1

Matthew Steenhoek

UAP 5234: Urban Economy and Public Policy

Assignment 1 - Revised

Wilmington, Delaware

Located at the confluence of the Brandywine Creek and Christina River, just off

the Delaware River, is the City of Wilmington. At ten square miles and a population of

72,826, it is the largest in the State of Delaware. This accounted for just 8.5 percent of

Delaware’s total population (U.S. Census Bureau, 2006). Still, despite its small size and

proportion of the total population, Wilmington has proven to be the economic center of

Delaware.

Wilmington is located in New Castle County, the northernmost of Delaware’s

three counties. It is part of the Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE

Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Wilmington, DE-MD-NJ Metropolitan Division.

Located centrally between several of the largest metropolitan areas on the east coast,

Wilmington is easily accessible to forty percent of the US population (Delaware

Economic Development Office [DEDO], 2008). This provides a competitive advantage

over many east coast cities.

Highway I-95 provides convenient access from Wilmington to Philadelphia to the

north and Baltimore/DC to the south. The greater New Jersey/New York/New England

area is connected to Wilmington via I-295. Wilmington is also a stop on the CSX rail

line, which provides a connection from Miami to New England as well as Pittsburg and

Chicago (DEDO, 2008). In addition to the cargo rail service offered by CSX, Amtrak has

2

seven passenger rail lines that pass through Wilmington and facilitate passenger travel

around the country. The Port of Wilmington provides a full-service deepwater port and

marine terminal that acts as a major international import and export hub. Further

increasing its accessibility, Wilmington is approximately twenty miles from Philadelphia

International Airport and only a few miles from local New Castle Airport.

Wilmington’s primary city government is composed of a Mayor and thirteen-

member council, all of which are elected on four-year terms. Though the city was

originally divided into twelve wards, this system has since been replaced by an eight

district system (Hoffecker, 1974; City of Wilmington, DE, 2009).

The Population growth trend in the City of Wilmington over the period from

1970-2000 was a 9.4 percent decline. At the same time, the suburbs of Wilmington1

grew by over 145,000 people, an increase of 43.5 percent (U.S. Department of Housing

and Urban Development [HUD], 2007). In the years since 2000, the City of Wilmington

has experienced a negligible increase in population and this trend is projected to continue

for the foreseeable future, see Chart 1. The racial distribution of Wilmington’s

population is shown below in Table 1. According to the 2007 American Community

Survey (2007), the City of Wilmington has educational attainment levels that are near

national averages. Wilmington residents in 2007 had a median household income (MHI)

of just under sixty thousand dollars. This is eighteen percent higher than National MHI,

and seven percent higher than the statewide MHI for 2007 (U.S. Census Bureau, 2007b).

1 defined as the Wilmington-Newark, DE-MD PMSA less the population of the City of Newark

3

Table 1

Chart 1

Economically, Wilmington has been shaped over the past 371 years by a number

of factors: key geographical advantages, pioneering industrial and corporate

entrepreneurs, and landmark pieces of legislation. The strategic location of the city, at

the intersection of two rivers, was chosen by its settlers in the 1600’s, and ultimately

provided the backbone for a strong industrial city ripe in manufacturing and

import/export capacity. The DuPont family’s entrepreneurial ventures and commitment

to the city helped first to grow the industrial city and later to develop Wilmington’s rich

4

agglomeration economy with a specialty in chemical and pharmaceutical research and

development (R&D). Finally, the passing of Financial Center Development Act in 1981

and the business friendly terms of incorporation in Delaware have made Wilmington the

“Corporate Capital of the World,” with more than 61 percent of all Fortune 500

companies incorporated in Delaware (Rhodes, 2007).

EARLY SETTLEMENT & DEVELOPMENT OF WILMINGTON

A look back at Wilmington’s history starts with the original inhabitants of the

Delmarva Peninsula,2 the Lenni Lenape (Waslager, 1943).European settlement along the

Delaware River began in 1638, when the Swedes landed in present day Wilmington and

built Fort Christina. The Dutch claimed the area in 1655 in order to protect the rich trade

of beaver pelts that the location facilitated. Power changed hands numerous times in the

following years ending with rule by the English in 1674 (Hoffecker, 1974).

The borough of Wilmington was founded by Thomas Willing in 1731; then

known as Willingtown. Willing laid the city streets out on grid modeled after

Philadelphia. The city began to gain the interest of outside investors, namely William

Shipley of Pennsylvania, who invested heavily in Wilmington and helped to spur its

position in the regional economy (Ferris, 1846).

