constructions- Heat recovery ventilation- Condensing gas boilers- District heating systems- Combined heat and power production- Heat pumps- Natural, hybrid and PV-assisted ventilation- Solar domestic hot water heating systems- PV installations







Low-cost Technical Solutions

• As part of the Danish Demohouse renovation project, a cost-effective heat recovery ventilation unit was developed with good thermal efficiency, low electricity consumption and low noise level and easy installation to existing exhaust system.

• It can be integrated along the walls or loft in a simple way and with simple maintenance (e.g. change of filter).

• The improved HRV unit design makes an installed price per appartment of less than 3000 EURO possible.

Three parts for low-cost HRV unit.

HRV duct work in kitchen (to be painted white).

Filterbox in kitchen with two filters.

D6 Catalogue of Best Available Technologies. To see the report select: http://www.demohouse.net/reports/monitoring/reports/

DST home page

D1 State of the Art. To see the report select: http://www.demohouse.net/reports/monitoring/reports/



Green Questionnaire









Low-cost Technical Solutions

Lightweight CO2 Neutral Pre-fabricated low energy roof top apartment

• Prototype developed as part of the Danish Demohouse renovation project.

• Sale of such apartments at a good price (good views) can (partly) cover extra investments for energy efficient renovation.

Roof top apartment demonstration

DST home page

Roof top apartment more information



Green Questionnaire



http://www.soltag.net/

Roof top apartment

Technical information:

• Prefabricated components produced with high quality and reduced cost.

• Advantages: well insulated, air-tight prefabrication. Low overall weight (placed on existing roof of a concrete housing block).

It includes:

-Heat recovery ventilation unit placed in a partition wall (EcoVent)

-Ventilation air preheat in the metal roof, air solar collector (Rannilla)

-13 m² PV modules covering ventilation and lighting demand from solar energy

-An air tight timber-frame construction with paper granulate-insulation and minimised thermal bridges ( U-value: 0.15 – 0.18 W/m²K)

-Highly energy efficient windows.

DST home page

Roof top apartment demonstration.Danish Demohouse.



Green Questionnaire



• The Green Build Questionnaire is based on the Danish developed Green Build Tool, which works as an energy and environmental point system.

• It was developed by Cenergia, Denmark.

• When used the questionnaire assess all sustainable renovation building measures included in the renovation project.

• This includes measures concerning sustainability related to:- Water, rainwater and sewage- Indoor air climate- Materials and constructions- Waste- Energy- Building and urban development area

• The user should use the questionnaire in two phases: - 1. Provides guidance through intentions in the renovation. - 2. Provides advise on optimum renovation measures at the kick-off of the building process when all renovation details are known.

• As a result, the energy and environmental points get one of the A to M rating categories.

The Green Build Questionnaire

DST home page



Green Questionnaire



The Green Build QuestionnaireTo see the Questionnnaire select: http://www.demohouse.net/reports/monitoring/other/

http://www.demohouse.net/reports/monitoring/other/



Before renovation

After renovation

• Used to identify existence of thermal bridges in buildings

• Picture are taken with an infra red camera

• On the infrared photograph different colours show different temperature of each object

• In this way hot and cold parts of a building are visualised and identified

• It can be used to show the heat radiation and any parts of missing insulation in walls

• It is also an effective method to show moisture damage, especially in old buildings

DST home page

D8.1 Monitoring Programme inDemohouse renovation buildings.To see the report select: http://www.demohouse.net/reports/monitoring/reports/

Construction Quality Control Techniques

Thermographic Camera Test



Green Questionnaire






Missing insulation around the entrance detected with thermography and had to be rectified by the building contractor.

DST home page

D8.1 Monitoring Programme inDemohouse renovation buildings.To see the report select: http://www.demohouse.net/reports/monitoring/reports/


Thermographic Camera Test

• Construction Quality Control in the course of the renovation appears to be very important in order to reveal potential faults within construction work.

