History of Russia

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ContentsTimeline of Russian history History of Russia Grand Duchy of Moscow Tsardom of Russia Time of Troubles Russian Empire 1905 Russian Revolution 1917 Russian Revolution Russian Civil War Early history of the Soviet Union History of the Soviet Union World War II: The Eastern Front Cold War Soviet Russia during the Cold War Dissolution of the Soviet Union History of post-Soviet Russia 1 24 54 58 68 72 89 96 113 128 133 133 162 196 200 207

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Timeline of Russian history

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Timeline of Russian history

WARNING: Article could not be rendered - ouputting plain text. Potential causes of the problem are: (a) a bug in the pdf-writer software (b) problematic Mediawiki markup (c) table is too wide This is a timeline of Russian history. To read about the background to these events, see History of Russia. See also the list of leaders of Russia.This timeline is incomplete; some important events may be missing. Please help add to it.#9th century9th #10th century10th #11th century11th #12th century12th #13th century13th #14th century14th #15th century15th #16th century16th #17th century17th #18th century18th #19th century19th #20th century20th #21st century21st9th century Year Date Event 852 The year when the timeline of the Primary Chronicle starts. 859 Veliky NovgorodNovgorod is mentioned for the first time. 862 Rus'Byzantine War (860): military expedition of the Rus' Khaganate.The Arrival of Varyags: Rurik comes to rule in Novgorod, establishing the Rurikid Dynasty. The event is traditionally considered the beginning of the Russian statehood. 882 Oleg of Novgorod conquers Kiev and moves the capital there. 10th century Year Date Event 907 Rus'-Byzantine War (907): Oleg of NovgorodOleg led an army to the walls of Constantinople.Rus'-Byzantine War (907): A Rus'-Byzantine Treaty (907)Rus'-Byzantine Treaty allowed Kievan Rus'Rus' merchants to enter the city under guard. 912 Oleg of NovgorodOleg died and was succeeded by Igor, Grand Prince of KievIgor, who may have been Rurik's son. 941 May Rus'-Byzantine War (941): A Kievan Rus'Rus' army landed at Bithynia. September Rus'-Byzantine War (941): The Byzantine EmpireByzantines destroyed the Kievan Rus'Rus' fleet. 945 Rus'-Byzantine War (941): Another Rus'-Byzantine Treaty (945)Rus'-Byzantine Treaty was signed. Kievan Rus'Rus' renounced some Byzantine EmpireByzantine territories.Igor, Grand Prince of KievIgor died; his wife Olga of KievOlga became regent of Kievan Rus' for their son, Sviatoslav I of KievSviatoslav I. 963 Olga of KievOlga's regency ended. 965 Sviatoslav I of KievSviatoslav conquered Khazaria. 968 Siege of Kiev (968): The Pechenegs besieged Kiev. A Kievan Rus'Rus' general created the illusion of a much larger army, and frightened them away. 969 8 July Sviatoslav I of KievSviatoslav moved the capital from Kiev to Pereyaslavets in Bulgaria. 971 The Byzantine Empire captured Pereyaslavets. The capital moved back to Kiev. 972 Sviatoslav I of KievSviatoslav was killed by the Pechenegs during an expedition on their territory. His son Yaropolk I of KievYaropolk I succeeded him. 980 Yaropolk I of KievYaropolk was betrayed and murdered by his brother Vladimir I of KievVladimir I, The Great, who succeeded him as Prince of Kievan Rus'Kiev. 981 Vladimir I of KievVladimir conquered Red Ruthenia from the PolandPoles. 988 Christianization of Kievan Rus': Vladimir I of KievVladimir destroyed the pagan idols of Kiev and urged the city's inhabitants to baptize themselves in the Dnieper River.11th century Year Date Event 1015 Vladimir I of KievVladimir died. He was succeeded by Sviatopolk I of KievSviatopolk I, who may have been his biological son by the rape of Yaropolk I of KievYaropolk's wife. Sviatopolk ordered the murder of three of Vladimir's younger sons. 1016 Yaroslav I the WiseYaroslav I, another of Sviatopolk I of KievSviatopolk's brothers, led an army against him and defeated him, forcing him to flee to Kingdom of Poland (10251138)Poland. 1017 Yaroslav I the WiseYaroslav issued the first Russian code of law, the Russkaya Pravda. 1018 Kiev Expedition (1018)Polish Expedition to Kiev: Sviatopolk I of KievSviatopolk led the Kingdom of Poland (10251138)Polish army into Kievan Rus'Rus'. Red Ruthenia returned to Polish possession. 14 August Polish Expedition to Kiev: The Kingdom of Poland (10251138)Polish army captured Kiev; Yaroslav I the WiseYaroslav fled to Velikiy NovgorodNovgorod. 1019 Yaroslav I the WiseYaroslav defeated Sviatopolk I of KievSviatopolk and returned to the princedom of Kievan Rus'Kiev. He granted autonomy to Novgorod RepublicNovgorod as a reward for her prior loyalty. Sviatopolk died. 1024 Rus'-Byzantine War (1024): A Kievan Rus'Rus fleet was annihilated by the Byzantine EmpireByzantines near

Timeline of Russian history the island of Lemnos. 1030 Yaroslav I the WiseYaroslav reconquered Red Ruthenia from the Kingdom of Poland (10251138)Poles. 1043 Rus'-Byzantine War (1043): Yaroslav I the WiseYaroslav led an unsuccessful naval raid on Constantinople. According to the peace settlement, Yaroslav's son Vsevolod I of KievVsevolod I married a daughter of the Byzantine EmpireByzantine emperor Constantine IX MonomachosConstantine Monomachos. 1054 Yaroslav I the WiseYaroslav died. He was succeeded by his eldest son, Iziaslav I of KievIziaslav I. 1068 Iziaslav I of KievIziaslav was overthrown in a popular uprising and forced to flee to Kingdom of Poland (10251138)Poland. 1069 Iziaslav I of KievIziaslav led the Kingdom of Poland (10251138)Polish army back into Kiev and reestablished himself on the throne. 1073 Two of Iziaslav I of KievIziaslav's brothers, Sviatoslav II of KievSviatoslav II and Vsevolod I of KievVsevolod I, overthrew him; the former became prince of Kievan Rus'Kiev. 1076 27 December Sviatoslav II of KievSviatoslav died. Vsevolod I of KievVsevolod I succeeded him, but traded the princedom of Kievan Rus'Kiev to Iziaslav I of KievIziaslav in exchange for Chernigov. 1078 Iziaslav I of KievIziaslav died. The throne of Kievan Rus'Kiev went to Vsevolod I of KievVsevolod. 1093 13 April Vsevolod I of KievVsevolod died. Kievan Rus'Kiev and Chernigov went to Iziaslav I of KievIziaslav's illegitimate son, Sviatopolk II of KievSviatopolk II. 26 May Battle of the Stugna River: A Russian army attacked the Cumans at the Stuhna RiverStugna River and was defeated.12th century Year Date Event 1113 16 April Sviatopolk II of KievSviatopolk died. He was succeeded by Vsevolod I of KievVsevolod's son, his cousin, Vladimir II Monomakh. 1125 19 May Vladimir II MonomakhVladimir died. His eldest son, Mstislav I of KievMstislav I, succeeded him. 1132 14 April Mstislav I of KievMstislav died. His brother Yaropolk II of KievYaropolk II followed him as prince of Kievan Rus'Kiev. 1136 Novgorod RepublicNovgorod expelled the prince appointed for them by Kievan Rus'Kiev and vastly circumscribed the authority of the office. 13th century Year Date Event 1223 Battle of the Kalka River: The warriors of Russia first encountered the Mongol EmpireMongol armies of Genghis Khan. 1227 Boyar intrigues forced Mstislav the BoldMstislav, the prince of Novgorod RepublicNovgorod, to give the throne to his son-in-law Andrew II of Hungary. 1236 Alexander Nevsky was summoned by the Novgorodians to become Grand Prince of Novgorod RepublicNovgorod and, as their military leader, to defend their northwest lands from Swedish and German invaders. 1237 December Mongol invasion of Rus: Batu Khan set fire to Moscow and slaughtered and enslaved its civilian inhabitants. 1240 15 July Battle of the Neva: The Novgorod RepublicNovgorodian army defeated a Swedish invasion force at the confluence of the Izhora RiverIzhora and Neva Rivers. 1242 5 April Battle of the Ice: The army of Novgorod RepublicNovgorod defeated the invading Teutonic Knights on the frozen surface of Lake Peipus. 1263 14 November Alexander NevskyNevsky died. His appanages were divided within his family; his youngest son Daniel of MoscowDaniel became the first Prince of Moscow. His younger brother Yaroslav of Tver had become the Grand Prince of Tver and of Vladimir-SuzdalVladimir and had appointed deputies to run the Principality of Moscow during Daniel's minority. 14th century Year Date Event 1303 5 March Daniel of MoscowDaniel died. His eldest son Yury of MoscowYury succeeded him as Prince of Moscow. 1317 Yury of MoscowYury married the sister of Uzbeg Khan. Uzbeg deposed the Grand Princd of Vladimir-SuzdalVladimir and appointed Yury to that office. 1322 Dmitri of TverDmitriy the Terrible Eyes, the son of the last Grand Prince of Vladimir-SuzdalVladimir, convinced King Kong that Yury of MoscowYury had been stealing from the Kong's tribute money. He was reappointed to the princedom of Vladimir. 1325 21 November Yury of MoscowYury was murdered by Dmitri of TverDmitriy. His younger brother Ivan I of RussiaIvan I Kalita succeeded him. 1327 15 August The ambassador of the Golden Horde was trapped and burned alive during an uprising in the Grand Duchy of Tver. 1328 Ivan I KalitaIvan led a Golden HordeHorde army against the Grand Prince of Tver, also the Grand Prince of Vladimir-SuzdalVladimir. Ivan was allowed to replace him in the latter office. 1340 31 March Ivan I KalitaIvan died. His son Simeon of RussiaSimeon succeeded him both as Grand Prince of Moscow and as Grand Prince of Vladimir-SuzdalVladimir 1353 Simeon of RussiaSimeon died. His younger brother Ivan II of RussiaIvan II, The Fair, succeeded him as Grand Prince of Moscow. 1359 13 November Ivan II of RussiaIvan died. His son, Dmitri Donskoi, succeeded him. 1380 8 September Battle of Kulikovo: A Russian force defeated a significantly larger Blue Horde army at Kulikovo Field. 1382 The Mongol Khan (title)khan Tokhtamysh reasserted his power by looting and burning Moscow. 1389 19 May Dmitri DonskoiDmitri died. The throne fell to his son, Vasili I of RussiaVasili I. 15th century Year Date Event 1425