INDUSTRIAL GROWTH OF THE CITY

With access to the Brandywine Creek and Christina River and adjacency to fertile

farmland producing wheat, the surrounding area enabled an industry of merchant millers

to evolve in Wilmington. The Brandywine Creek had significant waterpower and was

navigable, providing the milling industry with an absolute advantage by providing both

resource and locational advantages. These key advantages led to the development of a

2 Delaware, Maryland, Virginia Peninsula on which present day Wilmington sits

5

localization economy that clustered sixteen wheat mills along the Brandywine. Area

farmers developed the roads in and out of Wilmington to facilitate the transportation of

wheat. Related industries, including barrel making and ship building, clustered around

the mills for convenience. The ideal conditions provided by the Brandywine sparked the

development of six sawmills and a paper mill before the end of the 1700’s (Hoffecker,

1983).

During the first half of the 19th century, the flower milling industry in the region

saw significant decline due to exhaustion of the local soil, crop damages, and more

productive farms further west. However, as this milling industry declined, another

industry gained prominence. In 1802, the DuPont Company pioneered the construction of

powder mills along the Brandywine. The DuPont mills continued to grow and prosper in

this location; by the 1830’s the mills were the largest of their kind in the US (Hoffecker,

1983). The powder mills helped to carry Wilmington after the decline of the flower

milling industry and flourished during the Civil War (City of Wilmington, DE [CWDE],

2009). Despite this economic success, the full impacts of the DuPont Company on

Wilmington’s economy would not be felt until the early twentieth century.

The 1837, introduction of the steam engine by the Philadelphia, Wilmington, &

Baltimore Railroad fundamentally changed Wilmington’s economy. The local industries

were no longer constrained to Wilmington’s streams, and new industrial growth was

focused in the area between the railroad and the Christina River, creating a prime strip of

industrial land where complimentary industries could prosper. Other factor’s that

contributed to Wilmington’s industrial growth were the capital and industrially skilled

labor supply available from the milling industry as well as the convenient access to the

6

coal and iron ore coming from Pennsylvania via daily river barges. The reinvestment in

Wilmington’s industry by the area mill owners kept control and profits in the city

(Hoffecker, 1974).

Several other industries developed under these favorable economic conditions as

well, including foundry work, tanning, and carriage making. The most dominant

industries however, in terms of both employment and investment, were railroad-car and

ship construction. The combination of location and transportation advantages, capital

investments, access to raw materials, and a skilled labor pool created a comparative

advantage for Wilmington and an economic environment that was cheaper to operate

within than larger cities such as New York and Philadelphia (Hoffecker, 1974).

The industries that developed in Wilmington also benefited from the urbanization

economies of the surrounding industries which produced goods used in each others

production. Between 1830 and 1910, this economic boom helped increase Wilmington’s

population from four to seventy thousand residents (Hoffecker, 1983). Wilmington’s

industrial economy prospered during both World Wars supporting vital industries of

shipyards, steel foundries, and machinery (CWDE, 2009).

The trade routes created by the farmers were developed into paved turnpikes in

the early nineteenth century in an effort to increase the city’s market for wheat and other

produce. These routes were eventually converted to horsecar lines, the first in 1864, and

in the 1880’s they became streetcar lines. With this, Wilmington’s well-heeled began the

exodus from the center city. The development of streetcar suburbs continued as further

routes were developed (Hoffecker, 1983).

7

WILMINGTON’S MODERN ECONOMY

The industrial clusters that define Delaware’s economy (financial services,

chemistry & advanced materials, automotive manufacturing, biotechnology & life

sciences, health sciences, and tourism industry) can largely3 be defined by the growth of

Wilmington in the twentieth century (DEDO, 2008). As of 2006, four of the top ten

largest employers in Delaware (Bank of America, E.I. DuPont, J.P. Morgan Chase & Co.,

AstraZeneca) are in either the Financial Services or Pharmaceuticals and Chemical

Research and Development and headquartered in Wilmington. A combination of growth

in both the chemical/pharmaceutical and financial industries has given Wilmington

parallel localization economies as its economic engine. The importance of these

Wilmington-based industries on the state’s employment base is demonstrated by Table 2

below. Wilmington is truly the economic engine of Delaware.