• In the Austrian Demohouse project project, thermographic photographs taken after the renovation revealed missing parts of insulation of the building envelope. As a result the contractor was responsible for repair.

• The price of the thermographic quality control investigation by a specialist company is a fraction of the overall building cost (typically around 1000 €).

• The long term benefits of giving finding out and correcting incorrect placement of insulation, cold bridges, air leakages outweight the costs of cost of investigation.



Green Questionnaire







Blower Door Test

• In an energy-efficient renovation heat losses through unintentional air changes must be minimised by ensuring an air tight building envelope

• In a blower door test, the dwelling is pressurised to 50 Pa (0.0005 of normal atmospheric pressure) and corresponding air flow is measured. The leakier the building, the higher the air flow.

•The air flow is related to the size of the building and expressed as infiltration rate n50 (the subscript 50 denotes at 50 Pa). So an n50 of 1 per hour means that each hour an amount of air is moving through the dwelling equal to the volume of the dwelling (at 50 Pa overpressure).

• Under normal circumstances the pressure difference between indoor and outdoor is less than 50Pa. As a guideline, the air exchange rate (from wind pressure etc.) equals n50/20.

• The German Passive House standard requires an n50 of 0.6 per hour or less.

• Good practice in renovation is an n50 of 2.0 per hour or less.

Blower door used in air tightness testing of a renovated buidling.

Continuous air tight layer (in red) Throughout building structure.

D5 Securing air tightness in buildings. To see the report select: http://www.demohouse.net/reports/monitoring/reports/

D8.1Monitoring Programme inDemohouse renovation buildings.To see the report select: http://www.demohouse.net/reports/monitoring/reports/

DST home page

• In the Danish Demohouse project, repeated blower door tests in the course of the renovation proved very useful to correct failures in achieving the air-tightness required.



Green Questionnaire










Blower Door Test

• D5 Securing air tightness in buildings (Executive Summary) report provides instructions for carrying out an air tightness tests and recommendations on milestones for undertaking tests in renovation projects. Results are also presented of all Demohouse renovation projects air tightness measures implemented and Blower Door Tests.

Blower door used in air tightness testing of a renovated buidling.

Continuous air tight layer (in red) Throughout building structure.

DST home page

• In the Danish Demohouse project, repeated blower door tests in the course of the renovation proved very useful to correct failures in achieving the air-tightness required.



Green Questionnaire



D5 Securing air tightness in buildings. To see the report select: http://www.demohouse.net/reports/monitoring/reports/

D8.1Monitoring Programme inDemohouse renovation buildings.To see the report select: http://www.demohouse.net/reports/monitoring/reports/







Energy Signature

• Is a procedure to document the overall energy use for space and water heating.

• The procedure entails plotting the weekly (or monthly energy consumption per m2 of floor area versus the average ambient temperature in that period (week or month).

• The lower the ambient temperature, the higher the energy consumption for space heating. The slope of the line is an indication of the thermal quality of the building (the lower the slope, the better)

• In summertime (average ambient temperature 15°C or more), there should be no energy demand for space heating. Remaining energy demand is for DHW and should be around 10 kWh/m2. Higher values indicate there could be something not working well in the heating system.

DST home page



Green Questionnaire



Example of Energy Signature use. To see the example select: http://www.demohouse.net/reports/monitoring/other/




Common Evaluation Protocol

DST home page

D23 Applicability of the Common Evaluation Protocol. To see the report select: http://www.demohouse.net/reports/monitoring/reports/

Is to be used as basis for evaluation of housing projects in terms of improvement of sustainability, energy and socio-economic aspects.

The format of the evaluation protocol includes 3 parts:

1. The documentation part.

2. The evaluation part. The evaluation is split into:- Pre-renovation evaluation carried out before the start

of the renovation works.- Evaluation during the renovation process.- Post-renovation evaluation, in short post-renovation

carried out after the end of the renovation works.