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Timeline of Russian history February Vasili I of RussiaVasili died. His son Vasili II of RussiaVasili II, The Blind, succeeded him as Grand Prince of Moscow; his wife Sophia of LithuaniaSophia became regent. His younger brother, Yury Dmitrievich, also issued a claim to the throne. 1430 Yury DmitrievichDmitrievich appealed to the Khan (title)khan of the Golden Horde to support his claim to the throne. Vasili II of RussiaVasili II retained the Duchy of Moscow, but Dmitrievich was given the Duchy of Dmitrov. 1432 Vasili II of RussiaVasili II led an army to capture Dmitrov. His army was defeated and he was forced to flee to Kolomna. Yury DmitrievichDmitrievich arrived in Moscow and declared himself the Grand Prince. Vasili II of RussiaVasili II was pardoned and made mayor of Kolomna. 1433 The exodus of Muscovite boyars to Vasili II of RussiaVasili II's court in Kolomna persuaded Yury DmitrievichDmitrievich to return Moscow to his nephew and move to Galich, RussiaGalich. 1434 Vasili II of RussiaVasily II burned Galich, RussiaGalich. 16 March The army of Yury Dmitrievich defeated the army of Vasili II of RussiaVasily II. The latter fled to Nizhny Novgorod. 1 April Yury DmitrievichDmitrievich arrived in Moscow and again declared himself the Grand Prince. 5 July Yury DmitrievichDmitrievich died. His eldest son Vasili Kosoy, the Cross-Eyed, succeeded him as Grand Prince. 1435 Yury DmitrievichDmitrievich's second son, Dmitry Shemyaka, allied himself with Vasili II of RussiaVasili II. Vasili the Cross-Eyed was expelled from the Moscow KremlinKremlin and blinded. Vasili II returned to the throne of the Grand Prince. 1438 Russo-Kazan Wars: The Khan (title)khan of the recently established Khanate of Kazan led an army towards Moscow. 1445 7 July Battle of Suzdal: The Russian army suffered a great defeat at the hands of the Tatars of Khanate of KazanKazan. Vasili II of RussiaVasili II was taken prisoner; operation of the government fell to Dmitry Shemyaka. December Vasili II of RussiaVasili II was ransomed back to Russia. 1446 Dmitry ShemyakaShemyaka had Vasili II of RussiaVasili II blinded and exiled to Uglich, and had himself declared the Grand Prince. 1450 The boyars of Moscow expelled Dmitry ShemyakaShemyaka from the Moscow KremlinKremlin and recalled Vasili II of RussiaVasili II to the throne. 1452 Dmitry ShemyakaShemyaka was forced to flee to the Novgorod Republic. 1453 Dmitry ShemyakaShemyaka was poisoned by Muscovite agents. 1462 27 March Vasili II of RussiaVasili II died. His son Ivan III of RussiaIvan III, The Great, succeeded him as Grand Prince. 1463 Russia annexed the Duchy of Yaroslavl. 1471 14 July Battle of Shelon: A Muscovite army defeated a numerically superior Novgorod RepublicNovgorodian force. 1474 Russia annexed the Rostov Duchy. 1476 Ivan III of RussiaIvan stopped paying tribute to the Great Horde. 1478 14 January The Novgorod Republic surrendered to the authority of Moscow. 1480 11 November Great stand on the Ugra river: Ivan III of RussiaIvan's forces deterred Akhmat Khan of the Great Horde from invading Russia. 1485 Ivan III of RussiaIvan annexed the Grand Duchy of Tver. 1497 Ivan III of RussiaIvan issued a legal code, the Sudebnik of 1497Sudebnik, which standardized the Russian law, expanded the role of the criminal justice system, and limited the ability of the Russian serfdomserfs to leave their masters.16th century Year Date Event 1505 27 October Ivan III of RussiaIvan died. He was succeeded as Grand Duke of Russia by his son, Vasili III of RussiaVasili III. 1507 Russo-Crimean Wars: The Crimean Khanate raided the Russian towns of Belyov and Kozelsk. 1510 With the approval of most of the local nobility, Vasili III of RussiaVasili arrived in the Pskov Republic and declared it dissolved. 1517 The last Grand Prince of the Ryazan Principality was captured and imprisoned in Moscow. 1533 3 December Vasili III of RussiaVasili died; his son Ivan IV of RussiaIvan IV, The Terrible, succeeded him. His wife Elena Glinskaya became regent. 1538 4 April Elena GlinskayaGlinskaya died. She was succeeded as regent by Prince Vasily Nemoy. 1547 16 January An elaborate ceremony crowned Ivan IV of RussiaIvan the first tsar of Russia. 1552 22 August Siege of Kazan (1552): Russian armed forces arrived at Kazan. 2 October Siege of Kazan (1552): The Russian army breached the walls of Kazan. 13 October Siege of Kazan (1552): The civilian population of Kazan was massacred, the city occupied. 1556 Russia conquered and annexed the Astrakhan Khanate. 1558 Livonian War: Ivan IV of RussiaIvan demanded a back-breaking tribute from the Bishopric of Dorpat. The Bishop sent diplomats to Russia to renegotiate the amount; Ivan expelled them and invaded and occupied the Bishopric. 1560 2 August Battle of Ergeme: Ivan IV of RussiaIvan's army crushed the forces of the Livonian Brothers of the SwordLivonian Order. 1561 28 November The Livonian Brothers of the SwordLivonian Order agreed to the Union of Wilno, under which the Livonian Confederation was partitioned between Grand Duchy of LithuaniaLithuania, Sweden and Denmark. Lithuania and Sweden sent troops to liberate their new territories from Russian possession. 1565 February Ivan IV of RussiaIvan

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Timeline of Russian history established the Oprichnina, a Russian territory ruled directly by the tsar. 1569 1 July The Union of Lublin was signed. Kingdom of Poland (13851569)Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were merged into the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth; Poland began aiding Lithuania in its war against Russia. 1572 The Oprichnina was abolished. 1581 16 November Ivan IV of RussiaIvan killed his eldest son. 1582 15 January Livonian War: The Peace of Jam Zapolski ended Polish-Lithuanian CommonwealthPolish-Lithuanian participation in the war. Russia gave up its claims to Livonia and the city of Polatsk. 23 October Battle of Chuvash Cape: Russian soldiers dispersed the armed forces of the Siberia Khanate from its capital, Qashliq. 1583 Livonian War: The war was ended with the Treaty of Plussa. Narva and the Gulf of Finland coast went to Sweden. 1584 18 March Ivan IV of RussiaIvan died of mercury poisoning. The throne fell to his mentally retarded son Feodor I of RussiaFeodor I; his son-in-law Boris Godunov took de facto charge of government. 1590 18 January Russo-Swedish War (15901595): The Treaty of Plussa expired. Russian troops laid siege to Narva. 25 February Russo-Swedish War (15901595): A Swedish governor on the disputed territory surrendered to the Russians. 1591 15 May Tsarevich DimitriDimitriy Ivanovich, Ivan IV of RussiaIvan the Terrible's third and youngest son, died in exile from a stab wound to the throat. 1595 18 May Russo-Swedish War (15901595): The Treaty of Tyavzino was signed. Ingria went to Russia. 1598 7 January Feodor I of RussiaFeodor died with no children. 21 February A Zemsky Soborzemsky sobor elected Boris GodunovGodunov the first non-Rurik DynastyRurikid tsar of Russia.17th century Year Date Event 1604 October False Dmitriy I, a man claiming to be the murdered Tsarevich DimitriDmitriy Ivanovich, invaded Russia. 1605 13 April Boris GodunovBoris died. His son Feodor II of RussiaFeodor II was pronounced tsar. 1 July A group of boyars defected in support of False Dmitriy IFalse Dmitriy, seized control of the Moscow KremlinKremlin, and arrested Feodor II of RussiaFeodor. 20 June False Dmitriy IFalse Dmitriy and his army arrived in Moscow. 20 July Feodor II of RussiaFeodor and his mother were strangled. 21 July False Dmitriy IFalse Dmitriy was crowned tsar. 1606 8 May False Dmitriy IFalse Dmitriy married a CatholicismCatholic, inflaming suspicions that he meant to convert Russia to Catholicism. 17 May Conservative boyars led by Vasili IV of RussiaVasili Shuisky stormed the Moscow KremlinKremlin and shot False Dmitriy IFalse Dmitriy to death during his escape. 19 May Vasili IV of RussiaShuisky's allies declared him Tsar Vasili IV. 1607 False Dmitriy II, another claimant to the identity of Tsarevich DimitriDmitriy Ivanovich, obtained financial and military support from a group of Polish-Lithuanian CommonwealthPolish magnates. 1609 28 February Vasili IV of RussiaVasili ceded border territory to Sweden in exchange for military aid against the government of False Dmitriy II. September Polish-Muscovite War (16051618)#PolishRussian War (16091618)Polish-Russian War (16091618): The Polish-Lithuanian CommonwealthPolish king Sigismund III VasaSigismund III led an army into Russia. 1610 4 July Battle of Klushino: Seven thousand Polish-Lithuanian CommonwealthPolish cavalrymen defeated a vastly superior Russian force at Klushino. 19 July Vasili IV of RussiaVasili was overthrown. A group of nobles, the Seven Boyars, replaced him at the head of the government. 27 July Polish-Russian War (16091618): A truce was established. The Seven Boyarsboyars promised to recognize Sigismund III VasaSigismund's son and heir Wadysaw IV VasaWadysaw as tsar, conditional on severe limits to his power and his conversion to Russian Orthodox ChurchOrthodoxy. August Polish-Russian War (16091618): Sigismund III VasaSigismund rejected the Seven Boyarsboyars' conditions. December Patriarch HermogenesHermogenes, the patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church, urged the Russian people to rise against the Polish-Lithuanian CommonwealthPoles. 11 December False Dmitriy II was shot and beheaded by one of his entourage. 1612 1 November Polish-Russian War (16091618): Russian nationalists rising against the Polish-Lithuanian CommonwealthPoles recaptured the Moscow KremlinKremlin. 1613 Ingrian War: Sweden invaded Russia. 21 February A Zemsky Soborzemsky sobor elected Michael I of RussiaMichael Romanov, a grandson of Ivan IV of RussiaIvan the Terrible's brother-in-law, the tsar of Russia. 1617 27 February Ingrian War: The Treaty of Stolbovo ended the war. Kexholm CountyKexholm, Duchy of IngriaIngria, Duchy of Estonia (15611721)Estonia and Duchy of Livonia (16291721)Livonia went to Swedish EmpireSweden. 1618 11 December Polish-Russian War (16091618): The Truce of Deulino ended the war. Russia ceded the city of Smolensk and the Czernihw Voivodeship to Polish-Lithuanian CommonwealthPoland. 1619 13 February Patriarch Filaret (Feodor Romanov)Feodor Romanov, Michael I of RussiaMichael's father, was released from