Table 2

3 the financial services cluster is tied to the Financial Center Development Act of 1981. The chemistry,

manufacturing, and sciences clusters can all be related back to the growth of the DuPont Company as a

leader in scientific research and development. The tourism industry cluster, which is fueled by the beaches

in southern Delaware, is the exception to the rule

8

A review of the top fifteen 6-digit NAICS codes for 2008 in New Castle County,

DE further reflects the dominance of the credit card, banking, & financial, chemical

research and manufacturing, and holding companies industries in the local economy. See

Table 3 below demonstrating the high location quotients of these industries.

Table 3

The Finance and Insurance cluster is the most prominently represented in New

Castle County, as highlighted by these seven industry sectors: credit card issuing, other

credit intermediation activities, other depository credit intermediation, portfolio

management, trusts, estates, and agency accounts, savings institutions, and financial

transaction processing and clearing. The agglomeration economy present in New Castle

County in this industry is tied to the favorable banking laws in Delaware and the resultant

concentration of banking headquarters in Wilmington.

A specialization in chemical research and manufacturing is also evident based

upon the high location quotients shown in Table 3. Industrial gas manufacturing,

nonpacking plastics film and sheet manufacturing, plastics material and resin

9

manufacturing, and physical, engineering and biological research exhibit this

specialization in New Castle County. The strong presence of these industries is due

primarily to the DuPont Company, its subsequent spin-off companies, and the reputation

of the University of Delaware as a nationally ranked chemical engineering research

institution.

The function of the City of Wilmington as the location for corporate headquarters

is demonstrated by the location quotient of 20.49 in New Castle County for offices of

other holding companies. This industry sector is characterized by holding securities for

the purpose of controlling company interests and influencing the corporate decisions of

the firms. Delaware’s favorable laws on corporate structure spur this industry cluster.

The three remaining highly specialized industry clusters from Table 3, not

attributable to the three major industries discussed above, are marine cargo handling,

other spectator sports, and news dealers and newsstands. With the highest amount of

fresh fruit and juice concentrate in the nation, and an import/export capacity of over

100,000 vehicles each year, the Port of Wilmington is the reason for New Castle

County’s high location quotient for marine cargo handling (Port of Wilmington, 2009).

The high location quotient for other spectator sports is likely due to the presence

of Delaware Park, a popular location for horse racing and slots, in nearby Stanton, DE.

Finally, the high location quotient for news dealers and newsstands, is attributable to the

News Journal, leading newspaper in Delaware, with a daily circulation of over 115,000

and is also a print site for USA Today (Delaware Online, 2009).

10

IMPACT OF THE FINANCIAL CENTER DEVELOPMENT ACT

In 1981, the Delaware House of Representatives passed the Financial Center

Development Act. This landmark legislation was designed to entice out-of -state banks

to locate in the Wilmington area by eliminating the cap on interest rates that banks may

legally charge customers. Within thirteen years of passing the legislation, an estimated

40,000 to 60,000 jobs were created, and thirty out-of-state financial institutions with $75

billion in assets had located in Delaware (Mastrul, 1994). A further measure of the

success of this legislation and its impact on the State of Delaware’s balance sheet is the

amount collected by the state in bank franchise taxes. Before the passing of this

legislation approximately three million dollars would be collected annually in bank

franchise taxes. As of fiscal year 2004, this number had increased to over $135 million

(PGS, 2005). Delaware has since passed other business-friendly legislation including the

Consumer Credit Bank Act (1983) and the Bank Insurance Powers Act (1995) to help

maintain its position as the preeminent state for banking operations (Mastrul, 1994;

Rhodes, 2007).

The financial services cluster has a strong presence throughout Delaware and

represents more than one thousand employers statewide (DEDO, 2008). Due to its

centralized east coast location, ease of access, and presence as the State’s primary city,

Wilmington has successfully attracted a number of major financial headquarters and

relies heavily on these institutions as a source of employment and property tax revenue.

The scale of the agglomeration economy centered on credit intermediation and related

11

activities in New Castle County4 can be demonstrated through the location quotients and

employment data on Table 4, below.

Table 4

THE DUPONT FACTOR

In the century after the DuPont Company was founded on the banks of the

Brandywine, it became a leading chemical company in America. DuPont was an early

American pioneer of rationalized corporate organization. This legacy of corporate

business continues to resonate through Wilmington’s economy today and has helped pave

the way towards Wilmington’s business friendly reputation. DuPont has proven to be the

city’s homegrown success story. In 2009, DuPont was ranked 75th

on the Fortune 500

listing and posted revenues in excess of thirty billion dollars. The DuPont Company has

been featured on the Fortune 500 since the inception of the listings in 1955 when the

company ranked as the 10th largest corporation in America with revenues of $1.6 billion..

