bovesfwf.ag.utk.edu/mgray/wfs512/seminarfa11/boves.pdf10/31/2011 1 than j. boves department of...

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10/31/2011 1 Than J. Boves Department of Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries University of Tennessee, Knoxville 26 October 2011 12:20 PM, PBB 160 Theory of honest signals to provide reliable information about the quality of an individual (Darwin 1871 , Andersson 1994) Typically males display and compete; females choose Males of many species display multiple plumage ornaments (Møller and Pomianski 1993) 1) Send multiple messages (about different qualities), 2) Send redundant messages (about overall quality), or 3) Because females simply prefer some plumage traits (via runaway selection) (via runaway selection) Several mechanisms may allow for multiple messages: a) Plumage ornaments of different metabolic origin may reflect different intrinsic (production) or extrinsic (social) costs to the individual (Searcy and Nowicki 2005) b) Environmental/habitat contingency; environmental conditions may render some signals more effective (Roulin et al. 2008)

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Page 1: Bovesfwf.ag.utk.edu/mgray/wfs512/SeminarFA11/Boves.pdf10/31/2011 1 Than J. Boves Department of 12:20Forestry,Wildlife, and Fisheries University ofTennessee, Knoxville 26October 2011

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Than J. BovesDepartment of Forestry, Wildlife, and FisheriesUniversity of Tennessee, Knoxville

26 October 201112:20 PM, PBB 160

Theory of honest signals –to provide reliable information about the quality of an individual q y(Darwin  1871 , Andersson 1994)

Typically males display and compete; females choose

Males of many species display multiple plumage ornaments (Møller and Pomianski 1993)

1) Send multiple messages (about different qualities),

2) Send redundant messages (about overall quality), or

3) Because females simply prefer some plumage traits (via runaway selection)(via runaway selection)

Several mechanisms may allow for multiple messages:

a) Plumage ornaments of different metabolic origin may reflect different intrinsic (production) or extrinsic (social) costs to the individual (Searcy and Nowicki 2005)

b) Environmental/habitat contingency; environmental conditions may render some signals more effective(Roulin et al. 2008)

Page 2: Bovesfwf.ag.utk.edu/mgray/wfs512/SeminarFA11/Boves.pdf10/31/2011 1 Than J. Boves Department of 12:20Forestry,Wildlife, and Fisheries University ofTennessee, Knoxville 26October 2011

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Any phenotypic or genotypic trait directly related to individual fitness (i.e., survival or reproduction) (Wilson and Nussey 2010)( y )

Measures of individual quality could include:

Body condition Foraging ability # of fledglings produced Immunocompetance Age/survival 

Can be created by pigments, physical structure, or a combination (Hill and McGraw 2006)

Carotenoids – producereds, yellows, and greens

Melanins – produce black, gray, brown, buff, and some yellows

Structural – produce blues, some greens, iridescence and glossiness (and whites)

May signal quality in relation to:

1) Size of feather patch (Senar 2006)

2) Color variables of feather patch ( 6)(Montgomerie 2006)

a) Brightness –Total reflectance 

b) Hue –Wavelength of peak reflectance

c) Chroma – Proportion of reflectance located in a specific region (e.g., Blue‐Green) of the color spectrum 

10

15

20

25

30

300 330 360 390 420 450 480 510 540 570 600 630 660 690

% R

efle

ctan

ce

Wavelength (nm)

Hue

Chroma

Brightness

UV

Page 3: Bovesfwf.ag.utk.edu/mgray/wfs512/SeminarFA11/Boves.pdf10/31/2011 1 Than J. Boves Department of 12:20Forestry,Wildlife, and Fisheries University ofTennessee, Knoxville 26October 2011

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Page 4: Bovesfwf.ag.utk.edu/mgray/wfs512/SeminarFA11/Boves.pdf10/31/2011 1 Than J. Boves Department of 12:20Forestry,Wildlife, and Fisheries University ofTennessee, Knoxville 26October 2011

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1) Do Cerulean Warbler plumage ornaments act as honest indicators of quality? If so, do they send multiple messages or redundant messages? 

2) Does habitat heterogeneity impact information content of ornaments (and if so, how)?

3) Do birds that display differential elaboration of plumage ornaments inhabit different habitats?

Canopy‐dwelling species with unique plumage which occupies unique light environment (Théry 2006)

Assessed three potential plumage ornaments of different metabolic origin

Evaluated relationship between habitat conditions and signaling system 

Page 5: Bovesfwf.ag.utk.edu/mgray/wfs512/SeminarFA11/Boves.pdf10/31/2011 1 Than J. Boves Department of 12:20Forestry,Wildlife, and Fisheries University ofTennessee, Knoxville 26October 2011

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Page 6: Bovesfwf.ag.utk.edu/mgray/wfs512/SeminarFA11/Boves.pdf10/31/2011 1 Than J. Boves Department of 12:20Forestry,Wildlife, and Fisheries University ofTennessee, Knoxville 26October 2011

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ImageJ software –Free from NIH

Plumage (Response variables): Crown and rump blue-green (435 – 534 nm) hue and

chroma Breast band width Tail whiteTail white

vs. Quality measures (Predictors): Age (SY vs. ASY) - ANOVA Current body condition (body mass) Condition at molt (via ptilochronology) Parental ability (feeding rate/hr/nestling)

and Habitat characteristics (basal area)

Multiple regression

Page 7: Bovesfwf.ag.utk.edu/mgray/wfs512/SeminarFA11/Boves.pdf10/31/2011 1 Than J. Boves Department of 12:20Forestry,Wildlife, and Fisheries University ofTennessee, Knoxville 26October 2011

