wildlife seminar presentation...

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Introduction: Sirenia

�  Classification ¡  Order: Sirenia

÷ Family: Dugongidae ¢  Dugong dugon

÷ Family: Trichechidae ¢  Trichechus inunguis ¢  Trichechus senegalensis ¢  Trichechus manatus

•  Trichechus manatus latirostris •  Trichechus manatus manatus

(Domning and Hayek 1986, Stewart et al. 2002)

Geographic Range and Habitat

�  Range ¡  Sirenia

÷ Antillean manatee ÷ Florida manatee

�  Habitat ¡  Antillean manatee ¡  Florida manatee

(Mignucci-Giannoni 1989, Powell et al. 1981, Rathbun et al. 1985)

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Feeding Behavior

�  Aquatic vegetation (Primarily Sea grass)

�  Water Depths=2.0 m ¡  Florida

÷ H. wrightii and S. filiforme preferred ÷ Less specialized sea grass eaters

¡  Antillean ÷ H. wrightii preferred ÷ More specialized sea grass eaters

(Lefebvre et al. 1999, Longieliere 1994, Odell 1982, Powell 1978, Reynolds 1981, Smith 1993, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KZ8aWEsCbsc)

Halodule wrightii (Cuban shoal grass)

Syringodium filiforme (Manatee grass)

Thalassia testudinum (Turtle grass)

Justification for Research

� Status ¡  Endangered ¡  Less than 200 individuals (PR: 2011) ¡  Around 6,000 individuals (FL: Feb

2015)

� Manatee Mortalities (2015) ¡  Majority Undetermined ¡  Boat Strike ¡  Illness

(Lefebvre et al. 1989, Lefebvre et al. 2001, www.iuncredlist.org, http://www.fws.gov/caribbean/PDF/SARPuertoRicoStock.pdf, http://myfwc.com/research/manatee/research/population-monitoring/synoptic-surveys/, http://myfwc.com/research/manatee/rescue-mortality-response/mortality-statistics/)

Research Objectives

�  Question: Do the Antillean manatee and the Florida manatee have the same internal parasites? 1.  Survey parasites in Florida manatees 2.  Survey parasites in Antillean manatees 3.  Compare the parasites from manatees from

Florida manatees against the parasites from Antillean manatees

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Methods

�  Collections ¡  Puerto Rico

÷ Fecals opportunistically collected on necropsy of stranded manatees ¡  Florida

÷ Fecals collected during health assessment surveys

�  Diagnostics ¡  Fecal Centrifugal Flotation ¡  Fecal Ethyl Acetate Sedimentation

(Dryden 2005, Sindberg 2013)

Results: Florida Manatees

Animal ** Trematoda (Flukes) Nematoda (Roundworms) Protozoa Other

CPH 15-‐11

Chiorchis fabaceus Heterocheilus tunicatus

Eimeria manatus 2 UnidenCfied Parasite Eggs

Nudacotyle undicola Eimeria nodulosa

CPH 15-‐12

Chiorchis fabaceus Heterocheilus tunicatus

Eimeria manatus 1 UnidenCfied Parasite Egg


**This project is on-going, only 2 Florida Manatees sampled to date

Chiorchis fabaceus 20x Nudacotyle undicola 10x H. tunicatus 20x

**This project is on-going, only 3 Antillean manatees sampled to date

Results: Antillean Manatee

Animal** Trematoda (Flukes) Nematoda (Roundworms) Protozoa

NEPST 953

Pulmonicola cochleotrema

Heterocheilus tunicatus

Eimeria manatus


Chiorchis groscha9i

NEPST 954


Heterocheilus tunicatus Eimeria manatus Nudacotyle undicola

Chiorchis groscha9i

NEPST 958


None seen Eimeria manatus Nudacotyle undicola

Chiorchis groscha9i

Chiorchis groschafti 40x

Nudacotyle undicola 40x

Heterocheilus tunicatus 20x Pulmonicola cochleotrema 40x Eimeria nodulosa 40x

Eimeria manatus 40x

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Results Compared

�  Florida ¡  C. fabaceus

�  Antillean ¡  C. groschafti ¡  P. cochleotrema

�  Shared ¡  N. undicola ¡  H. tunicatus ¡  E. manatus ¡  E. nodulosa

P. cochleotrema 20x

N. undicola 40x

C. groschafti 20x

C. fabaceus 20x

Manatee DH Ingests Infective

stage

Eggs passed in Feces

Miracidium hatches and

seeks IH

Miracidium penetrates Snail/

Mollusc IH

Cercariae develop within

IH

Cercariae Encysts on

Aquatic Vegetation

Nares/LungsColon

-S.I.