3. The comparison part of the results of the pre and post evaluation



Green Questionnaire






Austrian Demohouse Danish Demohouse

Greek Demohouse Spanish Demohouse

Hungarian Demohouse

D1C Barriers for sustainable and energy conscious renovation. To see the report select: http://www.demohouse.net/reports/monitoring/reports/

DEMOHOUSE brochure. To see the brochure select: http://www.demohouse.net/reports/monitoring/other/

DST home page

DEMOHOUSE Renovation Projects

Buildings renovated under sustainable criteria and ‘Lessons learned’ from renovations.

Paper: ”Energy efficient renovation of dwellings: lessons learned”. To see the paper select: http://www.demohouse.net/reports/monitoring/other/



Green Questionnaire












Before renovation After renovationDST home page

Country,City

Year of construct.

Characteristics Main energy savingmeasures

Austria, Graz

1975-76 Two blocks of flats,Social housingDistrict heating

Insulation of building envelopeBiomass-CHP-plantQuality control (e.g. IR-photography)

net floor area [m2]

simple PBT [yrs]

renovation cost [€/m2]

Space heating + DHW [kWh/m2a]

CO2-

savings [%]

Austria 9860 14 130 102 52%

Austria, no CHP 9860

8 118 102 22%

Austrian Demohouse Building

Results of the renovation project:Lessons learned_Austrian renovation project•What went well•What did not go well•Lessons learned•Monitoring

Austrian Demohouse building: - Selection of the building material has strong influence on the ecological performance of the building.- Innovative financing models (ESCO) could have solved the split-incentive problem



Green Questionnaire







Danish Demohouse

Before renovation After renovation

Ecovent heat recovery unit

Rooftop Apartment

DST home page

Country,City

Year of construct.


Denmark, Copenhagen

1965-1969 3 (of 12) building blocks, Prefab concreteDistrict heating

Insulation of building envelopeAir tightnessHeat recovery unit each apartment

Results of the renovation project:Lessons learned_Danish renovation project•What went well•What did not go well•Lessons learned•Monitoring

net floor area [m2]

simple PBT [yrs]



CO2-

savings [%]

Denmark 2880 21 218 40 50%

Danish Demohouse building:- Low-cost version of the Heat Recovery Ventilation system necessary, ease of implementation.



Green Questionnaire







Greek Demohouse

During construction

DST home page

Results of the renovation project:Lessons learned_Greek (newbuilt) project•What went well•What did not go well•Lessons learned•Monitoring

Country,City

Year of construct.


Greece, Athens

2005-2007

Newly Built,Concrete structure,Brick walls

Insulation of building envelopeGround heat exchangers for coolingDemand controlled ventilation (CO2)

net floor area [m2]

simple PBT [yrs]


Space heating + DHW

[kWh/m2a]

CO2-

savings [%]

Greece 2787 17 115 46 48%

Greek Demohouse building- Inform future occupants in an early stage about energy efficient measures and their effect.- In south European countries insulation of building envelope pays off.



Green Questionnaire







Hungarian Demohouse

Before renovation Proposed

DST home page

Results of the renovation project:Lessons learned_Hungarian renovation project•What went well•What did not go well•Lessons learned•Monitoring

Country,City

Year of construct.


Hungary, Budapest

1955-1960 Former military building3 (of 11) blocks of 3 storey building bricks/concrete

Insulation of building envelopeSolar collectors + PVRooftop apartment

net floor area [m2]

simple PBT [yrs]


Space heating +

DHW [kWh/m2a]

CO2-

savings [%]

Hungary 6300 30 117 22 73%

Hungarian Demohouse building:- Long term federal or local subsidies are necessary to implement energy efficient renovation.- Dissemination of information to decision makers is crucial.



Green Questionnaire







Spanish Demohouse

Before After renovation

PV roof system

DST home page

Results of the renovation project:Lessons learned_Spanish renovation project•What went well•What did not go well•Lessons learned•Monitoring

Country,City

Year of construct.