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Timeline of Russian history Polish-Lithuanian CommonwealthPolish prison and allowed to return to Russia. 1632 October Smolensk War: With the expiration of the Truce of Deulino, a Russian army was sent to lay siege to Smolensk. 1634 1 March Smolensk War: The Russian army, surrounded, was forced to surrender. 14 June Smolensk War: The Treaty of Polyanovka was signed, ending the war. Polish-Lithuanian CommonwealthPoland retained Smolensk, but Wadysaw IV VasaWadysaw renounced his claim to the Russian throne. 1645 13 July Michael I of RussiaMichael died. His son, Alexis I of RussiaAlexis I, succeeded him. 1648 25 January Khmelnytsky Uprising: A Polish-Lithuanian CommonwealthPolish magnate, Bohdan Khmelnytsky, persuaded the Cossacks of the Zaporizhian Sich to join him against the king. 1 June Salt Riot: Upset over the introduction of a salt tax, the townspeople launched a rebellion in Moscow. 11 June Salt Riot: A group of Russian nobilitynobles demanded a Zemsky Soborzemsky sobor on behalf of the rebellion. 3 July Salt Riot: Many of the rebellion's leaders were executed. 25 December Khmelnytsky Uprising: Bohdan KhmelnytskyKhmelnytsky entered the UkraineUkrainian capital, Kiev. 1649 January A Zemsky Soborzemsky sobor ratified a new legal code, the Sobornoye Ulozheniye. 1653 Raskol: Patriarch NikonNikon, the Patriarch of Moscow, reformed Russian liturgy to align with the rituals of the Eastern Orthodox ChurchGreek Church. 1654 Khmelnytsky Uprising: Under the Treaty of Pereyaslav, Left-bank Ukraine, the territory of the Zaporozhian Host, became a Russian protectorate. July Russo-Polish War (16541667): The Russian army invaded Polish-Lithuanian CommonwealthPoland. 1655 Deluge (history): Swedish EmpireSweden invaded the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. 3 July Russo-Polish War (16541667): The Russian army captured Vilnius. 25 July Deluge (history): The Voivode#Polandvoivode of Pozna surrendered to the Swedish EmpireSwedish invaders. 2 November Russia negotiated a ceasefire with Polish-Lithuanian CommonwealthPoland. 1656 July RussoSwedish War (16561658): Russian reserves invaded Duchy of IngriaIngria. 1658 26 February Dano-Swedish War (1657-1658): The Treaty of Roskilde ended Swedish EmpireSweden's war with DenmarkNorwayDenmark, allowing her to shift her troops to the eastern conflicts. 16 September Russo-Polish War (16541667): The Treaty of Hadiach established a military alliance between Polish-Lithuanian CommonwealthPoland and the Zaporozhian Host, and promised the latter a separate state within the Commonwealth. 28 December RussoSwedish War (16561658): The Treaty of Valiesar established a peace. The conquered Duchy of IngriaIngrian territories were ceded to Russia for three years. 1660 23 April Deluge (history): The Treaty of Oliva ended the conflict between Polish-Lithuanian CommonwealthPoland and Swedish EmpireSweden. 1661 Russo-Polish War (16541667): Polish-Lithuanian CommonwealthPolish forces recaptured Vilnius. The Treaty of Valiesar expired. Russia returned Duchy of IngriaIngria to the Swedish Empire by the Treaty of Cardis. 1662 25 July Copper Riot: In the early morning, a group of Muscovites marched to Kolomenskoye and demanded punishment for the government ministers who had debased Russia's copper currency. On their arrival, they were countered by the military; a thousand were hanged or drowned. The rest were exiled. 1665 Lubomirski's Rokosz: A Polish-Lithuanian CommonwealthPolish Szlachtanobleman launched a rokosz (rebellion) against the king. The pro-Ottoman EmpireTurkish Cossack noble Petro Doroshenko defeated his pro-Russian adversaries in the Right-bank Ukraine. 1667 Raskol: A church council excommunicationanathematized the Old Believers, who rejected Patriarch NikonNikon's reforms. 30 January Russo-Polish War (16541667): The Treaty of Andrusovo ended the war. Poland agreed to cede the Smolesk VoivodshipSmolesk and Czernihw Voivodships and acknowledged Russian control over the Left-bank Ukraine. 1669 Petro DoroshenkoDoroshenko signed a treaty which recognized his state as a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire. 1670 The Cossack Stenka Razin began a rebellion against the Russian government. 1671 Stenka RazinRazin was captured, tortured, and quartered in Red Square on the Lobnoye Mesto. 1674 The Cossacks of the Right-bank Ukraine elected the pro-Russian Ivan Samoylovych, Hetman of the Left-bank Ukraine, to replace Petro DoroshenkoDoroshenko and become the Hetman of a unified Ukraine. 1676 Russo-Turkish War (16761681): The Ottoman EmpireOttoman army joined Petro DoroshenkoDoroshenko's forces in an attack on the Left-bank UkraineLeft-bank city of Chyhyryn. 29 January Alexis I of RussiaAlexis died. His son Feodor III of RussiaFeodor III became tsar. 1680 Russo-Crimean Wars: The Crimean KhanateCrimean invasions of Russia ended. 1681 3 January Russo-Turkish War (16761681): The war ended with the Treaty of Bakhchisarai. The Russo-Ottoman EmpireTurkish border was settled at the Dnieper River. 1682 Feodor III of RussiaFeodor abolished the

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Timeline of Russian history mestnichestvo, an ancient, unmeritocratic system of making political appointments. 14 April Avvakum, the most prominent leader of the Old Believer movement, was burned at the stake. 27 April Feodor III of RussiaFeodor died with no children. Peter I of RussiaPeter I, The Great, Alexis I of RussiaAlexis's son by his second wife Natalia Naryshkina, was declared tsar. His mother became regent. 17 May Moscow Uprising of 1682: Streltsy regiments belonging to the faction of Alexis I of RussiaAlexis's first wife, Maria Miloslavskaya, took over the Moscow KremlinKremlin, executed Natalia NaryshkinaNaryshkina's brothers, and declared Miloslavskaya's invalid son Ivan V of RussiaIvan V the "senior tsar," with Peter I of RussiaPeter remaining on the throne as the junior. Miloslavkaya's eldest daughter Sophia Alekseyevna became regent. 1687 May Crimean campaigns: The Russian army launched an invasion against an Ottoman EmpireOttoman vassal, the Crimean Khanate. 17 June Crimean campaigns: Faced with a burned steppe incapable of feeding their horses, the Russians turned back. 1689 June Fyodor Shaklovity, the head of the Streltsy Department, persuaded Sophia AlekseyevnaAlekseyevna to proclaim herself tsarina and attempted to ignite a new rebellion in her support. The streltsy instead defected in support of Peter I of RussiaPeter. 11 October Fyodor ShaklovityShaklovity was executed. 1696 29 January Ivan V of RussiaIvan died. 23 April Azov campaigns#The second Azov campaignSecond Azov campaign: The Russian army began its deployment to an important Ottoman EmpireOttoman fortress, Azov. 27 May Second Azov campaign: The Russian navy arrived at the sea and blockaded Azov. 19 July Second Azov campaign: The Ottoman EmpireOttoman garrison surrendered. 1698 6 June Streltsy Uprising: Approximately four thousand streltsy overthrew their commanders and headed to Moscow, where they meant to demand the enthroning of the exiled Sophia Alekseyevna. 18 June Streltsy Uprising: The rebels were defeated. 1700 19 August Great Northern War: Russia declared war on Swedish EmpireSweden. 16 October Patriarch AdrianAdrian, the patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church, died. Peter I of RussiaPeter prevented the election of a successor. 1699 Peter the Great of Russian bans traditional dress, introduces Western fashions, and reforms the Russian calendar. 18th century Year Date Event 1707 8 October Bulavin Rebellion: A small band of Don Cossacks killed a Russian nobilityRussian noble searching their territory for tax fugitives. 1708 7 July Bulavin Rebellion: After a series of devastating military reversals, Bulavin was shot by his former followers. 18 December An imperial decree divided Russia into eight guberniyas (governorates). 1709 28 June Battle of Poltava: A decisive Russian military victory over the Swedish EmpireSwedes at Poltava marked the turning point of the war. 1710 14 October The Russian guberniyas were divided into lots according to Russian nobilitynoble population. 20 November Russo-Turkish War (17101711): Charles XII of Sweden persuaded the Ottoman EmpireOttoman sultan to declare war on Russia. 1711 22 February Government reform of Peter I: Peter I of RussiaPeter established the Governing Senate to pass laws in his absence. 21 July Russo-Turkish War (17101711): Peace was concluded with the Treaty of the Pruth. Russia returned Azov to the Ottoman Empire and demolished the town of Taganrog. 1713 8 May The Russian capital was moved from Moscow to Saint Petersburg. 17 July The Riga Governorate was established on the conquered territory of Duchy of Livonia (16291721)Livonia. The territory of the Smolensk Governorate was divided between the Moscow and Riga Governorates. 1714 15 January The northwestern territory of the Kazan Governorate was transferred to the newly established Nizhny Novgorod Governorate. 1715 11 October Peter I of RussiaPeter demanded that his son, the Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich of Russiatsarevich Alexei Petrovich, endorse his reforms or renounce his right to the throne. 1716 Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich of RussiaAlexei fled to Vienna to avoid military service. 1717 22 November The Astrakhan Governorate was formed on the southern lands of Kazan Governorate. The territory of the Nizhny Novgorod Governorate was reincorporated into the Kazan Governorate. 12 December Government reform of Peter I: Peter I of RussiaPeter established Collegium (ministry)collegia, government ministries that superseded the prikazy. 1718 31 January Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich of RussiaAlexei returned to Moscow under a promise he would not be harmed. 18 February After torture, Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich of RussiaAlexei publicly renounced the throne and implicated a number of reactionaries in a conspiracy to overthrow his father. 13 June Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich of RussiaAlexei was put on trial for treason. 26 June Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich of RussiaAlexei died after torture in the Peter and Paul Fortress. 1719 29 May Lots were abolished; the guberniyas were divided instead into provinces, each governed and taxed under a preexisting elected office (the Voivode#RussiaVoyevoda). Provinces were further divided into districts, replacing the old uyezds. The district