Cercariae penetrate 2nd

IH

Results

(Bando et al. 2014, Jones et al. 2005)

Results

�  Nematoda ¡  Heterocheilus tunicatus

÷ Stomach and S.I. Manatee DH sheds eggs in

feces

Eggs Larvate to L3

L3 is ingested by manatee either in IH, larvated egg, or freeswiming

?

Heterocheilus tunicatus Photo courtesy of Cathy Beck USGS

(Sprent 1983)

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Results

�  Protozoa ¡  Eimeria manatus ¡  Eimeria nodulosa

Manatee DH

Shed Oocysts

Oocysts sporulate in environment

Manatee ingests sporulated

oocyst

(Upton et al. 1989)

Discussion

�  Florida Manatee

(Beck and Forrester 1988, Upton et al. 1989)

Apicomplexa Eimeria manatus Eimeria nodulosa

Chiorchis groschafti Bando et al. 2014

Pulmonicola

Discussion

�  Antillean manatee

�  Nudacotyle undicola S.I. Dailey et al. 1988 �  Moniligerum blairi S.I. Dailey et al. 1988

(Beck and Forrester 1988, Coy-Otero 1989, Dailey et al. 1988, )

**First Report of both Eimeria spp. in Antillean manatee populations

Chiorchis groschafti Coy-Otero 1989

Pulmonicola

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Implications of Results

�  Baseline Data �  Aid Conservation �  Manatee Behavior between populations

�  Future studies should concentrate on the pathogenicity

of manatee parasites (is it part of the ‘undetermined’ manatee mortalities?)

�  Future studies should focus on life cycles of these parasites

�  Future studies should also focus on the egg stages with good descriptions for reference

Future Studies

(Bando et al. 2014)

Acknowledgements

�  Aly Chapman �  Dr. Bob Bonde

(USGS) �  Carly Riviera & Dr.

Mignucci (MCC) �  Dr. Cathy Beck

(USGS) �  Committee

¡  Dr. Chunlei Su ¡  Dr. Rick Gerhold ¡  Dr. Debra Miller

Chiorchis fabaceus egg 20x

References

Bando, Monica, Iskande V. Larkin, Scott D. Wright, and Ellis C. Greiner. “Diagnostic Stages of the Parasites of the Florida Manatee, Trichechus Manatus Latirostris.” The Journal of Parasitology 100, no. 1 (February 2014): 133–38. doi:10.1645/13-206.1.

Beck, C. A. and D. J. Forrester. “Helminths of the Florida Manatee, Trichechus Manatus Latirostris, with a Discussion and Summary of the Parasites of Sirenians.” The Journal of Parasitology 74, no. 4 (August 1988): 628–37.

Coy-Otero, A. 1989. Una nueva especie de trematodo del genero Chiorchis (Diplodiscidae),un parasite del manati Trichechus manatus (Sirenia)de Cuba. Poeyana (Institute de Zoologfa, Academia de Ciencias de Cuba) 378:1-4.

Dailey, Murray D., Wolfgang Vogelbein, and Donald J. Forrester. “Moniligerum Blairi N. G., N. Sp. and Nudacotyle Undicola N. Sp. (Trematoda: Digenea) from the West Indian Manatee, Trichechus Manatus L.” Systematic Parasitology 11, no. 2 (March 1988): 159–63. doi:10.1007/BF00012266.

Domning, D.P. and L.C. Hayek. 1986. Interspecific and intraspecific morphological variation in manatees (Sirenia: Trichechus). Mar.Mamm.Sci. 2:87-144. Dryden, M.W., PA Payne, R. Ridley, V. Smith. 2005. “Comparison of common fecal flotation techniques for the recovery of parasite eggs and oocysts. Veterinary Therapeutics V. 6 no. 1:

15-28. Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. “Florida Manatee Management Plan.” Tallahassee, FL: Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, December 2007.

http://myfwc.com/media/214332/manatee_mgmt_plan.pdf. Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. 2015. “Manatee Rescue and Mortality Response.”

http://myfwc.com/research/manatee/rescue-mortality-response/mortality-statistics/ Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. 2015. “Manatee Synoptic Surveys.” http://myfwc.com/research/manatee/research/population-monitoring/synoptic-surveys/. Jones, Arlene, Rodney A. Bray, and David I. Gibson. Keys to the Trematoda, Volume 2. First edition. CABI, 2005. Lefebvre, L.W., T.J. O'Shea, G.B. Rathbun and R.C. Best. 1989. Distribution, status, and biogeography of the West Indian manatee. Biogeography of the West Indies, 1989: 567-610. Lefebvre, Lynn W., James P. Reid, W. Judson Kenworthy, and James A. Powell. “Characterizing Manatee Habitat Use and Seagrass Grazing in Florida and Puerto Rico: Implications for

Conservation and Management.” Pacific Conservation Biology 5, no. 4 (January 1, 1999): 289–98. Lefebvre, L.W., M. Marmontel, J.P. Reid, G.B. Rathbun, and D.P. Domning. 2001. Status and biogeography of the West Indian manatee. Pages 425-474 in C.A. Woods and F.E. Sergile,

editors. Biogeography of the West Indies: Patterns and Perspectives. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 582 pp. Longieliere, T.J. 1994. Manatee spatial and temporal distribution between the Sebastian and St. Lucie inlets, Florida, during the winter and spring 1993-1994. Unpublished M.S. thesis.