Spain,Bilbao

1910,partly renov 1960

Old Town, historical area, 4-storey, brick walls, tiled roof

Insulation of building envelopeSolar collectors + PVBuilding Management System

net floor area [m2]

simple PBT [yrs]



CO2-savings

[%]

Spain 496 26 1463 80 64%

Spanish Demohouse building:- Historical buildings require particular studies to adapt sustainable measures to additional criteria (e.g. aesthetics).- Financial support of local government is key element for renovation, particularly in degraded areas.



Green Questionnaire







DST home page

Monitoring of Demohouse Renovation Projects

Information will be available in late 2008.



Green Questionnaire



The savings payback periods in all Demohouse renovation projects payback times ranges from 15 to 35 years, although most common figures are around 25 years.

D13 New management strategies. To see the report select: http://www.demohouse.net/reports/monitoring/reports/

D9 Life Cycle Optimisation and CO2 Reduction. To see the report select: http://www.demohouse.net/reports/monitoring/reports/

Financial aspect

One of the main barriers of energy efficient renovation is the extra investment required, compared to a ‘standard’ or ‘business as usual’ renovation.Several options exist to (help) overcome the financial barrier.

Novel financial models: ESCO Energy Service Company

• ESCO can be initiated to do engineering, finance and even do the maintenance and financial administration of renovated buildings.

• By outsourcing energy efficient installations, the housing association need lower investment and have lower financial risk.

• The energy service companies have the funds to invest in solar roofs, windmills, bio-fuel plants, heat storage in buffer tanks etc.

DST home page









Financial aspect


Novel financial models: ESCO, Energy Service Company vs EPC, Energy Performance Contracting

• An ESCO, Energy Service Company is a firm typically hired by a building owner wanting to improve building's energy performance and/or decrease its running energy costs.

• The ESCO is the organisation that realises the energy savings in the project.

• The ESCO and the building owner sign a contract (usually 5-10 years).

• EPC, Energy Performcance Contracting is an activity, or in general, a concept.

• With the EPC, in the contract (energy conservation) it is set the performance that the ESCO has to achieve each year. Hence the name energy performance contracting.

DST home page











Financial aspect


Novel financial models: Roof top apartment

• Sale of such apartments at a good price (good views) can (partly) cover extra investments for energy efficient renovation.

• Prefabricated components produced with high quality and reduced cost. Advantages: well insulated, air-tight prefabrication. Low overall weight (placed on existing roof of a concrete housing block).

DST home page

Roof top apartment demonstration.Danish Demohouse.








Financial aspect


Novel financial models: Low cost components, e.g. HRV-unit

DST home page

Three parts for low-cost HRV unit.

HRV-unit more information





Financial aspect

Life cycle optimisation and CO2 reduction

• Each Demohouse renovation project is analysed with regards to the energy and CO2 emission saving potential and the costs of implementing renovation measures.

• Pay back times for renovation investments are calculated and compared to pay back times in typical renovations.

• Optimal renovation measures are identified. DST home page





Social aspect

• Advantages of occupants involvement:- Experience shows that tenants will be more willing to cooperate and be happier with the result if they can participate in the renovation process. This makes decision making harder, but the result is more rewarding to all.

• The sustainable renovation has a social impact on neighborhood level so check if there are funds available in your country for reviving the neighborhood.

• Tenants participation from early stages of renovation improves the renovation process

• Benefits of providing building users with information on proper energy-efficient house use and maintenance

Indicators and questionnaires have been developed for Demohouse projects to measure socio-economic qualities: - Changes resulting from the renovation regarding the number of dwellings and their characteristics - The rent level and affordability - Energy cost - The housing situation and the financial aspects of the renovation.

DST home page

D14Assessment of environmental, economical and social impacts involving the whole life cycle. To see the report select: http://www.demohouse.net/reports/monitoring/reports/



why energy efficient renovations ? how energy efficient renovations ? what is a dst? dst is a tool,...

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energy efficient

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energy efficient renovations

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