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Timeline of Russian history commissars were to be elected by local gentry. The Nizhny Novgorod Governorate was reestablished. The Reval Governorate was established on the conquered territory of Duchy of Estonia (15611721)Estonia. 1721 25 January Peter I of RussiaPeter established the Most Holy SynodHoly Synod, a body of ten clergymen chaired by a secular official, that was to head the Russian Orthodox Church in lieu of the Patriarch of Moscow. 30 August Great Northern War: The Treaty of Nystad ended the war. Swedish EmpireSweden ceded Duchy of Estonia (15611721)Estonia, Duchy of Livonia (16291721)Livonia and Duchy of IngriaIngria to Russia. 22 October Peter I of RussiaPeter was declared Emperor. 1722 Peter I of RussiaPeter introduced the Table of Ranks, which granted the privileges of Russian nobilitynobility based on state service. July Russo-Persian War (1722-1723): A Russian military expedition sailed in support of the independence of two Christian kingdoms, Kartli and Persian ArmeniaArmenia. 1723 12 September Russo-Persian War (17221723): The Persian EmpirePersian shah signed a peace treaty ceding the cities of Derbent and Baku and the provinces of Shirvan, Guilan, Mazandaran and Astrabad to the Russian Empire. 1725 28 January Peter I of RussiaPeter died of urinary problems. He failed to name a successor; one of Peter's closest advisers, Aleksandr Danilovich MenshikovAleksandr Menshikov, convinced the Russian Imperial GuardImperial Guard to declare in favor of Peter's wife Catherine I of RussiaCatherine I. 1726 The Smolensk Governorate was reestablished. 8 February Catherine I of RussiaCatherine established an advisory body, the Supreme Privy Council. 1727 Catherine I of RussiaCatherine established the Belgorod and Novgorod Governorates and adjusted the borders of several others. Districts were abolished; uyezds were reestablished. 17 May Catherine I of RussiaCatherine died. 18 May According to Catherine I of RussiaCatherine's wishes the eleven-year-old Peter II of RussiaPeter II, the son of Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich of RussiaAlexei Petrovich and grandson of Peter I of RussiaPeter the Great, became tsar. The Supreme Privy Council was to hold power during his minority. 9 September The conservative members of the Supreme Privy Council expelled its most powerful member, the liberal Aleksandr Danilovich MenshikovMenshikov. 1730 30 January Peter II of RussiaPeter died of smallpox. 1 February The Supreme Privy Council offered the throne to Anna of RussiaAnna Ivanovna, the daughter of Ivan V of RussiaIvan V, on the conditions that the Council retain the powers of war and peace and taxation, among others, and that she never marry or appoint an heir. 4 March Anna of RussiaAnna tore up the terms of her accession and dissolved the Supreme Privy Council. 1736 20 May Russo-Turkish War (17351739): The Russian army captured the Ottoman EmpireOttoman fortifications at Isthmus of PerekopPerekop. 19 June Russo-Turkish War (17351739): The Russians captured Azov. 1737 July Russo-Turkish War (17351739): Habsburg MonarchyAustria joined the war on the Russian side. 1739 21 August Russo-Turkish War (17351739): Habsburg MonarchyAustria agreed by the Treaty of Belgrade to end its participation in the war. 18 September Russo-Turkish War (17351739): The Treaty of Nissa ended the war. Russia gave up its claims on Crimea and Moldavia and its navy was barred from the Black Sea. 1740 17 October Anna of RussiaAnna died of kidney disease. She left the throne to her adopted infant son, Ivan VI of RussiaIvan VI. 18 October Anna of RussiaAnna's lover, Ernst Johann von Biron, was declared regent. 8 November Ernst Johann von BironBiron was arrested on the orders of his rival, the Count Burkhard Christoph von Munnich. Ivan VI of RussiaIvan's biological mother, Anna Leopoldovna, replaced Biron as regent. 1741 8 August Russo-Swedish War (17411743): Sweden declared war on Russia. 25 November Elizabeth of RussiaElizabeth, the youngest daughter of Peter I of RussiaPeter the Great, led the Preobrazhensky regimentPreobrazhensky to the Winter Palace to overthrow the regency of Anna Leopoldovna and install herself as empress. 2 December Ivan VI of RussiaIvan was imprisoned in the Daugavgriva fortress. 1742 4 September Russo-Swedish War (17411743): Encircled by the Russians at Helsinki, the Swedish army surrendered. 1743 7 August Russo-Swedish War (17411743): The Treaty of bo was signed, ending the war. Russia relinquished most of the conquered territory, keeping only the lands east of the Kymi River. In exchange Adolf Frederick of SwedenAdolf Frederick of Holstein-Gottorp, the uncle of the Russian heir to the throne, was to become Monarch of SwedenKing of Sweden. 1744 The Old FinlandVyborg Governorate was established on conquered Swedish EmpireSwedish territories. 1755 Mikhail Lomonosov and Count Ivan Shuvalov founded the University of Moscow. 1756 29 August Seven Years' War: The Kingdom of Prussia invaded the Habsburg MonarchyAustrian protectorate of Electorate of SaxonySaxony. 1757 1 May Diplomatic Revolution: Under the Second Treaty of Versailles, Russia joined the Early Modern FranceFranco-Habsburg MonarchyAustrian

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Timeline of Russian history military alliance. 17 May Seven Years' War: Russian troops entered the war. 1761 25 December Miracle of the House of Brandenburg: Elizabeth of RussiaElizabeth died. Her nephew, Peter III of RussiaPeter III, became tsar. 1762 5 May Seven Years' War: The Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1762)Treaty of Saint Petersburg ended Russian participation in the war at no territorial gain. 17 July Peter III of RussiaPeter was overthrown by the Russian Imperial GuardImperial Guard and replaced with his wife, Catherine II of RussiaCatherine II, The Great, on her orders. 1764 5 July A group of soldiers attempted to release the imprisoned Ivan VI of RussiaIvan VI; he was murdered. 1767 13 October Repnin Sejm: Four Polish-Lithuanian CommonwealthPolish senators who opposed the policies of the Russian ambassador Nicholas Repnin were arrested by Russian troops and imprisoned in Kaluga. 1768 27 February Repnin Sejm: Delegates of the Sejm adopted a treaty ensuring future Russian influence in Polish-Lithuanian CommonwealthPolish internal politics. 29 February Polish-Lithuanian CommonwealthPolish Szlachtanobles established the Bar Confederation in order to end Russian influence in their country. 25 September Russo-Turkish War (17681774): The Ottoman EmpireOttoman sultan declared war on Russia. 1771 15 September Plague Riot: A crowd of rioters entered Red Square, broke into the Moscow KremlinKremlin and destroyed the Chudov Monastery. 17 September Plague Riot: The army suppressed the riot. 1772 5 August The first Partitions of Polandpartition of Poland was announced. Polish-Lithuanian CommonwealthPoland lost thirty percent of its territory, which was divided between Kingdom of PrussiaPrussia, Habsburg MonarchyAustria, and Russia. 1773 Pugachev's Rebellion: The army of the Cossack Yemelyan Pugachev attacked and occupied Samara, RussiaSamara. 18 September A confederated sejm was forced to ratify the first Partitions of Polandpartition of Poland. 1774 21 July Russo-Turkish War (17681774): The Treaty of Kk Kaynarca was signed. The portion of the Yedisan region east of the Southern Bug river, the Kabardino-BalkariaKabarda region in the Caucasus, and several Crimean ports, went to Russia. The Crimean Khanate received independence from the Ottoman Empire, which also declared Russia the protector of Christians on its territory. 14 September Pugachev's Rebellion: Upset with the rebellion's bleak outlook, Yemelyan PugachevPugachev's officers delivered him to the Russians. 1783 8 April The Crimean Khanate was incorporated into the Russian Empire. 24 July Threatened by the Persian EmpirePersian and Ottoman Empires, the kingdom of Kartl-Kakheti signed the Treaty of Georgievsk under which it became a Russian protectorate. 1788 Russo-Turkish War (17871792): The Ottoman Empire declared war on Russia and imprisoned her ambassador. 27 June Russo-Swedish War (17881790): The Swedish army playacted a skirmish between themselves and the Russians. 6 July Battle of Hogland: The Russian navy dispersed a Swedish invasion fleet near Hogland in the Gulf of Finland. 6 October Great Sejm: A confederated sejm was called to restore the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. 1790 14 August Russo-Swedish War (17881790): The Treaty of Vrl ended the war, with no changes in territory. 1791 3 May Great Sejm: Polish-Lithuanian CommonwealthPoland's Constitution of 3 May 1791Constitution of 3 May was ratified in secret. The new constitution abolished the liberum veto, reducing the power of the nobles and limiting Russia's ability to influence Polish internal politics. 23 December Catherine II of RussiaCatherine established the Pale of Settlement, an area in European Russia into which Russian Jews were transported. 1792 9 January Russo-Turkish War (17871792): The Treaty of Jassy was signed, ending the war. The Russian border in Yedisan was extended to the Dniester river. 18 May Polish-Russian War of 1792: The army of the Targowica Confederation, which opposed the liberal Polish-Lithuanian CommonwealthPolish Constitution of 3 May 1791Constitution of 3 May, invaded Poland. 1793 23 January Polish-Russian War of 1792: The second Partitions of Polandpartition of Poland left the country with one-third of its 1772 population. 23 November Grodno Sejm: The last sejm of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth ratified the second Partitions of Polandpartition. 1794 24 March Kociuszko Uprising: An announcement by Tadeusz Kociuszko sparked a nationalist uprising in Polish-Lithuanian CommonwealthPoland. 4 November Battle of Praga: Russian troops captured the Praga borough of Warsaw and massacred its civilian population. 5 November Kociuszko Uprising: The uprising ended with the Russian occupation of Warsaw. 1795 11 September Battle of Krtsanisi: The Persian EmpirePersian army demolished the armed forces of Kartl-Kakheti. 24 October The third Partitions of Polandpartition of Poland divided up the remainder of its territory. 1796 April Persian Expedition of 1796: Catherine II of RussiaCatherine launched a military expedition to punish Persian EmpirePersia for its incursion into the Russian protectorate of Kartl-Kakheti. 5