Florida Institute of Technology; Melbourne, Florida. Mignucci-Giannoni, A. A. 1989. Zoogeography of marine mammals in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Unpublished master's thesis, The University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI. Odell, D.K. 1982. The West Indian manatee, Trichechus manatus Linnaeus. Pages 828- 837 in J.A. Chapman and G.A. Feldhamer, eds. Wild mammals of North America. John Hopkins

University Press; Baltimore, Maryland. Powell J.A., Jr. 1978. Evidence of carnivory in manatees (Trichechus manatus). Journal of Mammalogy 59(2): 442. Powell. J. A., D.W. Belitsky, and G.B. Rathbun. 1981. Status of the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus) in Puerto Rico. J. Mamm. 62: 642-646. Rathbun, G. B. N. Carr, T. Carr, and C.A. Woods. 1985. The distribution of manatees and sea turtles in Puerto Rico, with emphasis on Roosevelt Roads Naval Station. NTIS PB 85-

151847 AS. Springfield, VA. 83 pp. Reynolds, J.E. 1979. Internal and external morphology of the manatee (sea cow). The Anatomical Record 193 (3): 663. Reynolds, J.E., III. 1981. Behavior patterns in the West Indian manatee, with emphasis on feeding and diving. Florida Scientist 44(4): 233-241. Smith, K.N. 1993. Manatee habitat and human-related threats to seagrass in Florida: A review. Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Marine Resources; Tallahassee,

Florida. Stewart, Brent S., Phillip J. Clapham, James A. Powell, and Randall R. Reeves. National Audubon Society Guide to Marine Mammals of the World. 1 edition. New York: Knopf, 2002 Upton, Steve J., Daniel K. Odell, Gregory D. Bossart, and Michael T. Walsh. “Description of the Oocysts of Two New Species of Eimeria (Apicomplexa: Eimerüdae) from the Florida

Manatee, Trichechus Manatus (Sirenia: Trichechidae).” The Journal of Protozoology 36, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 87–90. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1989.tb02715.x. US Fish and Wildlife Service. “West Indian Manatee: Multi-Species Recovery Plan for South Florida.” Recovery Plan. South Florida, May 1999.

http://www.fws.gov/verobeach/MSRPPDFs/WestIndianManatee.pdf. US Fish and Wildlife Service. “Stock Assessment Report: West Indian Manatee: Puerto Rico Stock.” Boqueron, Puerto Rico: US Fish and Wildlife Service, Caribbean Ecological Services

Field Office, 2013. http://www.fws.gov/caribbean/PDF/SARPuertoRicoStock.pdf. www.iuncredlist.org

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Image References

�  http://www.xavier.edu/manateeresearch/images/distribution%20map2.JPG �  https://www.usanpn.org/files/shared/maps/Trichechus_manatus_map.png �  http://cdn2.arkive.org/media/A2/A27CBCA2-13D6-4863-B3D5-B3947EFC5ABD/Presentation.Large/Antillean-

manatee-in-habitat.jpg �  http://www.nhptv.org/wild/images/manatee7.jpg �  http://www.danintranet.org/storymedia/3160.jpg �  http://www.oceanwideimages.com/images/9276/large/florida-manatee-45M1444-01.jpg �  https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/27/a9/b7/27a9b7547f9c67c3f155e1fac67915d1.jpg �  http://www8.nos.noaa.gov/onms/Park/images/Creature_Images/640.jpg �  https://c1.staticflickr.com/1/21/119455074_5a8f5b27cf.jpg �  http://biogeodb.stri.si.edu/bioinformatics/dfm/metas/view/37094 �  http://fl.biology.usgs.gov/posters/Manatee/Photo_ID_Database/id2a.jpg �  https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Trematode_lifecycle_stages.png/400px-

Trematode_lifecycle_stages.png �  https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Fascioloides_magna_cercariae.jpg �  http://jama.jamanetwork.com/data/journals/jama/4854/m_jmn20092f2.jpeg �  http://www.thelifetree.com/images/roundworms06.jpg

Questions?

Heidi Wyrosdick [email protected]

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