DuPont has also been ranked consistently as an industry leader; in 2007 the DuPont

Company was the most respected company in the chemical industry (Fortune Magazine,

2009).

4 The significant clustering of Financial Headquarters in the City of Wilmington is driving the location

quotient for New Castle County in this Industry.

12

As the DuPont Company grew, it remained in Wilmington, constructing a large

office downtown in 1906 that is still a landmark today. This decision to stay local and to

increase the research and development activities within the company has continued to

bring new kinds of residents to the city and surrounding area – upper income managers,

scientists, and technicians. The presence of the DuPont Company spawned other

chemical companies and helped to develop a pharmaceutical R&D industry that thrives in

the area today (Hoffecker, 1983; Atkinson & Correa, 2007).

An early impetus for the development of this cluster was the Sherman Anti-Trust

Act of 1912 that created two new companies out of the DuPont Company, Hercules and

Atlas, to help dissipate the dominant trade monopoly on black powder and dynamite that

DuPont had developed. These companies have continued to thrive and grow in and

around Wilmington. In 2007, Hercules5 was the only other Wilmington based

corporation on the Fortune 1000, ranked at number 858. Through a number of mergers

and acquisitions, Atlas has since become London-based AstraZeneca. AstraZeneca is

ranked number 268 of the Global 500 and ranks 7th

globally in the pharmaceutical

industry (Fortune Magazine, 2009). Wilmington is home to AstraZeneca’s US corporate

headquarters and the global headquarters for AstraZeneca’s neuroscience commercial and

research and development areas (Astra-Zeneca, 2009).

Many other national and international chemical and pharmaceutical companies

have a presence in Wilmington, highly technical industries that require a skilled and

educated workforce. In 2007, Delaware had the 15th highest advanced degree attainment

level in the United States and ranked 2nd

only to Connecticut in the number of doctoral

degrees per capita (U.S. Census Bureau, 2007b; Fortune Special Sections, 2002)

5 Hercules was acquired by Ashland, Nov. 13, 2008.

13

Wilmington’s chemical research and development agglomeration economy has

spilled over into the academic realm and has spawned a growing chemical engineering

program at the University of Delaware (UD), located in the nearby city of Newark. The

University’s graduate chemical engineering program is ranked 9th

in the nation and has

annual research expenditures in excess of eight million dollars (U.S. News and World

Report, 2009; University of Delaware, 2009). The UD has a strong relationship with the

DuPont Company, which offers a number of grants and fellowships. Recently, a joint

research team between DuPont and UD was awarded $12.2 million dollars for the

development of a more efficient solar cell (Green Energy News, 2007).

Significant patent activity has developed around Wilmington’s chemical and

pharmaceutical research and development cluster. The DuPont Company, AstraZeneca,

and the University of Delaware are featured in the listing of Delaware’s top patent

grantees, see Table 5 below. Based on volume of patents granted nationally between

2004 and 2008, the DuPont and AstraZeneca companies rank 5th

and 177th

, respectively.

The University of Delaware is a nationally leading research university with more than

two hundred utility patents being granted since 1969 (U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.

2009). This focus on scientific R&D can be further demonstrated through the location

quotient of 3.44 for New Castle Country in NAICS 54171: Physical, engineering and

biological research which employs more than four thousand people (U.S. Bureau of

Labor and Statistics, 2008).

14

Table 5

“THE CORPORATE CAPITAL OF THE WORLD”

In dealing with corporate disputes since the DuPont Companies introduction of

the modern corporate business structure, the rulings of the Delaware Chancery Court

have become the international standard for corporate law. The Delaware corporate legal

climate has a reputation for being consistent, fair, and expeditious. This has served as an

important factor that causes companies to choose to incorporate in Delaware (Fortune

Special Sections, 2002).

However, a favorable legal climate is not the only factor that attracts corporations

to Delaware. Delaware also boasts a favorable tax climate with a corporate tax rate of

only 8.7% on net income and no sales tax or equipment tax (Fortune Special Sections,

2002). To further the goal of attracting companies to incorporate in Delaware the state

has developed a streamlined system that minimizes barriers to entry with low fees and

annual costs, flexible options for corporate structure, and no minimal capital

requirements. This combination of convenience, flexibility, affordability, and

predictability has been extremely successful for Delaware. Over three-hundred thousand

companies are incorporated in Delaware, including more than sixty-percent of all Fortune

15

500 companies. The combination of these unique economic factors has given Wilmington

the nick-name, “Corporate Capital of the World”, and add up to the “Delaware

Advantage” (Rhodes, 2007).