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Timeline of Russian history November Catherine II of RussiaCatherine suffered a stroke in the bathtub. 6 November Catherine II of RussiaCatherine died. The throne fell to her son, Paul I of RussiaPaul I. 19th century Year Date Event 1801 8 January Paul I of RussiaPaul authorized the incorporation of Kartl-Kakheti into the Russian empire. 11 March Paul I of RussiaPaul was killed in his bed. 23 March Paul I of RussiaPaul's son, Alexander I of RussiaAlexander I, ascended to the throne. 1802 Alexander I of RussiaAlexander established the Russian Ministry of Internal AffairsMinistry of Internal Affairs (MVD). 1804 Russo-Persian War (1804-1813): Russian forces attacked the Persian EmpirePersian settlement of Echmiadzinkilise. 1805 The Ottoman Empire dismissed the pro-Russian hospodars of its vassal states, Wallachia and Moldavia. 26 December War of the Third Coalition: The Treaty of Pressburg ceded Austrian EmpireAustrian possessions in Dalmatia to First French EmpireFrance. 1806 October To counter the First French EmpireFrench presence in Dalmatia, Russia invaded Wallachia and Moldavia. 27 December Russo-Turkish War (18061812): The Ottoman Empire declared war on Russia. 1807 14 June Battle of Friedland: The Russian army suffered a defeat against the First French EmpireFrench, suffering twenty thousand dead. 7 July The Treaties of TilsitTreaty of Tilsit was signed. Alexander I of RussiaAlexander agreed to evacuate Wallachia and Moldavia and ceded the Ionian Islands and KotorCattaro to the First French EmpireFrench. The treaty ended Russia's conflict with France; Napoleon I of FranceNapoleon promised to aid Russia in conflicts with the Ottoman Empire. 16 November Alexander I of RussiaAlexander demanded that Sweden close the Baltic Sea to British warships. 1808 21 February Finnish War: Russian troops crossed the Swedish border and captured Hmeenlinna. 1809 29 March Diet of Porvoo: The four Estates of the realmEstates of Grand Duchy of FinlandFinland swore allegiance to the Russian crown. 17 September Finnish War: The Treaty of Fredrikshamn was signed, ending the war and ceding Grand Duchy of FinlandFinland to the Russian Empire. 1810 The first military settlement was established near KlimavichyKlimovichi. 1 January Alexander I of RussiaAlexander established the State Council of Imperial RussiaState Council, which received the executive powers of the Governing Senate. 20 February The Russian government proclaimed the deposition of Solomon II of ImeretiSolomon II from the throne of Kingdom of ImeretiImereti. 1811 27 March Regional military companies were merged into the Internal TroopsInternal Guard. 1812 28 May Russo-Turkish War (18061812): The Treaty of Bucharest, 1812Treaty of Bucharest ended the war and transferred Bessarabia to Russia. 24 June French invasion of Russia (1812): The First French EmpireFrench army crossed the Neman River into Russia. 14 September French invasion of Russia (1812): The First French EmpireFrench army entered a deserted Moscow, the high-water mark of their invasion. 14 December French invasion of Russia (1812): The last First French EmpireFrench troops were forced off of Russian territory. 1813 24 October Russo-Persian War (18041813): According to the Treaty of Gulistan, the Persian Empire ceded its South CaucasusTranscaucasian territories to Russia. 1815 9 June Congress of Vienna: The territory of the Duchy of Warsaw was divided between Kingdom of PrussiaPrussia, Russia, and three newly established states: the Grand Duchy of Posen, the Free City of Krakw and Congress Poland. The latter was a constitutional monarchy with Alexander I of RussiaAlexander as its king. 1825 19 November Alexander I of RussiaAlexander died of typhus. The army swore allegiance to his eldest brother, the Grand Duke Constantine Pavlovich of RussiaGrand Duke Constantine Pavlovich. Constantine, however, following Alexander's choice of successor, swore allegiance to his younger brother, Nicholas I of RussiaNicholas I. 12 December Under pressure from Grand Duke Constantine Pavlovich of RussiaConstantine, Nicholas I of RussiaNicholas published Alexander I of RussiaAlexander's succession manifesto. 14 December Decembrist revolt: Three thousand soldiers gathered at the Decembrists SquareSenate Square in Saint Petersburg, and declared their loyalty to Grand Duke Constantine Pavlovich of RussiaConstantine and to the idea of a Russian constitution. When talk failed, the tsarist army dispersed the demonstrators with artillery, killing at least sixty. 1826 An imperial decree established the Second Section of His Imperial Majesty's Own ChancelleryHis Majesty's Own Chancery, concerned with codifying and publishing the law, and the Third Section of His Imperial Majesty's Own ChancelleryThird Section, which operated as the Empire's secret police. July Nicholas I of RussiaNicholas established the office of Chief of Gendarmes, in charge of the Gendarmerie units of the Internal TroopsInternal Guard. 16 July Russo-Persian War (1826-1828): The Persian EmpirePersian army invaded the Russian-owned Talysh Khanate. 1828 21 February Russo-Persian War

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Timeline of Russian history (18261828) Facing the possibility of a Russian conquest of Tehran, Persian EmpirePersia signed the Treaty of Turkmenchay. May The Russian army occupied Wallachia. June Russo-Turkish War (18281829): The Russian armed forces crossed into Dobruja, an Ottoman EmpireOttoman territory. 1829 14 September Russo-Turkish War (18281829): The Treaty of Adrianople was signed, ceding the eastern shore of the Black Sea and the mouth of the Danube to the Russians. 1830 29 November November Uprising: A group of Congress PolandPolish nationalists attacked BelwederBelweder Palace, the seat of the Governor-General. 1831 25 January November Uprising: An act of the Sejm dethroned Nicholas I of RussiaNicholas from the Congress PolandPolish crown. 29 January November Uprising: A new government took office in Congress PolandPoland. 4 February November Uprising: Russian troops crossed the Congress PolandPolish border. September Battle of Warsaw (1831): The Russian army captured Warsaw, ending the November Uprising. 1836 The Gendarmerie of the Internal TroopsInternal Guard was spun off as the Special Corps of Gendarmes. 1852 December The Ottoman EmpireOttoman sultan confirmed the supremacy of Second French EmpireFrance and the Roman Catholic ChurchCatholic Church over Christians in the Land of IsraelHoly Land. 1853 3 July Russia invaded the Ottoman EmpireOttoman provinces of Wallachia and Moldavia. 4 October Crimean War: The Ottoman Empire declared war on Russia. 1854 28 March Crimean War: United Kingdom of Great Britain and IrelandBritain and Second French EmpireFrance declared war on Russia. August Crimean War: In order to prevent the Austrian Empire entering the war, Russia evacuated Wallachia and Moldavia. 1855 18 February Nicholas I of RussiaNicholas died. His son, Alexander II of RussiaAlexander II, became tsar. Russia creates chocolate for the first time 1856 30 March Crimean War: The Treaty of Paris (1856)Treaty of Paris was signed, officially ending the war. The Black Sea was demilitarized. Russia lost territory it had been granted at the mouth of the Danube, abandoned claims to protect Turkic peoplesTurkish Christians, and lost its influence over the Danubian Principalities. 1857 The last military settlements were disbanded. 1858 28 May The Treaty of Aigun was signed, pushing the Russo-Chinese border east to the Amur RiverAmur river. 1860 18 October The Convention of Peking transferred the Ussuri krai from China to Russia. 1861 3 March Emancipation reform of 1861: Alexander II of RussiaAlexander issued a manifesto emancipating the Serfdomserfs. 1863 22 January January Uprising: An anti-Russian uprising began in Congress PolandPoland. 1864 1 January ZemstvoZemstva were established for the local self-government of Russian citizens. 1 May The Russian army began an incursion into the Khanate of Kokand. 21 May Caucasian War: Alexander II of RussiaAlexander declared the war over. 5 August January Uprising: Romuald Traugutt, the dictator of the rebellion, was hanged. 20 November Judicial reform of Alexander II: A royal decree introduced new laws unifying and liberalizing the Russian judiciary. 1865 17 June The Russian army captured Tashkent. 1867 The conquered territories of TurkestanCentral Asia became a separate Guberniya, the Russian Turkestan. 30 March Alaska purchase: Russia agreed to the sale of Alaska to the United States of America. 1868 The Khanate of Kokand became a Russian vassal state. 1870 Municipal dumas were established. 1873 The Narodnik rebellion began. The Emirate of Bukhara became a Russian protectorate. 18 May Khiva was captured by Russian troops. 12 August A peace treaty was signed that established the Khanate of Khiva as a quasi-independent Russian protectorate. 1876 March The Khanate of Kokand was incorporated into the Russian Empire. 20 April April Uprising: Bulgarian nationalists attacked the Ottoman EmpireOttoman police headquarters in Oborishte. May Alexander II of RussiaAlexander signed the Ems Ukaz, banning the use of the Ukrainian language in print. 8 July A secret treaty prepared for the division of the Balkans between Russia and Austria-Hungary, depending on the outcome of local revolutionary movements. 6 December Kazan demonstration: A political demonstration in front of the Kazan Cathedral, St. PetersburgKazan Cathedral in Saint Petersburg marked the appearance of the revolutionary group Land and Liberty (Russia)Land and Liberty. 1877 February The Trial of the 193 occurred, punishing the participants of the Narodnik rebellion. 24 April Russo-Turkish War (18771878): Russia declared war on the Ottoman Empire. 1878 3 March Russo-Turkish War (18771878): The Treaty of San Stephano was signed, concluding the war and transferring Northern Dobruja and some CaucasusCaucasian territories into Russian hands. Several Slavic peoplesSlavic states, Montenegro, Principality of SerbiaSerbia, Danubian PrincipalitiesRomania, and Bulgaria, received independence or autonomy. 13 July Congress of Berlin: The Treaty of Berlin (1878)Treaty of Berlin, imposed on Russia by the Western EuropeWest, divided Bulgaria into Eastern Rumelia and the Principality

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Timeline of Russian history of Bulgaria. 1879 August Land and Liberty (Russia)Land and Liberty split into the moderate Black Repartition and the radical terrorist group Narodnaya Volya (organization)People's Will. 1880 6 August The Special Corps of Gendarmes and the Third Section of His Imperial Majesty's Own ChancelleryThird Section were disbanded; their functions and most capable officers were transferred to the new Department of State Police under the Russian Ministry of Internal AffairsMVD. 1881 10 March Alexander II of RussiaAlexander was assassinated by Ignacy Hryniewiecki of the Narodnaya Volya (organization)People's Will. His son, Alexander III of RussiaAlexander III, becomes tsar. 21 September Persian EmpirePersia officially recognized Russia's annexation of Khwarazm in the Treaty of Akhal. 1882 3 May Alexander III of RussiaAlexander III introduced the May Laws, which expelled Russian Jews from rural areas and small towns and severely restricted their access to education. 1890 12 June An imperial decree subordinated the zemstvozemstva to the authority of the appointed regional governors. 1894 1 November Alexander III of RussiaAlexander III died. His son Nicholas II of RussiaNicholas II succeeded him as tsar. 1898 1 March The MarxismMarxist Russian Social Democratic Labour PartyRussian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) held its 1st Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Partyfirst Party Congress. 1900 Russia invaded and occupied the Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River. 6 February Russification of Finland: Nicholas II of RussiaNicholas issued a decree making Russian the official language of Finland.20th century Year Date Event 1901 The Socialist-Revolutionary Party was founded. 30 June Russification of Finland: The Military Service Act incorporated the Grand Duchy of FinlandFinnish and Russian armies. 1902 Russification of Finland: Nikolai Ivanovich Bobrikov, the Governor-General of Finland, was given the power to allow olivia and opponents of Russification from the Grand Duchy of FinlandFinnish government. 1903 20 March Russification of Finland: The office of the Governor-General of FinlandGovernor-General was given dictatorial powers. 6 April Kishinev pogrom: A three-day pogrom began which would leave forty-seven Jews dead. 17 November At the second congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour PartyRSDLP, the party split into two factions: the Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin, and the less radical Mensheviks. 1904 8 February Russo-Japanese War: Japan launched a surprise torpedo attack on the Russian navy at LshunkouPort Arthur. 1905 3 January Russian Revolution of 1905: A strike began at the Kirov PlantPutilov Works in St. Petersburg. 9 January Bloody Sunday (1905): Peaceful demonstrators arrived at the Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg to present a petition to the tsar, leading was a priest named Georgi Gapon. The Russian Imperial GuardImperial Guard fired on the crowd, killing around 200 and wounding 800. 28 May Russian Revolution of 1905: The first soviet (council)soviet was formed in the midst of a textile strike in IvanovoIvanovo-Voznesensk. 14 June Russian Revolution of 1905: A mutiny occurred aboard the battleship Russian battleship PotemkinPotemkin. 25 June Russian Revolution of 1905: The Russian battleship PotemkinPotemkin sailors defected to Kingdom of RomaniaRomania. 5 September Russo-Japanese War: The Treaty of Portsmouth was signed, ceding some Russian property and territory to Japan and ending the war. 17 October Russian Revolution of 1905: Nicholas II of RussiaNicholas signed the October Manifesto, expanding civil liberties and establishing and empowering the first State Duma of the Russian Empire. 1906 March Russian legislative election, 1906: The first free elections to the State Duma of the Russian EmpireDuma gave majorities to liberal and socialist parties. 23 April The Russian Constitution of 1906Fundamental Laws were issued, reaffirming the autocratic supremacy of the tsar. The First State Duma of the Russian EmpireDuma was called. 21 July The First State Duma of the Russian EmpireDuma was dissolved. 23 July The Constitutional Democratic partyConstitutional Democratic party (Kadets) issued the Vyborg Manifesto, calling on the Russian people to evade taxes and the draft. All signatories to the Manifesto lost their right to hold office in the State Duma of the Russian EmpireDuma. 9 November A decree by Prime Minister of RussiaPrime Minister Pyotr Stolypin signaled the start of the Stolypin reform, intended to replace the obshchina with a more progressive, capitalismcapitalist form of agriculture. 1907 9 February The secret police units of the Russian Ministry of Internal AffairsMVD Department of State Police were unified under the authority of the new Okhrana. 20 February The Second State Duma of the Russian EmpireDuma began. The Constitutional Democratic partyKadets dropped seats, benefiting the Russian Social Democratic Labour PartyRSDLP and the Socialist-Revolutionary Party. 3 June The Second State Duma of the Russian EmpireDuma was dissolved. Nicholas II of RussiaNicholas changed the electoral law and gave greater electoral value to the votes of