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All plumage ornaments signaled age (SY vs. ASY)

25

SY

ASY

Rump

25

30

SY

ASY

Crown

10

15

20

300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700

% R

efle

ctan

ce

Wavelength (nm)

BG hue and chroma; ANOVA, P < 0.001

10

15

20

25

300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700

% R

efle

ctan

ce

Wavelength (nm)

BG chroma; ANOVA, P = 0.03

BG hue; ANOVA, P = 0.06

dth (mm)

SY ASY ANOVA; F1,53 = 11.4, P = 0.001

Log breast ban

d w

id

Age

%)

SY ASYAge

Tail white  (%

ANOVA; F1,53 = 74.3, P < 0.001

Page 8: Bovesfwf.ag.utk.edu/mgray/wfs512/SeminarFA11/Boves.pdf10/31/2011 1 Than J. Boves Department of 12:20Forestry,Wildlife, and Fisheries University ofTennessee, Knoxville 26October 2011

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510

520

530

(nm

)

SY ASY

R² = 0.2026

460

470

480

490

500

0 1 2 3 4 5

Ru

mp

BG

hu

e (

Feeding visits/hr/nestling

Controlled for age, year F1,20 = 2.80, P = 0.008

R² = 0.3234

0.19

0.21

0.23

0.25SY ASY

0.07

0.09

0.11

0.13

0.15

0.17

2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2

Tai

l wh

ite

(%)

Tail growth bar distance (mm)

Controlled for age, year F1,51 = 2.88, P = 0.006

No initial relationship between breast band and any quality measure, however…

Habitat contingent relationship between breast g pband width and body mass (i.e., significant interaction between body mass and basal area) 

Only in moderately‐open habitats did we observe a significant relationship

The most densely populated habitat as well

Page 9: Bovesfwf.ag.utk.edu/mgray/wfs512/SeminarFA11/Boves.pdf10/31/2011 1 Than J. Boves Department of 12:20Forestry,Wildlife, and Fisheries University ofTennessee, Knoxville 26October 2011

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0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

t band w

idth (mm)    

Low BA Med BA High BA

R2 = 0.23P = 0.002

R2 = 0.02P = 0.51

R2 = 0.08P = 0.09

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5

Log breast

Body mass (g)

Eumelanin production regulated by melanocortin system (Roulin and Ducrest 2011)

This system of hormones is also responsible for aggressiveness, competitive ability, and stress response

Melanogenesis is genetically linked to these other traits (pleiotropy)

Elaboration of melanin plumage signals an ability to compete and respond to stress

In high‐density habitats, individuals with smaller breast bands may be challenged by conspecificmales, increasing stress and making it difficult to maintain condition 

R² = 0.2275P = 0.003

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

nd w

idth (mm)

SY ASY

‐0.1

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0 10 20 30 40 50

Log breast ban

BA (m2/ha)

Page 10: Bovesfwf.ag.utk.edu/mgray/wfs512/SeminarFA11/Boves.pdf10/31/2011 1 Than J. Boves Department of 12:20Forestry,Wildlife, and Fisheries University ofTennessee, Knoxville 26October 2011

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Support for redundant and multiple message hypotheses

All plumage ornaments signaled age (to differing extents)

Tail white signaled condition at molt (long‐term quality)

Rump chroma signaled provisioning rate (good parent hypothesis, Møller

and Thornhill 1998)

Breast band width signaled current body condition but ONLY in moderately open habitat, likely related to competitive ability of those birds (related to pleiotropic effects, Roulin and Ducrest 2011)

Birds with larger breast bands distributed non‐randomly; found more often in high‐density, moderately open forest

Dr. Lynn Siefferman (ApSU), Michael Butler and labmates (AzSU)  Committee: Dr. David Buehler (UT), Dr. Pat Keyser (UT), Dr. Todd Freeberg (UT), 

Dr. David Buckley (UT) Funding and support:

Field assistants: E. Boves, P. Massey, D. Raybuck, J. Piispanen, E. Pankuk, A. Langevin, D. Rankin, R. Gaillard, P. Capobianco

Andersson, M. 1994. Sexual selection. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.

Darwin C. 1871. The descent of man and selection in relation to sex.Murray, London, UK.

Ducrest, A.‐L., L. Keller, and A. Roulin. 2008. Pleiotropy in the melanocortin system, coloration and behavioral syndromes. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 23:502–510.

Hill, G. E. and K. J. McGraw, editors. 2006. Bird coloration, vol. 2: function and evolution  Harvard University Press  Cambridge  Massachusetts  USAevolution. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.

Møller, A. P. and A. Pomiankowski. 1993. Why have birds got multiple sexual ornaments? Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 32:167–176.

Møller, A. P. and R. Thornhill. 1998. Male parental care, differential parental investment by females and sexual selection. Animal Behaviour 55:1507—1515.

Roulin, A. and A.‐L. Ducrest. 2011. Association between melanin, physiology, and behaviour: A role for the melanocortin system. European Journal of Pharmacology 660:226–233.

Searcy, W. A. and S. Nowicki. 2005. The evolution of animal communication: reliability and deception in signaling systems. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, USA.

Senar, J. C. 2006. Color displays as intrasexual signals of aggression and dominance.inG. E. Hill and K. J. McGraw, editors. Bird coloration, vol. 2: function and evolution. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.

Wilson, A. J. and D. H. Nussey. 2010. What is individual quality? An evolutionary perspective. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 1197:1–8.

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