The State of Delaware and City of Wilmington have instituted numerous tax

incentives designed to keep existing businesses and entice new companies and industries

to the area (DEDO, 2008). Delaware’s incentives include tax reductions and credits for

target industries such as scientific R&D, credit reporting services, and telecommunication

services, significant business expansion, the development of “green” industries,

brownfield redevelopment, development in targeted areas, and public utility tax rebates

(Select Greater Philadelphia, 2007).

Wilmington offers a tax incentive package aimed at creating additional jobs and

redeveloping targeted areas of the city. These programs include real property tax

exemptions for business that create 1,500 or more new full time positions, “head” tax

waivers for business that bring over 100 new employees to the city, tax exempt bond

financing for businesses, brownfield redevelopment tax credits, and real property tax

abatement for businesses in the Christina Gateway area (City of Wilmington, 2009). The

growth of new companies in Delaware while retaining existing companies is vital to both

Wilmington’s and Delaware’s economy.

The State of Delaware relies on corporate taxes and fees for one third of its total

revenue, which amounts to more than $1.6 billion and is the single highest revenue

category for the State, see Chart 2 below. This income is the lifeline of Delaware and is

vulnerable to the effects of corporate relocations due to mergers, aggressive legislative

16

measures by other states vying to be seen as business friendly, and the potential for

federalized corporate law (Rhodes, 2007).

Chart 2

Source: Delaware Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, FY 2008

As the major urban center of Delaware, Wilmington plays a critical roll in the

state’s economy. Property and Income Tax represent sixty percent of the City’s annual

revenue, see Chart 3. The headquarters of Bank of America, DuPont, and Hercules

provided a significant portion of Wilmington’s property tax revenue in 2008 (Department

of Finance, 2008). Wilmington has also enacted an Earned Income Tax of 1.25% on all

wage earners that work or conduct business in the city, regardless of place of residence.

This tax helps to close the gap created by workers that commute to work in the city but

reside outside of it. The revenue from this tax goes towards city services that are aimed

at strengthening neighborhoods, increasing safety, and stimulating economic activity, see

Chart 2. Understandably, Wilmington’s tax incentive programs focus both on bringing

headquarters buildings to Wilmington and on creating jobs within the city.

17

The strength of Wilmington and of Delaware as a state are closely linked. Favorable

state tax and corporate structures are required to attract major corporations and a highly

visible and connected city that facilitates urbanization economies is required to convince

them to stay.

Chart 3

Source: City of Wilmington, Delaware Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, FY 2008

FUTURE PROJECTIONS

In May of 2004, the Wilmington Department of Planning issued the “Visions for

Wilmington” which laid out the future of development focus areas in Wilmington. These

visions represent the fulfillment of the city’s slogan “A Place to Be Somebody”. In order

to achieve these grand visions the city must take significant strides.

A number of groups have been formed by the City of Wilmington and local

businesses to help Wilmington grow: Wilmington Downtown BID, Downtown Visions,

the Riverfront Development Corporation, and Wilmington Renaissance Corporation. The

mission of these groups is to bring more development to Wilmington and to create an

environment that is clean, safe, and attractive. Efforts by these groups include the

creation of multiple musical festivals across the city, a farmer’s market in Rodney

Square, streetscape enhancements, and outdoor street entertainment. These measures

18

designed to increase the relative utility of the city will be critical to the recognition of the

city’s many development goals.

Delaware must continue to act aggressively to maintain its reputation as the

preeminent state for business and work to protect itself from the vulnerabilities discussed

above. Further, Wilmington must actively pursue companies that are considering

relocation to Delaware, while taking measures aimed at retaining existing corporations.

Additionally, the city should consider legislative incentives (creation of TDR receiving

zones, TIF financing programs, property tax breaks, zoning revisions, etc.) and

infrastructure investments to help spur residential, retail, and cultural real estate

development in concert with its expansion of the office sector. Increased quality of life

and high quality development, brought about by these changes, will enhance the city’s

ability to counteract the stagnant growth patterns that have been projected. Lawmaker’s

in Wilmington should to continue to make the city more attractive to the “live” and

“play” components of the classic mixed-use “live-work-play” paradigm while

simultaneously maintaining its reputation as the “Corporate Capital of the World”.