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Timeline of Russian history nobility and landowners. 1 November The Third State Duma of the Russian EmpireDuma began. 1912 4 April Lena massacreLena goldfields massacre: The Russian army fired on a crowd of striking miners, killing 150. 9 June The Third State Duma of the Russian EmpireDuma ended. 15 November The Fourth State Duma of the Russian EmpireDuma was called. 1914 28 June Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand: Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria was assassinated by Gavrilo Princip of the Bosnia and HerzegovinaBosnian separatist group Young Bosnia. 23 July World War I: Austria-Hungary issued the July Ultimatum to Kingdom of SerbiaSerbia, demanding, among other things, the right to participate in the investigation into the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of AustriaFranz Ferdinand, which Serbia refused. 28 July World War I: Austria-Hungary declared war on Kingdom of SerbiaSerbia. 30 July World War I: Russia mobilized its army to defend Kingdom of SerbiaSerbia. 1 August World War I: German EmpireGermany declared war on Russia in defense of Austria-Hungary. 1915 2 May Gorlice-Tarnw Offensive: The German EmpireGerman army launched an offensive across the length of the Eastern Front (World War I)Eastern Front. 4 August Gorlice-Tarnw Offensive: German EmpireGermany conquered Warsaw. 19 September Gorlice-Tarnw Offensive: German EmpireGerman forces captured Vilnius, the capital of Lithuania. 1916 25 June Basmachi Revolt: Nicholas II of RussiaNicholas issued a decree ordering the conscription of Central Asians. 5 November By the Act of 5 November, the German EmpireGerman government established the nominally independent Kingdom of Poland (19161918)Kingdom of Poland. 16 December Royal adviser Grigori Rasputin was murdered by a group of nobles in the house of Prince Felix Yussupov. 1917 22 February February Revolution: The workers at the Kirov PlantPutilov Plant in Saint PetersburgPetrograd went on strike. 23 February February Revolution: A series of demonstrations were held, demanding the end of the Russian autocracy and the end of Russian participation in World War I. 25 February February Revolution: A battalion of soldiers was sent to Saint PetersburgPetrograd to end the uprising. 26 February February Revolution: Nicholas II of RussiaNicholas ordered the dissolution of the Fourth State Duma of the Russian EmpireDuma. The Duma ignored his order and decreed the establishment of a Russian Provisional GovernmentProvisional Government with Georgy L'vov as Prime Minister of RussiaPrime Minister. 27 February February Revolution: The soldiers sent to suppress the protestors defected and joined them. Menshevik leaders were freed from the Peter and Paul Fortress and founded the Petrograd Soviet. 2 March February Revolution: Nicholas II of RussiaNicholas abdicated the throne. 17 March A legislative council, the Tsentralna Rada, was founded in Ukraine. 30 March The Russian Provisional GovernmentProvisional Government established the autonomous province of Estonia and scheduled elections to an Estonian legislative body, the Maapev. 10 May The Rumcherod, the Soviet government of southwestern Ukraine and Bessarabia, was established. 23 June The Tsentralna Rada ratified UkraineUkrainian autonomy. 3 July July Days: A spontaneous pro-soviet (council)soviet demonstration occurred on the streets of Saint PetersburgPetrograd. 6 July July Days: The rebellion was put down. The Russian Provisional GovernmentProvisional Government ordered the arrest of Bolshevik leaders. 14 July The Maapev took office. 21 July Alexander Kerensky succeeded Georgy L'vovL'vov as Prime Minister of RussiaPrime Minister. 27 August Kornilov Affair: General Lavr Kornilov ordered an army corps to Saint PetersburgPetrograd to destroy the soviet (council)soviets. 29 August Kornilov Affair: The Russian Provisional GovernmentProvisional Government armed tens of thousands of Red Guards (Russia)Red Guards to defend Saint PetersburgPetrograd. 31 August Kornilov Affair: Lavr KornilovKornilov was arrested. 4 September Under public pressure, Bolshevik leaders were released from prison. 23 October Estonian Bolsheviks under Jaan Anvelt captured the capital, Tallinn. 25 October October Revolution: Soldiers directed by the Military Revolutionary Committee of the Petrograd Soviet captured the Winter Palace, ending the power of the Russian Provisional Government. The Second Congress of SovietsAll-Russian Congress of Soviets convened. Menshevik and moderate Socialist-Revolutionary PartySR representatives walked out to protest the October Revolution. The Congress established and elected the Sovnarkom, and Vladimir LeninLenin its first chairman, to run the country between sessions. II All-Russia Congress of SovietsProclamation of Soviet Russia (unofficial name). 7 November 1917 legal foundation of modern Russian Federation. 26 October The Second Congress of SovietsAll-Russian Congress of Soviets issued the Decree on Peace, promising an end to Russian participation in World War I, and the Decree on Land, approving the expropriation of land from the nobility. 21 November The MoldovaMoldavian legislature, the

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Timeline of Russian history Sfatul rii, held its first meeting. 5 December A local nationalist group, the Alash Orda, established an autonomous government in Kazakhstan. 6 December The Parliament of FinlandFinnish parliament issued a Finland's declaration of independencedeclaration of independence. 7 December The Cheka was established. 12 December A IslamMuslim republic, the Idel-Ural State, was established in central Russia. 25 December UkraineUkrainian Bolsheviks established the Ukrainian SSRSoviet Ukrainian Republic in Kharkiv. 27 December Russian Civil War: The counterrevolutionary Volunteer Army was established. 1918 12 January The Tsentralna Rada declared the independence of the Ukrainian People's Republic. 14 January The Rumcherod declared itself the supreme power in Bessarabia. 15 January A decree of the Sovnarkom established the Red Army. 16 January The Greater RomaniaRomanian army occupied ChiinuKishinev and evicted the Rumcherod. 24 January The Moldavian Democratic Republic declared its independence from Russia. 28 January The South CaucasusTranscaucasian parliament held its first meeting. After 31 January (O.S.), the Bolsheviks adopted the Gregorian calendar. All dates hereafter are given in the Old Style and New Style datesNew Style. 18 February The Red Army conquered Kiev. 23 February Mass conscription to the Red Army began in Moscow and Saint PetersburgPetrograd. 24 February The Red Army retreated from Estonia in the face of the German armed forces. The South CaucasusTranscaucasian parliament announced the independent Transcaucasian Democratic Federative RepublicTranscaucasian Democratic Federative Republic (TDFR). 3 March Soviet Russia signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, ending its participation in World War I, relinquishing Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Kingdom of Poland (19161918)Poland, Belarusian National RepublicBelarus, and Ukrainian People's RepublicUkraine, and ceding to the Ottoman Empire all territory captured in the Russo-Turkish War (18771878)Russo-Turkish War. 6 March Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War: Two hundred British marines arrived at Murmansk. 25 March The Belarusian National Republic was established by its German EmpireGerman occupiers. April The Idel-Ural State was occupied and dissolved by the Red Army. 30 April The Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist RepublicTurkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (ASSR) was established on the territory of the defunct Russian Turkestan. 26 May Russian Civil War: The Czechoslovak LegionsCzech Legion began its revolt against the Bolshevik government.Democratic Republic of GeorgiaGeorgia seceded from the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative RepublicTDFR. 28 May Democratic Republic of ArmeniaArmenia and Azerbaijan Democratic RepublicAzerbaijan declared their mutual independence. 8 June Russian Civil War: An anti-Bolshevik government, the Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly, was established in Samara, RussiaSamara under the protection of the Czechoslovak LegionsCzech Legion 28 June A decree by the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet UnionCentral Executive Committee made war communism, under which all industry and food distribution was nationalized, the economic policy of the Soviet state. 29 June Russian Civil War: The Provisional Government of Autonomous Siberia was established in Vladivostok. July The Idel-Ural State was restored by the Czechoslovak LegionsCzech Legion. 10 July The Russian Constitution of 1918Constitution of the Russian Socialist Federated Soviet Republic (first official name) was adopted by the Fifth All-Russian Congress of Soviets. The legislative power was transferred from the Sovnarkom to the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet UnionCentral Executive Committee, which also received the power to pass constitutional amendments. 18 July Nicholas II and the rest of the royal family are executed on direct orders from Lenin. 30 August After giving a speech at a Moscow factory, Vladimir LeninLenin was shot twice by Socialist-Revolutionary PartySR Fanny Kaplan, but survived. 3 September Red Terror: Izvestia called on the Russian people to "crush the hydra of counterrevolution with massive terror." 23 September Russian Civil War: A meeting in Ufa established a unified anti-Bolshevik government, the Ufa Directorate. 11 November World War I: An Armistice with Germany (Compigne)armistice treaty was signed, ending the war. 17 November Two Latvian political parties founded a provisional legislature, the Tautas Padome. 18 November A military coup overthrew the Ufa Directorate and established its war minister, Aleksandr Kolchak, as dictator. 19 November The Maapev returned to power in Estonia. 22 November Estonian War of Independence: The Russian Red Army invaded Estonia. 24 November Bla Kun, a friend of Vladimir LeninLenin, founded the Hungarian Communist Party. 29 November Estonian War of Independence: The Red Army captured the Estonian town of Narva. Local Bolsheviks reestablished the Jaan AnveltAnvelt government as the Commune of the Working People of Estonia. December The Idel-Ural State was

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Timeline of Russian history again occupied and dissolved by the Red Army. 8 December The Communist Party of Lithuania established a revolutionary government in Vilnius. 1919 1 January Local Bolsheviks established the Byelorussian SSRByelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (SSR). 3 January Latvian War of Independence: The Red Army invaded Latvia. 5 January The Red Army occupied Vilnius, the Lithuanian capital, in support of the local CommunismCommunist government. The Red Army captured Minsk and pronounced it the capital of the Byelorussian SSR. 16 January The Orgburo was established to oversee the membership and organization of the Communist Party of the Soviet UnionCommunist Party. 14 February Polish-Soviet War: The Second Polish RepublicPolish army attacked Soviet forces occupying the town of Biaroza. 27 February Lithuania was absorbed into the Lithuanian-Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic. 4 March The First Congress of the Comintern began in Moscow. 21 March Seeking a military alliance with Russia against the French, the Hungarian Social Democrats merged with the Hungarian Communist PartyCommunist Party, released Bla KunKun from prison and appointed him Commissar for Foreign Affairs. Bla KunKun dismissed the president and proclaimed the Hungarian Soviet Republic. 25 March The Eighth Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet UnionParty Congress reinstituted the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet UnionPolitburo as the central governing body of the Communist Party of the Soviet UnionCommunist Party. 16 April The Greater RomaniaRomanian army invaded Hungary. 21 April Polish-Soviet War: The Second Polish RepublicPolish army consolidated its control of Vilnius. 30 May An anti-CommunismCommunist Hungarian government headed by Gyula Krolyi was established in Szeged. 16 June Hungarian occupiers established the Slovak Soviet Republic. 7 July The CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovak army reoccupied its territory and dissolved the Slovak Soviet Republic. 1 August Threatened by the approach of the Greater RomaniaRomanian army, Bla KunKun fled to Austria. 14 August The Greater RomaniaRomanian army left the Hungarian capital, Budapest. Admiral Mikls Horthy stepped into the power vacuum with the army of the Gyula KrolyiKrolyi government. 25 August Polish-Soviet War: After its total occupation by Second Polish RepublicPolish forces, the Lithuanian-Byelorussian Soviet Socialist RepublicLithuanian-Byelorussian SSR was dissolved. 1920 2 February Estonian War of Independence: Soviet Russia signed the Treaty of Tartu (RussianEstonian)Treaty of Tartu, renouncing all claims on Estonian territory. An insurgency in the Khanate of Khiva forced the abdication of the Khan. 7 February Russian Civil War: Aleksandr KolchakKolchak was executed by a Bolshevik military tribunal. 26 March Russian Civil War: The Volunteer Army evacuated to the Crimea to join the army of Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel. 25 April The Russian Eleventh Army (Soviet Union)Eleventh Army invaded the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic. 26 April The Khorezm SSRKhorezm People's Soviet Republic was established on the territory of the defunct Khanate of Khiva. 28 April With the Azerbaijani capital Baku under Eleventh Army (Soviet Union)Eleventh Army occupation, the parliament agreed to transfer power to the CommunismCommunist government of the Azerbaijan SSR. 12 June The Soviet Union recognized Lithuanian independence. 8 July Polish-Soviet War: The Galician Soviet Socialist RepublicGalician Soviet Socialist Republic (SSR) was established in Ternopil. 11 August Latvian War of Independence: The Latvian-Soviet Riga Peace TreatyTreaty of Riga was signed. Soviet Russia renounced all claims on Latvian territory. 13 August Battle of Warsaw (1920)Battle of Warsaw: The battle began with a Russian attack across the Vistula. 26 August The Bolsheviks defeated the government of the Alash Orda and established the Kyrgyz Autonomous Soviet Socialist RepublicKyrgyz ASSR#kyrgyz (1). 31 August Battle of Warsaw: The total defeat of the Russian Fourth, Fifteenth and Sixteenth Armies marked the end of the battle. 2 September The Red Army attacked Bukhara, the capital of the Emirate of Bukhara. 21 September Polish-Soviet War: The Second Polish RepublicPolish army occupied Galicia (Central Europe)Galicia and ended the rule of the Galician Soviet Socialist RepublicGalician SSR. 8 October The Bukharan People's Soviet Republic was established. 14 November Russian Civil War: Pyotr Nikolayevich WrangelWrangel fled Russia. 29 November The Eleventh Army (Soviet Union)Eleventh Army entered Democratic Republic of ArmeniaArmenia. 1 December The Democratic Republic of ArmeniaArmenian Prime Minister of ArmeniaPrime Minister ceded control of the country to the invading CommunismCommunists. 1921 16 February Red Army invasion of Georgia: The Eleventh Army (Soviet Union)Eleventh Army crossed into Democratic Republic of GeorgiaGeorgia. 22 February Gosplan, the economic planning committee of the Soviet

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Timeline of Russian history Union, was created by a decree of the Sovnarkom. 25 February Red Army invasion of Georgia: The Eleventh Army (Soviet Union)Eleventh Army captured Tbilisi and announced the formation of the Georgian SSR. 28 February Kronstadt rebellion: The crews of the battleships Battleship Petropavlovsk (1914)Petropavlovsk and Russian battleship Sevastopol (1911)Sevastopol, harbored at Kronstadt, published a list of demands on the government. 17 March Kronstadt rebellion: After over a week of fighting, government troops pacified Kronstadt. 21 March A decree of the 10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (b)Tenth Party Congress replaced war communism with the more liberal New Economic Policy. 18 March Polish-Soviet War: Second Polish RepublicPoland and Soviet Russia signed the Peace of Riga, ending the war. The disputed territories were divided between Poland, Russia and the newly reestablished Ukrainian SSRUkrainian and Byelorussian SSRByelorussian SSRs. July The Red Army captured Ulan Bator, the Mongolian capital. 13 July Russian famine of 1921: The writer Maxim Gorky brought world attention to the looming famine. 1922 23 February Russian famine of 1921: A decree published in Izvestia authorized the seizure of church valuables for famine relief. 12 March The Georgian SSRGeorgian, Armenian SSRArmenian and Azerbaijan SSRAzerbaijani SSRs were merged into the Transcaucasian SFSRTranscaucasian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (SFSR). 3 April The Eleventh Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet UnionCommunist Party Congress established the office of the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet UnionGeneral Secretary of the Communist Party and appointed Joseph Stalin to fill it. 16 May Tikhon of MoscowTikhon, the Patriarch of Moscow, was put under house arrest. 4 August Basmachi Revolt: Enver Pasha was killed in Turkestan. 29 December The Treaty on the Creation of the USSR united its signatories, the Russian SFSRRussian and Transcaucasian SFSRTranscaucasian SFSRs and the Byelorussian SSRByelorussian and Ukrainian SSRUkrainian SSRs, under the power of the Soviet UnionUnion of Soviet Socialist Republics. The Declaration of the Creation of the USSRDeclaration and Treaty of Creation of the USSR were adopted (approved) by RSFSR. 30 December The Declaration of the Creation of the USSRDeclaration and Treaty of Creation of the USSR were First All-Union Congress of Sovietsratified (confirmed) and signed by USSR. Loss of independence of Russia. 1923 3 May A council of the pro-government Living Church declared Tikhon of MoscowTikhon an apostasyapostate and abolished the Patriarchate. 15 October The The Declaration of 46Declaration of 46 was written. The Declaration echoed earlier concerns expressed by Leon Trotsky, the Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council, that the Communist Party of the Soviet UnionCommunist Party was insufficiently democratic. 1924 21 January Vladimir LeninLenin died. 31 January The 1924 Soviet Constitution came into effect. 18 February The Thirteenth Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet UnionParty Congress, led by Joseph StalinStalin, Comintern chairman Grigory Zinoviev and Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet UnionPolitburo chairman Lev Kamenev, denounced Leon TrotskyTrotsky and his faction, the Left Opposition. 10 October The territory of the Khorezm SSR was incorporated into the Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist RepublicTurkestan ASSR. 12 October The Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist RepublicMoldavian ASSR was established in the Ukrainian SSR. 14 October The Kara-Kyrgyz Autonomous Oblast was spun off of the Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist RepublicTurkestan ASSR and incorporated into the Russian SFSR. 27 October The Uzbek SSR was spun out of the Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist RepublicTurkestan ASSR. 25 November The Mongolian People's Republic was established. 27 November The Bukharan People's Soviet Republic was incorporated into the Uzbek SSR. 1925 6 January Leon TrotskyTrotsky was forced to resign his military offices. 19 February The lands of the Karakalpaks became the Karakalpak Autonomous Oblast, an oblast of the Kyrgyz Autonomous Soviet Socialist RepublicKyrgyz ASSR (1). 7 April Tikhon of MoscowTikhon died. The Communist government would not allow elections to the patriarchate to be held; Metropolitan bishopMetropolitan Peter of Krutitsy became the Patriarchal locum tenens according to his will. 19 April The Kyrgyz ASSR (1) was renamed the Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist RepublicKazakh ASSR. 13 May The Uzbek SSR joined the Soviet Union. The remainder of the Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist RepublicTurkestan ASSR became the Turkmen SSR. 10 December Peter of Krutitsy was arrested. Patriarch Sergius I of MoscowSergius of Nizhny Novgorod, whom he had named to succeed him, took the title of Deputy Patriarchal locum tenens. 23 December The Fourteenth Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet UnionParty Congress endorsed the leadership of Joseph StalinStalin and his