19

References

American Community Survey. (2007). 2005-2007 American Community Survey 3-Year

Estimates. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved from: http://factfinder.census.gov

Astra-Zeneca. (2009). About Astra-Zeneca US. Retrieved from:

http://www.astrazeneca-us.com/about-astrazeneca-us/

Atkinson, R. D., & Correa, D. K. (2007). 2007 State New Economy Index:

Benchmarking Economic Transformation in the States.

Retrieved from: www.inovationpolicy.org

City of Wilmington, DE. (2009).Council Map, History, and Business Tax Incentives.

Retrieved from http://www.wilmingtonde.gov/councilmap.htm,

http://www.wilmingtonde.gov/history.htm, and

http://www.wilmingtonde.gov/biztax.htm

Delaware Economic Development Office. (2008). Delaware Overview.

Retrieved from: www.dedo.delaware.gov

Delaware Economic Development Office. (2009). 2008 Delaware Databook

(Revised – January 2009). Retrieved from http://www.dedo.delaware.gov

Delaware Online. (2009). About the NewsJournal. Retrieved from:

http://www.delawareonline.com/about

Delaware Population Consortium. (2008), Population Projection Series: October 31,

2008. Retrieved from: http://stateplanning.delaware.gov/information/dpc.shtml

Department of Finance. (2008). Comprehensive Annual Financial Report: City of

Wilmington, Delaware. Retrieved from: http://accounting.delaware.gov/

Division of Accounting (2008). Delaware Annual Comprehensive Financial Report,

20

FY 2008. Retrieved from: http://accounting.delaware.gov/cafrdefault.shtml

Ferris, B. (1846). A History of the Original Settlements on the Delaware… & A History of

Wilmington. Baltimore, MD: Gateway Press for Delaware Genealogical Society.

Fortune Magazine. (2009). Fortune 500. Retrieved from:

http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2009/

Fortune Special Sections. (2002). Delaware: Business Central. Retrieved from

www.timeinc.net/fortune/services/sections/fortune/region/2002_12delaware.html

Green Energy News. (2007) DuPont-University of Delaware Consortium Awarded $12.2

Million for Solar Cell Research. Retrieved from:

http://www.green-energy-news.com/nwslnks/clips0707/jul07037.html

Hoffecker, C. E. (1974) Wilmington, Delaware: Portrait of an Industrial City: 1830-1910

Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press for Eleutherian Mills –

Hagley Foundation

Hoffecker C. E. (1983). Corporate Capital, Wilmington in the Twentieth Century.

Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press

Mastrul, D. (1994). How Delaware state went after the financial industry.

Philadelphia Business Journal.

PGS Attorneys at Law. (2005). The Evolution of Banking in Delaware. Retrieved from:

http://www.pgslegal.com/CM/FirmNews/evolution-of-banking-in-delaware.asp

Port of Wilmington. (2009). Trade Profile. Retrieved at:

http://www.portofwilmington.com/mainframesets/main_ourbusiness.htm

Rhodes J. (2007). Corporate governance panel seeks way to keep state No. 1.

University of Delaware Office of Public Relations, Retrieved from:

21

http://www.udel.edu/PR/UDaily/2008/nov/corporate110507.html

Select Greater Philadelphia. (2007). Taxes for Delaware. Retrieved from:

http://www.selectgreaterphiladelphia.com/data/realestate/taxes/de.cfm

University of Delaware. (2009). Chemical Engineering: Grad Program FAQ’s.

Retrieved from: http://www.che.udel.edu/futuregradfaqs.html

U.S. Bureau of Labor and Statistics. (2008). Location Quotient Calculator.

U.S. Census Bureau. (2006). State & County QuickFacts: Wilmington (city), Delaware.

Retrieved from: http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/10/1077580.html

U.S. Census Bureau1. (2007a), Educational Attainment in the United States: 2007.

Retrieved at: http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/educ-attn.html

U.S. Census Bureau. (2007b). Small Area Income & Poverty Estimates. Retrieved from:

http://www.census.gov//did/www/saipe/

U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. (2007). State of Cities Data

System: Wilmington, DE. Retrieved from: http://socds.huduser.org/

U.S. News and World Report. (2009). Best Engineering Schools. Retrieved from:

http://grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-graduate-schools/top

engineering-schools/chemical-engineering

U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. (2009). Electronic Information Products Division,

Patent Technology Monitoring Team.

22

Waslager, C. A. (1943). Delaware’s Forgotten Folk.

Philadelphia, PA: University of Philadelphia Press

Wilmington Department of Planning. (2004). Visions for Wilmington. Retrieved from:

http://www.wilmingtonde.gov/pdf/VisionReport2004.pdf