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Timeline of Russian history rightist ally Nikolai Bukharin, soundly defeating the New Opposition faction of Lev KamenevKamenev and Grigory ZinovievZinoviev. 1926 11 February The Kara-Kyrgyz Autonomous Oblast was reorganized into the Kyrgyz Autonomous Soviet Socialist RepublicKyrgyz ASSR (2). 23 October Trotsky was expelled from the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet UnionPolitburo. 1927 25 February Article 58 (RSFSR Penal Code)Article 58 of the RFSR Penal Code revised the penalties for counterrevolutionary activity. 29 July Patriarch Sergius I of MoscowSergius affirmed the loyalty of the Russian Orthodox Church to the Soviet government. 12 November Leon TrotskyTrotsky and Grigory ZinovievZinoviev were expelled from the Communist Party of the Soviet UnionCommunist Party. 2 December The Fifteenth Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet UnionParty Congress expelled the remainder of the United Opposition from the Communist Party of the Soviet UnionParty. 1928 7 March Shakhty Trial: Police arrested a group of engineers in the town of Shakhty and accused them of conspiring to sabotage the Soviet economy. 1 October First Five Year Plan: Joseph StalinStalin announced the beginning of state industrialisation of the Soviet economy. 1929 17 November Nikolai BukharinBukharin was expelled from the Politburo. Collectivisation in the USSR: A Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet UnionCentral Committee resolution began the collectivisation of Agriculture in the Soviet UnionSoviet agriculture. 5 December The Tajik ASSR of the Uzbek SSR became the Tajik SSR. 1930 15 April The Gulag was officially established. 20 July The Karakalpak Autonomous Oblast was transferred to the Russian SFSR. 1932 20 March The Karakalpak Autonomous Oblast became the Karakalpak Autonomous Soviet Socialist RepublicKarakalpak ASSR. 7 August Collectivisation in the USSR: The Supreme Soviet of the Soviet UnionCentral Executive Committee and the Sovnarkom issued the Law of SpikeletsDecree about the Protection of Socialist Property, under which any theft of public property was punishable by death. 11 September Holodomor: Joseph StalinStalin sent a letter to a Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet UnionPolitburo ally, Lazar Kaganovich, demanding the subjection of the Ukrainian SSR. 27 December A decree by the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet UnionCentral Executive Committee and the Sovnarkom established a passport system in the Soviet Union. 31 December First Five-Year Plan: It was announced that the plan had been fulfilled. 1933 22 January Holodomor: Police were instructed to prevent Ukrainian SSRUkrainian peasants from leaving their homes in search of food. 1934 8 February Elections to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet UnionCentral Committee at the Seventeenth Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet UnionParty Congress revealed Sergey Kirov, the chief of the Saint PetersburgLeningrad Party, to be the most popular member. 10 July The Main Directorate of State Security (USSR)Main Directorate of State Security (GUGB) was established under the NKVD as a successor to the OGPU. 1 December Sergey KirovKirov was murdered by Leonid Nikolaev, possibly at the behest of Joseph StalinStalin. 1935 31 August Aleksei Grigorievich Stakhanov was reported to have mined over one hundred tons of coal in a single shift, sowing the seeds of the Stakhanovite movement. 1936 19 August Moscow Trials: The Trial of the Sixteen, in which Lev KamenevKamenev and Grigory Zinoviev were the primary defendants, began. 25 August Moscow Trials: The defendants in the Trial of the Sixteen were executed. 5 December The 1936 Soviet ConstitutionStalin Constitution came into effect. The Central Executive Committee was renamed the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union. The Kyrgyz Autonomous Soviet Socialist RepublicKyrgyz ASSR (2) became a Union-level republic, the Kyrgyz SSR. The Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist RepublicKazakh ASSR became the Kazakh SSR. The territory of the Karakalpak Autonomous Soviet Socialist RepublicKarakalpak ASSR was incorporated into the Uzbek SSR. 1937 21 January Russian Constitution of 1937Renaming of Russian Socialist Federated Soviet Republic to Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic. 23 January Moscow Trials: The Second Trial began. 30 January Moscow Trials: The Second Trial ended. Of seventeen defendants, all but four were sentenced to death. 22 May Case of Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization: Mikhail Tukhachevsky, a Marshal of the Soviet Union and hero of the Russian Civil War, was arrested. 12 June Case of Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization: Mikhail TukhachevskyTukhachevsky was executed, with eight other military leaders. 30 July Great Purge: NKVD Order 00447 was issued. The order established a new judicial method, the NKVD troika, and set nationwide quotas for the execution and enslavement of "anti-Soviet elements." 11 August Polish operation of the NKVD: The NKVD chief signed NKVD Order 00485Order 00485, classifying all potential Second Polish

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Timeline of Russian history RepublicPolish nationalists as enemies of the state. 15 August Great Purge: NKVD Order 00486 made relatives of accused traitors subject to imprisonment in labor camps. 10 October Peter of Krutitsy was executed in solitary confinement. 1938 A new decree required the teaching of Russian in all non-Russian schools. 2 March Trial of the Twenty One: The third Moscow TrialsMoscow Trial, at which Nikolai BukharinBukharin was the primary defendant, began. 15 March Trial of the Twenty One: The defendants were executed. 29 July Battle of Lake Khasan: The armed forces of Japanese Manchukuo attacked the Soviet military at Lake Khasan. 31 August Battle of Lake Khasan: The battle ended in a Japanese defeat. 1939 23 August The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact was signed, promising mutual non-aggression between Nazi GermanyGermany and the Soviet Union and agreeing to a division of much of Europe between those two countries. 17 September Soviet invasion of Poland (1939): The Red Army invaded Second Polish RepublicPoland. 22 October Elections were held to the Supreme Soviets of the Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union. 26 November Shelling of Mainila: The Red Army shelled the Russian village of Mainila and blamed the FinlandFinns for invented casualties. 30 November Winter War: The Soviet army attacked Finland. 1 December Winter War: The Soviet Union established the Finnish Democratic Republic in the border town of Zelenogorsk, Saint PetersburgTerijoki. 1940 5 March Katyn massacre: The Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet UnionPolitburo signed an order to execute 27,500 imprisoned Polish areas annexed by the Soviet UnionPolish nationalists. 12 March Winter War: The Moscow Peace Treaty was signed, ending the war at great cost to Finland and anticipating the evacuation of Finnish Karelia. 31 March The Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist RepublicKarelian ASSR merged with the Finnish Democratic Republic into the Karelo-Finnish SSR. 15 June The Red Army occupied Lithuania. 17 June The Red Army occupied Estonia and Latvia. 28 June Soviet occupation of Bessarabia: Bessarabia and northern Bukovina were occupied by the Soviet Union. 21 July Lithuania became the Lithuanian SSR; Latvia became the Latvian SSR. 2 August The Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist RepublicMoldavian ASSR became the Moldavian SSR, with much of its territory on the former Bessarabia and Bukovina. The old territory of the Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist RepublicMoldavian ASSR remained in the Ukrainian SSR. 3 August The Lithuanian SSR was accepted into the Soviet Union. 5 August The Latvian SSR was annexed by the Soviet Union. 6 August Estonia became the Estonian SSR and was incorporated into the Soviet Union. 1941 13 April Soviet-Japanese Border Wars: A Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact was signed. 22 June Operation Barbarossa: Three million Axis powers of World War IIAxis soldiers invaded the Soviet Union.Lithuanian 1941 independence: The Lithuanian Activist FrontLithuanian Activist Front (LAF) began an uprising against the Soviet government. 24 June Lithuanian 1941 independence: The Lithuanian Activist FrontLAF government took power in Lithuania. 25 June Continuation War: The Soviet Union launched a major air offensive against Finnish targets. 28 June Operation Barbarossa: The Nazi GermanyGermans captured Minsk. 27 July Operation Barbarossa: The Nazi GermanyGerman and Greater RomaniaRomanian armies entered ChiinuKishinev. 21 August Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran: Three Soviet armies invaded Iran from the north. 8 September Siege of Leningrad: The Nazi GermanyGerman army cut the last land tie to Saint PetersburgLeningrad. 17 September Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran: The Soviet and British armed forces met in Tehran. 19 September Operation Barbarossa: Kiev fell to the Nazi GermanyGermans. 2 October Battle of Moscow: Three Nazi GermanyGerman armies began an advance on Moscow. 20 November Siege of Leningrad: The first food was carried into Saint PetersburgLeningrad across the Road of Life on the frozen Lake Ladoga. 5 December Battle of Moscow: The Soviet army launched a counterattack from TverKalinin. 1942 7 January Battle of Moscow: The Soviet counteroffensive ended between sixty and one-hundred fifty miles from Moscow. 21 August Battle of Stalingrad: The Nazi GermanyGerman Luftwaffe began a bombing raid against VolgogradStalingrad. 19 November Operation Uranus: The Soviet army began a pincer movement against the Nazi GermanyGerman forces besieging VolgogradStalingrad. 22 November Operation Uranus: The Nazi GermanyGerman Sixth Army (Germany)Sixth Army was surrounded. 1943 12 January Operation Spark (1943): The Soviet army launched a military offensive to break the Siege of Leningrad. 18 January Operation Spark (1943): The meeting of the Leningrad Military DistrictLeningrad and Volkhov Front units opened a land corridor to Leningrad. 2 February Battle of Stalingrad: The Nazi GermanyGerman Sixth Army (Germany)Sixth Army surrendered. 15 May The Comintern was dissolved. 8

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Timeline of Russian history September Joseph StalinStalin allowed a Russian Orthodox Churchchurch council, which unanimously elected Patriarch Sergius I of MoscowSergius to the Patriarchate of Moscow. 6 November The Russians recaptured Kiev. 1944 6 January The Red Army crossed into Polish areas annexed by Nazi GermanyPoland. 27 January Siege of Leningrad: The last Nazi GermanyGerman forces were expelled from the city. 15 May Patriarch Sergius I of MoscowSergius died. 21 July The CommunismCommunist Polish Committee of National LiberationLublin Government of Polish areas annexed by Nazi GermanyPoland was established. 1 August Warsaw Uprising: The Polish Secret StatePolish Armia KrajowaHome Army began an attack on German forces in Warsaw. 22 August Warsaw Uprising: Joseph StalinStalin denied the Allies of World War IIAllies use of his landing strips to supply aid to the insurgents. 23 August Michael I of Romania led a coup against the military dictatorship of Ion Antonescu. 31 August Soviet occupation of Romania: The Red Army captured Bucharest. 12 September Greater RomaniaRomania signed an armistice with the Allies, placing itself under the command of an Allied Commission led by Marshal of the Soviet Union Rodion Malinovsky. 19 September Continuation War: The Moscow Armistice was signed, ending the war at roughly the prewar borders. 21 September Soviet and CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovak partisan armed forces entered Nazi GermanyGerman-occupied Czechoslovakia. 2 October Warsaw Uprising: The leader of the Uprising signed a surrender agreement. 14 November The Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia was established in Prague. 31 December The Provisional Government of the Republic of PolandProvisional Government of the Republic of Poland (RTRP), which incorporated token non-CommunismCommunists into the preexisting Polish Committee of National LiberationLublin Government, was established. 1945 17 January The Soviet Union captured Warsaw. 18 January The Soviet Union captured Budapest. 2 February Patriarch Alexius IAlexius I was elected Patriarch of Moscow. 11 February The Soviet Union gained the right to Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands at the Yalta Conference 6 March Greater RomaniaRomanian Prime Minister of RomaniaPrime Minister Nicolae Rdescu was forced to resign his office to Petru Groza of the Ploughmen's Front. 4 April The government of the Czechoslovakia: 1945-1948Third Czechoslovakian Republic was established in Koice. 20 April Battle of Berlin: The Soviet army began shelling Berlin. 21 April The Provisional Government of the Republic of PolandRTRP cede